RU2002077C1 - Method and apparatus for neutralizing exhaust gases of internal combustion engine - Google Patents

Description

device, since a special water supply and evaporation system is required to dissipate this energy. This limits the performance of the known device.

The purpose of the invention is to improve performance.

The goal is achieved in that the device for implementing the method of neutralizing exhaust gases, comprising a housing, a chamber in it, a catalyst coating, channels for introducing and removing exhaust gases, according to the invention is provided with a partially located in the chamber and coaxial pipe, the channel in which the chamber communicates with the environment , the chamber is stepped in the form of a body of revolution, wherein the exhaust gas inlet channel is formed tangentially to the chamber having the largest diameter. As a result, the exhaust gases expand in the tangential channel, accelerate in it, lowering their pressure and temperature. The exhaust gases are twisted in a flat annular chamber, forming a flat vortex flow, which continues to expand in this chamber as it moves from the periphery to the center - towards the drain into the combustion chamber of the converter. In the same direction, the static pressure and swirl density of the exhaust gases continue to decrease. In this case, the flat annular chamber damps the fluctuations in the static pressure of the exhaust gases caused by the periodic operation of the ICE cylinders. The vortex nature of the flow creates centrifugal forces acting on the gaseous, liquid and solid components of the exhaust gases. The composition of the exhaust gases includes substances that were not involved in combustion, products of complete and incomplete combustion of fuel, lead compounds, lead and nitrogen oxides, among them toxic components - nitrogen oxides N0 and NOx. carbon monoxide CO, aldehydes, non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons, carcinogenic hydrocarbon - benzpyrene, sulfur dioxide S02. soot and resin. Under the action of centrifugal force, particles and molecules of significant mass are thrown to the periphery of the annular chamber, forming a continuously circulating annular layer in a medium of carbon dioxide and traces of oxygen. A decrease in gas pressure and temperature causes the process of condensation of water vapor (with the release of heat) on the condensation cores - on hot mechanical particles, including soot. As a result, carbon dioxide and water vapor

react with carbon, gasify it:

-

С + Н20 "- СО + Н2 - Q

С - С02 "- 2СО - Q

At the same time, in the process of thermal decomposition, complex hydrocarbons are decomposed into hydrogen and simple hydrocarbons. Residual oxygen oxidizes carbon and hydrogen.

A pulsating vortex field grinds mechanical particles of soot, tar, coke, etc. to the smallest particles that can already be carried out to the center of the chamber and. despite the condensation of moisture on them during this movement, into the combustion chamber of the converter. The grinding of mechanical particles accelerates the process of gasification of carbon, the decomposition of complex hydrocarbons and the combustion process in the combustion chamber. Complete and incomplete combustion products, thermal decomposition products, such as H2. NZO. CH4, CsH / j, NO. With. having a relatively small molecular weight, they are removed from the periphery of the annular chamber to the center - to the drain into the combustion chamber of the converter. In this case, the trajectory of motion of these gases depends on the molecular

weight, which leads to intensive mixing between them. The presence of hydrogen and carbon monoxide, the lowered temperature of the gases determine the course of the chemical reaction of reduction

nitrogen from nitric oxide N0 with the formation of carbon dioxide CO2, ammonia and water H20, i.e. a decrease in the concentration of nitric oxide and carbon in the exhaust gases:

40

2NO + 2CO "- N2 + 2C02 + Q

2ND + 5H2 - 2NHa + 2H20 + Q The heat generation causes further expansion of exhaust gases and acceleration of the vortex flow. Swirl flow

outflowing into the combustion chamber, under the action of centrifugal force, creates a vacuum, the maximum value of which is achieved in the lriaxial zone of the combustion chamber. Vacuum sucks the surrounding

