RU115050U1 - WATER BOILER - Google Patents

Abstract

The utility model relates to a power system, in particular to devices for burning fuel, preferably solid, and can be used in water heating systems of residential and industrial premises, as well as for hot water supply.

The technical results achieved by using the claimed utility model are:

- increase the calorific value of the furnace and the duration of the boiler by reducing heat loss;

- increase the durability of the boiler due to the exclusion of contact of its working elements with high temperatures;

- improving ease of use, by automating the processes of the boiler;

- environmental benefits due to the complete combustion of fuel.

Technical results are achieved due to the fact that the boiler containing a furnace, a heat exchanger, a chimney, an afterburner with gas inlets, an air duct, there is a grate in the furnace, to which the first air duct is connected, the furnace is in communication with the internal cavity of the afterburner made of refractory material, equipped with an afterburning unit containing a hollow body of refractory material and a pipe made of refractory material connected to it, the afterburner is located in the cavity of the heat exchanger, which the start point of the afterburner is in communication with the furnace, while in the cavity of the body of the afterburner there is a afterburner, the afterburner is in communication with the second air duct passing through the lower part of the heat exchanger, the lower part of the afterburner is located at the level of the outlet of combustion products from the furnace, the first air duct the grate passes through the lower part of the heat exchanger, the heat exchanger is located on the side of the furnace, longitudinal cutouts are made in the upper and lower parts of the furnace body, the boiler is equipped with a fuel supply unit consisting of a hopper and a dispenser, the dispenser consists of three open hollow cylinders with longitudinal cuts, the cutouts of all cylinders around the perimeter have the same geometric dimensions, the first cylinder is fixed relative to the furnace body and made with two longitudinal cuts, the upper longitudinal cutout is located opposite the exit of the hopper, while the geometric dimensions along the perimeter of the specified cutout correspond to the geometric dimensions of the output of the hopper along its perimeter, the lower longitudinal cutout of the first cylinder is located opposite in the upper cutout of the first cylinder and is in communication with the furnace cavity through the upper longitudinal cutout in the furnace body, while the outer surface of the upper cutout of the furnace is responsive to the outer surface of the first cylinder of the dispenser and the second cylinder of the dispenser is located coaxially with the inside of the first cylinder him and with a gap relative to it, the second cylinder is made with one longitudinal cutout to communicate the output of the hopper with the inner cavity of the second cylinder, the third dispenser cylinder - the cutter is located in the gap between the first and second cylinders is coaxial with them and is made with two longitudinal cutouts located at an angle of 90 °, the first longitudinal cut-out of the cutter is designed to provide communication between the inner cavity of the second cylinder and the hopper exit, the second longitudinal cut-out of the cutter is designed to communicate the cavity of the second cylinder with the furnace , the second cylinder is rotatably mounted towards the second cut-out of the cutter, the third cylinder is rotatably mounted in the direction of rotation of the second cylinder, ozator comprises hooking device providing joint rotation and a second clipper cylinder after the second cylinder is rotated by 90 ° towards the second notch clipper, clipper and the second cylinder are connected to a drive device.

At least part of the cutter, located opposite the upper longitudinal cutout of the furnace, can be made of refractory heat-insulating material.

In the cavity of the hopper above its outlet, a cultivator connected to the drive device can be placed.

The upper cutout of the first dispenser cylinder can tightly contact along the perimeter with the output of the hopper.

A roll-out ash pan can be placed under the firebox.

The cultivator can be made in the form of a metal pipe, to the outside of which pins are attached.

The furnace may be cylindrical.

The furnace can be equipped with refractory thermal insulation.

An ash collector made in the form of two cylinders with longitudinal cutouts designed to collect ash can be placed in the lower part of the furnace under the grate; connected with each other with the possibility of ensuring their rotation in opposite directions relative to each other.

The cutout of each ash collector cylinder in cross section may take the form of a geometric sector.

The ash pan can be equipped with a door.

Air ducts can be equipped with a fan.

The inlets of both air ducts can be equipped with control valves.

The afterburner may be equipped with a swirler mounted at the bottom of the afterburner.

The hot water boiler can be equipped with an additional third air duct supplying air to the furnace.

An additional air duct may pass through the heat exchanger.

An additional air duct may be provided with a control valve.

A fan can be installed at the inlet of the additional air duct.

The boiler can be equipped with a control unit, electrically connected to the sensors for monitoring the parameters of the boiler.

The furnace can be equipped with a door.

The claimed technical solution eliminates all the disadvantages that are available in analogues and, in addition, is easy to use and manufacture.

Description

The utility model relates to a power system, in particular to devices for burning fuel, preferably solid, and can be used in water heating systems of residential and industrial premises, as well as for hot water supply.

The well-known "Automated coal boiler" according to the patent of the Russian Federation No. 104668 for a utility model, comprising a solid fuel hopper, a fuel supply device perpendicular to it, a burner device, an air supply device, a heat-insulated water-cooled furnace, consisting of a combustion chamber and an afterburner, a heat exchanger, an economizer, an ash collector, an ash pan, and also an automation unit and an electric drive, characterized in that inside the heat exchanger made in the form of a vertical circular hollow cylinder from the roofs a combustion chamber with one or more turbulators, having the form of a vertical circular hollow cylinder, one base of which is open into the internal volume of the heat exchanger, the other into the neck channel connecting the afterburner to the chamber combustion, an annular coolant chamber with nozzles for supplying and discharging liquid coolant, formed by a heat exchanger housing and an afterburner body, while the smoke tubes are attached to the end surfaces to the heat transfer media and form through channels connecting the afterburner with the economizer, which is an annular chamber between two vertical coaxial cylinders, the inner of which is the heat exchanger body, the outer ones are arranged so that there is a gap between the cylinder bases, the combustion chamber is made in the form of a horizontally arranged circular cylinder, in one base of which there is a mounting flange of the burner device and a secondary air supply pipe, in another and - a support for fixing the screw shaft and the door for primary ignition of coal, and the solid fuel supply device is made in the form of a screw conveyor enclosed in a cylindrical housing, the shaft of which passes from the hopper through the combustion chamber along the axis of the burner device, so that the inner half pipe of the burner device a continuation of the housing of the screw conveyor and has a diameter equal to the diameter of the pipe of the housing of the screw conveyor.

