RU2125039C1 - Humin concentrate, method of its preparing, devices for electrochemical preparing humin concentrate (variants), method of water treatment from impurities, method of dehydration of viscous-flowing media, method of detoxication of organic compounds, method of utilization of sewage, method of making soil from natural and artificial grounds and recovery of fertility of degraded soils, method of composting organic waste, method of utilization of tap water sediments - Google Patents

Abstract

FIELD: ecology. SUBSTANCE: humin concentrate consisting of natural humites and caustobiolithes of carbonic order has the hydrated humic acids, humic acid salts and mineral components of parent humites and caustobiolithes of carbonic order that are bound chemically with humic acids. Method of preparing the indicated concentrate involves electrolysis of humic acid salt aqueous solutions extracted with alkaline reagent from natural humites and caustobiolithes of carbonic order. Electrolysis is carried out in total zone between anode and cathode at anode electric potential value that provides discharge of humic acid anions but lower as compared with potential required for hydroxyl ions discharge. The end humin concentrate is formed on surface of anode and concentrate is removed from electrolysis zone and from anode surface by continuous process. Device for preparing the above indicated humin concentrate involves Electrolysis bath-cathode as horizontally installed cylindrical groove with face walls having inlet and outlet nozzles. Anode is made as a drum installed coaxially to gap in indicated groove or as a disk installed in indicated groove that can rotate relatively to its linear axis, or as a drum installed in indicated groove and tensed on indicated drum of endless horizontal transporter. Device has also a fitting for removal of the end product from anode surface. Method of water treatment from impurities, method of dehydration of viscous-flowing media, method of detoxication of organic compounds, method of utilization of sewage sediments, method of making soils from natural and artificial grounds and recovery properties and fertility of degraded soils, method of composting organic waste, method of utilization of tap water sediments are carried out using the above indicated humin concentrate. EFFECT: enhanced effectiveness of humin preparing, improved environment safety and ecology. 32 cl, 25 tbl, 6 dwg

Description

 The invention relates to the field of environmental protection and restoration, more specifically to technologies that ensure the restoration of environmental objects contaminated with industrial products, and more specifically, the claimed invention relates to a humic concentrate, a method for its production, a device for the electrochemical production of a humic concentrate, a method for purifying water from inorganic, organic and microbiological impurities, a method for dewatering viscous fluids, a method for detoxifying organic compounds, a disposal method ization of sludges, the process of creating soils from both natural and artificial soil and recovery properties and degraded soil fertility, a method of composting organic waste disposal method of sludge water.

 The claimed invention will find application in agriculture, in public utilities of large cities, in enterprises whose activities are associated with the formation of polluting organic, mineral and / or microbiological wastes.

 Humic substances are extremely widespread in nature and constitute the main, and sometimes predominant, part of coal series caustobioliths (oil shales, fossil coals, peat) and natural humites (soils, peat, brown and oxidized coal, as well as river, lake and sea bottom sediments )

 The most important part of humic substances is humic acid.

 Humic acids are high molecular weight organic compounds with a molecular weight of 5 to 100 KD. Since each of their molecules contains several tens of acid groups, they belong to polybasic acids. To isolate them from the natural substances of humites and / or caustobioliths of the coal series, where they are in a water-insoluble state, in the form of free acids or their water-insoluble salts, alkaline aqueous extraction is used, usually with an excess of alkaline reagent. For this purpose, potassium, sodium, ammonium hydroxide or organic bases with which humic acids form water-soluble salts are used in practice. The result is a high pH extract containing humic acid salts and an excess of alkali. Moreover, it is due to the significant negative charge of the anions of humic acids, which leads to the mutual repulsion of macromolecules and their hydration that ensures good solubility and high dispersion of such systems. However, the scope of application of alkaline extracts of humic acids is very limited, since high pH values make them, when used in significant quantities, toxic to microorganisms and plants, and a high negative charge worsens their sorption, flocculating and structure-forming properties.

 At the same time, free humic acids formed in aqueous systems at pH below 3, due to the fact that their macromolecules do not carry a noticeable negative charge, aggregate, undergo dehydration and fall out of the water systems in the form of flocculent insoluble precipitates. In this case, the specific surface area of their contact with the liquid phase and, as a consequence, the sorption, aggregating, and reactivity sharply decrease. Therefore, the transitional states of humic acid molecules when they are partially dissociated are of the greatest practical interest. The pH of such systems ranges from 3.5 to 8.

 The complex of valuable properties of humic acids and their derivatives determines their use in agriculture, animal husbandry, medicine and for solving many environmental problems.

 A known method of producing humates, including crushing and grinding of the original natural humites (peat or coal), treatment with an extractant (alkali solution or organic base) with mechanical stirring, separation of the solid phase (precipitate) from the liquid phase (humate) and drying of the humate.

 (Humic fertilizers, theory and practice of their application. State Publishing House of Agricultural Literature, Kiev, 1962, part 2, p. 528).

 The disadvantages of the method are the low intensity and long duration of the process, as a result of which fulvic acids and low molecular fractions of humic acids are mainly extracted from raw materials. When this occurs, the swelling of the crushed raw materials with the formation of a homogeneous mass, extremely poorly divided into solid (waste) and liquid (useful product) phase.

 The disadvantages of this method are eliminated in another method, including intensive processing of the feedstock with low-frequency acoustic vibrations and cavitating vibrational jets, which dramatically increases the extraction and yield of humic acids from the feedstock due to its oxidation and increases the biological activity of the obtained humate (RU, A, 2042422 B 01 J 8/16, 1991).

 However, these methods are only suitable for preparing water-soluble salts of humic acids.

 In the process of extraction extraction, a large number of finely dispersed particles of feedstock, clay minerals and other soluble and easily dispersible impurities pass into the humate solution. So, the ash content of humates is 26-70%. By pretreating the feedstock, for example coal, with mineral acids, for example sulfuric acid, some demineralization is achieved, which reduces the ash content of humates to 12-20%. However, this technique significantly increases the cost and complicates the production of humates. (In addition, residues of unreacted alkali are usually present in the extracts obtained).

 The alkaline reaction of humate solutions and the presence of unreacted alkali residues in them limits the use of humates to the area of plant growth and development regulators and antidotes, where humates are used in low concentrations (0.005-0.1%). Humates are not applicable as substances for the detoxification of soils, lands, soils, water, industrial and household waste. In addition, due to the high consumption of alkali, the cost of humates is relatively high.

 Known methods for the separation of humic acids from humate solutions by acidifying them to a pH below 3. Thus, for example, a method is known for isolating humic acids from humate solutions, including acid precipitation, filtration and drying. (SU, A, 169112, C 07 C 63/33, 1966).

 When the humate solution is acidified, alkali metal or ammonium cations are replaced by hydrogen ions, and water-insoluble free humic acids precipitate. In this case, irreversible coagulation of colloids and polymerization of humic acid molecules occurs, as a result of which the surface area decreases sharply, reactive centers are blocked and their physicochemical and biological activity decreases. Together with humic acids, a large amount of mineral impurities precipitates.

 In order to reduce the ash content, the isolated humic acids are subjected to repeated treatment with alkali, filtration, reprecipitation and washing.

 The known method has low efficiency, low productivity, high consumption of reagents (alkali and acid). The disadvantages also include the technological difficulties in separating the precipitate (humic acids) and the liquid phase (alkaline solution), the high water consumption for washing the precipitated humic acids, and the high energy costs for their subsequent drying.

 In addition, in the process of repeated processing, humic acids partially lose their native (natural) structure and lose many valuable properties.

 There is also known a method for producing humic acids, comprising treating a solution of salts of humic acids with direct electric current in a diaphragm electrolyzer with an ion-exchange cation exchange membrane (SU, A, 181131, C 07 C 63/33).

 This method is carried out in a device containing an electrolysis bath, a platinum-coated anode and cathode, a cation exchange membrane separating the electrolysis bath into anode and cathode zones, a direct current source, pipes for supplying and discharging the electrolyte.

 According to this method, an alkaline extract containing a solution of sodium humate and sodium sulfate is placed in the anode space of a two-chamber electrolyzer separated by an ion-exchange cation exchange membrane. A solution of sodium sulfate is placed in the cathode space. When a sufficient potential difference is applied to the electrodes, the process of electrolysis of water proceeds. In this case, the anode space is acidified, the cathode is alkalized. As soon as the pH of the anode space drops below three, free water-insoluble humic acid begins to precipitate from the solution, which is then separated from the analyte in other devices. At the same time, a solution of sodium alkali is formed in the cathode space, which is returned to the stage of alkaline extraction of the initial product, since the cation exchange membrane passes only sodium cations into the cathode space and traps humic acid anions. The process can be carried out only in two or more chamber electrolysers, since it is necessary to maintain an acidic environment in the anode space, and an alkaline sodium hydroxide solution accumulates in the cathode space during electrolysis. In the single interelectrode space under the indicated conditions, the process of interaction of alkali with humic acid continuously proceeds in the electrolyte with the formation of the initial sodium humate, that is, only the electrolysis of water occurs without the formation of the final product.

 The disadvantages of the method include high ohmic resistance of the membrane, leading to large energy losses and heating of the electrolyte. In this case, there is a significant specific energy consumption of the process due to the continuous, intensive course of the electrolysis reaction. The need for relatively frequent replacement of the membrane complicates the design of the device, reduces the reliability of the cell. For the implementation of the method requires special apparatus for separating the resulting humic acid from the analyte. The method allows to obtain directly only one product - water-insoluble humic acids. At the same time, the resulting product - humic acids precipitated - accounts for only part of the analyte volume, which makes their subsequent isolation from it necessary. This is an independent complex problem. Moreover, the water-insoluble humic acids thus obtained at a very high cost have low physicochemical activity due to the low availability of their reactive centers, which does not allow them to be used to solve many agricultural, environmental and industrial problems.

 Due to the lack of effective technologies for the production of humic acids with high physicochemical and biological activity, many environmental and agricultural problems are solved by using not humic acids proper, but various natural materials containing them - humus soils, peat, bottom sediments (for example, sapropel) brown coal (for example, crushed lignite and leonardite). These materials are used precisely because of the presence of humic substances in their composition, which have a complex of positive effects on soils, soils, reclaimed land, landfills, and waste. Since humic acids are relatively few in such materials and they are in a relatively inactive state, such materials must be used in large quantities. In this case, contamination of the treated objects with ballast substances and harmful components, which significantly reduces the final positive effect.

 There are various methods of cleaning surface, groundwater and wastewater, as well as technological solutions from mineral, organic and microbiological contaminants.

 So, there is a known method of biological purification of water from organic impurities, including the mineralization of organic impurities by aerobic microorganisms with intensive oxygen saturation of the water (for example, Mochalov I.P., Rodziller I.D., Zhuk E.G. Wastewater treatment and disinfection in small populated areas . L., Stroyizdat, 1993, p. 71-73).

 This method, which is widely used in wastewater treatment practice, has many disadvantages, the most important of which are the relatively low specific productivity and efficiency due to the low rate of biochemical oxidation of organic substances of the wastewater, the relatively high energy intensity due to the high energy consumption for aeration of water, the complexity of organizing and conducting the process of water purification due to the sensitivity of activated sludge to the composition of contaminants; as well as the formation of a large amount of precipitation in the form of activated sludge, which is extremely difficult to dehydrate and further utilize. In addition, this method is not applicable for the purification of water from surface reservoirs in case of salvo or systematic pollution, since it is practically impossible to build up activated sludge, especially in winter, and to weigh active sludge over the entire volume of water by aeration.

 There is also known a method of purifying water from inorganic, organic and microbiological impurities, including the introduction of water, bactericidal and other reagents, sedimentation and removal of the precipitate (for example, ibid., Pp. 113, 121, 124).

 Mineral coagulants (aluminum sulfate, sulfate or ferric chloride, etc.), organic flocculants (polyacrylamide and derivatives based on it), various combinations of coagulants and flocculants, bactericidal substances (chlorine, ozone, etc.) are used as reagents.

 The disadvantages of this method include the relatively high cost of coagulants and flocculants, bactericidal substances, the dependence of the efficiency of the water purification process on the composition and concentration of contaminants and temperature, the formation of a large amount of precipitation that is difficult to dehydrate and further utilize. A serious disadvantage of this method is the inability to use it for the treatment of surface water bodies due to the toxicity of the reagents and the possibility of their pollution of water bodies.

 The result of the activities of enterprises and production are viscous slurries, for example, urban sewage sludge, drilling fluids that must be transported from the place of their formation and accumulated in special areas where they try to neutralize and bury them as much as possible so that they do not cause environmental pollution .

 However, the transportation of fluid suspensions is a technologically challenging task, while the initial suspension, subjected to dehydration before they acquire bulk properties, would be more easily transportable and subject to more reliable disposal.

 There is a known method of dewatering such suspensions, which consists in filtering the initial product through specially created devices that are structurally complex, with subsequent filtrate removal and thus partial dehydration of the initial product (SU, A, 1212494).

 However, this method does not provide the initial product in a loose state, and, in addition, the filtering process is constantly interrupted due to the fact that the filtering surface is clogged by particles of the dispersed phase of the suspension and salt deposits. In addition, in the process of filtering, the filtering surface is fouled by colonies of microorganisms, which are fixed on it and grow rapidly.

 There is also known a method of processing suspensions, including the introduction into the suspension of reagents, coagulants or flocculants (Gvozdev BS, Xenophon. Purification of industrial wastewater and disposal of sludge. Moscow. Chemistry. 1988). As coagulants used aluminum sulfate, ferric chloride. As flocculants, synthetic, mainly organic compounds based on polyacrylamide are used. The introduction and mixing of the reagents in the suspension leads to the enlargement of the particles of the dispersed phase of the suspension, as a result of which they can be separated from the liquid phase, for example, by settling, filtering, centrifuging. The disadvantages of this method are the relatively high cost of coagulants and especially flocculants, the need to use special technical means for the separation of solid and liquid media, namely: sedimentation tanks, filters and centrifuges. But the main drawback is the receipt of a product whose moisture content exceeds the yield strength, as a result of which its transportation and further processing are very difficult.

