RU2224106C2 - Process of breaking-down monolithic objects into blocks and gears for its implementation - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: mining industry, civil engineering. SUBSTANCE: invention can be employed to break down rocks while driving mine workings, taking apart brick and concrete structures and other monolithic objects and forming blocks of regular shape suitable for further use. Process of breaking-down monolithic objects includes drilling of rock hole or borehole, arrangement in it of hydraulic wedge-cutting apart device carrying wedge and moving apart dies and packer, switching on of pump, filling of cutting apart device with fluid under pressure through conduit tube, formation of crack, switching off of pump, recovery of cutting apart device, cutting of blocks by cracks directed radially and tangentially. First conduit tube is shut off and concentration of stresses in monolithic block is formed in specified direction under static pressure of fluid with the help of dies of hydraulic wedge-cutting apart device, conduit tube is open for expulsion of jet with formation of hydrodynamic hammer on wedge and cumulative jet across outlet of hydraulic wedge- cutting apart device. This jet and dynamic pressure of cutting apart forces form crack in monolithic object. To form radially directed cracks there are used hydraulic- wedge transformers of radially directed cracks with diaphragmatic expulsion of jet or with control valve expulsion of jet, to form tangentially directed cracks there are used hydraulic-wedge transformers of tangentially directed cracks with diaphragmatic expulsion of jet. In particular, hydraulic-wedge transformer of radially directed cracks with diaphragmatic expulsion of jet includes hydraulic wedge-cutting apart device with wedge, conduit tube to feed fluid and moving apart dies, packer, coupling, diaphragm mounted for shutting off of conduit tube and exhaust conduit in wedge jammed by threaded connection. Conduit tube has sharpened end mounted for interaction with diaphragm and for provision of hydraulic insulation. Diaphragm can be destroyed at moment when pressure reaches critical value to deliver hydrodynamic hammer on wedge. Wedge includes grooves connected to exhaust conduit which are arranged to form cumulative jet at outlet of cutting apart device and formation of dynamic pressure of fluid for development of crack. Cutting apart device includes rubber tube and split springy rings for compression of dies into initial position when feed of fluid under pressure is stopped. EFFECT: enhanced efficiency of process breaking down monolithic objects thanks to substantial reduction of number of cracks and breaking by spalling. 4 cl, 7 dwg

Description

The invention relates to mining, construction, can be used for coal mining, tunneling, dismantling the walls and foundations of residential and industrial buildings into blocks suitable for further use.

Cracks are created in the dynamic loading mode of monolithic objects in radial and tangential planes: along the axis and perpendicular to the axis of the hole or well.

A known method of non-explosive destruction in static mode of monolithic objects, including a set of hydraulic wedges - DARDA - German company Porsfeld Gmbh und Co, type hydraulic wedges C-15W - Japanese company Hirado Ltd, as well as installations: HRS-100, HRS-97, HRS-60, HRS – 40, HRS – 33, from publications in the Mining Journal in June 1996, Yu.A. Lebedev, A.K. Gorkov, A.B. Makarov, V.T. Kolodin in the article: “Blastless rock mass split”, pp. 35-40. The method of block destruction of monolithic objects includes drilling a hole or a well, placing a wedge spacer device in it, having a wedge and sliding matrices, and a packer, turning on the pump, filling the spacing device with liquid under pressure through the channel pipe, cracking, turning off the pump, and removing the spacer device.

For the formation of cracks in the radial planes of the borehole or borehole, the pressure in the destructive device — the hydraulic wedges — is increased, after which a crack forms, then the system turns off.

The disadvantage of this method is the static mode of destruction, requiring high pressures.

The stress zone in this case is local and therefore the size of the crack is relatively small.

To obtain a directed crack, drilling of at least three holes or wells is necessary.

It excludes the possibility of creating a tangential - perpendicular to the axis of the hole or borehole cracks needed to separate the block. Therefore, to extract the block is crushed with a hydraulic hammer or in another way.

The aim of the invention is to increase the efficiency of the method.

