RU2165587C1 - Fixed round and shell body to round - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: artillery ammunition. SUBSTANCE: the fixed round to a gun has a high-explosive shell with a nose fuze, shell case with a propellant charge of pyroxylin powder and primer connected to it. An adapter containing a detonator (cylindrical explosive cartridge) is placed in the nose section of the shell body. The coefficient of shell filling with explosive makes up at least 0.16, and the powder charge of the shell case is at least 0.4 of the case volume. The body of the high-explosive shell with the nose fuze is made of high-fragmentation steel with a bottom having an external contour of a truncated cone, and the internal contour - in the form of a junction of two arcs of circles of a different radius, one of which is formed by a spherical surface. The body section behind by a spherical surface. The body section behind the driving band is cylinder-shaped. The thickness of the body axis bottom makes up 0.15 to 0.20 of the shell caliber. EFFECT: enhanced range of fire and shell power. 8 cl, 10 dwg, 2 tbl

Description

 The invention relates to ammunition technology, and more particularly to ammunition of light medium-caliber guns of moderate ballistics for mobile armored vehicles. This class includes domestic BMP-3 infantry fighting vehicle with 100 mm 2A70 gun, self-propelled guns "NONA-S" and "NONA-SVK" with 120 mm gun 2A60, armored wheeled vehicles of the USA "Dragoon" and "Commando", Great Britain - "Simba" and "Valkyr" with a 90 mm Cockeril Mk3 cannon and others.

 In different types of artillery, the optimal combination of firing range and projectile power is different. For long-range field artillery systems, the main and determining requirement is to increase the firing range, achieved mainly by increasing the pressure of the powder gases in the barrel, increasing the barrel length and improving the aerodynamic shape of the projectile. High loads on the projectile during firing do not allow, according to the strength conditions, to realize the optimal filling ratio, rational mass distribution along the length of the body to ensure its uniform crushing, and use high-fragmentation steels. The combined effect of the requirements on the strength and aerodynamic characteristics of the projectile does not allow to give the projectile a shape optimal from the position of the most efficient distribution of fragments along the meridional angle of expansion.

 For moderate ballistic guns, all these requirements are less stringent, which, in principle, can significantly improve the fragmentation characteristics of the projectile in order to increase its power. The prototype of the invention is a 100 mm 3OF32 high-explosive fragmentation shell as part of a 3UOF17 unitary shot [1] for the 2A70 BMP-3 gun. A shot with a total mass of 18.1 kg provides a firing range of 4 km at an initial projectile speed of 250 m / s. The mass of the shell is 15.6 kg, the mass of the charge (composition A-IX-2, aluminized hexogen) is 1.69 kg, the shell material is shell steel C-60, the mass of the propellant propellant charge of gunpowder 4/1 is 0.283 kg. The disadvantages of the projectile are the low filling coefficient α = 0.11 (the ratio of the mass of the explosive to the mass of the projectile), significantly lower than the optimal design values α = 0.2 ... 0.25 [2], the excess mass of the projectile, the unfavorable geometry of the body contour [3 ], especially its bottom part, leading to a narrow meridional angle of fragmentation of the fragments and poor distribution of fragments within the angle of expansion, poor crushing quality of standard C-60 projectile steel [4], significant statistical dispersion of the mass of the body (± 4 weight marks) and, as a result, yours, a significant error in the firing range. The disadvantages of a unitary shot as a whole are the low initial velocity of the projectile and, as a result, the small firing range.

 The objective of the present invention is to remedy these disadvantages. The technical solution consists in the fact that a unitary shot containing a high-explosive fragmentation projectile with a head fuse connected to it a cartridge with a propellant charge of pyroxylin gunpowder with increased mass (propellant charge is not less than 0.4 volume of the cartridge case, for the prototype - 0.34 ), differs in that the head part of the shell body is made with a transition sleeve containing a detonator (cylindrical checker BB), the bottom of the shell has an external contour in the form of a truncated cone, the harrow part of the shell is made of cylindrical shape, thickness at the bottom of the body axis is 0.15 ... 0.20 caliber projectile. The body is made of high-fragmentation steel, the filling factor of the projectile with explosive is at least 0.16.

