RU2160844C1 - Internal combustion engine with turbine - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: power engineering, automotive industry, aircraft industry, small-size power stations. SUBSTANCE: housing is made in form of straight cylinder whose end at one side is covered by bottom and is open at other side. Housing accommodates nozzle assembly made in form of diaphragm with nozzle slots, and turbine with power takeoff shaft, arranged in tandem. Power takeoff shaft is made in form of tube opened from end faces and installed on bearing supports in center of diaphragm and housing bottom with projection from bottom for connection with driven machine. Slots of diaphragm are uniformly spaced at acute angle relative to direction of turbine rotation. Water supply header with inlet branch pipe furnished with check valve is secured on housing around diaphragm. Header communicates with spaces of slots and with combustion chamber space before diaphragm through two rows of radial holes. Cross-section of diaphragm decreases uniformly from center to periphery. EFFECT: increased efficiency and power output, improved reliability and no adverse effect on environment. 3 cl, 2 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to internal combustion engines, and more particularly to gas turbine installations in which the working fluid is generated by intermittent combustion.

 This engine can be used in the automotive industry, aviation and in the construction of small-sized power plants.

 Widely known are carburetor and gas piston internal combustion engines. The main structural element of these engines is one or more cylinders with pistons connected by a crank mechanism with a crankshaft. At the bottom of each cylinder there are valves for fuel inlet in the form of gasoline vapors mixed with air, or a mixture of combustible gas with air. At the bottom of each cylinder, valves are also made for the release of exhaust gaseous products of fuel combustion. Ignition of the fuel is carried out by an electric spark using a device called a candle installed in the bottom of each cylinder [1].

 The disadvantage of carburetor and gas reciprocating internal combustion engines is their complexity, which is due, in particular, to the presence of a crankshaft and crank mechanism, which makes the engines cumbersome.

 Also known are devices called gas turbine engines, in which gaseous or light liquid fuels (for example, kerosene) are continuously burned in the combustion chamber during operation, and the resulting gaseous products of combustion of fuel with high temperature are directed to the blades of a gas turbine that performs mechanical work [2 ].

 The disadvantage of turbine engines is that it is economically advantageous to use them only in high power devices: in engines of large aircraft, ships, railway locomotives and for driving compressors when pumping gas or oil through gas and oil pipelines. They are also used in power plants to obtain the missing energy during peak loads.

 A big drawback of gas turbine units is that they usually have a lower efficiency compared to internal combustion engines - 14 - 18% for simple gas turbine units and 27-37% for multi-stage gas turbine units with a heat recovery system for heating the air used to burn fuel.

The insufficiently high efficiency is due to the fact that the temperature of the gas entering the gas turbine blades in stationary installations usually does not exceed 750-1100 ^o C, since at higher temperatures the turbine blades cannot work for a long time.

 The closest analogue of the claimed engine is a gas turbine engine containing a cylindrical body with a combustion chamber located inside, a turbine with a nozzle apparatus and a power take-off shaft, while the end face of the body is closed on the one hand and open on the other, the nozzle device is located between the ends of the body in front of the turbine a diaphragm with nozzle openings. On the wall of the bottom of the housing is a device for supplying fuel and its ignition, for example, by generating an electric spark. The turbine power take-off shaft is installed by means of bearing bearings in the center of the diaphragm and the bottom of the housing with the protrusion from the latter for connection with the driven device [3].

 The objective of the invention is to increase the effective operation (Efficiency) of the engine while simplifying its design and increasing the reliability of its operation.

 These technical results are achieved due to the fact that instead of the piston, a gas turbine (or a cascade of two or three turbines) is installed in the working cylinder of a carburetor or gas internal combustion engine, the power take-off of which is located along the cylinder axis. In this case, one end of the shaft is brought out through the bearing support in the bottom of the cylinder. In addition, a device for supplying fuel (air-fuel mixture) and an ignition system (the formation of an electric spark) are located at the bottom of the cylinder. Outside, a driven machine (consumer) is connected to the shaft by means of a coupling. The second end of the shaft in front of the turbine is mounted in a bearing support located in the center of the diaphragm, the latter is a nozzle apparatus with nozzle openings made in the form of slots directing combustion products (working medium) to the gas turbine blades. In this case, the diaphragm is cooled by water injected in front of it and into the aforementioned slots. To reduce weight, the diaphragm is made with a cross section evenly decreasing from the center to the periphery.

 The advantage of this engine is the ability to burn the air-fuel mixture in a pulsating mode and efficiently direct it to the input edges of the turbine blades at the right angle, and water injection will allow cooling the most heat-stressed structural elements, increase the mass flow rate of the working fluid through the turbine (i.e. increase its power) and reduce emission of harmful nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere, which improves the environmental friendliness of the engine.

 The invention is illustrated by graphic material, where in FIG. 1 schematically shows an internal combustion engine with a turbine, and FIG. 2 is a section along AA of FIG. 1.

 The engine comprises a housing 1 made in the form of a straight cylinder, the end of which is closed on the one side by the bottom 2 and the other open. On the wall of the bottom 2, valves 3 and 4 are made for the intake of fuel and air or combustible gas from the carburetor mixed with air through pipes 5 and 6. For the engine to work, one valve 3 or 4 is enough, but several valves 3 and 4 provide a more uniform distribution of the fuel-air mixture by volume of the combustion chamber. In the bottom 2, a fuel ignition device (system) is installed, made, for example, in the form of an electric candle 7. The power take-off shaft 8 is made in the form of a pipe open from the ends of the pipes and is installed with the possibility of protruding from the bottom 2 in bearing bearings 9 located in the center of the bottom 2 and the center of the diaphragm 10, which is a nozzle apparatus with nozzle openings made in the form of slots 11, evenly spaced around an acute angle α to the direction of rotation of the turbine 12. In this case, the diaphragm 10 is located in the housing 1 in front of the turbine 12 and you complete with a cross section uniformly decreasing from the center to the periphery. The angle α is selected depending on the profile of the blades of the turbine 12 with a smooth entrance of the working fluid to their input edge.

