RU2146036C1 - Sight - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: optical guidance systems. SUBSTANCE: invention specifically refers to devices for aimed firing at day and night time with use of additional optical elements, telescopic both day and night vision and infrared systems, for orientation of geodetic and metrological equipment and other guidance systems. Technical result of proposed invention lies in reduced mass, dimensions, structural and technological complexity of sight and consequently in decreased requirements for rigidity and strength of location on weapon designed for its mounting with maintenance and in some cases improvement of precision characteristics and tactical capabilities of weapon. In accordance with invention sight includes material information medium on sighting mark and element forming image of the latter in space of sight objects. Sight is supplemented with material information medium on additional marker that is located at some distance from plane in which central fragment of mentioned medium is placed for formation of parallax between them along direction of sighting. EFFECT: reduced mass, dimensions, structural and technological complexity of sight. 2 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to optical guidance systems.

 Sighting devices constructed in accordance with the invention may be the basis for constructing devices, additional to a mechanical sight, designed to expand the scope of use of a weapon under conditions of time and / or information deficiency, and components of a mechanical sight, in particular a sight of mechanical sights installed either on weapons elements specially designed for mounting additional optical devices, or instead of mechanical sights.

 Sights built in accordance with the invention are designed to work at any time of the day, including with additional optical elements (mirrors, prisms, etc.), as well as with additional telescopic systems such as day and night vision (with image intensifier tubes) and thermal imaging (with appropriate converters), and can be installed on game, sports, hunting and artillery and small arms.

 Sighting systems built in accordance with the invention may be the basis for constructing orientation systems for observation instruments, photo, video and film equipment, as well as geodetic and metrological equipment in all cases where high resistance to external conditions, high speed and low speed are required cost of components.

2. The level of technology
The night sighting device is widely known - self-luminous phosphor (or tritium) nozzles mounted on elements of a mechanical sight, the position of which relative to the arrow is determined by the dimensions of the weapon and the way it is held at the time of aiming, which does not allow a sharp image of the aiming object and sharp images of luminous fragments of the mentioned nozzles.

 Known sighting device RF patent N 2130576 (the composition of the authors coincides with the composition of the authors of this application), including a material carrier of information about the sighting mark (for example, aperture, grid or a luminous object) and the image forming element of the sighting mark in the space of sighting objects (for example, an eyepiece) made by analogy with passive (allowing the possibility of working from scattered external light due to, for example, the use of a light-transmitting pn junction or in another similar way, i.e., passively from External Expansion light using grids as the elements forming the aperture limiting it) and / or active (at which luminescence is excited by an electric current) "LED" (quotes emphasize that word diode is relevant only for active devices), i.e. taking into account the minimization of the number of optical components of the forming element (see, for example, the figures of Pat. RF N 2130576, which in this application are not given as related to the prototype), which is the closest analogue of the invention presented in this application, the improvement of which is mainly aimed The claimed invention.

 To expand the freedom of position of the eye relative to the sighting device, in which preliminary aiming of the weapon on the target is possible, in the said sighting device the output aperture is divided into two zones - the working and the preliminary guidance zone, which obviously implies a narrowing (while maintaining the aperture area) of the dimensions of the working area, t .e. imposes a restriction on reducing the size of the aperture and, therefore, the entire sighting device.

 The material carrier of information about the sighting mark in the said sighting device is oriented relative to the image forming element of the sighting mark in the space of sighting objects in a certain way, involving the construction of a visually perceptible image of the sighting mark in the area of the possible appearance of the target (for example, at a distance of 100 ... 400 m from the user) , i.e. at a considerable distance from the shooter (for more details see the description of Pat. RF N 2130576 regarding the formation of the working zone of the aperture - geometric relationships). Such an arrangement of the image of the sighting mark involves obtaining at the output of the element of formation of a collimated beam (a beam of parallel rays). In accordance with the laws of geometric optics, the production of such beams imposes a strict restriction on the tolerance in the relative position of the material carrier of the information about the aiming mark and the image forming element of the aiming mark in the space of sighting objects. In the said sighting device, it was required to ensure the accuracy of the installation described above to ± 0.002 mm, which was practically achieved by subsequent apodization (refinement, adjustment) of the front surface of the forming element, and therefore imposed restrictions on the possibility of replication of such sighting devices due to the high complexity and the required high accuracy of manufacturing them the target part (up to one standard hour per product).

