RU131762U1 - SPOON-LAYING BUILDING UNIT (OPTIONS) - Google Patents

Abstract

1. The building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while at least two vertical holes are arranged in series along the spoon face, at least one of which is a through vertical hole, the longitudinal axis of each of which is perpendicular to the plane of the bed face, and at least one recess is formed on the butt faces perpendicular to the bed faces ka for the formation during masonry together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, characterized in that on one spoon side, the rectangular parallelepiped is made with one spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate, which is connected by at least two jumpers to a part of this parallelepiped forming another a spoon face in which said through holes are made, wherein recesses on the bonded faces are formed between the plate, one of the jumpers, and part of a rectangular parallelepiped forming another spoon face, and protrusions made along the spoon faces are made on the lintels. 2. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the thickness of the plate, jumpers and walls that define the through holes in the rectangular box is the same. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the through holes are made identical in shape in plan. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least two recesses on the bonded face are symmetrical

Description

The utility model relates to the field of construction, namely to the construction of building blocks or bricks with voids of various geometric shapes and masonry from them, and can be used in the construction of external load-bearing walls of buildings and structures up to three floors high.

A known building block with through vertical voids of rectangular cross section, in which heat-insulating liners are installed (RU 2352733, publ. 04.20.2009).

The presence of through holes in the building block provides a sufficiently high percentage of voidness, which allows the block to perform both structural and heat-insulating functions in the outer walls of buildings, leading to a reduction in energy consumption for heating buildings. However, the arrangement of the rows of through holes of such a building block causes its increased thermal conductivity in both the poke and spoon directions of the heat flow, and reduces the thermal properties of the building block in the outer walls of buildings and structures.

A known building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed faces, provided with at least one through vertical hole, at least two recesses are formed perpendicular to the bed faces on each of the poke faces made with the possibility of formation during masonry together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes (RU 120115, E04C 1/00, publ. 09/10/2012). This decision was made as a prototype.

This building block due to the creation of a sufficiently large number of through holes in it has an increased percentage of voidness, which allows to reduce the thermal conductivity and increase the heat efficiency of the building block and the outer walls of buildings and structures from such building blocks. These voids can be considered as channels for laying engineering communications or power elements of wall reinforcement. This is due to the fact that the location of the holes in the building block is optimized, which makes it possible to combine the hole of one with the hole lower or upper located with an offset of another brick (building block) when laying in 1/2 or 2/3 of the brick. The technology for the production of hollow building blocks provides the ability to obtain dimensional blocks with large voids. This allows, while ensuring sufficient bearing capacity, to significantly reduce the weight of the block. The block itself is quite large (for example, two standard bricks in length). In this regard, the channels have a sufficiently large cross section, which sometimes exceeds the transverse dimensions of the insulation or liner. When placing a hollow insert of a small transverse dimension, the latter does not have a stable height position, which creates difficulties when laying and pulling cables. It is not always necessary that the reinforcing pillar laid in the channel be the size of this channel. But such a reinforcing element must have support against the channel wall, which is difficult to ensure if the dimensions of the channel and the reinforcing element do not match.

The technical result of the utility model is to increase the operational properties of a building block when laying masonry from such building blocks by optimizing their voidness for organizing vertically oriented channels in the wall when laying masonry for laying communications and / or for insulating masonry with heat-insulating rigid and / or bulk materials and / or for subsequent hardening of masonry with reinforcing elements, including by creating, in part of the vertical channels, a monolithic equal strength reinforced concrete structure uctions.

The specified technical result is achieved by the fact that in the building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while at least two vertical holes are arranged in the block, arranged consecutively along the spoon face, at least one of which is a through vertical hole, the longitudinal axis of each of which is perpendicular to the plane of the bed side, and on the bonded faces perpendicular to at least one recess for forming during laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes is formed, on one spoon side, the rectangular parallelepiped is made with one spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate, which is connected to at least two jumpers with a part this parallelepiped, forming another spoon face, in which said through holes are made, while the recesses on the bonded faces are formed between in plate of one of the webs and a part of a rectangular parallelepiped, which forms the other face a stretcher, and on the webs provided with protrusions directed along the stretcher faces.