 The environment is significantly destroyed due to toxicity of soils, soils, natural and waste waters, due to the formation of various kinds of waste, landfills for the disposal of domestic and industrial waste containing toxic, carcinogenic and mutagenic organic compounds, namely: hydrocarbons of oil and oil products polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (anthracene, benzapyrene, dibenz (a, h) anthracene, etc.), polychlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons (polychlorobenzofurans, polychlorobiphenyls, dioxins, etc.), pesticides, and kzhe and other chemicals of organic origin.

Several groups of methods for detoxifying such organic compounds are known. So, there is a known method of detoxification of dioxins by their decomposition in the process of photolysis, which occurs both in sunlight and when irradiated with ultraviolet light. (Worthy W. Chem. Eng. News, 1983, 6 June, p. 51-56). A known method of destroying waste containing dioxins by burning them at temperatures above 2220 ^o . Chem. Eng. News, 1985, v. 63, N 102, p. 7).

 There is also known a method of detoxification of organochlorine compounds by their microbiological decomposition. (JA Bumpus, M. Tien, D. Wright et al., Science, 1985, v. 228, No. 4706, p. 1434-1436; J. Dusheek, Science News, 1985, v. 127, No. 25, p. 391). However, all these methods are characterized by low efficiency, high cost and the presence of waste (in the case of incineration).

 There is a method of eliminating hydrocarbon pollution of soils, including the use of highly dispersed silica powder modified with alkylchlorosilane with organic radicals attached to its surface (SU, A, N 1289875).

 This method does not provide effective detoxification of organic compounds, and its use to eliminate hydrocarbon pollution of soils is not economically feasible due to the high cost of modified alkylchlorosilane. In addition, this substance in relation to the soil is a xenobiotic and impairs its agrochemical properties.

 A known method of detoxification of pesticides contained in soil and plants, including applying to objects containing pesticides, substances of humic nature, while salts of humic acids are used as substances of humic nature (SU, A, N 460037). The sodium humate used in this method at a concentration of more than 0.01% is a phytotoxic substance and inhibits not only plants, but also soil microflora. Sodium humate at a concentration in the solution of 0.005-0.01% has a stimulating effect on the growth and development of plants. Moreover, the effect of reducing the content of pesticides in plants is due not so much to their decomposition as to a decrease in concentration due to the large mass of plants.

 The known method is practically not applicable for detoxification of soils and other objects with a high level of pollution with persistent organic pollutants, since the degree of detoxification is extremely small and is not experimentally confirmed, being at the level of experimental error. At the same time, the risk of salinization of natural objects is very high.

 The environment is also significantly destroyed by sediments of urban wastewater generated at aeration stations containing a large number of toxic components, in particular, salts of heavy metals, as well as mutagenic, carcinogenic and other harmful substances. For this reason, methods are being developed to detoxify and store wastewater sludge in order to eliminate environmental pollution as much as possible.

 A known method of processing sewage sludge with the aim of dehydration, which consists in mixing sewage sludge with lime taken in an amount of 50-350% by weight of dry sludge, subsequent compaction of the resulting mass to a moisture content of 93-96%, and then mechanical dehydration to a moisture content of 60 -80%. The dehydrated product is used in agriculture for fertilizing and alkalizing acidic soils, and if it is burned, lime is regenerated, which can be reused (SU, A, 468894).

 The specified method does not provide detoxification of sewage sludge and leads to environmental pollution by their toxic components.

 There is a method of depositing sewage sludge in ash dumps and tailings with subsequent plowing of places of deposit (SU, A, 515482). However, the volume of generated sewage sludge significantly exceeds the volumes of ash dumps and tailings, which are also located in remote mining and processing areas. In addition, this technology does not provide detoxification of sewage sludge and leads to environmental pollution by toxic components of sewage sludge.

 A known method of disposal of sewage sludge, including mixing them with peat and mineral components and applying to the soil as an organomineral fertilizer (SU, A, 836005).

 There is also a known method for the disposal of sewage sludge, which consists in mixing them with coal ash in a ratio of (20: 1) - (1: 9) and applying it to the soil as an organomineral fertilizer (SU, A, 387920).

 Mixing sediments with peat, other organic and inorganic substances does not remove or bind toxic components, as a result of which heavy metal ions contained in sewage sludge migrate to plants and groundwater, thereby poisoning crop products and polluting groundwater. In addition to salts of heavy metals, sewage sludge contains organochlorine compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, other harmful mutagenic and carcinogenic substances, and the use of these methods does not reduce their negative impact on the environment and humans.

 At the same time, the use of sewage sludge as fertilizers is possible in a limited amount and periodically, that is, according to the application rate, and in a certain period of time, while their formation at the city aeration stations occurs continuously. The costs of warehousing and storage of fertilizers from sediments, especially in the city or in the suburbs with subsequent withdrawal to fairly remote fields, make their use in agriculture economically disadvantageous.

 In addition, when drying, sewage sludge is easily subjected to wind erosion, as a result of which air pollution occurs with dust, which has a strong carcinogenic effect. For these reasons, the use of sewage sludge as fertilizer is prohibited.

 It is known to create fertile soil (industrial soil) from natural (sand, clay, sandy loam, loam, gravel-sand mixture) and artificial (waste from the mining and mining industry, ash and slag waste, construction soil, etc.) soils in order to restore soil cover , restoration and greening of construction sites, dumps and landfills, areas of desert lands and salt marshes, as well as restoration of agrophysical and agrochemical properties and fertility of degraded soils, including wet soils tropical and subtropical climate zones, soil greenhouses.

 There are two main groups of methods for creating soils on natural and artificial soils. The first group includes methods based on the introduction into the soil or on its surface of substances not characteristic of soils that have structure-forming and moisture-retaining properties. The second group includes methods based on the introduction into the soil or on its surface of the natural components of the soil or fertile soil proper.

 So, there is a method of increasing the field moisture capacity of sandy soils and soils, including the introduction of hydrophobic particles of talc and organosilicon powders (SU, A, 286375, A 01 B 79/00, 1969).

 The disadvantage of this method is that the use of substances alien to soils does not solve the main problem, that is, the creation of fertile soil as a complex natural system with a set of certain physicochemical, agrochemical, microbiological and other properties. In addition, this method of increasing the moisture capacity of soils is not economically acceptable due to the high consumption of quite expensive substances.

 A known method of forming a fertile soil layer, comprising applying to the soil layer sapropel sludge with humic particles (SU, A, 934943, A 01 B 79/00, 1980).

 A known method of land reclamation, including applying to the soil a humus layer of soil (SU, A, 1391521, A 01 B 79/00, 1986).

 As you know, it is humus that determines the basic properties and soil fertility. Therefore, the introduction into the soils or on their surface of humus-containing materials - sapropel mud, peat or humus soil is a natural way to create a fertile soil layer. However, the cost of extracting and transporting sapropel or peat is very expensive, and humus soils are scarce, especially in areas where fertile soil needs to be created, that is, in places of construction, placement of mining enterprises, dumps, landfills. In addition, the excavation of sapropel, peat and especially fertile soil from their natural occurrence and distribution leads to irreversible destruction of existing ecosystems. That is, in order to restore, recultivate, and plant landscaped and disturbed lands resulting from economic activity in one place, it is necessary to violate the existing natural ecosystems in another place. It should also be noted that along with humus-containing soils, weed seeds, harmful insects and pathogens of plants, animals and humans are transferred to new places.

 But the main disadvantage of this method is that the humus content in humus soil does not exceed a few percent, and the rest falls on the mineral part of the soil and water. That is, the bulk of the costs are for the extraction, transportation and laying of ballast, which does not have a major effect on the properties of soils.

 It is known that in the process of intensive exploitation of soils, their degradation occurs with a partial or complete loss of the main agrophysical and agrochemical properties and fertility. The main causes of soil degradation and their loss of fertility are: rapid decomposition and mineralization of soil organic matter, physico-chemical weathering (destruction) of soil mineral matter, leaching of nutrients from soils, and the absence of adsorption centers in the soil.

 A known method of restoring the properties and fertility of degraded soils, including the introduction of large doses of mineral fertilizers and natural humus into soils (see, for example, Krupnov A.A., Bazin E.T., Polov M.V. Use of peat and peat deposits in the national economy. M., Nedra, 1992, p. 140).

 The disadvantages of this method are the relatively rapid mineralization of natural humus, which is introduced into the soil as a part of peat, and the rapid leaching of mineral fertilizers. In addition, weed seeds and pathogens of plants are introduced into the soil along with peat.

 There is also a method of restoring the properties and fertility of degraded soils, including the introduction into the soil of a natural humus-containing substance, minerals and fertilizers (see, for example, ibid., P. 112).

 The disadvantages of this method include the relatively rapid mineralization of a natural humus-containing substance, which is used as peat, as a result of which nutrients are washed out of the soil, and it quickly loses its properties and fertility.

 A known method of producing fertilizers from organic waste (for example, municipal solid waste, sewage sludge, wood processing waste, manure), including composting them under aerobic and anaerobic conditions when applying mineral fertilizers (see, for example, Humus reproduction and the economic and biological cycle organic matter in agriculture.Recommendations.Moscow, Agropromizdat, 1989, pp. 15-16, 42-43, 11).

 However, the composting process is very long, while 70-80% of the organic matter is mineralized and only 20-30% is humified.

 There is also known a method of disposing of organic waste from industry and utilities, including mixing waste with peat and lime flour, and composting and using compost as an organomineral fertilizer (see, for example, Krupnov A.A., Bazin E.T., Popov M .V., Use of peat and peat deposits in the national economy. M., Nedra, 1992, pp. 69-70).

 At the same time, the composting process is very long with a high consumption of natural organic matter of peat (from 1.5 to 3 tons per ton of waste). In addition, up to 70% of organic matter is mineralized and only up to 15-30% of organic matter is humified.

 Thus, when composting organic waste, two oppositely directed processes of transformation of organic matter, mineralization with the formation of simple chemical compounds and humification with the formation of complex organic substances resistant to decomposition that determine soil fertility occur. One of the problems of modern agriculture is the problem of reducing the content of humus in soils, caused by the use of intensive cultivation technologies, the prolonged and active use of mineral fertilizers, the increasing share of row crops and the insufficient entry of organic fertilizers into the soil. For this reason, it is very important to restore and increase the humus content in soils by applying fertilizers containing mainly humified, organic substances.

 Purification of tap water using coagulants, flocculants, deodorizing and disinfecting agents is accompanied by the formation of relatively large amounts of precipitation.

 Precipitation contains minerals, mainly clay and clay minerals of natural origin; aluminum sulfate, used as a coagulant in water purification, various organic substances of both natural origin and artificially introduced into water to intensify its purification processes.

 Known methods for the treatment of sludge from waterworks leading to dewatering of sludge in natural or artificial conditions. The resulting sediments are stored in specially prepared areas (see, for example, GI Nikoladze. Natural Water Treatment Technology. M., Higher School, 1987, p. 347-349).

 Sludge storage is the only practically used method, since numerous attempts to utilize sludge as additives in the production of bricks, ceramic products, cement, etc., do not give a positive result due to the high costs of special methods of preparation and processing of sludge.

 Storage of precipitation leads to the alienation and irrational use of large tracts of land, the deficit and high cost of which are characteristic of large cities.

 Thus, today many of the pressing problems of protecting and restoring environmental facilities do not find their own successful solution due to the lack of cheap, affordable and environmentally friendly drugs and environmental protection technologies based on their use.

 The basis of the claimed invention is the task of creating a new product of such a structure and composition and a method for its production in such regimes and in such installations that would make it possible to produce humic concentrate on an industrial scale having high physicochemical and biological activity, which would allow efficiently and reliably protect and restore objects of the natural environment by purifying water from impurities, dehydrating viscous fluids, detoxifying organic compounds, and utilizing sewage sludge water, creating soils from both natural and artificial soils and reconstitution properties and degraded soil fertility, as well as composting environment polluting organic waste and waste water sludge.

 This problem is solved in that a new humic concentrate is created from natural humites and caustobiolites of a coal series, which according to the invention contains hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with the contained humic acids.

 Thanks to the claimed invention, the new humic concentrate has a high sorption, ionic, flocculating and aggregating and biological activity.

 It is possible that the humic concentrate according to the claimed invention is an electrochemical product obtained from salts of humic acids formed by extraction of the aforementioned natural raw materials with an alkaline reagent and contains hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobiolites, chemically bound with humic acids.

 A variant of the claimed invention is a humic concentrate, which is a product obtained by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts of humic acids, previously extracted with an alkaline reagent from natural raw materials, carried out when an electrical potential is established on the anode that is sufficient to discharge anions of humic acids, but lower than the discharge potential of hydroxyl ions, which ensures the formation of the target humic concentrate on the surface of the anode, is continuously withdrawn imogo from the electrolysis zone.

 In accordance with the claimed invention, it is advisable that the humic concentrate contains from about 0.5 to about 27.0 wt.% Hydrated humic acids, from about 0.5 to about 27.0 wt.% Salts of humic acids, from about 0, 5 to about 2.5 wt.% Of the mineral components of the starting coal-type humites and caustobioliths, represented mainly by polymeric compounds of iron, aluminum, silicon, chemically bonded with the humic acids contained, and water, the maximum amount of which is about 90 wt.%.

 When identifying and evaluating the inventive concentrate, it is possible to be guided by the following characteristic indicators: the content of humic acids, alkaline reagent cations in this new product, humidity, ash content, the number of COOH and -OH groups, solubility in water at different initial product moisture, and pH-product.

 It is most expedient to obtain a humic concentrate by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts of humic acids, previously extracted with an alkaline reagent from natural humites and caustobiolites of a carbon series, with the formation of the target product and its removal from the electrolyte, while according to the claimed invention, said electrolysis is carried out in a single zone between the anode and cathode when an electric potential is established at the anode sufficient to discharge anions of humic acids, but lower than sweat hydrostatic ions discharge, with the formation on the surface of the anode of the target humic concentrate containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the feedstock chemically combined with the containing humic acids, while the target concentrate is removed from this surface continuously.

 It is advisable according to the invention to use an anode made of graphite.

 To ensure a high yield of the product, it is advisable according to the invention to use an anode having a surface coating of ruthenium dioxide.