 The head fuse is made both with a percussion mechanism with settings for instant, inertial and slow motion, and has a remote (temporary) or non-contact design.

 The detonator located in the housing sleeve is made of the same composition as the main explosive, with a diameter and height equal to 0.4 ... 0.5 caliber.

The shell of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile with a head fuse is made of high-fragmentation steel with a bottom having an outer contour in the form of a truncated cone, and the inner one in the form of a pair of two arcs of circles of different radius. The angle of inclination of the conical surface of the bottom of the shell of the projectile to the axis of the projectile is 72-76 ^o .

 The radius of the spherical inner surface of the bottom of the housing is 0.9-1.1 caliber.

 This combination of features provides the optimal combination of firing range, projectile power and the cost of a shot.

 Graphic images illustrating the invention are shown in FIG. 1-10. FIG. 1 - configuration of the head of the projectile, FIG. 2 - configuration of the bottom of the projectile, FIG. 3a is a computer simulation of the projectile explosion process, 3b is a wave pattern in the wall of the body when the detonation front is sliding along it, 3c, d is the process of explosive deformation of the projectile bottom (time step 1 μs), FIG. 4 - unitary 100 mm shot, FIG. 5 is a diagram: the path of the projectile in the bore - pressure, FIG. 6 is a diagram: a projectile path in a bore - velocity, FIG. 7 is a comparison of the histograms of the distribution of fragments of the prototype and the proposed projectile by weight, FIG. 8 is a comparison of the histograms of the distribution of fragments along the meridional angle of expansion, FIG. 9 - fragments of small and medium fractions, FIG. 10 is a comparison of the characteristics of the prototype and the proposed shot.

Calculations based on the criterion of the maximum probability of hitting a target (ATGM ground mount) with a series of shots at a fixed mass of the weapon system (firing set + ammunition) and the number of series, and given restrictions on the energy of the shot and the recoil momentum, it was shown that the optimal caliber of the gun of mobile armored vehicles with the mass of the machine 15-20 tons is close to 100 mm. The optimal projectile mass for this caliber, calculated according to the Liven-Q program, is in the range 13.0 ... 13.8 kg (later it was taken equal to the middle of the range 13.4 kg), and the optimal explosive charge mass (standard composition A-IX-2) - in the range of 2.2 ... 2.4 kg (accepted 2.3 kg). The external and internal contour of the hull was optimized for given projectile and explosive masses according to the conditions of the minimum thickness difference in the middle part of the hull, to reduce the thickness of the shoulder part of the hull and the bottom, and to give the bottom a shape that would ensure its uniform crushing and expansion in an angle of 90 ^o from the projectile axis. The choice of wall thicknesses of the casing δ ₀ in the section corresponding to the front edge of the centering thickening (δ ₀ = 12 mm, δ _d = 0.12, δ _d = δ ₀ / d ₀ is the relative wall thickness, d ₀ is the outer diameter of the casing) and the cross-section of the conjugation of the rectilinear generating chamber with an arc of small radius forming the inner bottom surface (δ ₀ = 16 mm, δ _d = 0.16) was carried out according to the condition that the same physical fracture mechanism, including shear wave processes in the shell, is implemented along the entire length of the shell and separation phenomena, the development of longitudinal main cracks. The uniformity of the mechanism of high-speed deformation and fracture in this range of relative wall thicknesses was confirmed by experiments on standard fragmentation mock-ups (patent N 2025646 of the Russian Federation [5]) RSFC N 11 and N 12 (respectively δ _d = 1/8 = 0.125 and δ _d = 1 / 6 = 0.167) in a wide range of properties of steels and explosives.