the medium into the combustion chamber, and centrifugal force casts carbon dioxide and ambient oxygen to the periphery of the combustion chamber. As a result, oxygen is intensively mixed with all components of the exhaust gases entering the combustion chamber of the converter. This ensures the rapid oxidation of products of incomplete combustion (H2, CO, CxHx, MH3) and the smallest mechanical particles with the release of heat and further expansion of exhaust gases (acceleration of the vortex flow). Significant centrifugal forces discard unburned mechanical particles on the periphery of the combustion chamber and the filter that traps them. Since unburned particles make up a small part of what enters the neutralizer, the filter is filled very slowly with impurities, which increases its service life. As a result of all this, the concentration of toxic substances such as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, aldehydes, non-carcinogenic hydrocarbons, soot, carcinogenic hydrocarbon - benzpyrene, in the exhaust gases is significantly reduced. The absence of soot emission increases the fire safety of the internal combustion engine, and the suction of the ambient air into the converter provides cooling of the exhaust gases to the required level. Moreover, the noise level is reduced both by using the energy of hot exhaust gases to suck the environment and cool the exhaust gases by the suction medium, and by intensively condensing the moisture of the exhaust gases and the environment (fog formation), as well as by slowing the flow through a curved diffuser . As a result, there is no need for a silencer. In this case, the suction flow of the environment can be used to cool both the radiator and the engine itself, if they are placed in front of the environmental input channel into the converter. The ICE scheme is simplified - there is no need for a cooling fan; for ICE cooling, it is not the ICE energy that is used, but the exhaust gas energy, which is determined by the pressure and temperature of the exhaust gases, the energy of unburned fuel residues and products of incomplete combustion, and the heat of vaporization of water vapor. All this energy in known devices is lost irretrievably - both in the silencer and in the neutralizer.

In addition, tangential channels are made in the pipe, which communicate the environmental input channel with the device chamber. As a result of this, the ambient oxygen necessary to oxidize the intermediate combustion products entering the combustion chamber of the neutralizer is supplied at the very beginning of the combustion chamber. The rest, a significant part of the environment enters the part of the combustion chamber where the oxidation process ends. This part of the environment cools the exhaust gases coming from the combustion chamber to the removal channel. The exhaust gas removal channel is tangential to the chamber of the device.

As a result, the vortex of the exhaust gases is converted into a linear stream, which reduces the energy loss for transporting the exhaust gases to the atmosphere and the resistance of the flow path of the neutralizer, since the vortex flow does not transform into a vortex stream of a smaller cross section.

In addition, the device is equipped with an additional annular chamber, coaxial

5 camera device connected to it by a slit channel and located on the periphery of the first,

As a result of the separation of the components of the exhaust gases, part of the components by centrifugal force is diverted through the channel into the chamber of their localization - into an additional annular chamber. Here they circulate until they are crushed, oxidized and cleaved, and then displaced by carbon dioxide into a ring-shaped chamber.

A specific implementation of the claimed method is given below by the example of devices implementing the method.

0 in FIG. 1 schematically shows a device, a longitudinal section; figure 2 is a section aa in figure 1; in Fig. 3 - a device with tangential channels in the pipe, a cross section; figure 4 - device with

5 step combustion chamber; figure 5 - filter catcher in the combustion chamber; Fig. b shows a combustion chamber with an additional stepwise chamber for collecting mechanical particles; Fig. 7 is a variant of an additional step chamber; Fig. 8 shows a device with an inclined vortex flow acceleration chamber; Fig. 9 shows a device with a tangential exhaust gas removal channel; Fig. 10 shows a channel for removing exhaust gases with a curved diffuser; figure 11 - step diffuser with pipe; in FIG. 12 - device with an additional annular camera; in FIG. 13 - a device with an annular chamber0 catcher; in FIG. 14 - annular chamber-catcher of circular cross section; Fig. 15 illustrates a flat supported catalyst coating device; Fig.16 is a device with a catcher.

