RU2170407C1 - Cartridge for personal small arms and armor-piercing bullet for it - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ammunition of personal small arms, applicable for shooting from mutifiring pistols, submachine guns and other weapon mainly with a free slide. SUBSTANCE: the cartridge has a metal cartridge case, percussion cap, propellent powder charge and a bullet consisting of an envelope with a bottom in the tail section, steel slug partially projecting from the envelope in the head section, and a jacket made of soft material and positioned in the cavity between the envelope and the slug. The cartridge is made with the following relation of parameters: the cartridge length equals (2,6÷2,8)d_n, the bullet length equals (1,4÷1,8)d_n, and the bullet mass coefficient equal 4.6 to 5.2 g/cu.cm. The propellent powder charge provides and energy bullet mass coefficient at the muzzle end within 120 to 160 J/g with a specific slug energy within 11.5 to 15.0 J/sq.mm and a recoil momentum within 2.5 to 2.8 J/s. The bullet head length is (0,5÷0,95)d_n, the bullet guide length is (0,45÷0,7)d_n, and the bullet tail length is (0,25÷0,45)d_n and has an ogival shape changing into a flat rear end, having a diameter of not less than the diameter of the slug rear end. EFFECT: optimized aerodynamic characteristics and enhanced impact properties of the bullet. 3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to ammunition for personal small arms, intended for firing from multi-shot pistols, submachine guns and other weapons, mainly with a free bolt, for example, for a Makarov pistol, Stechkin.

 Known pistol cartridge according to the patent of the Russian Federation N 2123658, IPC 6 F 42 B 5/02, 12/20/98, containing a bullet with a steel core, a sleeve, a primer, and a propellant powder charge. The length of the cartridge is 3.25-3.65 bullet caliber, and the length of the bullet is 1.85-2.02 bullet caliber. The bullet in this cartridge is made semi-shell with a shirt made of soft material. The disadvantages of this cartridge include the fact that it cannot be used in firearms with a free bolt due to the large mass of the bullet of 5.6 g and its muzzle velocity of 500 m / s, which lead to a large muzzle energy of the bullet (715 J) and, consequently, a large recoil momentum during the shot (more than 3.2 kg • m / s).

Known pistol cartridge according to the patent of the Russian Federation N 2103645, IPC 6 F 42 B 5/02, 01/27/98. which is selected as a prototype for the claimed cartridge. The cartridge contains a bullet consisting of a shell with a bottom in the tail part and a steel core partially protruding in the head part of the shell, a cylindrical metal sleeve with an igniter capsule and a powder charge. The length of the cartridge is made equal to 3.1-3.4 caliber bullets. The mass coefficient of the bullet is 7.0-8.5 kgf / cm ³ and the mass of the steel core is 0.65-0.75 mass of the bullet. The force of the propellant propellant charge is 1020000-1200000 kg • m / kg, and the bulk density of the powder is 0.9-1.1 g / cm ³ The cartridge has the same disadvantages as the above. In this cartridge, a propellant powder charge provides a 5.5 g bullet with a muzzle energy of 650 J and a muzzle velocity of 480 m / s. At the same time, this cartridge provides a recoil momentum of 3.3 kg • m / s when fired. It is established that for conducting effective firing at the maximum possible range, the recoil momentum cannot exceed:
- for a submachine gun weighing 2.5 kg with automatic fire - 4.5 kg • m / s;
- pistol weighing about 1 kg semi-automatic - 3 kg • m / s.

 An increase in the muzzle energy of a bullet entails an increase in the recoil momentum, which complicates the design of the weapon and reduces the accuracy of shooting.

 At the same time, the impact of a bullet is determined by the speed and mass of the core, or rather, its kinetic energy, referred to the area of the core midsection. To increase efficiency, it is necessary to increase the energy of the striking element when meeting with the goal, which is achieved by increasing the muzzle energy of the bullet by increasing the initial velocity of the bullet and the mass of the core. Despite the fact that the known cartridges have increased muzzle energy, they have an energy coefficient of the mass of the bullet (the ratio of the muzzle energy of the bullet to its weight) for most cartridges is in the range of 50-70 J / g and does not exceed 110 J / g for single designs.