The head part of the projectile is made with a transition sleeve (Fig. 1, 1 - shell shell, 2 - explosive charge, 3 - transition sleeve, 4 - detonator), while the inner chamber of the transition sleeve has a diameter of 48 mm, and the detonator, as well as the main the charge is made of A-IX-2 (80% phlegmatized RDX, 20% aluminum powder). The regime of full detonation of A-IX-2 checkers with a diameter of 40 mm in a steel case is confirmed by the long-term practice of testing standard fragmentation models N 11, 12 with the indicated value of the diameter of the checker (in this case, a 20% margin in diameter is accepted). According to the condition for the small curvature of the detonation front to be realized, at the moment it reaches the main charge of composition A-IX-2, the detonator height is equal to its diameter (h _d = d _d = 48 mm).

 The use of the adapter sleeve and, as a result, the large inner diameter of the front end of the housing allows, on the one hand, to ensure a low charge density of explosive during equipment operation through the front end ("point"), and on the other hand, to ensure complete crushing of the threaded belt "A" with its significant total thickness.

 The placement in the transitional sleeve of the cylindrical explosive checker allowed to move the place of initiation of the main explosive charge deep into the shell of the shell, and therefore, improve the characteristics of the fragmentation effect of the shell.

The inner surface of the bottom of the body is made in the form of a pair of a spherical surface of radius R and a toroidal surface with the radius of the generatrix of the circle r (Fig. 2, 1 - the body with belts 5, 2 - explosive charge), and the outer surface of the bottom - in the form of a truncated cone with an angle of inclination β conical surface to the axis of the projectile. Additional dimensions that determine the configuration of the bottom are the thickness of the bottom along the axis of the hull H and the diameter d _{p of the} small base of the truncated cone. The angle β and dimensionless quantities R / d ₀ , r / d ₀ , H / d ₀ , d _p / d ₀ were selected according to the condition for the explosive transformation of the shell bottom into a hemisphere using computer simulation of the process [6] using the Hephaestus program ( Fig. 3a). As a result of the simulation, the following ranges of dimensionless quantities were determined:
β = 72.. .76 ^o , R / d ₀ = 0.9 ... 1.1, r / d ₀ = 0.1 ... 0.2, H / d ₀ = 0.15 ... 0.2, d _p / d ₀ = 0.15 ... 0.25.

где f - размер осколка; ΔV_кр - критическая скорость (для стали 200...300 м/с),
V_R - скорость радиального расширения дна; ζ = 1...2.An additional condition for stable crushing of the bottom was taken according to the criterion of Pokrovsky-Reinhart-Pearson:

where f is the size of the fragment; ΔV _cr - critical velocity (for steel 200 ... 300 m / s),
V _R is the radial expansion rate of the bottom; ζ = 1 ... 2.

 In order to obtain a high-quality spatial-mass distribution of fragments and their good aerodynamic shape, eutectoid silicon-manganese steel 80G2S is used to manufacture the shell. The manufacture of the body is carried out by hot stamping by direct extrusion, which allows to reduce the difference and the mass spread of the body.

вытекающему из баланса энергии при выстреле

где φ - коэффициент фиктивности, S₀ - площадь сечения канала ствола, l - длина ствола (все величина в системе СИ). Графики P=f(x), V=f(x) (x - путь в канале ствола) представлены на фиг. 5, 6.A unitary 100 mm shot is shown in FIG. 4 (1 - case with belts 5, 2 - BB, 3 - sleeve, 6 - igniter capsule, 7 - sleeve, 8 - propellant charge, 9 - fuse). Throwing part of the shot, i.e. the sleeve with a powder charge, an electrocapsule sleeve and auxiliary elements (igniter, demister) while maintaining the prototype dimensions was changed due to an increase in the mass of the powder charge ω and the use of powder of the same type 4/1 powder of the same type of grade 5/1 instead of grained pyroxylin powder. The use of gunpowder with a greater arch thickness (0.5 mm instead of 0.4 mm), together with an increase in the charge mass ω and a decrease in the mass of the projectile Q, made it possible to obtain the optimal combination of the maximum pressure in the bore P _max and the fill factor of the indicator diagram η, which ensures a high muzzle value speed V ₀ according to the relation

arising from the balance of energy when fired

where φ is the fictitious coefficient, S ₀ is the cross-sectional area of the bore, l is the length of the barrel (all in the SI system). The plots P = f (x), V = f (x) (x is the path in the bore) are shown in FIG. 5, 6.

