PL3929265T3 - Aparat agregatu chłodniczego zawierający kompozycję zawierającą 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropen i 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetan - Google Patents
Aparat agregatu chłodniczego zawierający kompozycję zawierającą 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropen i 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetanInfo
- Publication number
- PL3929265T3 PL3929265T3 PL21185415.3T PL21185415T PL3929265T3 PL 3929265 T3 PL3929265 T3 PL 3929265T3 PL 21185415 T PL21185415 T PL 21185415T PL 3929265 T3 PL3929265 T3 PL 3929265T3
- Authority
- PL
- Poland
- Prior art keywords
- tetrafluoropropene
- tetrafluoroethane
- composition
- apparatus containing
- chiller apparatus
- Prior art date
Links
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
- FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene Chemical compound FC(=C)C(F)(F)F FXRLMCRCYDHQFW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K5/00—Heat-transfer, heat-exchange or heat-storage materials, e.g. refrigerants; Materials for the production of heat or cold by chemical reactions other than by combustion
- C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
- C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
- C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
- C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
- C09K5/045—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds containing only fluorine as halogen
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
- F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
- F25B9/006—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant containing more than one component
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/10—Components
- C09K2205/12—Hydrocarbons
- C09K2205/126—Unsaturated fluorinated hydrocarbons
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/22—All components of a mixture being fluoro compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/40—Replacement mixtures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
- C09K2205/00—Aspects relating to compounds used in compression type refrigeration systems
- C09K2205/40—Replacement mixtures
- C09K2205/42—Type R12
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/18—Refrigerant conversion
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Detergent Compositions (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US32498410P | 2010-04-16 | 2010-04-16 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| PL3929265T3 true PL3929265T3 (pl) | 2023-07-17 |
Family
ID=44166577
Family Applications (2)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL18181521T PL3406688T3 (pl) | 2010-04-16 | 2011-04-12 | Agregaty chłodnicze zawierające kompozycję zawierającą 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropen oraz 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetan |
| PL21185415.3T PL3929265T3 (pl) | 2010-04-16 | 2011-04-12 | Aparat agregatu chłodniczego zawierający kompozycję zawierającą 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropen i 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetan |
Family Applications Before (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PL18181521T PL3406688T3 (pl) | 2010-04-16 | 2011-04-12 | Agregaty chłodnicze zawierające kompozycję zawierającą 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropen oraz 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetan |
Country Status (20)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US8765004B2 (enExample) |
| EP (3) | EP2558544B2 (enExample) |
| JP (2) | JP2013527273A (enExample) |
| KR (3) | KR102037782B1 (enExample) |
| CN (1) | CN102844400B (enExample) |
| AR (1) | AR084380A1 (enExample) |
| AU (1) | AU2011240740B2 (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA2796051C (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE202011111049U1 (enExample) |