The penetration of widespread personal protective equipment (body armor with protective elements, usually metal) is carried out by the steel core of the bullet. Therefore, the value of the specific energy of the core (the ratio of the muzzle energy of the core to the area of its midship) is one of the main characteristics of the cartridges in assessing their armor penetration, since it is necessary to provide about 10 J / mm ² to damage the body armor.

A known bullet containing a shell with stepped inner and outer surfaces with a bottom in the rear part, a lead shirt and a steel core with a head part partially protruding from the shell (RF patent N 2089839, IPC 6 F 42 B 30/02, 09/10/97) . The bullet has a total length of 4.5-4.6 caliber and is made with ogival head part, a cylindrical leading part and a cylindrical-conical tail part with certain ratios. The steel core, partially protruding from the shell, is made with a lively head part, a cylindrical central part and a tail part made in the form of a truncated cone. A lead shirt is placed in the cavity between the core and the sheath in its leading part. Moreover, the large relative length of the bullet, as well as the use of lead shirts provide high values of the weight coefficient of the bullet 21-23 g / cm ³ . The disadvantages of this bullet include the impossibility of using it in a standard personal firearm with a free bolt to hit targets protected by bulletproof vests, since the values of the bullet weight coefficient determine the large mass of the bullet and the corresponding recoil momentum.

 Known armor-piercing bullet according to the patent of the Russian Federation N 2112206, IPC 6 F 42 In 30/02, 05/27/98, which is selected as a prototype for the inventive armor-piercing bullet. The bullet has a head, leading, intermediate and tail parts. It contains a shell with a bottom in the tail section and a jacket placed in it, made of soft material and a steel core partially protruding from the shell in the bullet head. The core has a revitalizing head, a cylindrical part and a part made in the form of a truncated cone, tapering to the rear end.

 This patent claims only the general principle of bullet layout. The absence of indications of specific correlation of cartridge parameters (in particular, the relative lengths of the cylindrical and conical sections, as well as the length of the tail of the bullet) does not allow us to uniquely identify its aerodynamic and combat qualities.

 The objective of the present invention is the creation of a cartridge for a standard personal firearm, mainly with a free bolt caliber of 9 mm, having a high energy coefficient of the mass of the bullet, providing it with an increased muzzle velocity of more than 510 m / s. As well as the creation of a bullet for this cartridge with optimal weight and size characteristics, providing it with optimal aerodynamic characteristics and increased impact properties of the steel core.

The problem is solved in that a cartridge for a personal firearm containing a metal sleeve, an igniter capsule, a propellant powder charge and a bullet consisting of a shell with a bottom in the tail, a steel core partially protruding in the head of a shell and a shirt made of soft material and placed in the cavity between the shell and the core, is made with the following ratio of parameters: the length of the cartridge is equal to L _pat = (2.6-2.8) d _p , the length of the bullet is equal to L _p = (1.4 - 1.8) d _p , and the mass coefficient of the bullet is 4.6-5.2 g / cm ³ . In this case, the propellant powder charge provides at the muzzle end an energy coefficient of the bullet mass equal to 120-160 J / g, with a specific core energy of 11.5-15.0 J / mm ² , and a shot recoil momentum of 2.5-2, 8 kg • m / s.

An armor-piercing bullet for this cartridge, having a head, leading and tail parts and consisting of a shell with a bottom in the tail part, a steel core partially protruding in the head part of the bullet from a shell having a lively head part, a cylindrical part and a truncated cone part , tapering to the rear end, and a shirt made of soft material and placed in the cavity between the shell and the core, is made of length L _p = (1.4-1.8) d _p . The head part of the bullet is made in length l _g.p. = (0.5-0.95) d _p . The leading part of the bullet is made of length l _vp = (0.45-0.7) d _p . The tail of the bullet is made long l _h.p. = (0.25-0.45) d _p and has a lively shape, turning into a flat rear end face with a diameter d _etc. not less than the diameter d _z.t.s. the back end of the core. In this case, the mass of the core is 0.46-0.50 of the mass of the bullet, and its length is l _s = (1.3-1.7) d _p . Moreover, the core part of the core is made with a length of l _g. = (0.35-0.45) d _p and its generatrix is described by the radius of curvature R _g.s. = (0.4-0.7) d _p . The central cylindrical part of the core is made with a diameter d _c.s. = (0.5-0.545) d _p , and its conical part is made of a height equal to h _K.s. = (0.6-0.95) d _p with a taper angle equal to α = 2-6 ^o . The head portion of the core projects from the shell when the shell with the core diameter conjugation equal _conjugated d = (0,35-0,8) d _cs The thickness of the bottom of the shell at the flat end of the bullet is maximum and equal to t _o.d. = (0,097-0,12) d _p , while in the tail part of the bullet it evenly decreases from the end to the leading part of the bullet to the value t _r.v. = (0.3-0.5) t _o.d.
The front end of the shirt lies in the mating plane of the head and leading parts of the bullet or is separated from it towards the nose at a distance of no more than t _tr. = 0.2 d _p . To facilitate the mass of the bullet, it is advisable to make the shirt made of aluminum, for example, brand AD.