 On the other hand, the existence of one image of the sighting mark (we are talking about one plane in which the image of any spatial configuration is formed) when working with the said sighting device does not allow to implement the aiming method described in RF patent N 2107878 "Aiming method" (author A. Y. Gavrilov, is part of the authors of this application), i.e., it does not allow a simple movement of the shooter's head relative to the aiming device, for example, to achieve the introduction of amendments to the target’s speed and / or distance be up to it (see. the description of US Pat. Russian Federation N 2107878).

3. The invention
3.1. The invention is aimed at solving problems
- reduction of the arrow required to ensure freedom in the position of the eye of the shooter, in which he sees the aiming mark and can preliminarily aim the weapon at the target, the size of the aperture of his formation element while increasing the working area of the latter (building the image of the aiming mark, along which the weapon is accurately aimed at the target ), due to which it is possible to accordingly reduce the dimensions and weight of the entire sighting device while maintaining accuracy parameters and tactical capabilities when shooting, as well as when weakening the requirements for stiffness and strength of the place on the weapon, designed to install such a device;
- reducing the dimensions of the sighting part of the sighting devices while sharpening the perception of the image (s) of the additional marker (s) at the time of sharp perception of the aiming object (we are talking, for example, of simulating an extended mechanical sight of a sniper rifle in an aiming device (for example, LED type ) small size) for the purpose similar to the above, as well as to improve the tactical and operational characteristics of weapons;
- constructive and technological simplification of the sighting part of sighting devices, and consequently, reducing their dimensions, weight and laboriousness of manufacture while maintaining accuracy parameters and tactical capabilities when shooting, as well as weakening the requirements for stiffness and strength of the place on the weapon intended for installation of such devices;
- the creation of sighting devices that implement the capabilities of the aiming method (US Pat. RF N 2107878) in terms of the non-contact introduction of amendments to the speed of the target and the distance to it, as well as to external conditions (wind speed, air temperature ...).

 3.2. The claimed technical result is obtained as follows: in the sighting device, which includes a material carrier of information about the sighting mark and an image forming element of the sighting mark in the space of sighting objects, made by analogy with passive and / or active "LEDs", the following distinguishing feature is introduced: at least one plane perpendicular to the direction of aiming (direction of sight) and located not in close proximity (not closer than ± 0.1 mm) from the perpendicular the direction of the aiming plane of the plane in which the central fragment of the material carrier of information about the sighting mark is located (the image of which, in fact, is aimed, that is, the image of which is combined with the control point on the target while bringing the weapon with the sight to normal combat) either its actual or imaginary image, a material medium of information about the additional marker (s) is placed, or there is a real or imaginary image of the latter, which may also be the action an imaginary or imaginary image of the material carrier of information about the aiming mark, as a result of which the forming element builds at least two images spaced apart from each other along the direction of aiming, one of which is the image of the aiming mark, along which the aiming is carried out directly, and the second - the image of the additional (s ) marker (s) (for example, the image of the sighting mark is the image of the front sight constructed by the formation element, and the image of the additional marker is the sight of the rear sight, built by him, and the distance between the shooter and the indicated images, as well as the distance between them, can be done by anyone with a small size of the target part due to their proper location relative to the formation element, for example, relative to the front surface of the LED sight of the Gavrilov system ( PSG)).

 We are talking about the introduction of significant artificial parallax in the grids of the sighting device.

4. List of figures
4.1.1. In FIG. Figure 1 shows the variant of the ray path from the central fragment of the material carrier of information about the aiming mark (the image of which the aiming itself is carried out) and the variant of the ray path from the material carrier of information about the additional marker (s) in the LED with a remote marker (PSG).

 4.1.2. In FIG. 2 shows a variant of the field of view (a variant of the image of the sighting mark and additional markers) of the PSG.