 It is advisable for the inventive electrochemical preparation of the inventive humic concentrate to use a device comprising an electrolysis bath with an anode and a cathode connected to an electric current source having inlet and outlet pipes, in which according to the invention the cathode is an electrolysis bath in the form of a horizontally mounted cylindrical groove with end walls, and the anode is made in the form of a drum, coaxially with a gap installed in the said trench with the possibility of rotation relative along its longitudinal axis, while the inventive device has a device for removing the target product from the cylindrical surface of the drum.

 An embodiment of the inventive device consists in that the device for removing the target product is made in the form of a scraper installed with the ability to change the angle of contact with the surface of the drum, which ensures complete removal of the product from the surface of the anode.

 It is possible that it is advisable to use a device comprising an electrolysis bath with an anode and a cathode connected to an electric current source having inlet and outlet pipes, in which according to the invention there is at least one cathode, which is an electrolysis bath in the form of a horizontally mounted a cylindrical groove with transverse walls, and at least one anode, which is made in the form of a disk mounted in a groove with zhnosti rotation about its longitudinal axis, the claimed device comprises at least two means for removing the desired product from each end surface of said disc.

 The inventive devices make it possible to obtain, under the claimed conditions of the electrochemical process, a humic concentrate containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids, mineral components of the starting humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with the containing humic acids.

 An embodiment of the inventive device consists in the fact that each device for removing the target product from the end surface of the anode is a scraper installed with the ability to change the angle of its inclination relative to the corresponding end surface of the disk, which will ensure complete removal of the product from the surface of the anode.

 It is advisable for the inventive electrochemical preparation of the inventive humic concentrate to use a device comprising an electrolysis bath with an anode and a cathode connected to an electric current source having inlet and outlet pipes, in which according to the invention the cathode is an electrolysis bath in the form of a horizontally mounted cylindrical groove with end walls, and the anode is made in the form of a drum, coaxially with a gap installed in the said trench and made of electric wires dyaschego horizontal endless conveyor material stretched over a drum called via at least one tensioning roller, is installed electrolytic cell and in contact with the inner surface of the conveyor, the claimed device has at least one device for removing the desired product from the surface of the endless conveyor. The inventive device allows to obtain under the conditions of the claimed electrochemical process, a humic concentrate containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with the contained humic acids.

 An embodiment of the inventive device is that the named drum is mounted to rotate around its longitudinal axis, which allows the conveyor belt to move and allows the product to be continuously removed from the reaction zone.

 An embodiment of the inventive device is that the tension roller is mounted to rotate around its axis, which allows the conveyor belt to move and allows the product to be continuously withdrawn from the reaction zone.

 In accordance with the claimed invention, it is advisable that the device for removing the target product from the surface of the endless conveyor is made in the form of a scraper installed with the ability to change the angle of contact with the outer surface of the endless conveyor, which ensures complete removal of the product from the surface of the anode.

 The problem is also solved by a method of purifying water from impurities, including introducing into the water a reagent that chemically bonds the above impurities by forming an insoluble precipitate, then settling the waters and removing the precipitate formed, in which, according to the invention, humic is used as a reagent providing chemical bonding of impurities concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and caustobioliths of a coal series and containing hydrated gu new acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobioliths chemically bound to the humic acids contained in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 1.50% by weight of the water being purified, which makes it possible to remove suspended impurities and microorganisms from water and heavy metal ions.

 In accordance with the invention, in order to improve the quality of purification after introducing the said humic concentrate into water, calcium hydroxide is introduced in the amount of 5-30% by weight of the introduced humic concentrate.

 The problem is also solved by the method of dewatering viscous fluids, carried out by draining water from these media, in which according to the invention, before draining water into the starting medium, first, from 0.1 to about 3.0 wt.% Of humic concentrate obtained by electrochemical injection are first introduced from natural humites and caustobiolites of the coal series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial humites and caustobiolites of the coal series, chemically knitted with humic acids contained, and then administered from about 1 to about 30 wt.% of at least one pulverized natural material selected from the group consisting of calcium and magnesium-maneraly and breed.

 To accelerate the dehydration process in accordance with the claimed invention, it is advisable to use limestone as a natural material.

 The problem is also solved by the method of detoxification of organic compounds, carried out by binding them to natural organic materials, and according to the invention, such material is a humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and caustobiolites of a carbon series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with the humic my acids.

 For binding and subsequent complete decomposition of organic contaminants according to the invention, it is advisable to use a humic concentrate into which microdoses of water-soluble compounds of metals of variable valency are preliminarily introduced to accelerate the decomposition of organic compounds.

 It is advisable according to the invention to use humic concentrate in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 10.0 wt.% By weight of the processed material contaminated with organic compounds as an optimal interval to obtain a positive effect.

 The problem is also solved by the method of disposal of wastewater sludge, including dehydration, in which according to the invention, humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and caustobiolites of a carbon series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components is introduced into the dehydrated sewage sludge feedstock chemically associated with humic acids contained in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10.0% by weight of dehydrated sewage sludge, after which the resulting mass together with household and / or industrial waste is stored in layers, each layer of the obtained mass is placed on top of each layer of domestic and / or industrial waste to form waterproofing and gas-insulating layers separating the landfill body. According to the claimed invention, it is advisable to form the first and last stored layers from the obtained mass of sewage sludge and the said humic concentrate.

 The problem is also solved by the method of creating soils from natural and artificial soils and restoring the properties and fertility of degraded soils, carried out by introducing natural organic materials into the said soils and soils, in which according to the invention, humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and caustobioliths of a coal series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mi neural components of the feedstock chemically associated with the humic acids contained.

 In order to form a montmorilonite complex, to structure and increase the properties that retain water and nutrients, it is advisable according to the invention to introduce calcium, magnesium and silicon-containing substances after introducing the said humic concentrate into soils and soils.

 According to the invention, it is advisable to introduce the said humic concentrate into the named soils and soils in the form of a mixture with calcium-, magnesium-containing substances, after which silicon-containing substances can be introduced into the soils and soils.

 According to the invention, it is advisable to use chalk, marl, limestone, gypsum, lime as a calcium-containing material.

 According to the invention, it is advisable to use dolomite, magnesite, magnesium lime as a magnesium-containing material.

 According to the invention, it is advisable to use silicon dioxide as a silicon-containing material having a specific surface area of at least 20 square meters. m per 1 gram of the named material.

The problem is also solved thanks to the method of composting organic waste, including the introduction of organic organic matter and mineral substances with stirring into organic waste, composting the resulting mixture under conditions of aeration at a temperature of 25-30 ^o C to obtain organic fertilizer, in which according to the invention as natural organic material using humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and caustobiolites of the coal series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the feedstock chemically associated with the contained humic acids.

 According to the invention, it is advisable to use chalk, limestone, gypsum, dolomite or magnesite as mineral substances.

 The problem is also solved by the method of disposal of sludge from tap water, including dehydration, according to which according to the invention, from about 0.05 to about 10.0 wt.% Humic concentrate obtained by electrochemical method from natural humites and coal caustobiolites are introduced into dehydrated tap water series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the feedstock chemically associated with the containing humic acids, after which the resulting the product is introduced into the soil and / or soil properties and reduced fertility and improve ground and soils.

Further objectives and advantages of the claimed invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the humic concentrate, a method for producing a humic concentrate, devices for the electrochemical production of a humic concentrate, a method for purifying water from impurities, a method for dewatering viscous fluids, a method for detoxifying organic compounds, a method for utilizing sewage sludge, a method creating soils from natural and artificial soils and restoring the properties and fertility of degraded soils, compost method of organic waste and the method of disposal of precipitation of tap water, as well as specific examples of the claimed objects of protection and figures, in which:
FIG. 1 schematically depicts a device for the electrochemical production of humic concentrate according to the invention,
FIG. 2 is the same, a section in the direction of the PP line in FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 schematically depicts another embodiment of a device for the electrochemical production of humic concentrate according to the invention,
FIG. 4 is the same, section in the direction of line IV-IV in FIG. 3
FIG. 5 schematically depicts another embodiment of a device for the electrochemical production of humic concentrate according to the invention,
FIG. 6 - same, top view.

 According to the claimed invention, a new product is created - a humic concentrate from natural humites and caustobiolites of a coal series, and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the feedstock, chemically associated with the contained humic acids. A different ratio of these components of the inventive humic concentrate allows you to vary the chemical, physical, physical and mechanical properties of this product and successfully use it to solve various problems aimed at protecting and restoring the natural environment.

 The high efficiency of humic concentrate as an ion-exchange, sorption, flocculating and structure-forming material is due to the fact that in it humic acid molecules are in a hydrated transition state, when only a part of their acid groups is dissociated, which is typical for many bioorganic molecules. In the characteristic of humic concentrate, this is reflected as a different ratio of humic acids and humates in it. The pH of such systems fluctuates within safe limits for biological objects. Depending on the degree of dissociation of humic acid molecules in the concentrate, the product is capable of dissolving in water from a dry or wet state. At the same time, it contains a significant amount of undissociated acid groups and, having a lower negative charge than in humates, humic acids in this state form spatial structures in aqueous systems that ensure their economically useful properties.

 The inventive humic concentrate, in addition to the above components, contains a small amount of organomineral and mineral impurities, the composition of which depends on the used natural raw materials. Natural raw materials are understood as natural humites and caustobiolites of the coal series - oil shale, fossil coals, peat.

 In contrast to the inventive humic concentrate, the feedstock, depending on the origin, except for practically non-hydrated humic acids, may contain: free carbon, humins, bitumen, mineral part, the main components of which are aluminosilicates.

 Peat and low lithified brown coals are characterized by various plant residues distinguishable by the eye: lignins, cellulose, carbohydrate compounds, mono-, di-, tri-, polysaccharides, nitrogen- and sulfur-containing derivatives (amino acids, glycosides, substituted thiols, sulfides, peptides).

 More specifically, the inventive humic concentrate may contain from about 0.5 to about 27.0 wt.% Hydrated humic acids, from about 0.5 to about 27.0 wt. % salts of humic acids, from about 0.5 to about 2.5 wt.% mineral components of the initial humites and caustobiolites of the coal series, represented mainly by polymeric compounds of iron, aluminum, silicon, chemically associated with the contained humic acids, and from 70 to 90 wt. . % water. The pH of the inventive humic concentrate can thus be from 3.0 to 8.0.

 The inventive humic concentrate can be characterized by its three main types (A, B, and C).

 Type A - humic concentrate containing (by dry matter) 90 and more wt.% Hydrated humic acids. The product has a moisture content of 70-85% and the consistency of a water-insoluble pasty or raw loose mass with a pH of 3-4.

 Type B - humic concentrate containing (by dry matter) from 90 to 60 wt. % hydrated humic acid having a moisture content of 90-75%, pH 4-6.5. The product is a jelly-like mass soluble in water, but losing water solubility after drying.

 Type C - humic concentrate containing (on dry matter) from 60 to 5 wt. % hydrated humic acid having a moisture content of 90-80% and a pH of 6.5-8. The product is a mass of viscous flowable texture that is readily soluble in water and does not lose water solubility upon drying.

 The ash content of the dry part of humic concentrates of all types varies in the range of 5-10 wt.% (Dry matter).

 According to the claimed invention, it is advisable to obtain the said humic concentrate by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts of humic acids, carried out in a single zone between the anode and cathode when an electric potential is established on the anode sufficient to discharge anions of humic acids, but lower than the potential for the discharge of hydroxyl ions. In these modes, the target product is formed on the surface of the anode, the removal of which from this surface is continuous.

 In accordance with the claimed invention, it is advisable to use an anode made of a material, the properties and nature of which ensure the fulfillment of the above conditions, when establishing a new humic concentrate — the establishment of an electric potential on the anode sufficient to discharge anions of humic acids, but lower than the discharge potential of hydroxyl ions. In addition, the anode material should provide, under conditions of applying a positive potential to the electrode, reliable adhesion — adhesion on the anode of the resulting target product — the inventive humic concentrate, and thus eliminate the possibility of the resulting product precipitating in the electrolyte with subsequent dissolution in it. In addition, the anode material must have a mechanical strength sufficient to enable continuous removal of the target product from the anode, eliminating damage to it. Continuous removal of the target product from the anode reliably eliminates its passivation. According to the claimed invention, such a material may be, for example, graphite, ruthenium dioxide. In accordance with the claimed invention, in the implementation of the described production method, an anode is used made, for example, of graphite or ruthenium dioxide.

 When implementing the inventive method for producing humic concentrate, an aqueous humate solution obtained by alkaline extraction of the feedstock is introduced into a single interelectrode zone. The conditions of the electrochemical process are selected so that, at the first moment, the discharge of humic acid anions flows on the anode with the formation of a spatial polymer film adhering to the surface of the anode, which has high viscosity and practically fixes anions of humic acids located in the anode space. Due to this, the film simultaneously proceeds: the acidification process with the transition of humic acid anions to free acids and removal of alkali metal and / or ammonium ions from the anode space and the process of electroosmotic dehydration. The depth of these processes depends, as mentioned above, on the anode potential, the material of the anode, as well as the concentration of humate, and the time from the moment of formation of the polymer film to its removal. This allows one process to obtain a whole gamut of various products (humic concentrates), which differ in the degree of substitution of alkaline cations for hydrogen in polybasic humic acids. As the electrochemical process proceeds, the electrolyte is enriched with alkali and returned to the extraction stage.

 The inventive method does not require additional devices for separating the target product from the electrolyte. The method allows you to directly obtain a whole gamut of products based on humic acids, differing in solubility, humidity and acidity, as mentioned above.

 The implementation of the described method is possible using the device for the electrochemical production of humic concentrate from natural humites and caustobiolites of the coal series, containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the feedstock chemically associated with the said humic acids.