The effectiveness of the destruction method is based on the following provisions:

1) the fracture process is carried out under dynamic loading of the medium to be destroyed, which allows the fracture energy to be released during a pulsed outflow of a fluid stream into a crack, varying its power;

2) obtaining blocks suitable for further use as building structures;

3) reduction of the energy of destruction is directly proportional to the number of newly formed surfaces;

4) when loading blocks, significantly less time is spent than when loading crushed material;

5) the safety of work and the environment are much better than with other types of destruction.

To implement the block fracture method, two types of hydrocline transformer devices are required: for the formation of radial and tangential cracks, which are described below and have no analogues.

This goal is achieved by the fact that in the method of block destruction of monolithic objects, including drilling a hole or a well, placing therein a wedge spacer device having a wedge and sliding matrices, and a packer, turning on the pump, filling the spacer device with liquid under pressure through a channel pipe, cracking , turning off the pump and removing the spacer device, break the blocks radially and tangentially directed cracks, while at first they block the channel pipe and static sometimes the liquids, using matrices of the expansion hydro-wedge device, form the stress concentration in the monolithic object in a given direction, open the channel pipe to release the jet, creating a hydrodynamic shock to the wedge, form a cumulative stream at the outlet of the expansion device, which, under the action of the dynamic pressure of the wedging forces, form crack in a monolithic object.

Moreover, for the formation of radially directed and tangentially directed cracks, the following hydrocline transformers are used:

Hydrocline wedge transformer of radially directed cracks with diaphragm outlet of the jet, characterized in that it has a wedge spacer with a wedge, a channel pipe for supplying fluid and sliding matrices, a packer, a connecting sleeve, a diaphragm installed with the possibility of blocking the channel pipe and the outlet channel in the wedge clamped using their threaded connection, while the channel pipe has a pointed end located with the possibility of interacting with the diaphragm and providing waterproofing, and the diaphragm is made with the possibility of destruction at the time of reaching critical pressure for applying a hydrodynamic shock to the wedge, and the wedge is made with grooves connected to the outlet channel and arranged to form a cumulative jet at the outlet of the spacer device and to obtain a dynamic fluid pressure for crack development, this spacer device has a rubber coupling tube and split spring rings for compressing the matrix in its original position after the flow of fluid under the ION.

Hydrocline wedge transformer of radially directed cracks with spool outlet, characterized in that it has a wedge spacer with a wedge, a channel pipe for supplying fluid and sliding dies, a packer, a coupling, a spool installed with the possibility of blocking the channel pipe and exhaust channels in the wedge, at the same time, a spool tube is located inside the channel pipe to supply fluid to the compensation chamber when the spool overlaps the outlet channels of the wedge, while the spool is installed it is capable of displacing fluid from the compensation chamber to open the outlet channels of the wedge and impulse flow of the jet from them, and the outlet channels of the wedge are configured to form a cumulative stream at the outlet and dynamic pressure of the liquid to form a crack in a monolithic object.

Hydrocline transformer of tangentially directed cracks with diaphragm outlet of the jet, characterized in that it has a hydrocline spacer with a channel pipe for supplying fluid, sliding dies and a wedge, which is made in one piece with the channel pipe for supplying fluid, a guide cone, which is positioned with a stop on the bottom of the hole or borehole, a diaphragm, which is installed with the possibility of pressing against the pointed end of the channel pipe using a nut with an outlet for both sintering of waterproofing, while the guide cone is installed with the possibility of formation with the end face of the matrix of an annular hole for the formation of a pulse cumulative jet during the destruction of the diaphragm and fluid supply for the development of cracks.

In FIG. Figure 1 shows the change in the area (1) and volume (2) of a crack during its development (the division price along the X axis is 5 cm).

In FIG. Figure 2 shows the destructive forces in the rock mass during water hammer and cumulation of the liquid stream (the force is kg on the axis Y, the radius of the crack is plotted on the axis X; the division price is 5 cm).

In FIG. 3 shows the effective force in the process of crack development.

In FIG. 4 - hydrocline transformer of radially directed cracks with diaphragm jet output.