5. The device comprises a housing 1 with a chamber 2, an exhaust (exhaust) gas input channel 3, an exhaust gas removal channel 4 from the device, an environment (air) input channel 5. The housing 1 is made of heat-resistant materials and has thermal insulation that reduces heat loss to the environment. The chamber 2 has the shape of a body of revolution and consists of two chambers of different diameters — chambers 6 of diameter D and chamber 7 of diameter d, while D is significantly (several times) larger than d. The chamber 6 is formed by a lateral surface 8 and end surfaces 9,10. The chamber 7 has a side surface 11, which is mated to the end surface 10 by means of a curved surface 12. In the chamber 2 there is a nozzle 13. in which a channel 5 is made, which communicates the chamber 2 with the environment. Tangentially to the side surface 8 are made one, two or more channels 3 of the input of exhaust gases. The chamber 7 is connected to the atmosphere by a channel 4 and is designed to oxidize the components of the exhaust gases and cool these gases before being discharged into the atmosphere. Cameras 6.7. channels 4,5 are aligned with each other. In this case, channel 3 can be made of constant cross-section (cylindrical, square, rectangular or other hole) or in the form of a narrowing nozzle (profiled channel) 14, which provides acceleration of exhaust gases to sound speed with minimal energy loss. Channel 5 can be made of constant cross-section or in the form of a tapering nozzle, which ensures the maximum consumption of the sucked-in environment (air) with minimal energy loss. Chamber b is designed to form a flat vortex of exhaust gases, to accelerate this vortex flow as it moves from the periphery to the center to the drain to chamber 7, and also to carry out the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides with carbon monoxide and hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst. In order to accelerate the process of thermal decomposition of complex hydrocarbons and the oxidation of carbon by carbon dioxide, the peripheral parts of the end surfaces 9 and 10 are coated with a catalyst, for example, based on aluminosilicates. To accelerate the chemical reaction of the reduction of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen, the rest of the surfaces 9 and 10 are coated with a catalyst, for example, IR-12-4 oxide. To accelerate the chemical reaction of the oxidation of carbon monoxide with atmospheric oxygen, surface 11 is coated with a catalyst, for example, based on a mixture of manganese dioxide and copper oxide.

The device operates as follows.

The exhaust gases are accelerated in the channels 3, swirl in the chamber 6 and form a flat vortex flow, which continues to accelerate in the chamber 6, the degree of acceleration is determined by the ratio D / d. The resulting centrifugal force casts particles of significant mass onto the periphery of the chamber 6 to the side surface 8, creating a circulating annular layer of them. A pulsating vortex flow, traces of oxygen, a significant gas temperature and concentration of carbon dioxide, the presence of HgO, a significant difference in the molecular weights of the gas and the mass1 of mechanical particles cause intensive particle size reduction, thermal decomposition of complex hydrocarbons and oxidation of carbon (soot, oil, coke) carbon dioxide CO2. Light products, such as CO, H20, Na, CH, CrH / i, are quickly removed from the periphery of chamber 6 into the combustion chamber 7, while crossing the vortex flow of nitrogen oxides N0 and reducing them to nitrogen to form NgO. ammonia LNZ and CO2. Intermediate products of combustion, such as CO, I2, CC, are intensively mixed in the chamber 7 with the oxygen of the air drawn in through the channel 5. The air is sucked in by the vacuum created by the vortex flow in chamber 7. Excess oxygen causes the rapid combustion of intermediate combustion products and the smallest particles coming from chamber 6, while oxygen penetrates all combustible gases (under the action of centrifugal force), and carbon dioxide CO2 is thrown off the periphery of the chamber 7, thermally insulating the combustion zone, and the light product of combustion - H20 is removed from the periphery towards the center of the chamber 7. A significant amount of intake air allows cooling the exhaust gases, after stupid from chamber 7 through channel 4 into the atmosphere. The work of suctioning air and maintaining the vortex flow, as well as cooling the exhaust gases reduce the sound power of these gases.

Execution is possible when tangential channels 15 are made in the pipe 13, communicating the cavity of the channel 5 with the periphery of the combustion chamber 7 and supplying the required amount of oxygen to the combustion chamber 7. The main part of the air sucked in through the channel 5 is supplied to the area of the chamber 7, where the combustion ends. This provides further oxidation of the components and cooling of the exhaust gases in channel 4.