The main disadvantage of an automated coal boiler is that its device for supplying fuel is made in the form of a screw conveyor. In such conveyors, auger jamming often occurs when large fractions of fuel get into the junction of the auger and furnace or auger and hopper. In addition, overheating of the screw located in the combustion zone, and, therefore, the need for its cooling, can be attributed to the disadvantages of screw conveyors. In the case of using such a conveyor, air supply to the combustion zone will be difficult, and additional devices will be required in the form of special boost fans, which eliminates the possibility of the boiler operating in non-volatile mode. Also, the prototype provides for the placement of the auger in the combustion zone. In this case, the metal under the influence of high temperatures loses its mechanical properties and begins to deform, which means that it is necessary to additionally introduce devices for cooling the screw into the design of the prototype. This creates an additional complication of the design. Moreover, since the auger is located in the combustion zone and is exposed to high temperatures, the use of flammable fuels becomes impossible, since it is possible to ignite in the hopper.

Also known is the “Mikheenko stove” according to RF patent No. 2243450 for an invention containing a firebox with grates, blown and a water heating unit, including a water-filled cavity, the heating surface of which is installed to interact with gaseous products of combustion, and a chimney, characterized in that the furnace is equipped with the afterburner and the heat exchange chamber, in the cavity of which the heat exchange section is located, while the furnace is in communication with the channel for the exit of flue gases, made in the upper part of the end of the furnace, the lower end of the afterburning chamber, the upper end of the heat exchange chamber by a gas channel is in communication with the upper end of the afterburning chamber, and the lower end of the heat exchange chamber is communicated with a chimney with a chimney, the upper wall of the heat exchange chamber is made in the form of a water heating unit, the cavity of the blower is communicated with the lower end of the afterburning chamber by a supply channel additional air, equipped with a control flap, a gas distribution well is formed around the outlet of the channel, made in the form of rows of fireclay bricks it pairs arranged in a checkerboard pattern on each other, the walls of the furnace and the afterburner chamber are made of refractory bricks. Mikheenko stove is taken as a prototype.

The main disadvantage of the prototype is that it does not provide a device for supplying fuel, and this, in addition to increasing the complexity, increases the heating time of water, since the fuel must be laid in the furnace as needed manually. In addition, in the prototype, cold air is used for the afterburning process, which leads to an additional heat consumption for heating this air, which means that the boiler efficiency is reduced.

The technical results achieved by using the claimed utility model are:

- increase the calorific value of the furnace and the duration of the boiler by reducing heat loss;

- increase the durability of the boiler due to the exclusion of contact of its working elements with high temperatures;

- improving ease of use, by automating the processes of the boiler;

- environmental benefits due to the complete combustion of fuel.

Technical results are achieved due to the fact that the boiler containing a furnace, a heat exchanger, a chimney, an afterburner with gas inlets, an air duct, there is a grate in the furnace, to which the first air duct is connected, the furnace is in communication with the internal cavity of the afterburner made of refractory material, equipped with an afterburning unit containing a hollow body of refractory material and a pipe made of refractory material connected to it, the afterburner is located in the cavity of the heat exchanger, which the start point of the afterburner is in communication with the furnace, while in the cavity of the body of the afterburner there is a afterburner, the afterburner is in communication with the second air duct passing through the lower part of the heat exchanger, the lower part of the afterburner is located at the level of the outlet of combustion products from the furnace, the first air duct the grate passes through the lower part of the heat exchanger, the heat exchanger is located on the side of the furnace, longitudinal cutouts are made in the upper and lower parts of the furnace body, the boiler is equipped with a fuel supply unit consisting of a hopper and a dispenser, the dispenser consists of three open hollow cylinders with longitudinal cuts, the cutouts of all cylinders around the perimeter have the same geometric dimensions, the first cylinder is fixed relative to the furnace body and made with two longitudinal cuts, the upper longitudinal cutout is located opposite the exit of the hopper, while the geometric dimensions along the perimeter of the specified cutout correspond to the geometric dimensions of the output of the hopper along its perimeter, the lower longitudinal cutout of the first cylinder is located opposite in the upper cutout of the first cylinder and is in communication with the furnace cavity through the upper longitudinal cutout in the furnace body, while the outer surface of the upper cutout of the furnace is responsive to the outer surface of the first cylinder of the dispenser and the second cylinder of the dispenser is located coaxially with the inside of the first cylinder him and with a gap relative to it, the second cylinder is made with one longitudinal cutout to communicate the output of the hopper with the inner cavity of the second cylinder, the third dispenser cylinder - the cutter is located in the gap between the first and second cylinders is coaxial with them and is made with two longitudinal cutouts located at an angle of 90 °, the first longitudinal cut-out of the cutter is designed to provide communication between the inner cavity of the second cylinder and the hopper exit, the second longitudinal cut-out of the cutter is designed to communicate the cavity of the second cylinder with the furnace , the second cylinder is rotatably mounted towards the second cut-out of the cutter, the third cylinder is rotatably mounted in the direction of rotation of the second cylinder, ozator comprises hooking device providing joint rotation and a second clipper cylinder after the second cylinder is rotated by 90 ° towards the second notch clipper, clipper and the second cylinder are connected to a drive device.

At least part of the cutter, located opposite the upper longitudinal cutout of the furnace, can be made of refractory heat-insulating material.

In the cavity of the hopper above its outlet, a cultivator connected to the drive device can be placed.

The upper cutout of the first dispenser cylinder can tightly contact along the perimeter with the output of the hopper.

A roll-out ash pan can be placed under the firebox.

The cultivator can be made in the form of a metal pipe, to the outside of which pins are attached.

The furnace may be cylindrical.

The furnace can be equipped with refractory thermal insulation.

An ash collector made in the form of two cylinders with longitudinal cutouts designed to collect ash can be placed in the lower part of the furnace under the grate; connected with each other with the possibility of ensuring their rotation in opposite directions relative to each other.

The cutout of each ash collector cylinder in cross section may take the form of a geometric sector.

The ash pan can be equipped with a door.

Air ducts can be equipped with a fan.