In FIG. 5 - hydrocline transformer of radially directed cracks with spool jet release.

In FIG. 6 - hydrocline transformer of tangentially directed cracks with diaphragm jet output.

In FIG. 7 is a section AA in FIG. 6.

In an array limited to one or two free surfaces, creating a crack in this way is not possible. For the formation of cracks in the array requires at least three free surfaces.

Investigations of the crack formation process made it possible to establish the necessary conditions for their formation. During time t, when a crack propagates with a diameter D with an increase in its diameter, the force acting on the walls of the crack increases in the square: D $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{2}}{\text{1}}$ / D ² , D $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{2}}{\text{2}}$ / D ² , D $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{2}}{\text{3}}$ / D ² .... D $\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{\text{2}}{\text{n}}$ / D ² . The volume of the crack increases slightly, since its thickness in the process of fracture is on average 2-3 mm, especially in an array limited to one free surface. Therefore, with a constant flow of fluid with increasing crack area, the proppant acting on it increases. In FIG. Figure 1 shows the change in area - 1 and volume of a crack - 2 during its development. From FIG. Figure 2 shows that in the initial period the size of the crack is insufficient to create critical efforts for its development. Therefore, to obtain the initial directional crack, critical efforts are created by creating a water hammer and a cumulative jet.

The breaking forces in the formation of cumulation and water hammer are shown in FIG. 2. The following are located on the graph: along the X axis is the radius of the crack, where is the price of one division of 5 cm, along the Y axis is the effective force, kg.

The effective force in the process of crack development is shown in the generalized graph of FIG. 3. The X-axis indicates the radius of the crack in cm, the Y-axis shows the effective forces of wedging on the walls of the crack. It can be seen from the graph that the proppants increase with its diameter with the development of a crack. These studies are the basis of the invention.

The method of block destruction of monolithic objects includes drilling a borehole or well, placing a wedge spacer device in it with a wedge and sliding dies, a packer, a sealing borehole or well, which are connected to the pump using hoses, turning on the pump or compressor. Before installing the hydrocline device, the channel pipe is blocked by a diaphragm or a spool. The pump turns on, liquid under pressure of the hydraulic wedge spacer is filled through the channel pipe. A stress concentration arises in the array after the matrices are extended in a given direction in the radial or tangential planes, a microcrack is formed, when a critical pressure is reached, determined by a rupture of the diaphragm or by triggering of the spool, the diaphragm ruptures or the spool displaces, a hydrodynamic shock occurs on the wedge, and the microcrack increases. The fluid flowing from the outlet channels forms a cumulative stream that enters the microcrack. Under the influence of a cumulative jet, the crack grows, reaching a critical value, and with a continuing dynamic pressure of the liquid, a crack of a given value is formed.

The process stops when the pump is turned off or when a crack enters the free surface of a monolithic object.

The device of a hydrocline transformer of radially directed cracks with a diaphragm jet outlet (Fig. 4) consists of a wedge 1, sliding matrices 2, exhaust channels 3, grooves 10, a girdle wedge, a diaphragm 4 covering the outlet, a pipe 6 for supplying fluid connected by a thread with a wedge. From the end connected to the wedge, the pipe is pointed, crashing when screwing it into the diaphragm, provides waterproofing. There is a threaded connection between the torque converter and the packer 9. The device has metal spring rings 7 and a rubber coupler 6, which fixes, together with the split spring rings 7, the transformer's initial position and simultaneously seals the gap between the walls of the borehole or well, which eliminates fluid leakage. The work cycle begins with drilling holes or boreholes, installing a diaphragm, placing a transformer in a borehole or well, opening shut-off valves, turning on the pumps, and filling the wedge closed with a diaphragm in the liquid. In this case, the pressure in the system rises and, accordingly, the wedge together with the channel pipe move, pressing the matrices against the walls of the hole or well. Around the borehole or well, stresses arise, concentrating in the radial direction, in places of relative displacement of the matrices. When the pressure in the system reaches a critical value, determined by the strength of the diaphragm, it ruptures and the fluid through the hole creates a water hammer on the wedge, which moves jerkily, generating pulsed stresses in the array, increasing their initial value, especially at the points of their concentration. Initial microcracks form. The liquid, moving along the grooves, is first divided into separate jets in the channels surrounding the wedge, and then they are combined at the exit of the hydraulic device - cumulation of jets in the planes of relative displacement of the matrices occurs. The cumulative stream enters the initial crack, increasing it. When interacting with the rock, the pressure of the jet in the crack, depending on the strength of the rock being destroyed, increases by 8-20 times. Under the influence of this impulse, the crack moves, reaching a critical value, after which proppant forces arise that are sufficient for its development while continuing to supply fluid under pressure into the crack. As the crack moves, the amount of proppant increases in proportion to the square of the diameter. There is an avalanche process of proppant growth and, accordingly, crack development. This continues until the fluid supply stops or a crack emerges on the free surface. Then the process stops.