Hereinafter, d _p denotes the diameter of the bullet, d _C.c. - the diameter of the cylindrical part of the core.

 In FIG. 1 shows a General view of the design of the cartridge; in FIG. 2 - bullet design.

The cartridge contains a metal sleeve 1. For a regular personal firearm of a Makarov or Stechkin pistol, the sleeve is cylindrical based on the front end. In the sleeve 1 there is a primer 2, propellant powder charge 3 and armor-piercing bullet 4. Bullet 4 has a head part 5, a leading 6 and a tail part 7, which has a lively shape, turning into a flat end 8. Bullet 4 contains a steel core 9, which can be made, for example, of steel 65G; 70; U10A followed by hardening to a hardness> 58 HRC _e . The core 9 has a revitalizing head part 10, which goes either into a flat nose or into a spout made in the form of a spherical segment 11. The head part 10 of the core 9 is paired with a cylindrical central part 12 mating with a part made in the form of a truncated cone 13, tapering to the rear end of the core 9. The core 9 is placed in the shell 14, and its head part 10 partially protrudes from the shell 14. The shell 14 is made, for example, bimetallic or brass L-68; L-90. It has an animating part 15, a leading part 16, a tail part 17 and a bottom 18. Moreover, the thickness t _o.d. shell 18 in the bottom of the maximum and gradually decreases to t _o.v. to the leading part 16. Between the core 9 and the tail 17, and the leading 16 parts of the shell 14, a shirt 19 is made of soft material, mainly aluminum, for example, of the AD brand. In this case, the front end 20 of the shirt 19 lies in the interface plane of the head 5 and the leading parts 6 of the bullet 4 or is separated from it in the direction of the nose 11 at a distance of no more than t _tr
The cartridge operates as follows. After the shock mechanism of the weapon breaks the igniter capsule 2, the propellant 3 ignites, and the resulting powder gases eject the bullet 4 from the barrel channel. When designing a new cartridge of increased armor penetration for standard weapons, the values of geometric parameters and recoil momentum are limited. It is known that an increase in armor penetration can be achieved by increasing the mass of the bullet and / or its muzzle velocity. However, an increase in these values undoubtedly increases the recoil momentum, which is unacceptable. For a given mass of a sample of gunpowder and an appropriate selection of its brand, it is necessary to find the optimal ratio of the mass of the bullet and its muzzle velocity, which increase the shock effect of the bullet and at the same time do not increase the recoil momentum. It was determined that while ensuring a muzzle velocity of about 530 m / s, the bullet mass coefficient should be equal to 4.6-5.2 g / cm ³ , which, when using existing grades of gunpowder, taking into account the weight density of the latter, ensures bulletproof vest destruction at the real range of personal firearms with a free bolt and with an energy coefficient of mass of a bullet of 120-160 J / g with a specific core energy of 11.5-15.0 J / mm ² and a recoil impulse of a shot of 2.5-2.8 kg • m / s.

The length of the cartridge, equal to (2.6-2.8) d _p , is optimal, since with increasing it increases the stroke of the bolt, the overall dimensions of the weapon and its weight, which is unacceptable. Reducing the length of the cartridge reduces the volume of the charging chamber, the length of the bullet and determines the decrease in the energy coefficient of the mass of the bullet and the specific energy of the core.

The length of the bullet equal to (1.4-1.8) d _p determines the effectiveness of the cartridge and weapons. So increasing it leads to an increase in the mass of the bullet and, consequently, to an increase in the recoil momentum, and while maintaining the length of the cartridge reduces the volume of the charging chamber (mass of the powder charge) and, accordingly, the muzzle velocity of the bullet.