In this case, the device operates as described.

It is possible that the combustion chamber 7 is provided with a channel 4, the diameter of which is substantially smaller than the diameter d of the chamber 7. Thereby, the axial component of the vortex flow velocity is reduced and the duration of the intermediate combustion products in the chamber 7 is increased. This ensures the most complete combustion of these products. In this case, the device operates as described.

It is possible to perform when a filter 16 is located in the chamber 7 in its end zone, which traps unburned mechanical particles and heavy hydrocarbons, including carcinogenic components. In this case, ycipoucrBO works in the same way as described except that the filter b catches pollution, not - Songs r chamber 7, those. a small fraction of those that enter the device with exhaust

It is possible that the camera 7 is equipped with an annular camera 17, connected to camera 7, with a diameter much larger than the camera 7. On the periphery of the camera 17, a filter 18 may be located. In the event of a case, the device operates similarly to the one described except that mechanical particles and hydrocarbons of significant molecular weight are discarded by centrifugal force on the periphery of the caper 17, where they burn out, are circulated through the chamber 17, or are captured by the filter 18.

It is possible that the camera 17 is equipped with a fuser 19, which converts the tangent component of the velocity of the vortex flow to the psyche component and reduces the resistance of the flow part. In this case, the device operates as described.

Possible execution when the vortex flow acceleration chamber is made oblique and is formed by conical surfaces 20 and 21. As a result of this, centrifugal forces press particles of significant mass to the surface 20, which has a coating of catalysts. The lightweight products of the thermal cleavage process and chemical reaction are displaced from the periphery of chamber b to the center, allowing reacting components (carbon black, complex hydrocarbons, nitric oxide N0, carbon dioxide COz) to reach the catalyst. In this case, the device operates as described.

Possible execution when the exhaust gas removal channel is tangentially made to the chamber 7 in the form of a constant-section opening or an axisymmetric diffuser 22, which slows down the exhaust gas flow. As a result, the vortex flow is converted to a linear one, which reduces energy losses in the future.

transporting it to the atmosphere, since the force of normal pressure on the walls decreases. In this case, the device operates in the same way as described except that the vortex flow is converted to linear.

Execution is possible when the exhaust gas removal channel is made with a curved diffuser 23, which slows down the flow of exhaust gases and reduces the noise level. In this case, the device operates as described.

Possible execution, when the diffuser 22 is equipped with a pipe 24, providing equalization of the speed of the exhaust gases

0 cross-section and noise-reducing. In this case, the device operates as described.

Possible execution when the device comprises a chamber 7, an annular chamber 5 and a tangential channel 25 in the form of a constant section opening or a diffuser. An annular chamber 17 picks up components with significant mass. In this case, the device operates similarly to that described except that particles of significant mass are captured in chamber 17, where they circulate and oxidize as they are ground during the circulation process.

5 It is possible to design a device with a camera-trap 26 in the housing 1. The camera 26 is an annular camera, coaxial to the camera 6, located on the periphery of the camera 6 and in communication with the camera 6

0 channel 27. Channel 27 may be horizontal or inclined in the form of a slit connecting the chamber 6 with the camera 26 around the perimeter of the chamber 6, channel 27 is designed to remove mechanical particles and

5 other components of the exhaust gases from the chamber 6 to the chamber 26. To intensify the removal process, the chamber 6 is made with an inclined lateral surface 28, which creates a new force acting on the components - a vertical silus with a downward direction. Under the influence of this force, gravity and centrifugal force, the components of gases of a certain mass are removed into the chamber 26, where they continuously circulate until

5 until they are crushed, cleaved and oxidized, and the products of these operations are not forced out into chamber 6 and then chamber 7 by carbon dioxide having the largest molecular weight of all the gases in chamber b. In this case, the device works.

similar to that described except that the grinding, splitting and oxidation operations are carried out in chamber 26, where the tangential and radial components of the vortex flow velocity are substantially lower. The chamber 26 provides neutralization of exhaust gases from the very beginning of the operation of the internal combustion engine.