The inlets of both air ducts can be equipped with control valves.

The afterburner may be equipped with a swirler mounted at the bottom of the afterburner.

The hot water boiler can be equipped with an additional third air duct supplying air to the furnace.

An additional air duct may pass through the heat exchanger.

An additional air duct may be provided with a control valve.

A fan can be installed at the inlet of the additional air duct.

The boiler can be equipped with a control unit, electrically connected to the sensors for monitoring the parameters of the boiler.

The furnace can be equipped with a door.

The inventive device relates to automated boilers operating on any type of solid fuel, preferably on a coal of fraction 0-70, and intended for heating rooms of any area or for waste disposal.

The proposed technical solution allows for the regulated supply of solid fuel to the furnace, as well as the timely removal of burnt residues (ash). In addition, it constructively prevents the breakdown of combustion products out of the combustion zone. This is due to the presence of a device for supplying fuel to the combustion zone of the boiler.

The inventive boiler contains a furnace with a fuel supply device, a heat exchanger containing a water-filled cavity (water jacket), water-filled vertically oriented pipes, air duct, afterburner and chimney. The boiler also contains an ash remover connected through a drive unit to a dispenser and a cultivator.

The fuel hopper is located above the furnace and is designed to supply fuel to the furnace through the cultivator and dispenser. Fuel is placed in the hopper in advance so that during the operation of the boiler it is not necessary to manually put fuel into the furnace every time. The mode of supply of fuel from the hopper to the furnace is coordinated by the operation of the drive device that sets the mode of operation of the dispenser.

Coordination of the opening moments of the hopper exit with the operation of the dispenser makes it possible to simplify the process of supplying fuel to the combustion zone, that is, before starting the boiler, it is necessary to add fuel there once, and during the further operation of the boiler, fuel will enter the furnace from the hopper in accordance with the dispenser operating mode. The volume of the hopper can be any. It can be selected in such a way as to ensure the maximum duration of the boiler in automatic mode.

In order for fuel to be dispensed from the hopper into the combustion zone in a metered manner, that is, in the quantity necessary for the combustion process, the design of the claimed technical solution provides for a dispenser placed under the hopper above the firebox.

The dispenser is made in the form of three coaxial open hollow cylinders with longitudinal cuts. The geometrical dimensions of the perimeters of the longitudinal cutouts of the cylinders correspond to each other (equal to each other) and to the output of the hopper (also along its perimeter) so as to ensure that the fuel flows into the furnace are blocked at the required times.

The first cylinder is the outer one, it is a metering case with two longitudinal cutouts located opposite each other (the first cutout is for receiving fuel from the hopper, the second cutout is for unloading fuel from the metering unit into the furnace). The first outer cylinder is stationary, its position is fixed relative to the fuel supply hopper. The upper longitudinal cutout of the first cylinder is fixed opposite the hopper exit. Moreover, as mentioned above, the geometry of the upper longitudinal cut-out of the first cylinder corresponds to the geometry of the output of the hopper in order to prevent spilling of fuel from the hopper. It is possible that the first cylinder along the perimeter of the upper longitudinal cutout was rigidly connected (for example, by means of a welded joint) to the output of the hopper (also along its perimeter). In this way, fuel spillage from the hopper will be excluded and cleanliness during boiler operation will be ensured. The second (lower) longitudinal cut of the first cylinder is located opposite the first upper longitudinal cut, and its size corresponds to the size of the upper longitudinal cut. The lower longitudinal cutout of the first cylinder is located above the upper longitudinal cutout of the furnace and is designed to discharge fuel into the furnace.

Inside the first cylinder with a gap relative to it, a second hollow open cylinder with one longitudinal cut is installed, the size of which corresponds to the size of the upper longitudinal cut of the first cylinder. The inner cavity of the second cylinder is designed to accommodate the portion of fuel received from the hopper. The volume of the inner cavity of the second cylinder determines the amount of fuel supplied to the furnace in one cycle. The cavity inside the second cylinder (drum) can be of any shape and any size. It is advisable to perform this cavity of a rectangular shape, since the volume of the resulting parallelepiped is easier to calculate, and therefore it is easier to determine the amount of fuel placed there.

In the gap between the first and second cylinders, a third hollow open cylinder is installed - a cutter with two longitudinal cuts. The size of each longitudinal cut of the third cylinder corresponds to the size of the upper longitudinal cut of the first cylinder, while both longitudinal cuts of the third cylinder are offset by 90 ° relative to each other.

Thus, the geometric dimensions around the perimeter of all longitudinal cuts in all cylinders correspond to each other. Correspondence of sizes means that they are equal to each other, but during manufacturing there may be slight differences in size.

In the initial state (when unloading fuel from the hopper), the position of all metering cylinders is as follows:

- the first cylinder is stationary, therefore its position during operation of the boiler does not change. The upper longitudinal cutout is located opposite the hopper exit, the second lower cutout is located directly under the first cutout opposite the upper longitudinal cutout of the furnace;

- the second cylinder is located with a longitudinal cutout upward directly below the upper cutout of the first cylinder and, accordingly, directly below the hopper exit;

- the third cylinder (cut-off) is located in such a way that its first cut is located directly below the upper cut of the first cylinder, and the second longitudinal cut, located at an angle of 90 ° relative to the first, is located opposite the walls of the first and second cylinders. In the initial state (when fuel is supplied from the hopper to the cavity of the second cylinder), the lower part of the cutter is located opposite the lower cutout of the first cylinder and, accordingly, above the upper cutout of the furnace, that is, in this position, the lower portion of the cutter is exposed to high temperatures. In this regard, it is advisable to make a cutter of refractory heat-insulating material. Such its implementation makes the production of the boiler more expensive. To reduce costs, only a cutoff section located under its first cut-out (which in its initial position is located under the outlet of the hopper) can be made of refractory heat-insulating material.

In the initial state, the fuel has the ability to be unloaded from the hopper into the inner cavity of the second cylinder, but cannot enter the firebox, that is, the fuel in the hopper does not come into contact with the red-hot part of the firebox. Due to this, the inventive boiler can operate on any solid bulk fuel, even flammable (sawdust, pellets).