| ES (3) | ES2941409T3 (enExample) |
| FI (1) | FI3929265T3 (enExample) |
| MX (1) | MX346315B (enExample) |
| MY (1) | MY156787A (enExample) |
| PL (2) | PL3406688T3 (enExample) |
| PT (2) | PT3929265T (enExample) |
| RU (1) | RU2012148719A (enExample) |
| SA (1) | SA111320376B1 (enExample) |
| SG (1) | SG184453A1 (enExample) |
| TW (1) | TWI540117B (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO2011130237A1 (enExample) |
Families Citing this family (13)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US8463441B2 (en) | 2002-12-09 | 2013-06-11 | Hudson Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for optimizing refrigeration systems |
| US9546311B2 (en) | 2008-08-19 | 2017-01-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropene and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane |
| EP2652065B2 (en) | 2010-12-14 | 2019-05-15 | The Chemours Company FC, LLC | Use of refrigerants comprising e-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and at least one tetrafluoroethane for cooling |
| JP2015500897A (ja) * | 2011-12-01 | 2015-01-08 | ソルヴェイ(ソシエテ アノニム) | HFC−134aとHFO−1234yfとを含む組成物の新規な用途及びその共沸性組成物 |
| ES2928678T3 (es) * | 2013-11-22 | 2022-11-21 | Chemours Co Fc Llc | Uso de composiciones que comprenden tetrafluoropropeno y tetrafluoroetano en ciclos de potencia; y aparatos de ciclo de potencia |
| WO2015199855A1 (en) * | 2014-06-26 | 2015-12-30 | The Chemours Company Fc, Llc | Application of 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoro- propane mixtures in chillers having a screw-type compressor |
| WO2017027701A1 (en) | 2015-08-11 | 2017-02-16 | Carrier Corporation | Low-capacity, low-gwp, hvac system |
| CN108595761B (zh) * | 2018-03-23 | 2021-11-16 | 中国科学院理化技术研究所 | 基于体积最小化的翘式换热器设计方法及装置 |
| BR112021022059A2 (pt) | 2018-10-26 | 2021-12-28 | Chemours Co Fc Llc | Composições de fluoropropeno, métodos de produção de uma mistura e de resfriamento, processos para transferência de calor, para tratamento de uma superfície e para formação de uma composição, sistema de refrigeração, aparelhos de refrigeração, uso da composição de fluoropropeno e método para substituição de um refrigerante |
| US11209196B2 (en) | 2018-10-26 | 2021-12-28 | The Chemours Company Fc, Llc | HFO-1234ZE, HFO-1225ZC and HFO-1234YF compositions and processes for producing and using the compositions |
| KR102892009B1 (ko) | 2018-10-26 | 2025-11-28 | 더 케무어스 컴퍼니 에프씨, 엘엘씨 | Hfo-1234ze 및 hfo-1234yf 조성물, 및 조성물의 제조 및 사용 방법 |
| CN115066585B (zh) * | 2020-01-31 | 2023-06-02 | 大金工业株式会社 | 制冷装置的制冷剂替换方法 |
| CN112054262A (zh) * | 2020-08-28 | 2020-12-08 | 甘肃电气装备集团生物科技工程有限公司 | 适用于退役锂电池中电解液的浸取溶剂以及利用其从退役锂电池中分离回收电解液的方法 |
Family Cites Families (33)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6096932A (en) | 1999-07-27 | 2000-08-01 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Fluorocarbon manufacturing process |
| US9005467B2 (en) | 2003-10-27 | 2015-04-14 | Honeywell International Inc. | Methods of replacing heat transfer fluids |
| US20040089839A1 (en) * | 2002-10-25 | 2004-05-13 | Honeywell International, Inc. | Fluorinated alkene refrigerant compositions |
| US7524805B2 (en) * | 2004-04-29 | 2009-04-28 | Honeywell International Inc. | Azeotrope-like compositions of tetrafluoropropene and hydrofluorocarbons |
| US7569170B2 (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2009-08-04 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Compositions comprising a fluoroolefin |
| US20060243944A1 (en) * | 2005-03-04 | 2006-11-02 | Minor Barbara H | Compositions comprising a fluoroolefin |
| US8574451B2 (en) * | 2005-06-24 | 2013-11-05 | Honeywell International Inc. | Trans-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene for use in chiller applications |
| TWI645031B (zh) | 2005-06-24 | 2018-12-21 | 哈尼威爾國際公司 | 含有經氟取代之烯烴之組合物及其用途 |
| US7708903B2 (en) * | 2005-11-01 | 2010-05-04 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Compositions comprising fluoroolefins and uses thereof |