 The inventive device contains an electrolysis bath - cathode 1 (Fig. 1), made in the form of a cylindrical groove, with end walls 2 and 3, on which the inlet and outlet pipes 4 and 5. Possible location of the inlet 4 and 5 outlet pipes on the cylindrical surface of the bath 1 one opposite the other (not shown in FIG. 1). At the bottom of the bath 1 there is a drain pipe 6 to remove the precipitate formed in the electrolyte during electrolysis, which is an insoluble impurity of the original salt of humic acids. In the bath on the shaft 7, a drum-anode 9 is installed coaxially with a gap 8. The left and right ends of the shaft 7 are supported by bearings 10 and 11 (made, for example, of dielectric material), which make it possible to rotate the shaft 7. The cylindrical surface of the drum-anode 9 is covered special electrode material, for example graphite, ruthenium dioxide, the end walls of the anode drum 9 are coated with a dielectric material. At one end, the shaft 7 is connected by means of a coupling 12 (made, for example, of dielectric material) with a drive 13, the speed of which can be adjusted. At the other end of the shaft 7 there is a current-carrying device 14 connected to the positive pole of the DC source 15. The device 14 provides current to the drum-anode 9 through the rotating shaft 7. The bath 1 mounted on the frame 16 is connected to the negative pole of the DC source 15 and grounded.

 The inventive device contains a device 17 (Fig. 2) for removing the target product from the cylindrical surface of the drum-anode 9 mounted on the bath 1. The device 17 contains a scraper 18 installed with the possibility of changing the angle of contact with the cylindrical surface of the drum-anode 9.

 Devices 10, 11, 12 (Fig. 1) and 17, 18 (Fig. 2) provide electrical isolation of the anode drum 9 from the cathode bath 1.

 The inventive device for electrochemical production of a new humic concentrate works as follows.

 The initial aqueous solution of a salt of humic acids, for example, sodium or potassium humate, obtained by treating the feedstock with an alkaline reagent solution and separated by settling, filtering, centrifuging is fed through pipe 4 to the cathode bath 1. The humate solution can be supplied both along bath 1 and across it (not shown in Fig. 1).

 After filling the bath 1 with an aqueous solution of the salt of humic acids, the drive 13 through the coupling 12 and the shaft 7 is rotationally driven the drum-anode 9.

From the DC source 15 through the device 14 and the shaft 7 on the drum 9 serves a positive potential, and on the bath 1 serves a negative potential. In the gap 8 between the cylindrical part of the cathode bath 1 and the anode drum 9, the process of electrolysis of the humic acid salt solution proceeds with the formation of a layer of humic concentrate on the cylindrical surface of the anode drum 9. The current density and rotational speed of the drum-anode 9 are set based on the need to obtain a humic concentrate of type A, B or C. For example, when using a graphite anode to obtain a humic concentrate of type A, the current density is set in the range of 300-600 A / m ² , concentration The initial solution of humate should be 4-8 wt.%, the cleaning period of the electrode should be 3-10 seconds. To obtain type B humic concentrate, the current density is set in the range of 100-400 A / m ² , the concentration of the initial humate solution should be 6-9 wt.%, The electrode cleaning period should be 2-5 seconds. To obtain type C humic concentrate, the current density is set in the range of 50-200 A / m ² , the concentration of the initial humate solution should be 8-10 wt.%, The electrode cleaning period should be 1-3 seconds.

 During rotation of the drum-anode 9, the humic concentrate released in the electrolysis zone (in the gap 7) on a part of the cylindrical surface of the drum-anode 9 is removed from the solution and then the scraper 18 of the device 17 is removed from this surface and sent for storage or packaging.

 In the steady state of the device, the humic acid salt solution is continuously fed through the pipe 4 into the cathode bath 1 and continuously withdrawn from it. In the humic acid salt solution passed through the electrolysis zone (gap 8), the concentration of the organic component of the solution decreases and the pH rises. The solution withdrawn from the cathode bath is sent for reuse as an extractant for processing the feedstock. Depending on the pH of this solution, an alkaline reagent is additionally introduced into it.

 In the process of electrolysis of a solution of a salt of humic acids, carbon and clay components of the feedstock precipitate from it in the form of a precipitate, which, as they accumulate, are removed from the cathode bath 1 through a drain pipe 6.

 Obtaining the inventive concentrate can be carried out using another device for the electrochemical production of humic concentrate from natural humites and caustobiolites of a coal series containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the feedstock chemically associated with humic acids contained in the concentrate.

 The inventive device comprises an electrolysis bath-cathode 1 (Fig. 3, 4), made in the form of a horizontally mounted gutter, divided by transversely mounted walls 19 (Fig. 3) into separate sections 20, while the inlet walls 4 and 3 are installed 5 outlet pipes designed for supply and removal of a solution of salt of humic acids. The humic acid salt solution fills the entire volume of the bath 1 overflowing through the walls 19. In each section 20, inlet and outlet pipes can be made from two opposite sides, and a drain pipe can also be made. In each section 19 between the pair of walls 19 there is an anode 21 (Fig. 3, 4) made in the form of a disk, each end surface of which forms, with each opposite wall 19, electrolysis zones 22 and 23 (Fig. 3). In this case, the anodes 21 available in each section 19 are interconnected by a common shaft 7 mounted for rotation around its longitudinal axis in bearings 10 and 11 made, for example, of dielectric material. At one end of the shaft 7, a clutch 12 is installed, made of dielectric material and connecting the shaft 7 to the drive 13. At the other end of the shaft 7 there is a current-carrying device 14 connected to the positive potential of the DC source 15. Bath 1, having walls 2,3 and 19, is connected to the negative potential of the DC source 15.

 The device is equipped with a device 17 for removing the target product from the end surfaces of the anodes 21, which contains scrapers 18 mounted on both sides of the end surfaces of each anode 21 with the possibility of changing the angle of inclination relative to these end surfaces.

 Bearings 10 and 11, clutch 12 and fixture 17 with scrapers 18 provide electrical isolation of each anode 21 and shaft 7 from the cathode bath 1 mounted on the frame 16.

 The described device for the electrochemical production of a new humic concentrate works as follows.

 The initial solution of the salt of humic acids through the pipe 4 is fed into the anode bath 1, all sections of which are filled when the solution is overfilled through the walls 19. By means of the drive 13, the shaft 7 and the anodes 21 are driven into rotation. A positive potential is supplied from the DC source 15 to the anodes 21, and on bath 1 and walls 2, 3, 19 - negative. Using a direct current source 15 between the anodes 21 and the cathode walls 2,3,19, a potential difference is established that is sufficient for the discharge of humic acid anions, but lower than the potential for the discharge of hydroxyl ions.

 In each section 20 in zones 22 and 23, electrolysis of a solution of a salt of humic acids occurs. The mechanism of allocation of humic concentrate at each anode 21 is similar to that described above. That is, the anions of humic acids move to the anode 21 and, discharging on it, settle on its surface. With the slow rotation of each anode 21, a layer of humic concentrate deposited on its end surfaces is removed from a solution of a salt of humic acids (electrolyte).

 The device 17 with the help of scrapers 18 removes a layer of formed humic concentrate from the end surfaces of the disks 21 and directs the resulting product to storage or packaging.

 The process proceeds continuously, that is, the rotating electrodes 21 continuously remove the target product from the electrolyte.

 After passing through sections 20, a solution of the salt of humic acids is discharged from bath 1 through a discharge pipe 5. An alkaline solution leaves bath 1, it is sent to the reprocessing of the feedstock as an extractant.

 It is possible to supply the initial solution of the humic acid salt immediately to all sections 20 through the nozzles 4 and discharge through the nozzles 5 available in each section 20. In this case, the process of obtaining humic concentrate occurs in each section 2 under the same conditions and is the most rational, and the spent solution fully returned as an extractant for processing the feedstock.

 During operation of the inventive device, mineral impurities contained in the initial solution precipitate, therefore, from each section 20, the precipitate formed is periodically withdrawn through the pipe 6.

 The above-described method for producing humic concentrate can also be carried out using a device for the electrochemical production of humic concentrate from natural humites and coal caustobiolites containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the starting humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with humic acids contained in the concentrate.

 The inventive device comprises an electrolysis bath-cathode 1 (Fig. 5), made in the form of a horizontally mounted gutter with end walls 2 and 3 (Fig. 6), on which the inlet and outlet pipes 4 and 5 are mounted, intended for supplying the initial humate solution and removal of spent humate. The bath 1 has a drain pipe 6.

 In the bath 1, on the shaft 7, a drum-anode 24 is installed coaxially with a gap 8 (Fig. 5). The shaft 7 is based on bearings 10 and 11, made, for example, of dielectric material), providing the possibility of rotation of the shaft 7. The end walls of the drum-anode 24 or the inner surfaces of the end walls 2 and 3 are covered with dielectric material. At its one end, the shaft 7 is connected by means of a coupling 12 (made, for example, of dielectric material) to the drive 13, the number of revolutions of which can be adjusted. At the other end of the shaft 7 is a current-carrying device 14 connected to the positive potential of the DC source 15. The device 14 provides a current supply to the drum-anode 24 through the rotating shaft 7. The bath 1 mounted on the frame 16 is connected to the negative potential of the DC source 15 and is grounded. A tension roller 25 (FIG. 5) and a support roller 26 (FIG. 5) are mounted on the frame 16. An endless conveyor 27 is installed on the drum 24 and the roller 25 (Fig. 5,6) so that the drum 24 and the roller are in contact with the inner surface of the endless conveyor 27 (made of electrically conductive material).

 The roller 25 may be provided with a drive (not shown in FIG.).

 The inventive device contains a device 17 for removing the target product - humic concentrate, which is mounted on the frame 16 from the side of the roller 25 and contains a scraper 18, mounted with the possibility of changing the angle of contact with the outer surface of the conveyor 27.

 Bearings 10 and 11, clutch 12, rollers 15 and 16, tool 17 and the scraper 18 provide electrical isolation of the anode 24, 27 from the cathode 1.

 The inventive device operates as follows.

 The initial aqueous solution of humate is fed into the electrolysis bath 1 through the pipe 4 and fill the bath 1 to a predetermined level. The drive 13 drives the drum 24 into rotation, which is transmitted to the conveyor 27 and to the rollers 25 and 26. It is possible to rotate the roller 25 (from the drive, which is not shown in FIG.), Indicating movement to the conveyor 27, and not to rotate the drum 24. In this case, the conveyor 27 slides along the cylindrical surface of the drum 24.

 From the source 15 of direct current to the drum 24 and, accordingly, to the conveyor 27 serves a positive potential, and the bath 1 is negative. That is, the drum 24 and the conveyor 27 are the anode, and the bath 1 is the cathode. In the gap 8, which is the electrolysis zone, an electrochemical process proceeds, the essence of which is described above, accompanied by the release of the target humic concentrate from the solution and settling on the outer surface of the conveyor 27.

 The resulting humic concentrate is removed from the electrolysis zone by a conveyor 27 (gap 8) and is transferred to a roller 25, where it is removed from the surface of the conveyor 27 by a scraper 18, which is a part of the device 17. This humic concentrate is the target product and is allocated for storage or unloading .

 The external surface of the conveyor 27, purified from humic concentrate, again enters the electrolysis zone (gap 8).

 Thus, the process of obtaining humic concentrate is carried out continuously. In this case, the initial humate solution is continuously supplied to the bath 1 through the nozzle 4 and, having passed the electrolysis, is continuously discharged from the bath 1 through the nozzle 5. The spent humate solution is sent for reuse as an extractant for processing the feedstock.

 The precipitate from the humate solution (during electrolysis) containing mainly clay and carbon impurities (4 caustobiolites characteristic of the initial humites) is periodically removed from the bath 1 through the drain pipe 6 as it accumulates.

 The proposed new product - humic concentrate can be successfully used to solve a number of environmental and agricultural problems.

 Thanks to the claimed invention, it became possible without the use of expensive coagulants and flocculants to effectively purify water, including the water of reservoirs, from organic and other impurities to produce sediments that can be easily burned without the formation of toxic compounds and disposal by composting and / or disposal at landfills.

 When implementing the proposed method for water purification, a humic concentrate described above is introduced into the initial liquid containing soluble and insoluble inorganic, organic and microbiological contaminants with stirring. In this case, sorption of water-soluble impurities, coagulation and flocculation of dispersed (insoluble) impurities occurs. Being a natural polymer, the humic concentrate forms spatial structures, including soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic impurities.

 As mentioned above, the claimed and proposed for use humic concentrate includes molecules, associates and aggregates. The structure of the humic concentrate contains elements having an affinity for microorganisms. For this reason, surface and bulk sorption of viruses on associates of humic concentrate, as well as sorption of molecules, associates and aggregates of the concentrate on microbial cells, zooplankton and phytoplankton. Moreover, the surface physicochemical properties of microbiological impurities, as an object of influence, no longer play a significant role, but are determined by the physicochemical properties of the humic concentrate.

 After the introduction of the humic concentrate, calcium lime (calcium hydroxide) may be introduced into the water. In this case, the humic concentrate is bound by calcium and passes into a water-insoluble form with the formation of easily settled flakes, which include impurities. If the amount of humic concentrate for typical types and concentrations of contaminants is 0.01-2.5 wt.% By weight of the treated water, then the amount of lime on dry matter is 5-30% by weight of the humic concentrate.

The water treated with humic concentrate and calcium lime is sedimented, the precipitate is removed and dehydrated by any of the known methods (sedimentation, filtration, centrifugation, etc.). The dehydrated sludge is burnt at a temperature of at least 800 ^o C, since at this temperature the substances of the humic concentrate decompose without the formation of any harmful compounds or toxic gases. The dehydrated sludge is also composted and valuable fertilizer obtained. If the sediment contains toxic substances, then it is disposed of at special landfills.

 In the case of purification of contaminated water of a reservoir, the resulting flakes settle to the bottom and do not have a harmful effect on the environment.

 According to the claimed invention using the inventive humic concentrate it is proposed to carry out the dehydration of viscous fluids.

 The inventive method of dewatering viscous fluids allows you to get a bulk product that is easily amenable to transportation and subsequent processing.

 In the implementation of the proposed method, viscous fluids (suspensions) that are required to be dehydrated as much as possible are mixed with 0.1-3.0 wt.% Humic concentrate taken in a slightly soluble form.