To coordinate the operation of the furnace with the dispenser, the furnace is made elongated with the upper longitudinal cut-out, through which fuel is supplied to the furnace. The upper longitudinal cutout of the furnace has a geometry corresponding to the geometry of the lower longitudinal cutout of the first dispenser cylinder. In this case, the firebox on the outer surface of the upper longitudinal cutout fits snugly against the outer surface of the first cylinder of the dispenser, that is, the outer surface of the upper longitudinal cutout of the firebox is mating with the outer surface of the first cylinder. The upper longitudinal cutout of the furnace and the lower longitudinal cutout of the first dispenser cylinder can be rigidly interconnected (for example, by welding) to prevent fuel from spilling from the dispenser past the firebox.

The rotation of the second and third cylinders (cutter) is carried out from one drive device (drive), that is, the rotation of the second cylinder and the cutter is carried out in concert, for this the cutter is mechanically connected to the cylinder by means of gearing devices, for example, by means of a gearbox.

To ensure the operation of the dispenser, the rotation of the cutter must occur with a delay of 90 ° from the rotation of the second cylinder. The engaging device engages the cutter with the second cylinder at the moment when the second cylinder rotates 90 ° towards the second cut-out of the cutter, after which further rotation of the second cylinder and the cutter continue together. After the second cylinder is rotated 180 °, a reversal occurs under the action of the drive, and the second cylinder with the shut-off device rotates back 90 °. After this, the second cylinder disengages from the cutter and continues to rotate the next 90 ° by itself.

Thus, after the cavity of the second cylinder is filled with fuel, the second cylinder, controlled by the drive, rotates 90 ° towards the second cut-out of the cutter and blocks the exit from the hopper, the fuel supply from the hopper is stopped. In this case, the longitudinal cut of the second cylinder is combined with the second longitudinal cut of the cutter. After the second cylinder is rotated 90 °, the cutter begins to rotate (together with the second cylinder). When the cutter is rotated 90 °, the internal cavity of the second cylinder is opposite the open cutout in the furnace, and fuel from the dispenser enters the furnace.

The cutter in this design, due to its shape and the possibility of synchronous rotation with the dispenser, overlaps the lower part of the hopper, separating it from the furnace, and prevents breakthrough of combustion products into the fuel hopper, and also avoids temperature losses in the furnace, as happens with normal fuel loading . The cutter, as already mentioned above, may be completely made of a refractory heat insulating material or may be equipped with an insert of a refractory heat insulating material. This insert should be made in that part of the cutter, which in the initial state (when fuel is supplied from the hopper to the cavity of the second cylinder) is facing the firebox. Due to the insert, the cutter does not completely heat up, which means that in the future, when it is turned and in contact with the fuel, the fuel will not be heated either, since the cutter rotates only 90 ° during one cycle, which means that the hot insert does not come into contact with the fuel.

For loosening and separating the fuel before feeding it into the dispenser, a ripper is located in the hopper, which is a pipe, on the outer surface of which there are metal pins. The pins are arranged evenly around the pipe circumference in rows so as not to let pieces of coal with a diameter of more than 70 cm pass into the dispenser.

The dispenser and the cultivator are also interconnected by means of a drive device.

The grate equipped with holes is installed in the furnace, to which the fuel received from the hopper gets. On the grate there is a process of burning fuel. The diameter of the holes in the grate can be any, but it must be chosen so that the ash can freely fall out, and small particles of fuel would remain in the furnace. Due to these openings, air enters the furnace from the duct and gasification of the lower fuel layer takes place.

It is advisable to perform a firebox of cylindrical shape from refractory material, for example, from refractory concrete. This shape of the furnace will allow, firstly, to reduce the area of contact between the flame and the walls, which will contribute to a longer preservation of the high combustion temperature of pyrolysis gases and carbon particles, and, secondly, will reduce the size of the furnace. The use of refractory concrete will make it possible to abandon the traditional use of fireclay bricks as a material for the manufacture of furnaces and afterburners. This seems appropriate, since the laying of fireclay bricks is a very time-consuming process, which means that refractory concrete will contribute to improving manufacturability. In addition, the furnace can be additionally equipped with external refractory thermal insulation.

An ash collector is installed under the grate, designed to collect fireproof combustion products along the entire length of the boiler. The ash collector is two cylinders (drums) of the same diameter, which are located next to each other so that their longitudinal axes are in the same horizontal plane. A cutout is made in the upper part of each cylinder along its entire length, and it is made in such a way that the cutout has the shape of a geometric sector in the cross section of each cylinder. It is advisable to make this cutout so that the angle located near the axis of the cylinder is about 120 °, since in this case the ash will be collected precisely in the ash collector and will not wake up past. Between themselves, these cylinders (drums) are mechanically connected in such a way that when you turn one of them clockwise, the second starts to rotate in the opposite direction (counterclockwise), and the cutouts begin to move in different directions.

Ash cylinders (drums) are located in the lower longitudinal section of the furnace, located opposite the upper longitudinal section.

The cultivator, the doser and the ash collector are mechanically interconnected through the drive devices in such a way that if the doser is rotated around its longitudinal axis by a certain angle (90 °), then the cultivator with the ash collector is rotated in the same direction and the same angle. Such synchronous operation can be achieved by using a single drive to rotate all of the above devices, or different drive devices can be used to rotate these devices, which, in turn, are connected to a common drive. The general drive can be made in the form of any drive, for example, an electric drive or hydraulic drive, with the possibility of working in non-volatile mode.

Thus, the inventive device provides an automated supply of a metered amount of fuel into the furnace to optimize its combustion processes. This allows you to achieve maximum efficiency and environmental friendliness, and also helps to automate the ash removal process, eliminating heat loss from the furnace and uncontrolled suction of cold air into the combustion zone.

In the lower part of the inventive boiler is an ash collector made in the form of a box. Both non-combustible fuel residues from the ash collector and unburnt heavy particles from the heat exchanger are poured there. The ash pan can be equipped with wheels in order to make it easier to remove and clean.

Doors are located in the furnace body and in the ash pan case, designed for manual loading of fuel and ignition of the boiler, for the possibility of optional installation of a gas burner or burner for liquid fuel, as well as for removing ash from the ash pan.