 To remove the working fluid from the engine into the environment, the open end 13 of the housing 1 is used. To ensure uniform rotation of the shaft 8, a flywheel 14 can be additionally installed on its end protruding from the bottom 2, and a coupling 15 is used to connect the shaft 8 to the driven machine. 1 around the diaphragm 10 is mounted a collector 16 for supplying water (or water vapor) with a pipe (or pipes) 17 provided with a check valve (not shown in FIG. 1). The manifold 16 is communicated through a series of openings 18 with the cavities of the slots 11, and the collector 16 can be communicated through an additional series of openings 19 with the internal cavity of the combustion chamber in front of the diaphragm 10, the openings 19 of the additional row being displaced in the circumferential direction relative to the openings 18. On the side wall of the housing 1 longitudinal ribs are made (not shown in FIG. 1) with the same height or with a height increasing toward the bottom 2 of the housing 1, which serve to increase the heat transfer area of the housing 1.

 The operation of the engine is as follows. The engine can be started using a starter that provides the initial rotation of the shaft 8 with the turbine 12. Then, inside the housing 1 through the nozzles 5 and 6 and open valves 3 and 4 from the carburetor feed vapor of liquid fuel (gasoline) or gas mixed with air. Then, valves 3 and 4 are closed, and the fuel mixture with air is ignited with an electric spark by means of a candle 7. The air-fuel mixture burns out almost instantly, and the gaseous products of combustion (working medium) formed in the combustion chamber with high temperature and high pressure through nozzle slots 11 in the diaphragm 10 rush to the blades of the gas turbine 12, increasing its speed together with the power take-off shaft 8. Instead of a single gas turbine 12, a cascade of two to three turbines can be used. For this, after the first turbine 12, a similar second diaphragm 10 and a second gas turbine 12, etc. are installed.

 From the gas turbine 12, the combustion products of the fuel exit into the environment through the open end 13.

 After combustion of the first portion of fuel, valves 3 and 4 are again torn off and a new portion of the air-fuel mixture is supplied, and so the engine duty cycle is repeated an unlimited number of times. The operation of valves 3 and 4 and the fuel ignition system with an electric spark plug 7 is carried out in the same way as in carburetor piston internal combustion engines.

 For a more uniform rotation of the shaft 8 of the engine, a flywheel 14 can be used, but when using a massive turbine 12, the latter is not necessary.

 Since the combustion of fuel occurs periodically, the maximum allowable temperature of the gases entering the blades of the gas turbine 12 may be significant. This leads to a significant increase in efficiency, which will become close to the efficiency of economical reciprocating internal combustion engines, but to ensure reliable engine operation, the most heat-stressed engine assembly — its diaphragm 10 — must be cooled, for which purpose in the slot 11 from the manifold 16 through the radially located openings 18 in the injection period of the air-fuel mixture serves water (or water vapor), which in addition to cooling leads to an increase in mass flow through the turbine 12 and an increase in the power removed from it, as well as lowering ie the emission of harmful nitrogen oxides. Additionally, water can be supplied through the openings 19 to the front wall of the diaphragm 10, which contributes to the cooling of its bearing support 9, operating in severe temperature conditions with a cantilever mounted pipe 12. To avoid reverse water flow, a check valve is installed in the pipe 17 of the collector 16. The implementation of the shaft 8 in the form of an open pipe from the ends of the pipe allows for providing a flow through the shaft of cooling atmospheric air into the zone with reduced pressure behind the pipe 12 ("bottom effect") without additional energy consumption, which also allows cooling of the bearing bearings, and for forced air supply use gas bearing bearings. The stream emerging from the open end 13 can be used to heat the cooling water and the air-fuel mixture entering the combustion chamber of the engine.

Sources of information
1. Internal combustion engines, edited by Orlin AS et al. / 3rd edition, Moscow, "Mechanical Engineering", 1980, p. 216, fig. 145.

 2. G.S. Skubachevsky, Aircraft gas turbine engines, 2nd edition, Moscow, "Engineering", 1965, p. 5-6.

 3. Patent RU 2055996 C1, IPC 6 F 02 B 75/00, 03/10/1996

Claims (3)

 1. The internal combustion engine, comprising a housing with a combustion chamber located inside, a turbine with a nozzle apparatus and a power take-off shaft, the housing is made in the form of a straight cylinder, the end face of which is closed by the bottom on one side and open, on the other, the nozzle apparatus is located between the ends of the casing in front of the turbine have a diaphragm with nozzle openings, and the power take-off shaft is installed by means of bearing bearings in the center of the diaphragm and the bottom of the casing with a protrusion from the latter, the nozzle openings are made in the form of leu evenly spaced circumferentially at an acute angle to the direction of rotation of the turbine, wherein the housing around the aperture is fixed the water inlet manifold communicated through a number of holes with cavities of slots and the aperture is formed with a cross section uniformly decreasing from the center to the periphery.  2. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that the water supply manifold is communicated through an additional row of holes with an internal cavity of the combustion chamber in front of the diaphragm, the holes of the additional row being displaced in the circumferential direction relative to the holes of the other row.  3. The engine according to claim 1, characterized in that on the side wall of its housing longitudinal ribs are made with the same height or increasing towards the bottom of the housing.

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