The specified technical result is also achieved by the fact that in the building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while in the block vertically oriented holes are arranged consecutively along the spoon face, at least , one of which is a through vertical hole, the longitudinal axis of each of which is perpendicular to the plane of the bed face, and on the bonded faces perpendicular to recesses are formed to the remaining faces for the formation of masonry together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, one spoon side of a rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate, the other spoon side of a rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon side formed by a part of this parallelepiped, in which through holes are made, and between the plate and the part of the rectangular parallelepiped forming th stretcher face is connected to two additional webs portion repeating design portion of a rectangular parallelepiped, wherein the through holes, wherein the protrusions on the webs directed along the stretcher faces.

The specified technical result is also achieved by the fact that in the building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while at least one through hole is made in the block, the longitudinal axis of which perpendicular to the plane of the bed face, and recesses are formed on the bonded faces perpendicular to the bed faces to form additional masonry along with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block vertical holes, on each spoon side, the rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate, which is connected by at least two jumpers to the central part of this box, in which the specified through hole is made, while the recesses on the butt faces are formed between the plates, one from the jumpers and the central part of the rectangular parallelepiped, and on at least part of the jumpers made ledges directed along the spoon faces.

These features are significant and are interconnected with the formation of a stable set of essential features sufficient to obtain the desired technical result.

This useful model is illustrated by specific examples of execution, which, however, are not the only possible ones, but clearly demonstrate the possibility of achieving the desired technical result.

Figure 1 shows a General view of the building block, the first example of execution;

figure 2 - shows a General view of a building block, a second example of execution;

figure 3 - shows a General view of a building block, a third example of execution;

figure 4 - shows a General view of the building block, the fourth example of execution;

figure 5 - shows a General view of the building block, the fifth example of execution;

6 is a General view of a building block, a sixth embodiment;

Fig.7 - spoon masonry of the building blocks of Fig.4, a view from the side of the bed faces;

Fig. 8 shows a general view of a building block, a seventh embodiment;

Fig.9 - shows a General view of the building block, the eighth embodiment.

According to this utility model, the construction of a building block or brick with voids for spoon masonry is considered, which is a rectangular parallelepiped 1 in shape with two spoon 2, two butt 3 and two 4 bed faces. All faces of such a building block are made flat. In such a block, at least two vertical through holes 5 are made of square or rectangular or plan shape. The holes can be all through or at least one of them is a through vertical hole. Some of the holes can be made blind, that is, have a bottom. When masonry, two adjacent building blocks can be joined to each other both along the butt faces, and along the butt edge of one building block and along the spoon edge of the other building block.

At least two vertical through holes 5 are arranged in series along the spoon face, the longitudinal axis of each of which is perpendicular to the plane of the bed face. Through holes can be made identical in shape in plan. The through vertical hole may have in the cross section the shape of a triangle, or rectangle, or a polyhedron, either in the shape of a circle or in the shape of an ellipse. The walls of the through vertical hole can be made convex or the corners in the through vertical hole are rounded.

At least one recess 6 is formed on each of the bonded faces perpendicular to the bed faces to form an additional vertical hole 7. Together with the corresponding recess of the neighboring block, the recesses are in the form of a half cylinder or triangular prism. At least two recesses on the bonded edge are located symmetrically with respect to the symmetry plane of the block crossing the spoon edges, and are configured to form an additional vertical hole when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block. At least one of the recesses on the bonded face is made through with the possibility of forming, when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block, an additional vertical through hole.

Figures 1 and 3 show a first embodiment of a building block in which a rectangular parallelepiped 1 is made on one spoon side with one spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate 8, which is connected by at least two jumpers 9 to a part 10 of this parallelepiped forming another spoon face in which these through holes are made. In this block, recesses 6 on the bonded faces are formed between the plate 8, one of the jumpers 9 and the wall of the rectangular parallelepiped portion 10 forming another spoon face.

As shown in figures 1 and 3, the thickness of the plate, jumpers and walls that define the through holes in the rectangular box can be made the same. In the same building block of FIGS. 4 and 6, where examples of improvements of the blocks of FIGS. 1 and 3 are shown, the jumpers and the wall between the through holes can be made thicker than the thickness of other walls in a rectangular parallelepiped. The implementation of the building block with walls of different thicknesses provides the block with the corresponding bearing capacity.