The heat exchanger contains a water-filled cavity (water jacket), heated by the heat of the exhaust gases, heat exchanger pipes and air duct.

When burning fuel, the walls of the furnace and other elements of the furnace are heated. Combustion of fuel is supported by atmospheric oxygen entering through the grate and through the duct.

The design of the inventive boiler, as well as the design of the prototype, contains an afterburning unit designed for afterburning combustion products coming from the furnace as a result of fuel combustion.

The difference is that in the inventive boiler, the afterburning unit includes a hollow body and a pipe, as well as an afterburner made of refractory concrete. The afterburning unit tube and the furnace communicate with the cavity of the afterburning unit body. The afterburning unit is installed directly in the cavity of the heat exchanger, and the afterburner is installed in the lower part of the body cavity of the afterburning unit opposite the channel for the exit of combustion exhaust products from the furnace located in the upper part of the furnace. In this case, the lower part of the afterburner is located opposite the channel leaving the exhaust products of combustion from the furnace.

In the lower part of the heat exchanger there is an air duct made in the form of two channels, one of which supplies external air under the grate, and then to the furnace, and the second supplies air to the afterburner. This separation of the duct provides independent regulation of the boiler. These channels pass precisely through the heat exchanger so that before the air reaches the grate or afterburner, it has time to heat up. If heated air is supplied to the furnace, then the heat received during fuel combustion will not be spent on heating this air, but will be completely spent on heating the water, i.e. the boiler efficiency will increase. It is also advisable to supply heated air to the afterburner in order to reduce the heat consumption for its heating. Air ducts can be equipped with control valves to control the amount of air flowing through them.

The afterburner is a hollow pipe made of refractory concrete, on the surface of which there are through holes designed to allow combustion products from the furnace to enter the afterburner. The combustion products from the furnace enter the lower part of the body of the afterburning unit, and then into the afterburner. In order to ensure the afterburning of combustion products as efficiently as possible, a swirler is located in the lower part of the afterburner, which swirls the air entering it from the second channel. Thus, due to the pressure difference, the combustion products from the furnace enter the afterburner through the openings described above, where they are mixed with the swirling air coming from the outside, that is, an ejection effect is observed. Due to this mixing, the temperature at the outlet of the afterburner rises sharply and afterburning of the combustion products occurs, as a result of which all possible combustible particles and gases are burned. Through the tube of the afterburner, the hot gases exit the afterburner and enter the heat exchanger.

The heat exchanger contains a water-filled cavity (water jacket) and vertically oriented pipes filled with water, and is located around the afterburner. The entrance to the heat exchanger is located at the bottom of the boiler, and the exit is at the top. This arrangement seems appropriate due to the fact that the density of water decreases when heated, and it rises, and cold water takes its place. The location of the heat exchanger precisely around the afterburner (that is, the afterburner is located in the cavity of the heat exchanger) allows for faster heating of water to the required temperature. This is achieved due to the fact that the hot gases, reaching the top of the afterburner assembly pipe, unfold and rush to the lower part of the boiler, passing through the heat exchanger and transferring heat to the heat exchanger pipes, and unburned particles fall into the ash collector. In this case, water, on the contrary, moves through the pipes from the bottom up, that is, in the direction opposite to the gases to ensure more efficient heat transfer. In addition, hot gases falling from the afterburning unit pipe into the heat exchanger, in addition to heating the heat exchanger pipes, also heat the outer surface of the pipe and the afterburner unit body. Due to this, the pipe and the body of the afterburning unit are heated and allow maintaining a high temperature inside the afterburning unit. Dropping below, the gases heat the ducts, after which they enter the chimney

Outside the boiler, a fan can be connected to the ducts, which, at the moment of ignition and acceleration of the boiler, pumps air into the furnace and into the afterburner swirl so that the boiler switches from acceleration mode to normal operation faster. Upon reaching the required operating parameters, the fan continues to pump air only into the afterburner swirler, and air enters the furnace by itself through a branch in the first duct channel. This allows you to reduce energy consumption during operation of the inventive boiler. The volume of air entering the furnace and afterburner is regulated by their diameter and control valves. In addition, these valves create the necessary traction.

In the lower part of the boiler there is a chimney designed to remove gas residues. Moreover, due to the process of afterburning of combustion products, all soot and soot particles are burned, and at the exit of the chimney the gas turns colorless. This improves the environmental friendliness of the claimed technical solution.

The parameters of the boiler are regulated by the control unit, which can be located on any external wall of the boiler. Monitoring and control of the boiler operation is carried out by sensors that can be located in the furnace, outside the boiler, at the outlet of the afterburner assembly, at the inlet to the heat exchanger and at the outlet of the heat exchanger. In addition, the control unit due to the common drive can adjust the amount of fuel entering the furnace by increasing the number of turns of the second metering cylinder per unit time.

The use of refractory concrete and special refractory heat-insulating materials in the design allows for maximum manufacturability and minimization of the size of the boiler. At the same time, there is no need to use various economizers, which complicate the design, and as a result, almost all the heat generated by the boiler is in the sealed area and directly transferred to the heat exchanger, which can significantly increase the efficiency of the boiler.

Automatic supply of fuel from the hopper to the furnace and optimization of the amount of fuel supplied to the combustion zone allow to ensure complete combustion of fuel (up to 98%). In this case, there is no sintering of burning coal, mechanical burning, overheating of the boiler, and operation is also greatly simplified.

The efficiency of this device is due to the fact that the fuel in the combustion and afterburning zone burns out almost completely, that is, by increasing the calorific value of the boiler, 50% fuel savings are achieved compared to conventional solid fuel boilers.

The boiler is environmentally friendly due to the absence of harmful emissions due to their complete combustion in the afterburner. Thanks to the automation of the feed and the precise metering of the fuel, it is possible to achieve a high furnace temperature in the operating mode (1500 ° C), where substances polluting the 13 atmosphere completely burn out. In addition, at high temperatures there is no likelihood of the emergence of hazardous nitrogen compounds from the air (as when burning in conventional furnaces), and toxic substances, including potent ones - dioxin and phenols, are converted to safe substances. The cleaning function is also performed by the heat exchange chamber. The heavy non-combustible fractions in it do not rise above the lower part of the chimney and, without leaving it, gradually settle on the bottom of the boiler in the ash pan. As a result, at the exit from the chimney, the gases are neutral and colorless, odorless and free of smoke, soot and soot particles. Only a slight smoke is possible only in the short-term period when the boiler enters the operating mode (first 25-30 minutes).