 Humic concentrate, when introduced into the suspension, is sorbed on the surface of the mineral and organic components of the suspension or adsorb them on its surface, eliminating the contrast in their manifestation of surface physical and chemical properties. The greatest effect of the humic concentrate on the initial suspension, as shown by studies, is manifested with the introduction of the named concentrate in an amount of 0.1 - 3.0 wt.%. Further, in a suspension with 1-30 wt.% Of natural materials, for example, to particles of 0.25 mm in size, which are present in its composition, namely, Ca-containing rocks and / or minerals and / or Mg-containing rocks and / or minerals. Examples of these natural materials are dolomite, limestone, marl, silica gel. The introduction of these materials leads to the formation of a well-structured granular mass, in other words, a humic concentrate, interactions with magnesium, in the case of dolomite, or with calcium, in the case of limestone, in the suspension forms water-insoluble compounds - magnesium humate or calcium humate, which, combining organic and mineral components create a solid bulk structure with strength, in the pores and capillaries of which there is a liquid phase.

 An external manifestation of a positive effect is the transition of a suspension from a fluid state to a coherently structured or viscoplastic state. In this case, water from the pores and capillaries of such an environment is easily removed under the action of its own weight, pressure or mechanically.

 According to the claimed invention, using the inventive humic concentrate, it is proposed to carry out detoxification of organic compounds.

 The inventive method of detoxification of organic compounds allows for the efficient binding of toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic and other toxic organic compounds, after which their decomposition is accelerated.

 To do this, a humic concentrate in an amount of from about 0.05 to about 10% of type A or B is introduced into objects containing organic ecotoxicants, first of all, the latter are adsorbed on high molecular weight humic acids, present in significant quantities in the inventive concentrate. Adsorption occurs as a hydrophobic interaction and / or covalent binding. After the complex is formed, dechlorination of polychlorinated organic compounds proceeds with parallel-sequential oxidation-hydroxylation reactions of polychlorinated and polycyclic compounds. The oxidation-hydroxylation processes are significantly accelerated when introduced into the humic concentrate, microdoses of water-soluble compounds of metals of variable valency, such as nickel, manganese, etc., which are catalysts of these processes.

 This kind of transformation of organic xenobiotics transfers them from a persistent (stable) state to a state accessible for microbiological destruction. At high levels of environmental pollution by organic compounds, their microflora is in a depressed state and is not able to significantly affect xenobiotics. Since the humic concentrate is a natural component of the soil, that is, the substrate on which microorganisms live and develop well, its introduction provides an increase in the activity of microflora. At the same time, microorganisms sorbed on humic acids actively destroy organic xenobiotics concentrated there. The acceleration of the decomposition of organic pollutants is achieved by the joint introduction of humic concentrate and hydrocarbon-oxidizing and other microorganisms into the objects polluted by them. The introduction of microorganisms into objects already treated with humic concentrate is also effective.

 Along with the detoxification of organic pollutants, the use of humic concentrate provides increased moisture capacity and soil fertility, improved soil structure and properties. Also, the cohesion and resistance to water and wind erosion of various kinds of waste is increased and the degree of purification of technical solutions, natural and waste water from various impurities is increased.

 The inventive method allows for the detoxification of compost and sewage sludge due to irreversible binding and transfer to a stationary state of mobile forms of heavy metals.

 For this, the humic concentrate in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10.0 wt. % are mixed with compost and / or sewage sludge, after which they are applied to the field as a humified organic-mineral fertilizer in a dose of 20-40 t / ha dry matter once every four to five years.

 According to the claimed invention, using the inventive humic concentrate, it is proposed to utilize sewage sludge.

 The inventive method of disposal of sewage sludge allows for the disposal of domestic and industrial waste, while eliminating the deterioration of the ecological state of the environment.

The humic concentrate used in this method, taken in an amount of from about 0.1 to about 10.0 wt.%, Forms water-insoluble compounds with heavy metal ions present in the sewage sludge. The formation of water-insoluble compounds of heavy metal cations with a humic concentrate excludes their migration and thereby prevents their entry into groundwater and plants (when depositing sewage sludge). Compounds formed in this way act like a colloidal glue, holding together the mineral and organic particles of the sediment and forming a three-dimensional structure from them. Having a high moisture capacity, the humic concentrate retains water in the form of physically bound and immobilized water, thereby providing additional cohesion of sediment particles by electrostatic and capillary forces. In aggregate, this leads to a sharp increase in the resistance to water filtration through a layer of such sediment, and the coefficient of sediment filtration, numerically equal to the filtration rate, becomes equal to or lower than the filtration coefficient of loam recommended as an insulating soil (10 ^-3 m / day).

 The dose of humic concentrate in the sewage sludge is determined by the total content of heavy metal cations, the degree of dehydration of the sediments (their moisture), the ratio of the concentration of organic and mineral substances and is 0.1-15% by weight of dry matter of sediments.

 According to the claimed invention, the mass obtained in this way is a material that can be stored at landfills for the disposal of household and industrial waste (in landfills of urban and industrial waste), using as an insulating material.

The technologies for arranging and maintaining landfills for the disposal of domestic and industrial waste provide for their placement in specially prepared pits with a concrete or waterproof clay base. At the same time, the waste is stacked in layers of 2 m thick and each layer should be isolated from each other with a layer of insulating soil with a thickness of 0.3 m. Loam or clay with a low filtration coefficient (10 ^-3 m / day) should be used as insulating soils. Layers of insulating soil should separate the landfill body and prevent the development of intensive microbiological, gas-generating and thermal processes. But most importantly, the insulating layers should exclude the penetration of surface water from rains, snowmelt, etc., as well as groundwater into the body of the landfill, since water, saturated in the body of the landfill with harmful and toxic substances and turning into a toxic filtrate, then pollutes soil, surface and underground waters. Moreover, the need for insulating soils is such that it is necessary to build special quarries for the extraction of loam and clay.

 In the practice of arranging and maintaining landfills for the disposal of household and industrial waste, insulating soil layers are not laid due to the lack of natural sources of loam and clay or the high cost of their extraction. For this reason, such landfills turn into zones of environmental disaster, primarily due to environmental pollution by leachate.

 According to the invention, a layer from the mass of sewage sludge and humic concentrate is laid on each waste layer (domestic or industrial), while a layer of the mass of sewage sludge and humic concentrate is laid first in the base of the landfill and on its surface after the end of the waste disposal. The waste layer should be 1.5-2.5 m, and the layer from the mass of sewage sludge and humic concentrate 0.2-0.5 m.

 Thus, the layers from the mass of sewage sludge and humic concentrate, isolating the waste layers (domestic and industrial) from each other and from the penetration of water into them, divide the landfill body into separate layers, between which the processes of heat, mass and gas exchange cease. At the same time, the most important issue is solved - preventing the flow of water generated during rain, snowmelt, floods, which, when saturated with oxygen, significantly accelerates the oxidation of organic matter and, as a result, causes an increase in the release of gases from the landfill body. In addition, the formation of a filtrate, that is, water passing through the body of the landfill and saturated with toxic heavy metal ions, harmful polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic organochlorines, etc., is prevented. and which is the main source of groundwater and surface water pollution.

 Thus, fixing heavy metal ions in sewage sludge and making them waterproof, the humic concentrate in the sewage sludge layers isolates the landfill body and thereby prevents secondary pollution of the environment. In addition, thanks to the claimed method, the issue of depositing sewage sludge as a source of environmental pollution is solved. Thanks to the invention, the alienation of land for quarries intended for the extraction of loam and clay used to form insulating layers at landfills for the storage of household and industrial waste is prevented. This excludes the cost of extracting natural soil from these quarries.

 According to the claimed invention, using the inventive humic concentrate, it is proposed to create soils from natural and artificial soils and to restore the properties and fertility of degraded soils.

 Natural soils (sand, gravel, sand and gravel, sandy loam, loam, clay) are typical for the areas of construction of various buildings, structures, roads, etc. Such soils are subject to water and wind erosion, since their surface is not protected by vegetation, including grass cover. Vegetation on such soils does not develop at all or develops very slowly. For landscaping (sodding) of such soils, a layer of imported soil 10-30 cm thick is laid on their surface, on which vegetation develops, protecting the soil and creating a favorable ecological background.

 It is advisable to attribute the lands saline and natural salt marshes saline as a result of human activity, as well as contaminated with organic substances, including oil products, and inorganic substances, including heavy metals, to soils, as they are disturbed or completely terminated in them processes characteristic of soils, and vegetation growing on them is toxicologically dangerous for animals and humans.

 Saline lands are reclaimed by various methods, including washing with water, and contaminated lands are either collected and buried in special repositories, or they are covered with inert materials, followed by laying a layer of imported soil.

 Deserted and semi-desert lands that are not soils in the proper sense of the word, it is also advisable to attribute to natural soils. Soils on these lands are created mainly by laying imported soils with a high humus content.

 Artificial soils are mainly industrial and construction waste deposited in appropriate areas in the form of waste heaps, dumps and landfills. These soils include slag and ash from metallurgical enterprises, thermal power plants, waste incinerators, processing and mineral processing waste, construction waste, etc.

 Landscaping of such soils is carried out mainly by applying a layer of imported soil, peat or peat-based compost to them.

 It is well known that the basis of soil fertility and all its basic properties is humus. The basis of humus is composed mainly of calcium and magnesium salts of humic acids.

 The introduction into natural and artificial soils, as well as into degraded soils, which are characterized by the complete absence or low content of humus-like substances, humic acids and / or their derivatives is an effective way to create soils. The source of humic acids and their derivatives in this case are not soils, sapropels and peat, excavation from places of natural distribution of which leads to the destruction of existing ecosystems, but energetically low-value, affordable and cheap brown coal, as well as stone that has no practical value and is oxidized in formations coal. So, if in the best soils - chernozems, the maximum content of humic substances is 1-9%, and in peat - 20-10%, then in brown coal their content is 40-80%, and in oxidized coals - up to 90%. The bulk of the soil contains from 0.15 to 3% humic substances.

 Soils from natural and artificial soils are created as follows.

 Humic concentrate containing in an amount of from about 0.5 to about 2.0 wt. % contribute to the topsoil to a depth of 10-30 centimeters. The application is carried out by impregnating the soil with a solution of humic concentrate, feeding humic concentrate into the zone of mechanical impact on the soil when plowing or cultivating it, by preliminary applying it to the surface of the soil during subsequent plowing and / or cultivation.

 Humic concentrate is easily mixed with particles of soil and adsorbed on their surface. Humic concentrate with all metals except metals of the first group forms water-insoluble salts - humates. So, in the soil, humic concentrate forms calcium humate, magnesium humate, iron humate, aluminum humate, etc. With heavy metals, the humic concentrate forms water-insoluble humates, which leads to detoxification of the soil, that is, to its loss of toxicity to microorganisms and plants. Being bound in water-insoluble compounds, heavy metals lose their ability to migrate along the soil profile to groundwater and surface water and to plants. The humic concentrate has a high moisture capacity and a high bonding effect, which leads to a sharp increase in the soil moisture capacity and the formation of a structure characteristic of soils. The soil is fixed and acquires increased resistance to water and wind erosion.

 In soils with a low content of calcium and magnesium compounds, part of the added humic concentrate must be neutralized. To do this, calcium and / or magnesium-containing materials are introduced into the soil, as well as silicon-containing materials. For example, slaked lime, crushed chalk, marl, limestone (lime flour), gypsum are added as calcium-containing substances. As a magnesium-containing material, magnesium lime, crushed dolomite (dolomite flour) and / or magnesite are added. Moreover, the higher the degree of grinding of calcium and magnesium-containing materials, the higher the efficiency of their action.

 As a silicon-containing material, ground amorphous silica (silicon dioxide) or silicon-containing industrial wastes, for example silicon-containing metallurgical wastes, are introduced into the soil.

 Humic concentrate with calcium and magnesium-containing substances forms respectively calcium humate and magnesium humate, that is, the basis of natural humus. At the same time, the duration of contacting the humic concentrate with the soil material is at least 2 months, that is, within 2 months after making the humic concentrate, anthropogenic soil is formed with a set of useful properties.

 In some cases, that is, especially valuable and expensive plots of land, the humic concentrate itself is not added to the soil, but humates of calcium and / or magnesium obtained by mixing and composting the humic concentrate with the corresponding dispersed calcium and / or magnesium-containing materials. Similarly restore the properties and fertility of degraded soils.

 As in the case of adding humic concentrate and calcium and / or magnesium-containing materials to the soil, as well as in the case of adding prepared humates of calcium and magnesium to the soil, the mineralogical composition of the soils of the created soils changes. The orientation of the processes of transformation of the mineral components of the soil mainly includes the formation of minerals of the montmorillonite group in the presence of silicon compounds. Without silicon compounds, some destruction of the minerals of the glauconite group is observed. At the same time, the soil moisture capacity increases. A structure characteristic of soils is formed, microflora is activated, and plant growth and development are stimulated.

 The rapid mineralization of soil organic matter is prevented, which is replaced by its humification, the leaching rate of organic and mineral nutrients is sharply reduced, adsorption centers are created in the soil, nutrients are accumulated and rationally used.

 According to the claimed invention, using the inventive humic concentrate, it is proposed to compost organic waste.

 The introduction of humic concentrate into organic waste leads to a change in the species composition of microorganisms involved in the transformation of organic matter. Organic and mineral substances of humic concentrate are a kind of matrix for the synthesis of humic substances from intermediate decomposition products of organic matter. In total, when composting in the presence of a humic concentrate, predominant humification occurs rather than the mineralization of the organic matter of the waste.

 According to the claimed invention, using the inventive humic concentrate, it is proposed to utilize the precipitation of waterworks.

 For this, the pre-thickened and dehydrated sludge of water stations is mixed with a humic concentrate containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the original natural humites and / or coal-grade caustobiolites chemically associated with the contained humic acids. In this case, the soluble (mobile) part of aluminum (mainly aluminum sulfate cations) interacts with the molecules of the said humic concentrate with the formation of an insoluble salt - aluminum humate. In this case, the toxic properties of aluminum are completely removed, that is, detoxification of precipitation occurs. The organic components of sediments are actively adsorbed by humic concentrate and, together with the mineral components of sediments, form a stable organomineral raw material. The humic concentrate gives cohesion, high moisture capacity, resistance to wind and water erosion, which determines the possibility of utilizing the precipitation of water stations as additives that improve the water-erosion water-holding and adsorption properties of soils during their restoration, as well as improving the properties of degraded soils and increasing their fertility.