 4.2.1. The path (Fig. 1) of the rays (8, 9) from the central fragment of the material carrier (3) of the sighting mark from the PSG is close to the parallel direction of aiming (has a small divergence, mainly determined either by residual aberrations, or by the requirements for introducing angular corrections to target parameters and external conditions, the material carrier of information about the sighting mark is located near the focal surface, in the particular case near the focal plane (4) of the forming element (7) - the front surface of the LED), while the aiming device (2), in which the claimed invention is implemented, assumes the presence of a remote along the aiming direction (1) (coinciding with the course of one of the rays coming from the central fragment of the aiming mark along which the aiming is carried out) from the installation plane of the material carrier of the sighting mark information the plane of the installation (5) of the material medium (6) of information about the additional marker (s), as a result of which the ray path (10, 11) from the points of the additional marker (s) is homocentric (i.e. assuming the presence of a real or imaginary intersection point), naturally, without taking into account aberrations, and, therefore, the image of the aiming mark and the additional marker (s) do not coincide along the direction of aiming, which means that with relative movement of the eye the arrow is transverse to the aiming direction relative to these images are shifted relative to each other (and, in particular, when installing the material carrier of information about the sighting mark outside the focal surface of the formation element, they (shown I) are displaced and about the purpose of realizing the principle of the introduction of non-contact angular adjustments while shooting).

 Particular attention in FIG. 1 should be drawn to the presence of a gap between the material carrier of information about the sighting mark (3) and the material carrier of information about the additional marker (s) (6).

 4.2.2. Variant (Fig. 2) of the vision in the PSG of the images of the aiming mark (2) and additional markers (1) (beyond (1) - the left part of the displayed material information medium about the additional marker (s) taken out of the scope of the shielding by the eyepiece of the sight (3) )). Moving the barrel of the weapon relative to the stock up will lead to the movement of the image of the aiming mark relative to the images of the additional markers in the direction of arrow A. In FIG. In variant 2 of the PSG implementation, the scale of additional markers is a scale of angular corrections for the range to the target and the speed of its movement, which, with a given degree of sharpness (see above about the randomness of removal of the aiming mark and additional marker (s) from the arrow), will be visible to the arrow .

5. Information confirming the possibility of carrying out the invention
5.1. In 1998, the authors proactively developed and tested the sights of the PSG-10 model, constructed in accordance with the claimed invention. Physical modeling confirmed the feasibility of the claimed invention. In this case, the expected results from the implementation of the inventions were confirmed.

 5.1.1. The reduction required to ensure freedom in the eye position of the shooter, in which he sees the aiming mark and can pre-aim the weapon at the target, the size of the aperture of the formation element when increasing the working area of the latter is achieved due to the presence of additional marker (s), which (e ) is visible (s) in a much larger sector, since the rays emanating from them are homocentric (in the sense indicated above).

So, for example, in a pinch (as a matter of fact, the authors do not exclude the location of the material information carrier about the additional marker (s) and outside, for example, the LED), if the material information carrier is about the additional marker (s) position at the center point of the formation element - at the intersection of the dashed line (1) (Fig. 1) with the front surface (7) of the LED (2), then its (them) (additional (s) marker (s)) image (s) the arrow will be visible (s) at any position of the eye relative to the sight (if only the weapon was It is aimed at the target with an accuracy of no worse than ± 90 ^o and the shooter himself was looking towards the target).

 In fact, there is no need for such an emergency. And by shifting the material information carrier about the additional marker (s) to the left of the formation element (Fig. 1), it is possible, on the one hand, to sharpen its visually perceptible image and, on the other hand, to narrow the sector in which it is visible.

 5.1.2. Reducing the dimensions of the sighting part of the sighting devices while sharpening the perception of the image (s) of the additional marker (s) during the implementation of the claimed invention is achieved by establishing obvious geometric relationships between material carriers and the formation element (see also paragraphs 3.2. And 5.1.1. )

 5.1.3. The constructive and technological simplification of the sighting part of the sighting devices during the implementation of the claimed invention is due to the fact that when accurately aiming the weapon at the target, it is necessary not only to aim the image of the sighting mark on the target, but also to provide the required geometric relationships in the relative position of the sighting mark and additional image (s) marker (s), which in fact, despite traditional judgments, does not in any way increase the aiming time (of course, provided that the indicated mappings).

 In this regard, the orientation accuracy of the material carrier of the information about the aiming mark relative to the formation element (for example, the front surface of the LED) can be more than ± 0.1 mm (rather than ± 0.002 mm above), i.e. the tolerance becomes more than 50 (!) times wider.

 5.1.4. The ability to create sighting devices that implement the capabilities of the aiming method (US Pat. RF N 2107878) in terms of the non-contact introduction of amendments to the speed of the target and the distance to it, as well as to external conditions, is predetermined by the presence of parallax (distance comparable (not being a value substantially smaller (<0.01)) with the distance from the arrow to the most distant of the sighting mark images and the additional marker (s)) between the sighting mark images and will complement integral (s) marker (s) and related relative movement of the above images when moving the eye relative to the sight (Fig. 2).