| US7560602B2 (en) | 2005-11-03 | 2009-07-14 | Honeywell International Inc. | Process for manufacture of fluorinated olefins |
| US8974688B2 (en) | 2009-07-29 | 2015-03-10 | Honeywell International Inc. | Compositions and methods for refrigeration |
| EP2118229A2 (en) | 2006-09-01 | 2009-11-18 | E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Method for circulating selected heat transfer fluids through a closed loop cycle |
| ES2982776T3 (es) * | 2007-01-31 | 2024-10-17 | Chemours Co Fc Llc | Un sistema de transferencia de calor por compresión de vapor |
| CN101688817A (zh) * | 2007-06-21 | 2010-03-31 | 纳幕尔杜邦公司 | 用于热传递系统的渗漏检测的方法 |
| WO2009018117A1 (en) * | 2007-07-27 | 2009-02-05 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Compositions comprising fluoroolefins and uses thereof |
| WO2009047535A2 (en) | 2007-10-12 | 2009-04-16 | Ineos Fluor Holdings Limited | Heat transfer compositions |
| JP2009257655A (ja) * | 2008-03-04 | 2009-11-05 | Daikin Ind Ltd | 冷凍装置 |
| US8038899B2 (en) * | 2008-04-28 | 2011-10-18 | Honeywell International Inc. | Refrigerant compositions having a siloxane solubilizing agent |
| FR2932493B1 (fr) * | 2008-06-11 | 2010-07-30 | Arkema France | Compositions a base d'hydrofluoroolefines |
| FR2932492B1 (fr) * | 2008-06-11 | 2010-07-30 | Arkema France | Compositions a base d'hydrofluoroolefines |
| WO2010002020A1 (en) | 2008-07-01 | 2010-01-07 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | REFRIGERANT COMPOSITION COMPRISING 1,1,1,2-TETRAFLUOROETHANE (HFC134a) AND 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE (HFO1234yf) |
| US9546311B2 (en) * | 2008-08-19 | 2017-01-17 | Honeywell International Inc. | Azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropene and 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane |
| BR122013002802A2 (pt) | 2008-11-19 | 2016-01-05 | Du Pont | composição, processo para produzir resfriamento, processo para produzir aquecimento, método, aparelhos e sistema de refrigeração estacionário |
| PT3026092T (pt) | 2009-05-08 | 2022-11-04 | Honeywell Int Inc | Utilização de composição de transferência de calor em sistema de refrigeração a baixa temperatura |
| GB0915004D0 (en) | 2009-08-28 | 2009-09-30 | Ineos Fluor Holdings Ltd | Heat transfer composition |
| FR2950070B1 (fr) * | 2009-09-11 | 2011-10-28 | Arkema France | Compositions ternaires pour refrigeration haute capacite |
| FR2950068B1 (fr) * | 2009-09-11 | 2012-05-18 | Arkema France | Procede de transfert de chaleur |
| FR2950071B1 (fr) * | 2009-09-11 | 2012-02-03 | Arkema France | Compositions ternaires pour refrigeration basse capacite |
| FR2954342B1 (fr) | 2009-12-18 | 2012-03-16 | Arkema France | Fluides de transfert de chaleur a inflammabilite reduite |
| FR2957083B1 (fr) | 2010-03-02 | 2015-12-11 | Arkema France | Fluide de transfert de chaleur pour compresseur centrifuge |
| FR2959998B1 (fr) * | 2010-05-11 | 2012-06-01 | Arkema France | Fluides de transfert de chaleur ternaires comprenant du difluoromethane, du pentafluoroethane et du tetrafluoropropene |
| FR2959997B1 (fr) * | 2010-05-11 | 2012-06-08 | Arkema France | Fluides de transfert de chaleur et leur utilisation dans des echangeurs de chaleur a contre-courant |
| CA2803843A1 (en) * | 2010-06-22 | 2011-12-29 | Arkema Inc. | Heat transfer compositions of hydrofluorocarbons and a hydrofluoroolefin |
-
2011
- 2011-04-12 EP EP11715644.8A patent/EP2558544B2/en active Active
- 2011-04-12 WO PCT/US2011/032072 patent/WO2011130237A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2011-04-12 US US13/640,650 patent/US8765004B2/en active Active
- 2011-04-12 CN CN201180019363.4A patent/CN102844400B/zh active Active
- 2011-04-12 KR KR1020187006578A patent/KR102037782B1/ko active Active
- 2011-04-12 EP EP18181521.8A patent/EP3406688B1/en active Active
- 2011-04-12 EP EP21185415.3A patent/EP3929265B1/en active Active