 For a better understanding of the present invention provides examples of its implementation, which in no way limit the claimed invention.

Example 1
An aqueous solution of sodium humate with a concentration of 8% is fed into the electrolyzer with anodes of titanium disks coated with a layer of ruthenium dioxide. The speed of rotation of the anodes is 10 rpm, the current density at the anode is 400 A / m ² . In the process of the electrolytic cell, an humic concentrate of type B is formed on the anodes, containing humic acids - 14%, sodium humate - 5%, bound mineral components - 1%, water - 80% and having a pH of 6.0. The consistency of the humic concentrate is gel-like: the resulting product is soluble in water to a concentration of 3% on a dry matter basis. Current efficiency 58%.

The resulting humic concentrate is characterized by:
1. The elemental composition of C = 51.8%, H = 2.9%, N = 0.64%, O = 44.1% and S = 0.6%.

2. Total acidity (mkg / g) = 4.0 ± 0.3,
the content of OH groups (MEq / g) = 2.2 ± 0.2,
3. The composition of the mineral part in mg / g dry matter:
Al = 3.50, Ca = 15.15, Cu = 0.25, Mg = 2.22, Mn = 0.33, Sr = 0.21, Zn = 0.64, Fe = 10.9, Na = 20.23, Si = 0.08.

 4. A gel chromatogram with almost the only peak centered at 25,000 daltons, with at least 60% of the molecular weight located in the range of 22,000-27,000 daltons.

5. NMR ¹³ spectrum, in which there are three well separated bands corresponding to alkyl, aromatic and carboxylic carbons, and there are also no absorptions at 50-100 ppm related to carbons bound to OH groups of carbohydrate fragments.

Example 2
An electrolytic cell with a graphite anode is supplied with an aqueous solution of sodium humate with a concentration of 9%, obtained by alkaline extraction of brown coal. The rotational speed of the anode is set equal to 15 rpm, the current density at the anode is 100 A / m ² .

 In the process of electrolysis, a type C humic concentrate is formed on the anode containing hydrated humic acids 1.7%, sodium humates 9%, associated mineral components 0.8%, water 89.5%, having a pH of 7.5. The resulting product has a consistency of viscous fluid, highly soluble (10% dry matter) in water. The current efficiency is 45%. Other characteristics of the obtained humic concentrate are basically similar to those indicated in example 1.

Example 3
An aqueous solution of potassium humate with a concentration of 5% is fed into the electrolyzer with an anode, which is an endless conveyor made of carbon-graphite material. The speed of the drum guiding the endless conveyor anode is 4 rpm, the current density is 500 A / m ² . In the process of electrolysis, an A type humic concentrate is formed on the anode, containing: hydrated humic acids 25%, potassium humate 1.5%, bound mineral components 2.5%, water 71%, The product has a pH of 3.5, a pasty consistency and poor soluble in water (0.3% dry matter). Current efficiency 45%.

 Other characteristics of the obtained humic concentrate are basically similar to those indicated in example 1.

Example 4
The wastewater of a dairy plant containing 0.18% dissolved organic matter, represented mainly by proteins and polysaccharides, is purified.

 A humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 2, is introduced into the initial liquid with stirring as a 5% aqueous solution.

 In this case, the formation of flakes is observed. After floc precipitation, the supernatant is drained and analyzed for water-soluble organic matter by freeze drying and dry matter weighing. The research results are presented in table 1.

 As can be seen from table 1, the most effective water purification from dissolved organic impurities occurs at a dose of activated humic acids in the range of 0.01-2.5 wt.%.

 The precipitate formed after the deposition of flakes is composted according to a standard procedure. It is established that, after composting, the sediment is a valuable fertilizer and, in addition, significantly improves the structure and increases the moisture capacity of the soil.

Example 5
In case of emergency transformer depressurization, the enterprise’s wastewater is contaminated with polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs). The PCB content is monitored by gas-liquid chromatography with preliminary extraction with hexane and concentration. A humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 2, is introduced into a starting liquid containing 0.08 mg / L of polychlorobiphenyls as a 5% aqueous solution.

Then the entire volume of liquid is mixed. With the introduction of humic concentrate, the solution becomes colored and acquires a light brown color. Then a solution of lime Ca (OH) ₂ is introduced into the liquid in an amount of 15% by weight of the humic concentrate.

 After the deposition of impurities, the supernatant is analyzed for the total content of PCBs. The dependence of the reduction of PCBs in water on the dose of humic concentrate (on dry matter) are presented in table 2.

 As can be seen from table 2, the optimal dose of humic concentrate is 0.02-1.0% by weight of the treated water.

The precipitate formed during the deposition of impurities is burned in a muffle furnace at a temperature of 800-900 ^o C. In this case, the organic matter of the precipitate is completely burned without the formation of harmful gases and toxic compounds.

Example 6
Household wastewater is treated, samples of which are taken at the city aeration station. In the initial wastewater is introduced in the form of a 5% solution of humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in example 2 in an amount of from 0.5% (by dry substance) by weight of the treated water. Then a solution of lime is introduced into the liquid, and after precipitation of the flakes formed during this process, water is analyzed for the content of impurities in it. Indicators of contamination of the source and purified water at a dose of lime 5% (by weight of acid) are shown in table 3.

 It was found that with an increase in the amount of lime, the water-giving properties of the sludge improve. The precipitate is dehydrated in a centrifuge and subjected to both composting and incineration.

Example 5
A study is conducted of the wastewater treatment of a coal preparation plant, the content of impurities in which is 30 g / l. 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 1, is introduced into the source water samples, respectively, and the deposition rate, the purity of the drain and the solid content of the precipitate are determined. The results are presented in table 4.

 For the optimal dose of humic concentrate 0.05% determined by the maximum purity of the drain and the maximum solids content in the sediment, that is, in the condensed product, studies are being carried out on the effect of calcium hydroxide on the efficiency of wastewater treatment in a coal preparation plant. The amount of calcium hydroxide varied from 5 to 100% by weight of the humic concentrate.

 The results are presented in table 5.

 As can be seen from table 5, the most optimal is the consumption of calcium hydroxide from 5 to 30%, since this achieves the maximum deposition rate of impurities, acceptable purity of the discharge and the maximum solids content in the sediment.

Example 7
At the landfill for solid and industrial waste equivalent to them, experimental studies of the purification of the filtrate, that is, water passing through the mass of the landfill and saturated with various impurities, are carried out. The main toxic impurities of the filtrate are salts of heavy metals, organic compounds, microorganisms of various types.

 By means of a drainage ditch made around the landfill, the filtrate is collected in the storage pool.

 The filtrate was cleaned directly in the pool. In the field, separate application of humic concentrate and lime was difficult, therefore, in laboratory conditions, a reagent composition containing humic concentrate and lime was developed (30% by dry matter of the mass of humic concentrate).

The reagent is added in an amount of 0.2% (2 kg per cubic meter) to the reservoir tank, the capacity of which is 300 m ³ , the reagent was mixed with the filtrate using a pump jet and sedimented for 4 hours.

 The results are presented in table 6.

 From table 6 it follows that the humic concentrate effectively cleans and filters from microorganisms, heavy metals and organic and inorganic impurities.

 The precipitate formed after cleaning accounts for 12-15% of the filtrate volume and is pumped into the landfill body with a pump.

Example 8
The spent drilling fluid, which is a suspension of bentonite clay in water, is practically not amenable to thickening and dehydration and, for this reason, is drained into clay barns at drilling rigs, that is, into pits dug in the ground, polluting the soil.

 From 0.1 to 10 wt.% Of a humic concentrate containing the same as that obtained in Example 2 is introduced into such a solution.

 With stirring, a solution forms, the color of which changes from light brown to black. Samples of the solution before adding HA and then subjected to filtration through a membrane filter with a vacuum value equal to 400 mm water column. The filtrate volume, filtration area and duration are determined by the filtration rate according to the formula.

V = Q / (S • t),
Where
V is the filtration rate, m / day;
S is the filtration area, m ² ;
Q is the volume of the filtrate, m ³ ;
t is the filtration time, day.

 The results are presented in table 7.

 As can be seen from table 7, with an increase in the concentration of HA, the filtration rate decreases, that is, the suspension gives water worse. The maximum effect of a humite concentrate is manifested in a concentration range of 0.1-3 wt.%.

 Next, dolomite, crushed to a particle size of 0.25 mm, is introduced into the treated solution with stirring in an amount of 1 to 30% by weight of the dry matter of the solution. It was experimentally established that when the concentration of humic concentrate is 3 wt.%, The addition of 7 wt.% Dolomite turns a flowing clay suspension into a plastic material, the consistency of which is equivalent to the consistency of bentonite clay at a moisture content of 42-46%. In all cases, the introduction of dolomite in an amount of from 1 wt.% To 30 wt.% Promotes the formation of a visco-plastic and even solid material from a flowing clay solution. Such material is dehydrated during deposition by squeezing out water, and the larger the mass of material, the greater the volume of water is separated from it, that is, in this case the simplest gravitational dehydration of the material takes place with the formation of a bulk product suitable for transportation by conventional means and for storage without deteriorating the ecological environment.

Example 9
Sludge from urban wastewater after prolonged deposition in aeration fields contains 85% moisture and has a pH of 6. Humine concentrate similar to that obtained in Example 3 is added to the sediments with stirring in an amount of 1 wt.% To the mass of sediment. Then the sludge containing humic concentrate is mixed with crushed to particles with a size of 0.25 marl at the rate of 7% marl from the mass of sewage sludge. As a result, a well-structured, clumping mass forms, which can be transported by conventional means and deposited in the form of hills, and due to the pressure of the mass in such hills lying on top of the layers, a significant loss of a significant part of the water by the sediment, i.e. its dehydration, occurs.

Example 10
Laboratory tests of the detoxification process of sandy loam soil contaminated with crude oil are carried out. They are exploring the possibility of restoring soil fertility by incorporating oil hydrocarbons in soil structures with their subsequent decomposition. The moisture content of sandy loam soil not exposed to oil pollution is 33.2%. The moisture content of sandy loamy soil contaminated with oil cannot be determined, since the samples are not completely dried due to the high oil content.

 Humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 1, is introduced into oil-contaminated soil samples. It is established that 0.5% of the humic concentrate completely binds oil in an amount of 5-7% and structures the soil for 2 months. The selected samples dry well, which indicates a uniform distribution of oil over the soil volume and an increase in soil hydrophilicity. The moisture capacity of such samples is about 60%.

 To assess the suitability of the soil for the growth and development of plants, wheat and mustard seeds were planted. The experiment is carried out in a climatic chamber under illumination of 7000 lux and a day duration of 16 hours in 0.5 l vessels. In all options, including the control, at the beginning of the experiment, mineral dressing is introduced, including NPK and trace elements. Repeat 3-fold. Plants grown on sod-podzolic soil are taken as a control. Take into account the fresh weight of the land of the plants 3 weeks after sowing seeds.

 The results are shown in table 8.

 Thus, the use of humic concentrate provides effective detoxification of the soil from oil hydrocarbons.

Example 11
Field tests of the soil detoxification process are carried out in the territory adjacent to the condenser plant. The soils in this area are contaminated with polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs), while the average PCV content in the experimental plot is 102.2 mg / kg. Areas with approximately the same level of pollution are divided into two groups, one of which is added with humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 1, in the amount of 1% of the soil mass in a layer of 10 cm. Surface plowing to a depth of 15 cm is made in each of the two groups of sites. with the aim of mixing soil and HA. Soil sampling from sites is carried out after 5 and after 15 months.

 The concentration of PCBs in the samples was determined using a modified method (Unites States Environmental Protection Agency. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory. EPA Test Method. Base / Neutral and Acids-Method 625, July 1982) on a Hewlett PACKARD MSD 5972 chromatography-mass spectrometer.

 The results are shown in table 9.

 It was noted that the introduction of humic concentrate into the soil immediately eliminates the odor characteristic of chlorine-containing aromatic compounds. The observed dynamics of changes in the content of isomers shows that in the presence of HA both sorption and decomposition of PCBs occur. In this case, more highly chlorinated isomers turn into less chlorinated ones, the concentration of which first increases and then drops, i.e., a process of successive dechlorination is observed.

 There is also a more significant increase in the decomposition products of polychlorinated biphenyls if microorganisms are added to the soil.

 In addition to determining the PCB content in soil samples, an assessment is made of the decrease in the general toxicity of contaminated soil according to the state of Azotobacter, microalgae and other soil organisms. The results of such a biotest for the soil are shown in table 10.

 Thus, the introduction of humic concentrate into PCB-contaminated soil ensures its effective detoxification.

Example 12
Experimental studies are carried out on samples of sod-podzolic soil contaminated with dibenzo-p-dioxins with a concentration of the last 100 mg per kilogram of soil. In the first group of soil samples, 0.5% humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 3, is added. In the second group of samples, in addition to HC, a micro dose (0.01 mg per kilogram of soil) of a variable valence metal (nickel) in the form of its water-soluble salt is added. The control group of HC samples and two other groups of samples were incubated for 30 days at a temperature of 25 ^o C. The moisture content of the soil samples was 60%. The results of the analyzes for the content of dioxins are presented in table 11.

 From table 11 it follows that the content of dibenzo-p-dioxins in the soil with humic acids amounted to 43% of the control option, and in the case of traces of nickel 24%.

Example 13
The efficiency of detoxification of urban wastewater sludge (WWS) with humic concentrate is estimated by the content of heavy metals in plants grown on soil into which WWS is applied, as well as by the number of cytogenetic disorders caused by both heavy metals and other toxicants contained in WWS.

The content of heavy metals in WWS is:
cadmium - 96 mg / kg, zinc - 7894 mg / kg, nickel - 325 mg / kg, chromium - 329 mg / kg, copper - 1732 mg / kg dry matter.

 WWS treated with activated humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in example 3, in the amount of 1% were introduced into the soil in a different ratio.

 Barley is grown on soil samples. It was established that the yield of barley on WWS with humite concentrate is 80-101% higher than the yield on a control sample (sod-podzolic soil). In all cases of dilution of WWS with soil (1: 1 and 1:10), the yield is 50-80% higher than the yield on the control sample.