Such a block is lightweight in comparison with the blocks of the prototype, since the solidity of the block is excluded and part of its design is replaced by a plate 8, which is made thick enough to form a spoon face and the bearing capacity of the block. The thickness of the plate 8 may be equal to the thickness of any of the walls in the block or be larger. The plate 8 of the building block in the spoon masonry can be both inside the building and located outside the wall.

A feature of this building block is that on the jumpers there are protrusions 11 directed along the spoon faces. These protrusions divide the cavity of the recess 6 and the cavity 12 between the jumpers into two sections (parts). These protrusions can be supports for placed in the cavity of the sections of equipment. These protrusions have the same shape of a triangle, or rectangle, or half of a polyhedron, either in the shape of a semicircle or in the shape of a semi-ellipse.

Another feature of the building block is that its voids (through holes 5, cavity 12 and recesses 6) are designed to form vertical channels in the masonry (Fig. 7), while such channels can have a length or height equal to the height of the wall.

In this regard, some optimization requirements must be presented to the shape of the holes in the plan and their location to the body of the building block with respect to the poke and spoon faces. Only with an optimized arrangement, such openings with direct or offset laying 1/2 or 2/3 steps allow the formation of vertically oriented channels. Through holes are positioned so that their longitudinal axis is perpendicular to the plane of the bed side. In addition, the through holes in the building block must be made identical in shape in plan.

When spoon masonry, building blocks in a row can be joined by jagged edges (Fig.7) by tight fit to each other. Since a building block manufactured by the technology of brick or concrete (foam-concrete) block production by casting, vibro-casting, vibrocompressing or extrusion methods does not have perfectly aligned flat surfaces, then between the building blocks with butt connection in a row, gaps “c” are formed between the butt faces ". These gaps “c” may be the place of introduction of the mortar, called a seam with a thickness of 8-15 mm (usually 9-12 mm) (article “Types of masonry”, posted on the Internet in online access at: http: // works.tarefer.ru/82/100076/index.html), but can be the result of roughnesses or non-planarities of the matrix on the faces, including as a result of mechanical wear (GOST 6133-99 "Concrete wall stones. Technical conditions" allows lateral deviation and end faces from perpendicularity, not more than 2 mm) or burr, resulting in Because of these roughnesses, the blocks cannot exactly touch each other with their pokes. But this gap “c” is enough for the introduction of the adhesive composition, which provides adhesion on the adhesion materials of the building block and provides a rigid connection of the blocks in a row.

In the spoon masonry in each successive row, each building block may be placed above the building block of the previous row or the building blocks in each subsequent row may be placed with an offset relative to the previous row. This allows you to form vertical channels when combining the through holes of the building blocks in stacked one on one rows, as shown in Fig.7. These features make it possible to form masonry with offset building blocks in each row so that there is a coincidence of the axial position of the through holes and the row organization of the through vertically oriented channels.

This allows, for example, not to use the adhesive composition for fixing the blocks between the rows. For example, for the case when part of the vertical channels (for example, one through hole in each block) is filled with a curing mortar or a curing compound, for example, mortar for joints or mounting foam or other composition that, after crystallization, becomes stiff and retains its bulk shape.

During the laying process, through holes in building blocks and through holes formed by recesses 6 and cavities 12 can be formed into integrally connected vertical rows in the form of defined geometric posts over the entire height of the wall. These holes can be used to backfill bulk insulation 13: expanded clay, vermiculite, chips of foam glass, polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, expanded polystyrene, etc., or to strengthen masonry with reinforcing elements of the 14th type of reinforcing ligaments. The connection of building blocks between the rows can be performed by installing a reinforcing element (made of metal and / or composite material) in a vertical channel and filled with concrete with a height greater than the height of one building block.

These channels can be used for laying communications - electrical wiring, pipes, telephone cables, etc. The purpose of these channels can be taken into account in the design and construction of the building (for example, there is no need for the subsequent operation of “punching” the walls under the hidden wiring of communications in the wall, which is laid during the construction of the wall).