Figure 1 shows a section of a General view of the inventive hot water boiler.

Figure 2 shows a dispenser with a shut-off device.

Figure 3 shows a sectional side view of the inventive hot water boiler.

4 shows a heat exchanger.

The hot water boiler contains a firebox (1) with a door (2), a heat exchanger (3), a chimney (4), an afterburning unit consisting of a body (5), a pipe (6) and an afterburner (7) with openings (8) for entry combustion products from the furnace (1), an air duct made in the form of two channels (9) and (10). Inside the furnace there is a grate (11) designed to place burning fuel on it, to which an air duct (10) is connected to maintain fuel combustion.

The afterburning unit is a hollow body (5) with a pipe (6), and the pipe (6) is in communication with the cavity in the body (5). An afterburner (7) is placed inside the body (5) of the afterburning unit opposite the channel (12) for the exit of combustion exhaust products from the furnace (1) located in the upper part of the furnace. In the lower part of the afterburner (7), a swirler (13) is located to ensure the ejection effect. The furnace (1) is also in communication with the body (5) of the afterburner. The afterburning unit is located in the cavity of the heat exchanger (3) to ensure faster heating of the water.

The air duct (10) for supplying air to the grate (11) passes through the lower part of the heat exchanger (3) so that already heated air is supplied to the furnace (1). Air is supplied to the swirl (13) through the air duct (9), which also passes through the lower part of the heat exchanger (3).

The heat exchanger (3) is located on the side of the furnace (1). The furnace (1) is made of refractory concrete in the form of a cylinder and is equipped with additional external thermal insulation (14), which prevents heat loss from the furnace (1). In the upper and lower parts of the furnace body (1), longitudinal cutouts (15) and (16) are made.

The boiler is equipped with a fuel supply unit to the furnace, consisting of a fuel hopper (17) and a dispenser (18). The dispenser (18) consists of three coaxial open hollow cylinders (19), (20), (21) with longitudinal cutouts. Cutouts of all cylinders (19), (20), (21) around the perimeter have the same geometric dimensions. The first cylinder (19) is fixed relative to the furnace body (1) and the hopper (17) and is made with two longitudinal cutouts (22) and (23). This cylinder is a dispenser housing (18). The first upper longitudinal cutout (22) is located opposite the outlet (24) of the hopper (17), while the geometric dimensions along the perimeter of the specified cutout (22) correspond to the length and width of the outlet (24) of the hopper (17) along its perimeter. The upper cut-out (22) of the first cylinder (19) of the dispenser (18) is tightly in contact along the perimeter with the outlet (24) of the hopper (17). The second lower cutout (23) of the first cylinder (19) is located opposite the upper cutout (15) and communicates with the cavity of the furnace (1), while the outer surface of the upper cutout (15) of the furnace (1) is reciprocal with respect to the outer surface of the second cutout ( 23) of the first cylinder (19) of the dispenser (18) and fits snugly against it. The lower cutout (23) of the first cylinder (19) of the dispenser (18) is tightly in contact along the perimeter with the upper cutout (15) of the furnace (1). The second cylinder (20) of the dispenser (18) is located coaxially inside the first cylinder (19) with a gap relative to it. The second cylinder (20) is made with one longitudinal cutout (25) for communicating the output (24) of the hopper (17) with the internal cavity (26) of the second cylinder (20). The second cylinder (20) serves as a dispenser, its internal cavity (26) is designed to accommodate a portion of fuel. The third cylinder (21) of the dispenser (18) - the cutter is located in the gap between the first (19) and second (20) cylinders coaxially with them and is made with two longitudinal cutouts (27) and (28) located at an angle of 90 °. The first longitudinal cut-out (27) of the shut-off device (21) is designed to provide communication between the inner cavity (26) of the second cylinder (20) and the output (24) of the hopper (17). The second cylinder (20) is mounted rotatably towards the second cut-out (28) of the shut-off device (21). The cutter (21) is mounted for rotation in the direction of rotation of the second cylinder (20). The dispenser (18) contains an engaging device (not shown in the drawing) that allows the shut-off valve (21) and the second cylinder (20) to rotate together after the second cylinder (20) rotates 90 ° towards the second cut-out (28) of the cutter ( 21). The second cylinder (20) and the shut-off device (21) are connected to the drive device (29). Part (30) of the shut-off device (21), located opposite the upper longitudinal cut-out (15) of the furnace (1), is made of refractory heat-insulating material.

In the cavity of the hopper (17) above the outlet (24), a ripper (31) is connected to the drive unit (32). The cultivator (31) is made in the form of a metal pipe (33), to the outside of which pins (34) are attached. A roll-out ash collector (35) is placed under the firebox (1). In order for the ash pan (35) to be conveniently cleaned, a door (36) is located in the boiler housing at the location of the ash pan (35).

In the lower part of the furnace (1) under the grate (11) there is an ash collector (37) made in the form of two cylinders (38) and (39) with longitudinal cutouts (40) and (41) designed to collect ash. The ash disposal unit (37) is connected with the drive device (42), which ensures the coordinated rotation of the cylinders (38) and (39) of the ash disposal unit (37) and the second cylinder (20) with a shut-off device (21), while rotating the second cylinder (20) by means of the drive devices (42) the possibility of rotation of the cylinders (38) and (39) ash disposal unit (37) in opposite directions. The cutouts (40) and (41) of the cylinders (38) and (39) of the ash collector (37) in the cross section have the shape of a geometric sector.

The air ducts (9) and (10) are equipped with a fan (43). The air duct (10) at the inlet is divided into two channels (44) and (45). The inlet channel (44) is equipped with a control valve (46) and is connected to a fan (43), and the inlet channel (45) is equipped with a control valve (47).