Possible execution, when the chamber 26 has a catalyst coating or media coated with a catalyst. In this case, the device operates as described.

Possible execution, when the camera 26 has a cross section in the form of a circle, which ensures the creation of a vortex in the cross section of the camera 26 and the intense impact on the components in the camera 26. In this case, the device operates similarly to that described.

It is possible that the chamber 6 is filled with thin washers 29, coated on both sides with a catalyst and installed with a gap 30 relative to each other and the housing 1. The area of the active surface of the catalyst increases sharply, only slightly increasing the hydraulic resistance of the device. As a result of this, the reduction reaction of nitrogen oxides begins simultaneously with the start of engine operation, since the washers 29 practically do not cool the exhaust gas due to their low mass, and the rate of the reduction reaction increases significantly. In this case, the device

melts similarly to that described except that the rate of reduction of nitrogen oxides increases, the reaction begins simultaneously with the operation of the engine.

It is possible to implement the device when the trap chamber 26 is equipped with a porous trap 31 of mechanical particles and complex hydrocarbons - soot, smoa, lead and its compounds, aldehydes, benzpyrene, etc. The catcher 31 is made in the form of a ring and is installed on the periphery of the chamber 26 with the possibility of removing and replacing it. The temperature in chamber 26 is high (400, .. 500 ° C), the excess of carbon dioxide and the significant exhaust gas velocity in chamber 26 cause thermal decomposition of 5 complex hydrocarbons, carbon oxidation by carbon dioxide, and grinding of mechanical particles. In this case, the device operates in the same way as described except that resin, lead and its compounds, non-irene and partially soot are trapped by the catcher 31 from the moment the engine starts to work, and then, as the engine and the device warm up, thermal decomposition of complex hydrocarbons occurs, carbon oxidation and grinding of mechanical particles by vortex flow. The light products of these operations are displaced with carbon dioxide into chamber 6 and to the chamber 7.

(56) Copyright certificate of the USSR No. 1188343.cl. F 01 N 3/08, 1985.

Claims (8)

The claims ,1. A method for neutralizing exhaust gases of a predominantly internal combustion engine by supplying exhaust gases to the chamber, separating them, cooling with a working medium and catalytic purification in the chamber and subsequently discharging the exhaust gases into the atmosphere, characterized in that, in order to increase efficiency, the exhaust gases are fed tangentially into the chamber , before being released into the atmosphere, the gases are sent to an additional chamber, the latter is supplied with air at the same time, and air is used as a cooling medium. 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the exhaust gases after the additional chamber are localized in the auxiliary chamber before being discharged into the atmosphere. 3. A method according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the exhaust gases are localized around the periphery of the auxiliary chamber. 4. A method according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the air is supplied directly to exhaust gases. 5. A device for neutralizing exhaust gases of a predominantly internal combustion engine, comprising a housing with a chamber and a catalyst, inlet and outlet nozzles, characterized in that, in order to increase efficiency, it is provided with an air supply nozzle installed coaxially with the chamber partially placed therein and associated with the atmosphere, the chamber is made stepwise. in the form of a body of revolution, the inlet pipe is tangentially connected to a stage of a larger diameter. 6. The device according to claim 5, characterized in that tangential inlet channels are made in the air supply pipe. 7. The device according to claims 5 and 6, characterized in that the exhaust pipe is made coaxially with the stepped chamber, and clicks tangential. blue with the stepped chamber, and 8. The device according to claims 5-7, characterized by a channel connecting the chambers. that it is additionally provided with itself, an auxiliary chamber made g jua  / U gz vfl Ј G. / x / i-V-M  .f3j {AJ d 3. Phi. / Fig.Z & and.Ј coaxially with the stepped chamber, and slit with the stepped chamber, and  a channel connecting the cameras to each other, Aa I AM - FIG. 6 & ypf LLQZQOZ i. Ot