The mass coefficient of the bullet, equal to 4.6-5.2 g / cm ³ , is derived from the design (length of the bullet, the ratio of the mass of the core and the bullet, materials of the parts of the bullet, shell structure, aerodynamic quality, etc.), reducing it reduces effective firing range, and an increase causes an increase in recoil momentum.

 The values of the energy coefficient of the bullet’s mass (the ratio of the muzzle energy of the bullet to its weight) at the muzzle 120-160 J / g are optimal, ensuring proper efficiency while providing a shot recoil impulse of 2.5-2.8 kgm / s, since a decrease in the energy coefficient reduces bullet speed and, accordingly, its penetration, and its increase leads to an increase in recoil momentum.

The specific energy of the core (the ratio of the muzzle energy of the core to the area of its midship), equal to 11.5-15.0 J / mm ² , determines its impact (the effect of sub-caliber projectiles). With its growth, the penetration of the core increases, but at the same time, the recoil momentum also increases.

The length of the bullet equal to (1.4-1.8) d _p is optimal because it determines the ratio of the sizes of the leading and tail parts and the mass of the bullet.

The length of the head of the bullet (0.5-0.95) d _p determines the external ballistic characteristics, with its growth the aerodynamic resistance of the air decreases, but at the same time the length of the cartridge grows.

The leading part of the bullet with a length of (0.45-0.7) d _p determines the decatronization force and thereby determines the combustion of gunpowder, as well as the guiding of the bullet along the bore - accuracy decreases with a shorter length and barrel bore wear increases with a longer length.

The tail of the bullet, made (0.25-0.45) d _p has a lively shape, turning into a flat rear end with a diameter of at least the diameter of the rear end of the core, which determines the nature of the flow around the bullet in flight, since a smooth transition reduces bottom resistance. Correspondence of the diameter of the flat rear end of the bullet to the diameter of the rear end of the core ensures alignment of the bullet parts during assembly.

 A mass of the core equal to 0.46-0.50 of the mass of the bullet determines the impact of the bullet - the larger it is, the greater the thickness of the pierced barrier, all other things being equal, however, an increase in the mass of the core is possible either by increasing the diameter, which reduces the specific energy and penetration, or by increasing the length limited by the length of the bullet. The specified range is optimal for solving this contradiction.

The core length equal to (1.3-1.7) d _p determines the impact of the bullet - with an increase in its length, limited by the length of the bullet and the thickness of the shell bottom, the thickness of the penetration barrier increases, and with a decrease it decreases.

The length of the head of the core (0.35-0.45) d _p determines the strength of the core upon impact in the barrier. With a decrease in its length, the stresses arising in the head of the core upon impact into an obstacle decrease, and with an increase increase, however, the resistance of the obstacle increases.

The diameter of the central cylindrical part of the core, equal to (0.5-0.545) d _p , determines the specific kinetic energy of the core and its impact. Since the core mass decreases with a decrease in diameter, and the midship area increases with its increase, this ratio is optimal.

The conical part of the core with a height of (0.6-0.95) d _p , with a taper angle of 2-6 ^o determines the alignment of the bullet parts during assembly and the proper density of the bullet assembly, since the shirt is inserted into the shell with a minimum gap, and core in a tightened shirt. In addition, the presence of a conical part of the core ensures that the shirt acts on the core at the initial moment of penetration and reduces the work of resistance when the core passes through the barrier, which increases the thickness of the pierced barrier and the barrier effect.

The diameter of the interface between the shell and the core, equal to (0.35-0.8) d _c.s. , determines the behavior of the bullet in the obstacle. On the one hand, when a bullet enters soft tissues that are not protected by body armor, it should not be dismantled. And on the other hand, if a bullet enters a bulletproof vest, the shell should not create significant resistance to core movement and increase the work on the shell deformation when the bullet is introduced into the barrier. And, in addition, with small values of the diameter of the mating in the process of crimping the head of the shell, wrinkles may occur.

The thickness of the bottom of the shell at the flat end of the bullet is equal to t _o.d. = (0,097-0,12) d _p , is taken from the condition of ensuring proper shock action in order to ensure reflection of the compression strain wave that occurs upon impact from the interface between the core and the shell, having different ratios of elasticity and density moduli. With an increase in the thickness of the bottom, the inertial effect of the shell on the core upon impact increases, increasing the impact effect, but the mass of the core decreases with a constant length of the bullet, which decreases the penetration efficiency.