The claimed device operates as follows. Coal fractions 0-70 are poured into the hopper (17) manually or using a crane. Fuel (48) under the influence of its weight falls to the feed device - dispenser (18). To prevent freezing of fuel, a ripper (31) is located in the hopper. In addition, the cultivator (31), rotating, prevents the ingress of large fractions of fuel between the cutter (21) and the walls of the hopper (17). The cultivator (31) is connected to the drive (32). The common drive (49) ensures the synchronous operation of the dispenser (18), the ripper (31) and the ash collector (37) through the drives (32), (29) and (42).

The dispenser (18) works as follows. Inside the second cylinder (20), fuel enters under its own weight. On command (it can be pre-programmed), the common drive (49) is turned on, and the second cylinder (20) rotates 90 ° counterclockwise, stopping the fuel from falling into it. After turning the second cylinder (20), the cutter (21) and the cylinder (20) begin to rotate together, and when they are rotated another 90 °, the fuel is poured into the cavity (50) of the furnace (1), while the cutter (21) is rotated 90 ° additionally closes the zone of the hopper (17), preventing breakthrough of combustion products out. In addition, the red-hot heat-insulated part of the cut-off (21) - an insert made of refractory heat-insulating material (30) - does not go into the area of the fuel hopper (17) and does not come into contact with the fuel (48), i.e. the fuel in the hopper (17) does not heat up. After turning 180 ° relative to the initial position of the second cylinder (20), the actuator (49) switches to reverse, and the second cylinder (20) with shut-off device (21) simultaneously rotates 90 ° back. As a result of this, the heat-insulated part of the cut-off (30) locks the furnace zone (50). The second cylinder (20) disengages from the shut-off device (21) and continues to rotate 90 ° further, taking its initial position.

The rotation of the second cylinder (20) of the dispenser (18) with the cut-off (21) by 180 ° with reversal from the drive (49) through the chain through the drives (29) and (32) is transmitted to the cultivator (31), providing loosening of the fuel (48), and through the drives (29) and (42) it is transferred to the ash collector (37), ensuring the removal of non-combustible fuel residues from the cavity (50) of the furnace (1) into the ash pan (35). In this case, the tightness of the furnace (1) is not violated, and there is no heat loss. When the second cylinder (20) of the dispenser (18) is rotated 180 °, the cultivator (31) also rotates 180 ° in the same direction as the cylinder (20). Such rotation of the cultivator (31) allows not only loosening the fuel (48) in the hopper (17), but also separating it, “folding” large pieces from the cylinder (20). When the second cylinder (20) of the dispenser (18) is reversed, the cultivator (31) rotates in the opposite direction. The cylinders (38) and (39) of the ash collector (37) when turning the second cylinder (20) of the dispenser (18) also rotate 90 ° in different directions (one is clockwise and the other counterclockwise), and when further turning cylinder (20) by 90 °, they are rotated by another 90 ° in a chain drive, and ash from the recesses (40) and (41) of the ash collector (37) is poured into the ash collector (35).

After the feed unit, fuel enters the grate (11) with a certain number of holes of a given size. On the grate (11), the fuel is ignited and begins to burn. In the combustion zone, the dispenser (18) maintains the optimum thickness of the coal layer, thereby ensuring the optimization of the combustion process.

When burning fuel, the walls of the furnace (1) and other elements of the boiler are made of refractory concrete. The temperature in the furnace (1) is automatically maintained within 750-800 ° C due to the dosed supply of heated air through the channel (10), which is regulated by a control valve (46). The fan (43) works only at the moment of ignition and acceleration of the boiler to supply air to the channel (10), and then when the set temperatures are reached, the control valve (46) switches by the automatic command to non-volatile mode, and the air is supplied to the furnace through the lower part ( 45) channel (10) through the control valve (47). At the same time, due to the control valves (46) and (47), the exact amount of incoming air is carried out, which is necessary to optimize combustion processes. Further fuel combustion is supported by heated air entering through the grate (11) and the channel (10). The amount of air entering the furnace through the channel (10) and through the openings of the grate (11) is usually enough to oxidize carbon to carbon monoxide (CO), which serves as the combustible component of the gaseous products of thermal decomposition. The combustion products heated in the furnace (1) (СО, methane, dusty unburned fuel particles, etc.) - products of gasification and sublimation of solid fuel - due to the lack of heat removal, “float” into its upper part and enter the assembly afterburning (5), where the afterburner (7) flows around. The afterburner (7) is heated up during the boiler acceleration, and the temperature in the zone of the afterburner reaches 1500 ° С. In the lower part of the afterburner (7) there is a swirler (13), to which heated air is supplied through the channel (9) using a fan (43). In the walls of the afterburner (7) there is a certain number of holes (8) of a given size. The air flow from the channel (9) flows through the swirl (13), enters the afterburner (7), which serves as an ejector, and swirls in it. The combustion products from the furnace (1) through the holes (8) also enter the afterburner (7), where they are mixed with swirling air from the channel (9), and exit the end of the afterburner (7) with the release of a large amount of heat. Due to the high temperature (1500 ° С), all possible combustible particles and gases are burned in the afterburner. Thus, in the pipe (6) of the afterburning unit, the pressure of the emerging hot gases moves upward in a spiral, and under the action of centrifugal force, particles of ash and soot are thrown onto the walls of the pipe (6) of the afterburning unit and burn. The hot gases flow to the edge of the pipe (6) of the afterburner, after which their speed drops sharply, they rotate 180 ° and enter the heat exchanger zone (3), where they cool quickly, transferring heat to the heat exchanger pipes (51). In addition, these gases heat the outer surface of the afterburner. After this, the gases go down, while the unburned particles fall into the ash pan (35). Water through the pipes (51) of the heat exchanger (3) moves towards the gas flow, providing effective heat removal. In addition, due to the thermoradiation effect, not only additional heat transfer to the water in the heat exchanger (3) is provided, but also resin combustion, which means that additional fuel economy is achieved.

In addition to heating the water in the pipes of the heat exchanger (51), it is also necessary to heat the air in the channels (9) and (10). Thus, on the air ducts (9) and (10), additional heat transfer of the flue gas occurs. Due to this, the heated air is supplied to the furnace zone (50) of the furnace (1) and the afterburner zone (7).