 Table 12 shows the results of the analysis of the content of heavy metals in barley.

 As can be seen from table 12, the content of heavy metals in plants depends on the dose of the concentrate. At a maximum dose of 1.5%, the cadmium content decreases from 1.6 to 2.6 times and becomes lower or equal to the background level. The zinc content is reduced by 1.3-1.8 times. The chromium content is reduced by 1.5 times, and the nickel content is reduced to the background level.

 Two-year field tests found that significant migration of heavy metals during the treatment of WWS with activated humic concentrate does not occur. Table 13 shows the value of the content of heavy metals in the soil in% of the previous field season when WWS were introduced into the soil.

 As can be seen from table 13, the humic concentrate significantly reduces the rate of removal of heavy metals from the soil, that is, their effective binding takes place.

 In addition, humic concentrate significantly reduces the number of cytogenetic disturbances in plants (using barley as the most sensitive crop as an example), not only with respect to WWS, but even with such traditional fertilizer as manure (table 14).

 Thus, humic concentrate provides an effective detoxification of composts from urban organic waste and urban sewage sludge contaminated with heavy metals.

Example 14
At the aeration stage, studies are carried out on the effect of humic concentrate on the effectiveness of mechanical dewatering of WWS and the filtration coefficient.

 The technology used includes fermentation, WWS in digesters, washing, compacting, introducing an organic Prestol flocculant and mechanical dehydration on filter presses, the dehydration process lasting 1.5 hours. With the introduction of humic concentrate in a water-soluble form (in the form of a gel) in an amount of from 0.1 to 1%, a sharp decrease in the efficiency of dehydration occurred, and with a dose of 1 to 15%, dehydration practically did not occur.

 The introduction into WWS of a humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 3, in an amount of from 0.1 to 15% does not have any effect on the effectiveness of dehydration, if the period of time from application to the end of dehydration does not exceed 2-4 hours. If this period of time is longer, then there is a decrease in the effectiveness of dehydration and its almost complete cessation. Moreover, the higher the dose of the concentrate, the faster the dehydration efficiency decreases.

 Table 15 shows the values of the filtration coefficient of loam, mechanically dehydrated WWS, in which humic concentrate was then introduced in an amount of 0.1 to 15%.

 In the range of concentrations of activated humic concentrate from 0.1 to 15%, the greatest effect is observed at a dose of 1%.

 For this reason, all further experiments were carried out with mechanical dewatering of WWS, the content of activated humic concentrate from which was 1%.

 The experiments were conducted at the landfill for solid household waste and industrial waste equivalent to it.

 A pit was dug in the body of the landfill, the bottom of which and the side walls were covered with waterproofing material (hydroglass glass) so as to exclude the possibility of water entering the pit. Then, the foundation pit was half-filled with a layer of waste, on which a layer of WWS containing humic concentrate was then laid. The layer thickness was 0.3 m.

The standard method of watering water into a pit using the devices of A.K. Boldyrev and G.N.Kamensky determine the filtration coefficient when the water flow is established after three days. The filtration coefficient was: Kf = 3.5 • 10 ^-4 m / day. After this, the pit is completely covered with waste. In general, the arrangement of the pit provides the possibility of water entering into it only from above through the sediment layer of WWS. Wells were arranged in the body of the pit for measuring the water level, which could be filtered through an insulating layer of WWS containing humic concentrate, as well as for sampling water.

где
E - экспериментально установленное значение пористости массы отходов;
So - площадь поперечного сечения котлована;
L - измерение уровня воды за время t;
Sф - площадь фильтрования, то есть площадь изолирующего слоя;
t - время фильтрования.Water is poured onto the top layer of the waste so that a fixed volume of water completely enters the insulating layer. In total, 24 m ^{3 of} water was poured in two months, which is two annual norms for precipitation (Moscow region). The filtration coefficient was determined by the formula:

Where
E is the experimentally established value of the porosity of the waste mass;
So is the cross-sectional area of the pit;
L is the measurement of the water level over time t;
Sf is the filtration area, that is, the area of the insulating layer;
t is the filtering time.

For the first 10 days, the filtration coefficient was: Kf = 4.2 • 10 ^-4 m / day, and for the two-month observation period, the filtration coefficient was: Kf = 6.2 • 10 ^-5 m / day.

For comparison, the filtration coefficient of dense clay was: Kf.g. = 10 ^-3 m / day.

 It was found that with a single pour through the insulating layer passes only 0.4% of the water.

 Thus, WWS treated with humic concentrate acquire water-insulating (water-resistant properties), significantly exceeding the same properties of natural clay soils.

 Since water does not penetrate the insulating layer, there are basically no reasons for the migration (leaching) of heavy metals and other toxic substances from the WWS.

 Nevertheless, analyzes were carried out on the content in water, which was in a small amount, but still filtered through an insulating layer. For comparison, analyze the water, which in the neighboring (control) area was filtered through a waste layer, where the insulating layer was not laid.

 The results are shown in table 16.

 As can be seen from table 16, the arrangement in the body of a landfill of an insulating layer from WWS treated with humic concentrate not only does not increase the content of heavy metals in water, but significantly reduces the non-content in the filtrate due to their additional sorption.

Example 15
When arranging landfills for the disposal of domestic and industrial waste, the upper insulating layer is also a remediation layer. Sodding of the surface of the landfill body is one of the signs of its relatively favorable condition. Sewage sludge is a good fertilizer. The formation of a continuous grass cover on the surface of a pure WWS layer is extremely slow due to the presence of phytotoxic substances in the sediments and a low water-holding capacity.

 Therefore, the use of pure WWS is not possible for the reclamation of landfill surfaces. An additional danger is the possibility of dusting during drying.

 Evaluation of the possibility of using WWS treated with humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in example 3 is carried out at the site. A reclamation layer of WWS is laid on the surface of the dump site, its possible dusting is determined, and barley, wheat and lupine cultures are sown, which, after ripening, are analyzed for the content of heavy metals in them (table 17).

 It has been established that if dusting of dry sediment begins at a wind speed of 1.2-1.4 m / s, then when WWS contains 1% humic concentrate, dusting does not occur even at a wind speed of more than 15-20 m / s.

 Thus, the content in the sewage sludge of only 1 wt.% Humic concentrate reduces the content of heavy metals in plants by an average of 30-50%.

Example 16
As soil samples use:
1. Sand (small, light yellow in color, the content of sand fractions - 97.7%, the content of clay fractions - 2.3%),
2. Sandy loam (brown-brown, the content of sand fractions 82%, the content of clay fractions - 17%),
3. Loam (brown-brown, the content of sand fractions 37%, the content of clay fractions - 63%),
4. Clay (reddish-brown color, the content of sand fractions of 0.8%, the content of clay fractions - 99.2%),
As samples of humic substances use:
- humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in example 1,
- calcium humate (a mixture of humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in example 1, with crushed limestone in the ratio "humic concentrate: limestone = 1: 1"),
- magnesium humate (a mixture of humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in example 3, with crushed dolomite with a ratio of components 1: 1),
- silicon-containing material (waste from a metallurgical plant containing 95% amorphous silicon dioxide SiO ₂ , 4.6% carbon and 0.4% iron, calcium and aluminum oxides, the surface area is 20 m ² / g).

 The interaction of humic concentrate and humates with soil samples is measured under different conditions, their effect on the properties of soils is studied, and biotesting is carried out.

 The first part of the research is carried out on glass columns with a diameter of 2 and 5 cm and a height of 70 cm, which were filled with soil samples. Humic concentrate and humates are applied to the surface of soil samples both in dry form and in the form of aqueous suspensions, the ratio of components in which was 1: 2, 1: 5, 1:10, 1:15. The concentration of humic concentrate and humates is 0.1-1% dry matter by weight of the soil sample. Dry and wet soil samples are studied. Water was eluted into the columns, the volume of which corresponded to the annual norm of atmospheric precipitation (400 ml each).

 It was established that there is no noticeable difference in the penetration of dry samples of humic concentrate and aqueous suspensions of humates into the volume of soils.

 The highest penetration rate of humic concentrate and humates is observed in dry soils and a very strong deceleration of the speed of movement in wet soils. The speed of movement of these substances in wet soils is 2-3 times less than the speed of their movement in dry soils.

 The greatest penetration of humic concentrate and humates into soil samples occurs during the first three hours and amounts to 2.5 cm for sand, 0.9 cm for sand, 0.7 cm for loam and 0.6 cm for clay. Within two weeks humic concentrate penetrates 5 cm in sand, 4.5 cm in sandy loam, 3.6 cm in loam and 2.8 cm in clay. In control samples (without adding humic concentrate and humates) water passes through the column with sand in 15 hours, through a column with sandy loam - in 24 hours, through a column with loam - in 2 days.

 The results indicate an extremely low mobility of the introduced humic substances. In the entire range of dilution of humic concentrate and humates with water, the highest rate of their penetration into soil samples was observed at a ratio of 1:10, but for practical use this speed is also not significant.

It was established that in the case of drying of soil samples with samples of humic concentrate and humate introduced into them, the nature of the movement of humic substances changes dramatically. So, soil samples containing humic concentrate and humates are dried at a temperature of 160 ^o C, 80 ^o C and 30 ^o C. After that, the samples are ground and loaded into columns. Then water poured into the columns. The rapid movement of humic substances is observed at a speed practically coinciding with the speed of water movement in soil samples not containing these substances.

 The greatest amount of organic matter is washed away when the first 200-400 ml of water column passes through the soil. With further washing, the amount of organic matter leached from the soil decreases. The maximum amount of organic matter leached from the soil does not exceed 10% of the applied dose of humic substances.

 When drying soils with humic concentrate and humates, structural changes occur, leading to an increase in the mobility of these humic substances in soils. This property can be used to introduce humic concentrate and humates into the deep soil layers.

 The most important climatic factor may be seasonal freezing of soils. It has been established that during freezing and thawing of soils with humic concentrate and humate introduced into them, the low mobility of humic substances remains. In the case of freezing and thawing of pre-dried soils containing humic concentrate and humates, the high mobility of these humic substances remains, although their mobility is less than without freezing and thawing.

 Thus, the results of the studies indicate the need for special techniques for the introduction and distribution of humic concentrate and humates in the soil mass, for example, loosening the soil before and after applying these substances.

 It is advisable to add humic concentrate and humates to soils in the fall, since during freezing and subsequent thawing, changes in their mobility do not occur, and an increase in the time of interaction of humic substances with soils positively affects their agrochemical properties.

 To ensure the possibility of introducing humic concentrate and humates into the deeper layers of the soil, it is advisable to pre-dry the soil together with humic substances, and then provide access to water from the soil surface.

Example 17
A study was made of the changes in some of the agrophysical and agrochemical properties of the above samples (Example 16) during aging (composting) of soils with the addition of humic concentrate and humates for 0.5, 1 and 2 months. During the aging of the soil periodically mix and maintain their moisture content from 12 to 22%. Determine the pH of the aqueous extract, the soil moisture capacity and their adsorption properties (by the example of phosphate adsorption). Biotesting is also carried out, that is, the percentage of seed germination and the average weight of one sprout are determined.

 The results are presented in tables 18, 19, 20, 21.

 The holding time of soil samples with humic concentrate and humates practically does not affect the pH of the aqueous extract and moisture capacity. The adsorption properties of soils improve with increasing composting time.

 An analysis of the infrared spectra of the silt fraction of the sandy loam shows that with the introduction of calcium humate, the 915 nm band (nanometers), which determines the minerals of the montmorillonite group, almost disappears, and with the introduction of magnesium soil, a band of 838 nm appears, which is responsible for muscovite. Humate calcium and magnesium suppress the bands of 2924 and 2850 nm, which are responsible for highly adsorbed water, inaccessible to plants. It was established that calcium and magnesium humate transfer all water to a state accessible to plants (bands 3410 and 3400 nm increase).

 Thus, calcium and magnesium humates improve the water adsorption properties of the soil, but reduce the content of minerals of the montmorillonite group with the appearance of mica class minerals.

 The introduction of humic concentrate, as well as calcium humate and magnesium humate together with silica changes the direction of the mineral-forming process. Thus, the introduction of calcium humate in the sand with silica increases the band of 1620 nm, which means an increase in the amount of montmorillonite, and reduces the intensity of the band of 1430 nm, which means a decrease in the content of glauconite. The band 915-920 nm does not change. Thus, calcium humate together with silica promotes the formation of new minerals of the montmorillonite group, characteristic of fertile soils.

Magnesium humate together with silica also contributes to the formation of montmorillonite group minerals (the intensities of the bands of 1620 and 915 nm increase), however, the destruction of the glauconite group minerals occurs to a lesser extent. It was found that the optimal silica content is 0.5-5% by weight of the humic concentrate, calcium humate and magnesium humate, while the surface area of the silica particles should be about 20 mg ² / g.

The indicated soil samples are used to study the life of typical soil microorganisms B. Subtilis and Azotobacter sp. It was established that humic concentrate and humates do not inhibit the growth and development of microorganisms, and in the presence of nutrients, their rapid development occurs. In general, a regularity was noted: if in the initial state the soil samples contained 10 ³ -10 ⁵ CFU / g of soil microorganisms, then by the time of soil maturation, that is, after 2 months there were 10 ⁶ -10 ⁷ CFU / g.

 Thus, in a soil with a high content of calcium and / or magnesium compounds, it is advisable to add activated humic concentrate, and in soils with a low content of calcium and / or magnesium compounds it is advisable to add humates of calcium and / or magnesium. In addition, it is advisable to add calcium humate to acidic soils, and magnesium humate to alkaline soils. It is advisable to carry out sowing seeds or planting plants 2 months after making humic substances.

Example 18
After the construction of the highway is completed, a significant area of natural soil is formed, represented mainly by light loam, on which there was no soil layer. In order to form a fertile soil layer with a thickness of 0.2-0.3 m, an 8% suspension of humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 1, is uniformly applied to the leveled plow surface by irrigation, at the rate of 1% concentrate by dry weight to the mass of the formed soil layer. Then produce surface treatment with a disk cultivator with preliminary introduction of lime flour at the rate of 0.3% by weight of the formed soil layer. After 2-3 months, the resulting layer of technogenic soil is plowed, cultivated and seeded with herbs, which leads to surface sodding. The degree of sodding in the first season of grass sowing is 94-96% of the cultivated area.