The shell thickness of the leading part of the bullet (0.3-0.5) t _o.d. provides minimum shell mass and sufficient strength when guiding the bullet along the bore and on the trajectory.

The location of the front end of the shirt in the interface plane of the head and leading parts of the bullet or spaced from it towards the nose at a distance of no more than 0.2 d _p ensures guaranteed filling of the grooves with the leading part of the bullet when it moves along the barrel with a minimum weight of the shirt.

 The use of aluminum for a bullet’s shirt, which has little effect on the impact, provides a reduction in its share in the mass of the bullet, which ensures the energy coefficient of the mass of the bullet at the muzzle end of 120-160 J / g, to increase the mass fraction of the core and, therefore, armor penetration.

 Tests for the functioning of the cartridges were carried out in the control and testing station of the Tula Cartridge Plant OJSC using a standard Makarov pistol and a PMM pistol. Tests have shown the reliable functioning of the weapon and the normal operation of the cartridges.

 The accuracy tests were carried out from a ballistic barrel according to a standard method. Tests have shown that accuracy corresponds to the technical conditions of a standard cartridge.

 To assess the impact of bullets of the claimed cartridge, comparative tests of it and the standard 9 mm pistol cartridge PM were conducted. Penetration tests were also carried out from a ballistic barrel according to a standard procedure, which showed that the first provides 100% penetration of a 5 mm sheet of steel 3 at a distance of 25 m, while the standard one leaves only an imprint, the depth of which from the front surface of the sheet does not exceed 1 mm.

Claims (3)

1. A cartridge for a personal firearm containing a metal sleeve, an igniter capsule, a propellant powder charge and a bullet consisting of a shell with a bottom in the rear part, a steel core partially protruding in the head part from the shell, characterized in that it is provided with a shirt, made of soft material and placed in the cavity between the shell and the core, and is made with the following ratio of parameters: cartridge length is (2.6-2.8) d _p , bullet length is (1.4-1.8) d _p where _n d - diameter of the bullet, the bullet mass ratio Rave 4.6-5.2 g / cm ^3, wherein the propellant powder charge provides for muzzle energy the mass coefficient bullet 120-160 J / g of specific energy to the core 11,5-15,0 J / mm ² and the recoil momentum of the shot 2.5-2.8 kg • m / s. 2. Armor-piercing bullet made with the head, leading and tail parts, consisting of a shell with a bottom in the tail part, a steel core partially protruding in the head part of the bullet from a shell having an animated head part, a cylindrical part and a part made in the form of a truncated cone , tapering to the rear end, and a shirt made of soft material and placed in the cavity between the shell and the core, characterized in that the bullet is made in length (1.4-1.8) d _p , the head part of the bullet is made in length (0.5 -0,95) d _n, the leading portions bullets made length (0,45-0,7) d _n, the tail portion of the bullet is made long (0,25-0,45) d and _n has ogive shape, which passes in a flat rear end with a diameter not less than the core diameter of the rear end, with this mass of the core is equal to 0.46-0.50 the mass of the bullet, and its length is (1.3-1.7) d _p , and the core part of the core is made in length (0.35-0.45) d _p , and its generatrix is described by the radius of curvature (0.4-0.7) d _p , the central cylindrical part of the core is made with a diameter of (0.5-0.545) d _p , and its conical part is made with a height equal to (0.6-0, 95) d _n with a cone angle equal to m 2-6 °, the head end of the core projects from the shell when the shell core conjugation diameter equal to (0,3 5-0,8) d _ts.c, the thickness of the bottom shell portion at a flat end bullet t equal and maximal _OD = (0,097-0,12) d _p and evenly decreases from the end face to the leading part of the bullet to the value of (0,3-0,5) t _od , the front end of the shirt lies in the interface plane of the head and leading parts of the bullet or is separated from it towards the nose at a distance of no more than 0.2 d _p , where d _p is the diameter of the bullet, d _cs is the diameter of the cylindrical part of the core.  3. The bullet according to claim 2, characterized in that the shirt is made of aluminum, for example, brand AD.

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