Further, a stream of gases with a temperature of 80-90 ° C enters the chimney (4). Due to the reactions inside the afterburner at the exit of the chimney (4), the gases are colorless and do not contain soot particles.

Accordingly, when the boiler starts up, the air in the channels (9) and (10) will not be heated, but as soon as the first combustion products exit through the chimney (4), the boiler will return to normal operation.

Thus, due to the separation of the combustion zone and heat transfer, the peculiar movement of gas flows, as well as due to the thermo-radiation effect, complete combustion of fuel is ensured, which reduces the amount of harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Thanks to the described innovations, significant fuel savings are also achieved, the cost of cleaning the boiler from tar deposits and soot is minimized, and the boiler power increases.

The operation of the boiler can be controlled by the control unit. With it, the control parameters are adjusted, namely, the outside air temperature is measured, the water temperature at the inlet and at the outlet of the heat exchanger is measured (3), the current temperature in the furnace is measured (1), the temperature is measured at the top of the heat exchanger (3) after the afterburning unit. In addition, due to the presence of the control unit, there is the possibility of remote control over the operation of the boiler. The control unit also controls the control functions, such as controlling the drive (49) of the fuel supply unit, controlling the frequency regulator of the fan (43), controlling the control valves (46) and (47) to adjust the amount of air supplied to the furnace (1) and afterburner (7), control of the process of ignition and acceleration of the boiler, switching the operation algorithms of the actuators of the boiler when switching to other types of fuel and switching to manual control mode with parameter control.

The claimed technical solution eliminates all the disadvantages that are available in analogues and, in addition, is easy to use and manufacture.

Claims (20)

1. A water boiler containing a furnace, a heat exchanger, a chimney, an afterburner with openings for the entry of gases, an air duct, a grate is located in the furnace, to which the first air duct is connected, the furnace is in communication with an internal cavity of the afterburner made of refractory material, characterized in that that the boiler is equipped with an afterburning unit containing a hollow body of refractory material and a pipe made of refractory material connected to it, the afterburning unit is located in the cavity of the heat exchanger, the body of the afterburning unit is a burner, the afterburner is located in the cavity of the body of the afterburner, the afterburner is in communication with the second air duct passing through the lower part of the heat exchanger, the lower part of the afterburner is located at the level of the outlet of combustion products from the furnace, the first air duct for supplying air to the grate passes through the lower part of the heat exchanger, the heat exchanger is located on the side of the furnace, longitudinal cutouts are made in the upper and lower parts of the furnace body, the boiler is equipped with a fuel supply unit consisting of a hopper and the dispenser, the dispenser consists of three open hollow cylinders with longitudinal cuts, the cuts of all cylinders around the perimeter have the same geometric dimensions, the first cylinder is fixed relative to the furnace body and made with two longitudinal cuts, the upper longitudinal cutout is located opposite the hopper exit, while the geometric dimensions along the perimeter of the specified cutout correspond to the geometric dimensions of the output of the hopper along its perimeter, the lower longitudinal cutout of the first cylinder is located opposite the upper cutout of the first about the cylinder and communicated with the cavity of the furnace through the upper longitudinal cutout in the furnace body, while the outer surface of the upper cutout of the furnace is mating with the outer surface of the first cylinder of the dispenser, and the second cylinder of the dispenser is located inside the first cylinder coaxially with it and a gap relative to it, the second cylinder is made with one longitudinal cutout for communicating the output of the hopper with the inner cavity of the second cylinder, the third dispenser cylinder - the cutter is located in the gap between the first and with the second cylinders coaxially with them and made with two longitudinal cutouts located at an angle of 90 °, the first longitudinal cut-out of the cutter is designed to provide communication between the internal cavity of the second cylinder and the hopper exit, the second longitudinal cut-out of the cutter is designed to communicate the cavity of the second cylinder with the furnace, the second cylinder is installed rotatably towards the second cut-out of the cutter, the third cylinder is mounted rotatably in the direction of rotation of the second cylinder, the dispenser comprises an engagement severing device, providing a joint rotation and a second clipper cylinder after the second cylinder is rotated by 90 ° towards the second notch clipper, clipper and the second cylinder are connected to a drive device. 2. The hot water boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that at least a part of the cutter, located opposite the upper longitudinal cut-out of the furnace, is made of refractory heat-insulating material. 3. The hot water boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that in the cavity of the hopper above its outlet there is a cultivator connected to the drive device. 4. The hot water boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that the upper cutout of the first dispenser cylinder is in tight contact along the perimeter with the outlet of the hopper. 5. The hot water boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that a withdrawable ash pan is placed under the firebox. 6. The hot water boiler according to claim 3, characterized in that the cultivator is made in the form of a metal pipe, the pins are attached to the outside of it. 7. The boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that the furnace is cylindrical. 8. The boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that the furnace is equipped with refractory thermal insulation. 9. The boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that in the lower part of the furnace under the grate there is an ash collector made in the form of two cylinders with longitudinal cuts designed to collect ash, the ash collector is connected to a drive device that ensures coordinated rotation of the ash collector cylinders and the second cylinder with a cutter, while the ash cylinders are mechanically connected to each other with the possibility of ensuring their rotation in opposite directions relative to each other. 10. The boiler according to claim 9, characterized in that the cutout of each cylinder of the ash collector in cross section has the shape of a geometric sector. 11. The boiler according to claim 5, characterized in that the ash pan is equipped with a door. 12. The hot water boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that the air ducts are equipped with a fan. 13. The hot water boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that the inputs of both air ducts are equipped with control valves. 14. The boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that the afterburner is equipped with a swirler installed in the lower part of the afterburner. 15. The hot water boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with an additional third air duct, supplying air to the furnace. 16. The hot water boiler of claim 15, wherein the additional air duct passes through a heat exchanger. 17. The boiler according to claim 15, characterized in that the additional air duct is equipped with a control valve. 18. The boiler according to claim 15, characterized in that a fan is installed at the inlet of the additional air duct. 19. The boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that it is equipped with a control unit, electrically connected to the sensors for monitoring the parameters of the boiler. 20. The boiler according to claim 1, characterized in that the furnace is equipped with a door.