 The ability to build sights with a given (in accordance with the required angular corrections) displacement of the image of the aiming mark relative to the aiming object is obvious. (See in this connection, for example, A.Yu. Gavrilov, Yu. V. Khmelshchikov (co-authors of this application), Physical Thought of Russia, M., "Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Physics", N 1, 1998, p. 68-70).

 5.2. Thus, the tasks to be solved by the claimed invention is aimed, thanks to its implementation, are solved when the proposed technical result is achieved.

 5.2.1. It is possible to arbitrarily reduce (less than 0.5 mm) the aperture of the sight while maintaining comfortable conditions for aiming - simply in the sight, for example, sequentially moving away from the forming element, establish material information carriers about the additional marker (s), followed by a material information carrier on the sighting sign, then the first in order from the formation element material information carriers about the additional marker (s) will always be visible (see above), and as the weapon is sighted more precisely, chickpeas appear "next" as long as "endure" the impact of the mark, which will only be combined with the object and (in the case of the possible introduction of non-contact angular correction when shooting) are properly oriented with respect to visible images even additional markers.

 5.2.2. The aforementioned reduction in the dimensions of the sighting part of the sighting devices while maintaining or even increasing the sharpness of perception of the image (s) of the additional marker (s) during the implementation of the claimed invention does not have a theoretical limitation and depends on the type of formation element (complexity of its execution, i.e. the number of parameters allowing optimization of its optical characteristics).

 It has been practically established that a mechanical sight used on SVD and having a size of the order of 500 mm can be simulated by an LED with a length of about 20 mm, but, obviously, the authors met with purely technological limitations and the real limit lies in the range of 5 ... 10 mm, due to the design of the material carrier and the mounting block (connection) of the LED to the sight housing.

 5.2.3. The above extension of the tolerance field for the installation of a material carrier of information about the sighting mark relative to the formation element suggests the possibility of developing a technology for mass production of the targeting part of the PSG, which is commensurate with the technology for the production of conventional LEDs (cost 0.5 (!) USD).

 5.2.4. The presence of parallactically biased images opens up unlimited possibilities for creating systems for contactless introduction of corrections for target parameters, removal of precision readings, etc., which follows from the above publications (including a patent for the aiming method).

 5.3. The method of using the target part of the sight PSG, which implements the claimed invention, is as follows.

 The sighting device with the sighting part shown in FIG. 1, is installed on the weapon or on a regular place for the installation of optical sights, or on the aiming bar or in exchange for it. After that, the adjustment of the sight on the weapon is carried out, which consists in coordinating the direction of the optical axis of the sight (the course of one of the rays coming from the central fragment of the aiming mark - see above) with the direction of fire (with the direction of action of the damaging factor of the weapon), by conducting a series of control shots and making the necessary individual amendments to this weapon. Aiming during control firing is carried out, for example (if additional devices are not supposed), according to the principle of a remote marker, when the shooter with one eye simultaneously sees clear images of the target and the aiming mark, and if necessary, the image of the additional marker (s). When operating a weapon for its preliminary guidance, it is no longer necessary to see a clear image of the central fragment of the aiming mark, since, on the one hand, the visible image (s) of the additional marker (s) indicate the direction of orientation of the weapon, and on the other, as you aim, a clear image of the central fragment that needs to be superimposed on the target (or positioned in a certain way relative to the target and the image (s) of the additional marker (s)) will appear on the target object, as lko real-affected area will close sight of the object.

 The method of using the targeting part of the PSG practically does not change both when additional optical elements are introduced into the sighting device (see above), and when the natural capabilities of human vision are strengthened by using additional optical systems between the eye of the shooter and target designator, for example, that give optical magnification of aiming objects or enhancing their brightness.

 With the introduction of angular corrections, the required geometric ratios of the perceived images are established, in the construction of which an elementary target designator - PSG is involved (see also above).

Claims (1)

 The sighting device containing the image forming element of the sighting mark in the space of sighting objects and a material information carrier about the sighting mark, characterized in that it is provided with at least one material information carrier, at least one additional marker located at a distance from the plane in which the material carrier of the information about the sighting mark is placed and / or images of these material carriers are created in it, to ensure parallax between the image Agen sighting mark and at least one additional marker along the direction of boresight.

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