The relationship of the main intra-ballistic parameter P _max with the main indicators Q, α, which determine the external ballistic characteristics and the power indicators of the projectile by fragmentation, compression, and penetrating high-explosive action, and the characteristics of the chemical composition of the metal C%, Le% is performed through the relative thickness of the body wall δ _d = δ ₀ / d ₀ according to the conditions of its strength during a shot and penetration into the obstacle.

σ - - среднеквадратическое отклонение массы,

- средневыборочное значение массы снаряда), соответствующей рассеиванию массы в пределах нулевого весового знака (± 1/3%). Уменьшение разброса масс снаряда осуществлено за счет применения новой высокоточной технологии горячей штамповки корпуса снаряда из стали 80Г2С, а также за счет уменьшения разброса плотности заряда ВВ, достигаемой благодаря применению снаряжения через увеличенное "очко" корпуса.Along with increasing the firing range, the range errors are substantially reduced with respect to the prototype, which is mainly achieved by reducing the coefficient of variation V of the statistical spread of the projectile mass to a value

σ - is the standard deviation of the mass,

- the average sample value of the projectile mass), corresponding to the dispersion of the mass within the zero weight sign (± 1/3%). Reducing the dispersion of the mass of the projectile was achieved through the use of new high-precision technology for hot stamping the shell of the shell made of steel 80G2S, as well as by reducing the dispersion of the explosive charge density, achieved through the use of equipment through an increased "point" of the body.

Thus, the main input parameters for optimizing a shot with a fixed caliber, barrel length, and rifling stroke length were:
- the mass of the projectile Q;
- fill factor α;
- carbon content in the steel of the body C%;
- the total content of alloying elements in the steel of the body L%;
- detonation velocity of the explosive charge, D;
- drag coefficient C _x ;
- coefficient of variation of the statistical dispersion of the mass of the projectile V;
is the mass of the charge of gunpowder ω,
- the maximum pressure in the bore for a given charge P _max ;
- the fill factor of the indicator diagram η;
- an indicator of the complexity / cost of the technological process of manufacturing the housing Te;
- C _m, C _cc, C _p - 1 kg respectively of the metal value, explosives and gunpowder.

In this case, restrictions were imposed on the maximum pressure in the bore, kinetic energy and the recoil momentum of the shot, the length of the projectile. The main output parameters were:
- firing range D = f ₁ (Q, ω, p _max , η, C _X );
- firing accuracy T = f ₂ (V, Te);
- the power of the projectile M = f ₃ (Q, α, C%, L%, D);
- the cost of the shot Ts = f ₄ (Q, α, ω, Te, Ts _m , Ts _BB , Ts _p ).
The optimization of the combinations of the initial parameters, carried out according to the criterion of the generalized quality of the shot K = f (D, T, M, C), confirmed the correctness of the choice of the indicated combination (table 1).

 The explosions of the proposed 100 mm high-explosive shells in a chamber with a trapping medium and in a shield target environment showed a clear advantage of the proposed projectile over the prototype (table 2).

 A comparison of the histograms of the distribution of the fragments of the prototype and the proposed projectile is presented in FIG. 7, a comparison of the histograms of the distribution of fragments along the meridional angle of expansion — in FIG. 8 (the angle is counted from a beam directed from the center of the projectile to the fuse).