Thin-walled liners 15 can be installed in the holes (for example, of wood, metal, plastic, reinforced concrete, etc., of heat-insulating material) (Fig. 7). The insert has a multifunctional purpose for spoon masonry when using building blocks. The liner can be power, that is, to hold the load, and thereby be an element of fastening blocks between rows. The insert may be a channel for laying communications. The insert may be filled with bulk insulation. In addition, the liner may be an element of the formation of masonry. For example, when using a liner 15 with a height equal, for example, to the height of a building block, when laying the first row of blocks on the bottom, a pillow is placed inside the hole (made of mortar or specially made of wood or other material with rigidity and the ability to carry a load). Then on the pillow inside the hole lay the first liner 15, which protrudes above the level of the bed side of the building block. In the next row, another building block is put on the protruding part of the liner 15 and positions this block in relation to the hole. Next, the operation of installing the liner one on top of another is repeated with increasing row masonry.

Since the building block has sufficiently developed dimensions (for example, it can be equal to two bricks in length), in such blocks through holes for relief have sufficiently large voids, which require a large consumption of building mixture or concrete or aggregate to fill. In addition, the reinforcing element must also have a developed structure to ensure filling of the channel. This leads to increased consumption of expensive materials. In this regard, the use of the protrusions 11 on the walls of the partitions allows you to divide the cavity of the through hole into two zones, one of which can be used to place the reinforcing element 14 (for example, a bundle of reinforcing bars), and the other part of the same through hole can be used to install the liner 15 or insulation 13, as shown in Fig.7. Thus, the through hole cavity is fully utilized while minimizing material consumption.

Figure 2 and 5 shows an embodiment of the building block of figure 1 and 4 for spoon masonry. In this block, which is based on a rectangular parallelepiped, there are also spoon, poke and bed flat faces.

In this block, one spoon side of a rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate 8, the other spoon side of a rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon face formed by part 10 of this parallelepiped, in which through holes are made 5. And between the plate 8 and part 10 of a rectangular a parallelepiped forming another spoon face, an additional part 16 connected to them by jumpers is located, repeating the design of the rectangular parallel part 10 elepipeda.

At the same time, at least part of the jumpers are made of protrusions directed along the spoon faces. And on the bump faces of such a block, perpendicular to the bed faces, recesses are formed to form additional vertical holes when laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block.

On Fig and 9 shows new versions of the building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped, with spoon, poke and bed flat faces. On the bonder faces perpendicular to the bed faces, recesses are formed to form additional vertical holes when laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block. On each spoon side, a rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate 8, which is connected by at least two jumpers 9 to the central part 17 of this parallelepiped, in which one or two through holes 5 are made. The recesses on the butt faces are formed between the plates, one of the jumpers and the central part of the rectangular parallelepiped. On at least part of the lintels, protrusions are made along the spoon faces.

This utility model is industrially applicable, as it can be manufactured under industrial conditions from various materials. The walls of the block are made of:

1. Any clay (including with additives and in combination with special fillers) by plastic and / or vibropress and / or vacuum molding and subsequent firing, as well as hyperpressing;

2. Any mixture of fillers (crushed stone, expanded clay, slag, ash, etc.) with cement, or foam concrete, aerated concrete, gas lubricants, expanded clay concrete, sawdust concrete by any known method of casting, vibro-casting, vibro-pressing, hyper-pressing;

3. Any mixture (crushed stone, expanded clay, slag, etc.) with cement by dry and / or semi / dry pressing or vibration pressing;

Including from:

3.1. Silicates;

3.2. Expanded clay;

3.3. Concrete in the sand and gravel;

3.4. Concrete on brick waste;

3.5. Sand-cement mixture with the addition of slags and / or granules of foam, polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, foam glass and other known building materials / additives with thermal insulation properties in various compositions between each other and / or separately;

3.6. Foam concrete with the addition of expanded clay and / or slag of polystyrene granules, polystyrene foam, polyurethane foam, foam glass and other well-known building materials with thermal insulation properties in various compositions between each other or separately;

4. Foam concrete;

5. Aerated concrete;

6. Gas silicate;

7. Mixtures of wood chips and / or shavings with cement or sand-cement mixture, expanded clay concrete, foam concrete, aerated concrete and mineral additives, in any combination.

8. Ashes;

9. Sawdust (concrete + sawdust and / or shavings of various sizes from 1 mm to 30 mm);

10. Wood concrete (concrete + wood chips of various sizes from 2 mm to 50 mm)

11. Perlite concrete;

12. Polystyrene concrete;

as well as any new structural materials suitable for the manufacture of stone blocks / ceramic blocks / bricks.