- 2011-04-12 ES ES21185415T patent/ES2941409T3/es active Active
- 2011-04-12 FI FIEP21185415.3T patent/FI3929265T3/fi active
- 2011-04-12 JP JP2013505046A patent/JP2013527273A/ja active Pending
- 2011-04-12 SG SG2012073987A patent/SG184453A1/en unknown
- 2011-04-12 PT PT211854153T patent/PT3929265T/pt unknown
- 2011-04-12 MX MX2012012012A patent/MX346315B/es active IP Right Grant
- 2011-04-12 AU AU2011240740A patent/AU2011240740B2/en active Active
- 2011-04-12 PL PL18181521T patent/PL3406688T3/pl unknown
- 2011-04-12 ES ES11715644T patent/ES2698388T5/es active Active
- 2011-04-12 ES ES18181521T patent/ES2886149T3/es active Active
- 2011-04-12 MY MYPI2012004441A patent/MY156787A/en unknown
- 2011-04-12 PT PT181815218T patent/PT3406688T/pt unknown
- 2011-04-12 DE DE202011111049.8U patent/DE202011111049U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2011-04-12 RU RU2012148719/05A patent/RU2012148719A/ru not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2011-04-12 KR KR1020197031107A patent/KR20190122879A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2011-04-12 CA CA2796051A patent/CA2796051C/en active Active
- 2011-04-12 PL PL21185415.3T patent/PL3929265T3/pl unknown
- 2011-04-12 KR KR1020127029921A patent/KR20130051943A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2011-04-15 TW TW100113268A patent/TWI540117B/zh active
- 2011-04-15 AR ARP110101305A patent/AR084380A1/es unknown
- 2011-04-16 SA SA111320376A patent/SA111320376B1/ar unknown
-
2016
- 2016-04-01 JP JP2016074429A patent/JP6290959B2/ja active Active
Also Published As
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| PT3929265T (pt) | Aparelho refrigerador contendo uma composição compreendendo 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropeno e 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroetano | |
| PL2588556T3 (pl) | Kompozycja na bazie 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropenu | |
| IL253870A0 (en) | Certain amino-pyrimidines, their assemblies, and methods of using them | |
| ZA201208578B (en) | Composition,method and use | |
| PL2590916T3 (pl) | Trwała kompozycja 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropenu | |
| PL2431442T3 (pl) | Kompozycja na bazie 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropenu | |
| HUE041685T2 (hu) | 2,3,3,3-Tetrafluor-propént tartalmazó készítmény | |
| ZA201403803B (en) | Composition,apparatus,kit and method and uses thereof | |
| IL222465A0 (en) | Certain amino-pyridazines, compositions thereof, and methods for their use | |
| PL2770827T3 (pl) | Kompozycja, sposób otrzymywania kompozycji i zawierająca ją formulacja fitosanitarna | |
| EP2643227A4 (en) | CONTAINER DEVICE AND USE METHOD THEREFOR | |
| GB201103931D0 (en) | Printable composition, method and uses thereof | |
| PT2797995T (pt) | Espuma, composição e método | |
| GB201114962D0 (en) | Composition, process and product | |
| GB201100899D0 (en) | Printing process,composition and apparatus | |
| EP2894209A4 (en) | METHOD FOR FILLING MIXED REFRIGERANT CONTAINING 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE | |
| ZA201402576B (en) | Desulfurization agent containing bitumen,method for the production thereof ,and use thereof | |
| GB201020067D0 (en) | Apparatus, methods of operation of same and tools for use with apparatus | |
| GB201015986D0 (en) | Process and apparatus | |
| EP2915807A4 (en) | PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION AND STORAGE OF A LIQUID COMPOSITION COMPRISING TETRAHYDRO-4H-1,3,5-OXADIAZINE-4-ONE | |
| TWI560186B (en) | Novel compound, phamraceutical composition or combination product comprising the same, and use thereof | |
| GB201020398D0 (en) | Potash product, method and apparatus | |
| GB201209619D0 (en) | Composition, apparatus, kit and method and uses thereof | |
| GB201117229D0 (en) | Inorganic materials, methods and apparatus for making same, and uses thereof |