The device is a hydrocline transformer of radially directed cracks with a slide valve (Fig. 5), designed to destroy weak, medium strength and viscous rocks, where an elongated, but allowed with a lower amplitude, impulse. This is caused by the following circumstances: the mass of the diaphragm is 1-3 g, the mass of the spool is 10-20 g. The diaphragm, collapsing over the entire cross section, practically does not slow down the flow of fluid. Therefore, the impulse rises in a few microseconds. In this case, the pulse amplitude is large, which is necessary for the destruction of strong rocks.

In weak and medium-strength rocks, under the indicated loading conditions, plastic deformations will occur, which will increase the energy consumption for destruction and worsen its effect. The mass of the spool is 6-7 times greater than the mass of the diaphragm, so the inertia of its movement is correspondingly greater. In addition, the spool must displace fluid from the compensation chamber. These circumstances lengthen the growth of the pulse and at the same time increase its duration. Here, an improvement in the efficiency of crack formation in weak and viscous rocks is achieved.

The hydrocline wedge transformer with directional spools (Fig. 5) consists of a wedge 1, matrices 2, exhaust channels 3, a spool 4, a coupling 5, a spool tube 9, a compensation chamber 11, channels 10, a girdle wedge located inside the channel pipe 6 , rubber coupling tube 8, spring split rings 7, hole 12 for screw connection with the packer.

The destruction process consists of the following operations: drilling a hole, the location of a transformer of directed cracks in it, supplying liquid to the compensation chamber 11 through the spool tube 9, the spool 4 blocks the outlet channels 3, then the liquid is supplied to the channel pipe 6, and it fills the transformer under pressure. When critical pressure is reached, a microcrack forms on the walls of the borehole or well, and the spool 4 moves, displacing the liquid from the compensation chamber 11 through the spool tube 9, while the outlet channels 3 open, a water hammer is generated along the wedge 1, then the fluid enters the channels 10 encircling the wedge , and moves along them, forming a cumulative stream at the exit, which develops a microcrack. After reaching the critical dimensions of a microcrack, proppant destructive forces are created in it, which, gradually increasing with an increase in its area, create, while maintaining a constant fluid pressure in the crack, an avalanche fracture process. When the pump is turned off or the crack reaches the free surface, its development process stops.

Hydrocline transformer of tangentially directed cracks with diaphragm jet outlet (Fig. 6).

For the complete separation of the block from the array, it is required, in addition to radial ones, to create tangentially directed cracks.

The hydraulic wedge transformer of tangentially directed cracks (Fig. 6) consists of a guide cone 1 for support on the bottom of the hole or well, forming fluid flows to create a cumulative jet, a nut with an outlet 2, sliding dies 3, channel pipe 4 with wedges for supplying fluid, which are made in one piece with the channel pipe, the connecting sleeve 5, the rubber pipe - couplers 6, split spring rings 7, the diaphragm 8, which is pressed, with the help of a nut with an outlet, to the pointed end of the channel pipe 4 for waterproofing, and the threaded connection 9 with the packer.