Example 19
On solonchak soils, the effectiveness of the use of humic concentrate is assessed to restore their fertility.

Saline soils are characterized by a high content of sulfates, chlorides and carbonates of magnesium, calcium and sodium (Na ⁺ - 0.6 g / kg of soil, Mg ⁺ - 3.8 g / kg of soil, Ca ⁺² - 4.6 g / kg of soil) . Soil pH is 8.8.

 In order to bind the excess salts and normalize the pH of the soil, an humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in Example 3, is added to it in the autumn period using the technique for applying fertilizers and their subsequent incorporation into the soil. In total, 3% of humic concentrate is added in terms of dry matter to the mass of soil. In the fall of next year, winter wheat is planted on a pilot plot of 1.5 ha. By the time of sowing wheat, the pH of the soil is 6.1.

 The effectiveness of the humic concentrate is evaluated by the grain yield in the processed and control, that is, untreated, areas. In the treated area, grain yield is 12.6 centners per hectare, and in the control plot 1.2 centners per hectare. That is, the crop increased 10.5 times.

Example 20
Experiments on the restoration of tropical soils and soils are carried out on the ancient ferruginous weathering crust (sandy loam and loamy granulometric composition). Humic concentrate, calcium humate (a mixture of humic concentrate with crushed limestone), a humic concentrate similar to that obtained in Example 3 with silicon dioxide (a mixture of activated humic concentrate with waste from a metallurgical plant), and calcium humate with silica are introduced into the studied soils. The content of humic concentrate and calcium humate is 1% in dry matter by weight of the soil (dry matter), and the content of silicon dioxide is 3% by weight of humic concentrate and calcium humate.

 The studied soils are placed in plastic columns with a diameter of 5 cm and a height of 30 cm. At the first stage, the pH and humidity of the samples were determined. At the second stage, superphosphate is added to the samples (based on the calculation of 50 kg of phosphate per hectare), after which water is poured and in the samples of water passing through the soil, the phosphorus content was determined.

 The results are presented in tables 22 and 23.

 As can be seen from table 22, the introduction of humic concentrate, calcium humate and silicon dioxide leads to the neutralization of the acid reaction of the samples and significantly increases their moisture capacity.

 As follows from table 23, the introduction of humic concentrate and calcium humate in the samples reduces the removal of phosphates by a maximum of 23-25%, and the introduction of humic concentrate or calcium humate in the samples with the addition of silica reduces the removal of phosphates by as much as 60%. This means that in the first case, fertilizer consumption can be reduced by 25%, and in the second - by 60%.

 When the samples are kept up to 2 months, an increase in their moisture capacity and an even more significant decrease in the removal of phosphates are observed, that is, a positive result from the application of the method increases.

Example 21
The soil in the greenhouse was used for 8 years for growing flowers and was a loose pulverized mass, abundant watering and large doses of fertilizers did not have a noticeable effect on its fertility. In order to restore properties and fertility, 100 grams of sand, 200 grams of loam and 30 grams of humic concentrate, similar to that obtained in example 2, (previously diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 1) are added to each kilogram of worked soil.

The mixture is kept for 10 days at a temperature of 19-22 ^o C, and then carry out its liming by mixing with a 10% lime solution at the rate of 10 g of solution per kilogram of soil. Then the mixture is kept at a positive temperature for 50 days. The total exposure time is 2 months.

 Seeds and cuttings of flowers are planted in the restored soil. It was established that the soil acquired a characteristic structure, optimal moisture capacity and restored its fertility. It was noted that plants grown on this soil were not susceptible to root rot disease without the use of any chemical plant protection products.

Example 22
The crushed green plant mass was placed in compost pits and treated by surface irrigation with a solution of humic concentrate, similarly to that obtained in Example 2 in an amount of 0.1 wt.% Of the amount of plant mass. In addition, options were laid where the green mass was treated with a solution of ammonium sulfate as a feed of microorganisms with ammonia nitrogen in an amount of 0.1 wt.% Of the amount of plant mass and calcium compounds, in particular ground limestone, were added to the green mass in an amount of 0.5 wt.%, and also options for the joint use of these reagents were laid.

Composting was carried out for 4 weeks at t = 20 ^o C. As a measure of the rate and precipitation of humification, the content of humic acids in the composted mass was determined. The results are presented in table 24.

 It was established that during composting of the plant mass treated with humic concentrate under natural conditions (in compost stacks laid on the soil), a large number of earthworms develop in the compost mass, while earthworms were not observed in the untreated plant mass.

 The results show that in the presence of humic concentrate, a greater amount of humic acids is formed, that is, in the process of composting, predominant humification, rather than mineralization of organic matter occurs.

Example 23
The sludge of a waterworks station containing 4% organic matter, 4% minerals, including 0.5% aluminum sulfate and 92% water, was dehydrated to a moisture content of 65-70%. After that, humic concentrate was added to the precipitate in an amount of from 0.01 to 10% (by dry matter in terms of dry matter of the precipitate).

 Assessment of the effect of humic concentrate on the properties of the sediment showed that already with a concentration of 0.05%, the properties of the precipitate sharply worsen: its connectivity, water capacity, and resistance to water erosion increase. When the content of humic concentrate exceeds 10%, almost all the properties of the precipitate are determined by the properties of the concentrate. That is, in the range from 0.05 to 10%, the humic concentrate effectively affects the physical and mechanical properties of the precipitate.

 The sediment treated with humic concentrate was introduced into sandy soil in an amount of 0.05 to 700% by weight of soil, which amounted to 1 to 14,000 tons per hectare. After that, in a sandy soil, in a sediment not treated with a humic concentrate, and in a soil into which a sediment treated with a humic concentrate was added, the content of mobile aluminum was determined and testing for germination of watercress seeds was carried out.

 Table 25 shows the results of the analyzes for the dose of treated sediments in the soil, equal to 2000 g / ha, that is, 100% by weight of the soil with the content of humic concentrate in the sediment of 0.05%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% .

 Thus, the treatment of sludge with activated humic concentrate allows it to be utilized as an additive in soils during their reclamation, as well as to improve the property of increasing soil fertility.

Claims (31)

 1. Humic concentrate from natural humites and caustobiolites of the coal series, containing humic acids, characterized in that it contains hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the starting humites and caustobiolites of the coal series, chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate.  2. The concentrate according to claim 1, characterized in that it is obtained electrochemically from salts of humic acids formed by extraction with an alkaline reagent of natural humites and caustobiolites of a carbon series, and contains hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the starting humites and caustobiolites of coal series chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate.  3. The concentrate according to claim 2, characterized in that it is obtained by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts of humic acids previously extracted with an alkaline reagent from natural humites and caustobiolites of a carbon series, carried out when an electric potential is established at the anode sufficient to discharge anions of humic acids, but lower than the discharge potential of hydroxyl ions, which ensures the formation on the surface of the anode of the target humic concentrate, continuously removed from the electrolysis zone.  4. The concentrate according to claim 3, characterized in that it contains about 0.5 - 27.0 wt.% Hydrated humic acids, about 0.5 - 27.0 wt.% Salts of humic acids, about 0.5 - 2 , 5 wt.% Mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobioliths, represented mainly by polymeric compounds of iron, aluminum, silicon, chemically associated with the humic acids contained, and water, the maximum amount of which is about 90 wt.%.  5. A method of producing a humic concentrate by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of salts of humic acids extracted with an alkaline reagent from natural humites and caustobiolites of a carbon series with the formation of the target product and its removal from the electrolyte, characterized in that said electrolysis is carried out in a single zone between the anode and cathode at the establishment on the anode of an electric potential sufficient for the discharge of anions of humic acids, but lower than the discharge potential of hydroxyl ions, with the formation of and the surface of the anode of the target humic concentrate containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the starting coal-type humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate, while the said concentrate is removed from the anode surface continuously.  6. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that they use an anode made of graphite.  7. The method according to claim 5, characterized in that they use an anode having a surface coating of ruthenium dioxide.  8. A device for the electrochemical production of a humic concentrate containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the starting coal-type humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate, comprising an electrolysis bath with an anode and a cathode connected to an electric current source, having inlet and outlet nozzles, characterized in that the cathode is a body of an electrolysis bath, made in the form of horizontal experimentally established cylindrical trough with end walls, and the anode is designed as a drum mounted coaxially with a gap in said trough rotatable about its longitudinal axis, the apparatus has a device for removing the desired product from the drum surface.  9. The device according to claim 8, characterized in that the device for removing the target product from the cylindrical surface of the drum is made in the form of a scraper installed with the ability to change the angle of contact with the surface of the drum.  10. Device for the electrochemical production of humic concentrate (options) containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobiolites, chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate, including an electrolysis bath with an anode and cathode connected to an electric current source having inlet and outlet nozzles, characterized in that it contains at least one cathode, which is an electric an oliza bath in the form of a horizontally mounted gutter with end walls, and at least one anode, which is made in the form of a disk mounted in the gutter with the possibility of rotation about its axis, while it has at least two devices for removing the target product from each end side.  11. The device according to claim 10, characterized in that each device for removing the target product from the end surface of the anode is a scraper installed with the ability to change the angle of its inclination relative to the corresponding end surface of the anode.  12. A device for the electrochemical production of a humic concentrate containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the starting coal-type humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with humic acids contained in a humic concentrate, including an electrolysis bath with an anode and cathode connected to an electric current source having inlet and outlet pipes, characterized in that the cathode is an electrolysis bath in the form of horizontally mounted of a cylindrical groove with end walls, and the anode is made in the form of a drum mounted coaxially with a gap in the said groove and made of an electrically conductive material of an endless horizontal conveyor, stretched onto the said drum using at least one tension roller mounted outside the electrolysis bath and in contact with the inner surface of the conveyor, while the device has at least one device for removing the target product from the surface of the endless trans Orter.  13. The device according to p. 12, characterized in that the said drum is mounted to rotate around its longitudinal axis.  14. The device according to p. 12, characterized in that the tension roller is mounted to rotate around its axis.  15. The device according to p. 12, characterized in that the device for removing the target product from the surface of the endless conveyor is made in the form of a scraper installed with the ability to change the angle of contact with the outer surface of the conveyor.  16. The method of purification of water from impurities, including the introduction of a reagent into the water, ensuring the binding of these impurities by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, subsequent sedimentation of water and removal of the formed precipitate, characterized in that the humic concentrate obtained by the electrochemical method is used as a reagent providing binding of impurities from natural humites and caustobioliths of a coal series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial humito c and coal caustobiolites chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate, in an amount of about 0.01-1.5% of the mass of purified water.  17. The method according to clause 16, characterized in that, together with or after introducing the said humic concentrate into the water, calcium hydroxide is introduced in the amount of 5-30% by weight of the introduced humic concentrate.  18. A method for dewatering viscous fluids by draining water from them, characterized in that about 0.1 to 3.0 wt.% Of a humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and caustobioliths of a carbon series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate, and about 1 to 30 wt.% at least it least one pulverized natural material selected from the group consisting of calcium-containing, magnesium-containing minerals and rocks.  19. The method according to p. 18, characterized in that as a natural material use dolomite, limestone.  20. The method of detoxification of organic compounds by binding them to organic materials, characterized in that the organic materials used are humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural coal-type humites and caustobiolites and containing hydrated humic acids, humic acid salts and mineral components of the starting humites and caustobiolites coal series chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate.  21. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that a humic concentrate is used, into which microdoses of water-soluble compounds of metals of variable valency are previously introduced.  22. The method according to claim 20, characterized in that the humic concentrate is used in an amount of about 0.1-10.0% by weight of the processed material contaminated with organic compounds.  23. A method for the disposal of wastewater sludge, including dehydration, characterized in that a humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and carbon caustobiolites containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the original humites is introduced into the dehydrated sewage sludge coal series caustobioliths chemically associated with humic acids contained in an amount of about 0.5 - 10.0% by weight of the dehydrated sewage sludge, after which The mass together with household and / or industrial waste is stored in layers, with each layer of the resulting mass placed on top of each layer of household and / or industrial named waste.  24. The method according to item 23, wherein the first and last stored layers are formed from the resulting mass of sewage sludge and the named humic concentrate.  25. A method of creating soils from natural and artificial soils and restoring the properties and fertility of degraded soils by introducing organic materials containing humic acids into said soils and soils, characterized in that humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and coal series caustobioliths and containing hydrated humic acids, humic acid salts and mineral components of the initial coal humites and caustobiolites number of chemically bound to the humic concentrate contained in humic acids.  26. The method according A.25, characterized in that after making the named humic concentrate in the soil and soil contribute calcium, magnesium and silicon-containing substances.  27. The method according to p. 26, characterized in that the said humic concentrate is introduced into the named soils and soils in the form of a mixture with calcium-, magnesium-containing substances, after which silicon-containing substances are introduced into the soils and soils.  28. The method according to item 27, wherein the chalk-containing material is chalk, marl, limestone, gypsum, lime.  29. The method according to PP. 27 and 28, characterized in that dolomite, magnesite, magnesium lime are used as the magnesium-containing material. 30. The method according to clause 29, wherein amorphous silicon dioxide having a specific surface area of at least 20 m ² per 1 g of said material is used as the silicon-containing material. 31. A method of composting organic waste, including the introduction of organic material containing humic acids and minerals with stirring into organic waste, composting the resulting mixture under conditions of aeration to obtain organic fertilizer, characterized in that the humic concentrate obtained as an organic material is used electrochemically from natural humites and caustobiolites of the coal series and containing hydrated humic acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate,
32. The method of disposal of sludge from tap water, including dehydration, characterized in that about 0.05-10.0 wt.% Humic concentrate obtained electrochemically from natural humites and caustobioliths of a carbon series and containing hydrated humic is introduced into the dehydrated sludge from tap water acids, salts of humic acids and mineral components of the initial coal-type humites and caustobiolites chemically associated with humic acids contained in the humic concentrate, after which the resulting product in Carry in soil and / or soil and restore properties and increase soil and soil fertility.

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