The use of this utility model in the field of construction during the laying of the external walls of civil and industrial buildings and structures and during the construction of external load-bearing walls of buildings and structures with a height of up to three floors can improve the functional properties of masonry from such building blocks by increasing the voidness of building blocks and the formation of vertically oriented channels multifunctional purpose.

Claims (21)

1. The building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while at least two vertical holes are arranged in series along the spoon face, at least one of which is a through vertical hole, the longitudinal axis of each of which is perpendicular to the plane of the bed face, and at least one recess is formed on the butt faces perpendicular to the bed faces ka for the formation during masonry together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, characterized in that on one spoon side, the rectangular parallelepiped is made with one spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate, which is connected by at least two jumpers to a part of this parallelepiped forming another a spoon face in which said through holes are made, wherein recesses on the bonded faces are formed between the plate, one of the jumpers, and part of a rectangular parallelepiped forming another spoon face, and protrusions made along the spoon faces are made on the lintels. 2. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the thickness of the plate, jumpers and walls that define the through holes in the rectangular box is the same. 3. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the through holes are made identical in shape in plan. 4. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least two recesses on the bonded edge are located symmetrically relative to the plane of symmetry of the block crossing the spoon edges, and are configured to form an additional vertical hole when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block . 5. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least one of the recesses on the bonded face is made through with the possibility of formation during masonry together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block of an additional vertical through hole. 6. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the recesses are in the form of a half cylinder or triangular prism. 7. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the through vertical hole in the cross section has the shape of a triangle, or rectangle, or a polyhedron, or in the shape of a circle, or in the form of an ellipse. 8. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the walls of the through vertical hole are convex or the corners in the through vertical hole are rounded. 9. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that at least in one of the openings there is an insert made of heat-insulating material. 10. The building block according to claim 1, characterized in that the protrusions have the same shape as a triangle, or a rectangle, or half a polyhedron, or in the form of a semicircle, or in the form of a semi-ellipse. 11. A building block for spoon masonry, the formation of which is based on a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while in the block vertically oriented holes are arranged consecutively along the spoon face, at least one of which is a through vertical hole, the longitudinal axis of each of which is perpendicular to the plane of the bed side, and recesses are formed on the butt faces perpendicular to the bed faces to form when together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block of additional vertical holes, characterized in that one spoon side of the rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate, the other spoon side of the rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon side formed by a part of this parallelepiped in which through holes are made and between the plate and the part of the rectangular parallelepiped that forms another spoon face, is connected Naya them more webs portion repeating design portion of a rectangular parallelepiped, wherein the through holes, wherein the protrusions on the webs directed along the stretcher faces. 12. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the thickness of the plate, jumpers and walls that define the through holes in the rectangular box is the same. 13. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the through holes are made identical in shape in plan. 14. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that at least two recesses on the bonded edge are located symmetrically with respect to the symmetry plane of the block crossing the spoon edges and are configured to form an additional vertical hole when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block . 15. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that at least one of the recesses on the bonded face is made through with the possibility of formation, when laying together with the corresponding recess of the adjacent block, an additional vertical through hole. 16. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the recesses are in the form of a half cylinder or triangular prism. 17. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the through vertical hole in the cross section has the shape of a triangle, or rectangle, or a polyhedron, or in the shape of a circle, or in the form of an ellipse. 18. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the walls of the through vertical hole are convex or the corners in the through vertical hole are rounded. 19. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that, at least in one of the holes there is an insert made of heat-insulating material. 20. The building block according to claim 11, characterized in that the protrusions have the same shape as a triangle, or a rectangle, or half a polyhedron, or in the form of a semicircle, or in the form of a semi-ellipse. 21. A building block for spoon masonry, the basis of the formation of which is a rectangular parallelepiped with spoon, poke and bed flat faces, while at least one through hole is made in the block, at least one of which is a through vertical hole, the longitudinal axis of which is perpendicular to the plane of the bed face, and recesses are formed on the bonded faces perpendicular to the bed faces to form when laying together with the corresponding recesses of the adjacent block d additional vertical holes, characterized in that on each spoon side, the rectangular parallelepiped is made with a spoon face formed by a vertically oriented plate, which is connected by at least two jumpers to the central part of this parallelepiped, in which the specified through hole is made, with recesses on the butt faces formed between the plates, one of the jumpers and the central part of the rectangular parallelepiped, and protrusions are made on at least part of the jumpers, for example Avlienny along spoon faces.

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