The process of generating tangential cracks is made from drilled holes or wells. A hydrocline transformer of directed cracks is introduced into them with a diaphragm 8 installed in it. A pump, through hoses, feeds liquid into the packer, and then into the channel pipe 4. The channel pipe blocked by the diaphragm 8 is displaced. The wedges located on it push apart the matrices 3, which, abutting against the walls of the borehole or borehole, fix the position of the transformer. When the critical pressure is reached, the diaphragm 8 is destroyed and the fluid flow strikes the guide cone, flowing around it, and a cumulative jet arises in the outlet nozzles, directed perpendicular to the walls of the hole or well.

The process of cracking develops as follows: a microcrack occurs initially under static loading during the movement of the channel pipe with wedges. Then a hydrodynamic shock on the guide cone develops microcracks. Cumulation enlarges the crack to critical dimensions, after which proppant efforts become effective. Proppants increase in direct proportion to the square of the crack diameter. The process stops when the crack exits to a free surface or the pumps are turned off.

The tightening rubber pipe and split spring rings squeeze the wedge and channel pipe to its original position.

In conclusion, it should be noted that a tangential crack most often runs parallel to the free surface and therefore it occurs at much lower stresses.

Claims (4)

1. The method of block destruction of monolithic objects, including drilling a hole or a well, placing in it a hydraulic wedge spacer having a wedge and sliding dies, and a packer, turning on the pump, filling the spacer with liquid under pressure through a channel pipe, cracking, turning off the pump and removing spacer device, characterized in that the blocks are blasted with radially and tangentially directed cracks, while first blocking the channel pipe and the static pressure of the liquid using matrices of the expansion hydro-wedge device, they form the stress concentration in the monolithic object in a given direction, open the channel pipe to release the jet, creating a hydrodynamic shock to the wedge, form a cumulative jet at the outlet of the expansion device, which, under the action of the dynamic pressure of the wedging forces, form a crack in monolithic object. 2. Hydrocline wedge transformer of radially directed cracks with diaphragm outlet of the jet, characterized in that it has a hydrocline spacer with a wedge, a channel pipe for supplying fluid and sliding matrices, a packer, a coupling, a diaphragm installed with the possibility of overlapping the channel pipe and the exhaust channel in the wedge clamped by means of their threaded connection, while the channel pipe has a pointed end located with the possibility of interacting with the diaphragm and providing waterproofing and, and the diaphragm is made with the possibility of destruction at the moment of reaching critical pressure for applying a hydrodynamic shock to the wedge, and the wedge is made with grooves connected to the outlet channel and arranged to form a cumulative jet at the outlet of the spacer device and obtain a dynamic fluid pressure for crack development wherein the spacer device has a rubber coupling tube and split spring rings for compressing the matrix to its original position after the liquid is stopped pressure. 3. Hydrocline wedge transformer of radially directed cracks with spool outlet, characterized in that it has a wedge spacer with a wedge, a channel pipe for supplying fluid and sliding dies, a packer, a coupling, a spool installed with the possibility of blocking the channel pipe and exhaust channels in a wedge, while inside the channel pipe there is a spool tube for supplying fluid to the compensation chamber when the spool overlaps the outlet channels of the wedge, while the mouth spool copulating with the possibility of displacement fluid from the compensation chamber to the outlet opening of the wedge channel and the expiration of a pulsed jet of them, wherein the outlet channels are arranged to wedge formation cumulative jet at the exit and the dynamic fluid pressure to form a crack in the monolithic object. 4. Hydrocline transformer of tangentially directed cracks with diaphragm outlet of the jet, characterized in that it has a hydrocline spacer with a channel pipe for supplying fluid, sliding dies and a wedge, which is made in one piece with the channel pipe for supplying fluid, a guide cone located with the ability to focus on the bottom of the hole or borehole, the diaphragm, which is installed with the possibility of pressing against the pointed end of the channel pipe using a nut with an outlet for especheniya waterproofing, the guide cone is mounted to form a matrix with the end face of the annular orifice to form a jet pulse cumulative fracture aperture and flow of fluid to develop cracks.

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