при Λ = 0,5, m₀=0,62 г, <m> = 1,24 г, N₀=8467,
где N(<m) - число осколков с массой, меньшей m;
N₀ - число осколков с массой, большей нуля (теоретическая константа распределения);
m₀ - характеристическая масса распределения;
Λ - показатель качества дробления;
<m> - математическое ожидание массы осколка;
Г(x) - гамма-функция.The fragmentation spectrum of the proposed projectile with high accuracy (χ ² = 7.2; R = 0.62) is described by the well-known Weibull distribution:

with Λ = 0.5, m ₀ = 0.62 g, <m> = 1.24 g, N ₀ = 8467,
where N (<m) is the number of fragments with mass less than m;
N ₀ is the number of fragments with mass greater than zero (theoretical distribution constant);
m ₀ is the characteristic mass of the distribution;
Λ is an indicator of the quality of crushing;
<m> is the mathematical expectation of the mass of the fragment;
G (x) is the gamma function.

The estimated number of fragments with a mass greater than 0.5 g is N _0.5 = 3449, which corresponds to an experimental value of N _0.5 ^e = 3389 with an accuracy of 1.7%.

 The relative mass of the middle fraction (3 <m≤15 g) was 0.49, the relative mass of the coarse fraction (m> 15 g) was 0.08. Small and medium fragments are shown in FIG. 9.

 A comparison of the main characteristics of the prototype and the proposed shot is shown in FIG. 10.

 When a capsule sleeve and an ignitor 6 are fired from a fire ray (Fig. 4), the propellant charge 8 ignites. Under the influence of the pressure of the powder gases, the projectile begins to move along the barrel and then travels along the trajectory.

 At the moment of the projectile hitting the obstacle, the detonator capsule explodes, which is transmitted to the detonator in the fuse, and from it the explosive charge.

Sources of information
1. VPKireyev "Field Artillery Shots of Russia", Military Parade, Sept. - Oct 1994, p. 152.

 2. VA Odintsov "The main directions of the development of ammunition of field artillery and the problems of transition to the caliber of 155 mm", Defense technology, 1996, N 8-9, pp. 3-12.

 3. Rounds for tank and antitank guns, field and naval artillery. Shots of tank, anti-tank guns, field and naval artillery. Scientific Research Engineering Institute (NIMI), Moscow, p. 45.

 4. Leshchinsky Yu.M., Telegin N.N. and others under the general editorship of the General Designer, Doctor of Technical Sciences Kalistova A.A. Handbook of artillery ammunition to be disposed of and destroyed. Soviet-German company Nova, 1992, pp. 41-42.

 5. Model of ammunition for testing materials and explosives for propellant-crushing action. RF patent N 92012269 from 12.30.94

 6. V.I. Kolpakov, S. V. Ladov, A. A. Rubtsov "Mathematical modeling of the functioning of cumulative charges." Publishing House MSTU. N.E.Bauman, 1998

Claims (8)

 1. A unitary shot to the gun, containing a high-explosive fragmentation projectile with a head fuse, a sleeve connected to it with a propellant powder charge of pyroxylin powder and a capsule sleeve, characterized in that a transition sleeve containing a detonator is placed in the head part of the shell of the projectile, projectile filling coefficient explosive is not less than 0.16, and the powder charge of the sleeve is not less than 0.4 of the volume of the sleeve.  2. A unitary shot according to claim 1, characterized in that the detonator located in the housing sleeve is made of the same composition as the main explosive with a diameter and height of 0.4-0.5 caliber.  3. A unitary shot according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the head fuse is made with a percussion mechanism with settings for instant, inertial and delayed action.  4. A unitary shot according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the head fuse is remote or temporary.  5. A unitary shot according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the head fuse is made non-contact.  6. The case of high-explosive steel shell with a head fuse, characterized in that it is made of high-fragmentation steel with a bottom having an outer contour in the form of a truncated cone, and the inner one - in the form of a pair of two arcs of circles of different radius, one of which is formed by a spherical the surface, the shoulder part of the body is cylindrical in shape, the thickness of the bottom along the axis of the body is 0.15-0.20 caliber of the projectile.  7. The shell of a high-explosive shell according to claim 6, characterized in that the angle of inclination of the conical surface of the bottom of the shell shell to the axis of the shell is 72 - 76 °.  8. The shell of a high-explosive shell according to claim 6, characterized in that the radius of the spherical inner surface of the bottom of the shell is 0.9 - 1.1 caliber.

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