PA8651401A1 - SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS CONTAINING A LOW ESTRADIOL DOSE - Google Patents
SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS CONTAINING A LOW ESTRADIOL DOSEInfo
- Publication number
- PA8651401A1 PA8651401A1 PA20058651401A PA8651401A PA8651401A1 PA 8651401 A1 PA8651401 A1 PA 8651401A1 PA 20058651401 A PA20058651401 A PA 20058651401A PA 8651401 A PA8651401 A PA 8651401A PA 8651401 A1 PA8651401 A1 PA 8651401A1
- Authority
- PA
- Panama
- Prior art keywords
- dosage forms
- solid oral
- oral dosage
- estradiol
- forms containing
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
- A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/2013—Organic compounds, e.g. phospholipids, fats
- A61K9/2018—Sugars, or sugar alcohols, e.g. lactose, mannitol; Derivatives thereof, e.g. polysorbates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
- A61K9/28—Dragees; Coated pills or tablets, e.g. with film or compression coating
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
- A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/2027—Organic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyvinyl pyrrolidone, poly(meth)acrylates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
- A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
- A61K9/2054—Cellulose; Cellulose derivatives, e.g. hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
- A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
- A61K9/20—Pills, tablets, discs, rods
- A61K9/2004—Excipients; Inactive ingredients
- A61K9/2022—Organic macromolecular compounds
- A61K9/205—Polysaccharides, e.g. alginate, gums; Cyclodextrin
- A61K9/2059—Starch, including chemically or physically modified derivatives; Amylose; Amylopectin; Dextrin
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P1/00—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system
- A61P1/08—Drugs for disorders of the alimentary tract or the digestive system for nausea, cinetosis or vertigo; Antiemetics
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P15/00—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives
- A61P15/12—Drugs for genital or sexual disorders; Contraceptives for climacteric disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
- A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
- A61P19/08—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease
- A61P19/10—Drugs for skeletal disorders for bone diseases, e.g. rachitism, Paget's disease for osteoporosis
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/02—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for peripheral neuropathies
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/06—Antimigraine agents
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
- A61P25/24—Antidepressants
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
- A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
- A61P5/00—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system
- A61P5/24—Drugs for disorders of the endocrine system of the sex hormones
- A61P5/30—Oestrogens
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Physical Education & Sports Medicine (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Endocrinology (AREA)
- Neurology (AREA)
- Neurosurgery (AREA)
- Rheumatology (AREA)
- Orthopedic Medicine & Surgery (AREA)
- Diabetes (AREA)
- Pain & Pain Management (AREA)
- Psychiatry (AREA)
- Hospice & Palliative Care (AREA)
- Otolaryngology (AREA)
- Reproductive Health (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Steroid Compounds (AREA)
Abstract
FORMAS DE DOSIFICACION ORAL SOLIDAS QUE CONTIENEN UNA DOSIS MUY BAJA DE ESTRADIOL. LAS FORMAS DE DOSIFICACION SE FORMULAN DE MODO TAL QUE SE EVITA LA DEGRADACION DEL ESTRADIOL Y SE MINIMIZA EL CONTENIDO DE POLIVINILPIRROLIDONA, AL TIEMPO QUE AUN SE LOGRA UNA DISOLUCION RAPIDA SIMILAR DEL ESTRADIOL. LAS FORMAS DE DOSIFICACION SON UTILES PARA PREVENIR O TRATAR UNA CONDICION FISICA EN UNA MUJER, PROVOCADA POR NIVELES ENDRÓGENOS INSUFICIENTES DE ESTRADIOL.SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS CONTAINING A VERY LOW DOSE OF ESTRADIOL. THE DOSAGE FORMS ARE FORMULATED AS IS TO PREVENT THE DEGRADATION OF ESTRADIOL AND MINIMIZE THE CONTENT OF POLYVINYL PIRROLIDONE, AT THE TIME THAT STILL A SIMILAR RAPID DISSOLUTION OF ESTRADIOL IS ACHIEVED. DOSAGE FORMS ARE USEFUL TO PREVENT OR TREAT A PHYSICAL CONDITION IN A WOMAN, CAUSED BY INSUFFICIENT LEVELS OF ESTRADIOL.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP04078014 | 2004-11-02 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
PA8651401A1 true PA8651401A1 (en) | 2006-12-07 |
Family
ID=34928627
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PA20058651401A PA8651401A1 (en) | 2004-11-02 | 2005-11-02 | SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS CONTAINING A LOW ESTRADIOL DOSE |
Country Status (21)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP1814526A2 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2008518895A (en) |
KR (1) | KR20070085558A (en) |
CN (1) | CN101094656A (en) |
AR (1) | AR053650A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2005300658A1 (en) |
BR (1) | BRPI0517940A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2585095A1 (en) |
CR (1) | CR9112A (en) |
CU (1) | CU20070094A7 (en) |
EA (1) | EA013262B1 (en) |
GT (1) | GT200500315A (en) |
IL (1) | IL182635A0 (en) |
MX (1) | MX2007005281A (en) |
NO (1) | NO20072704L (en) |
PA (1) | PA8651401A1 (en) |
PE (1) | PE20061126A1 (en) |
TW (1) | TW200621312A (en) |
UY (1) | UY29185A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO2006048261A2 (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA200705012B (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US8022053B2 (en) | 2004-11-02 | 2011-09-20 | Bayer Schering Pharma Aktiengesellschaft | Oral solid dosage forms containing a low dose of estradiol |
KR20080047959A (en) * | 2006-11-27 | 2008-05-30 | 주식회사 엠디바이오알파 | Naphthoquinone-based pharmaceutical composition for treatment or prevention of diseases involving obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, neuro-degenerative diseases and mitochondria dysfunction diseases |
DE102009007771B4 (en) | 2009-02-05 | 2012-02-16 | Bayer Schering Pharma Aktiengesellschaft | Buccal administration system containing 17α-estradiol |
JP5820465B2 (en) * | 2010-04-15 | 2015-11-24 | バイエル・インテレクチュアル・プロパティ・ゲゼルシャフト・ミット・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツングBayer Intellectual Property GmbH | Very low dose solid oral dosage form for HRT |
JP5852639B2 (en) | 2010-04-15 | 2016-02-03 | バイエル・インテレクチュアル・プロパティ・ゲゼルシャフト・ミット・ベシュレンクテル・ハフツングBayer Intellectual Property GmbH | Low dose solid oral dosage form for HRT |
CN112516149B (en) * | 2020-07-21 | 2023-07-18 | 南方医科大学 | Application of estradiol benzoate or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in preparation of anti-coronavirus drugs |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
NL125069C (en) * | 1963-12-24 | |||
US4755386A (en) * | 1986-01-22 | 1988-07-05 | Schering Corporation | Buccal formulation |
US5073374A (en) * | 1988-11-30 | 1991-12-17 | Schering Corporation | Fast dissolving buccal tablet |
FR2739558B1 (en) * | 1995-10-05 | 1997-11-28 | Innothera Lab Sa | UNITAL GALENIC FORM FOR LOCAL HORMONOTHERAPY OF VAGINAL DROUGHT |
FR2754179B1 (en) * | 1996-10-08 | 1998-12-24 | Theramex | NOVEL HORMONONAL COMPOSITION AND ITS USE |
US6326366B1 (en) * | 2000-08-22 | 2001-12-04 | Protein Technologies International | Hormone replacement therapy |
BR0115067A (en) * | 2000-10-30 | 2004-04-06 | Univ Zuerich | Gnrh Analogs for Urinary Incontinence Treatment |
PT1343508E (en) * | 2000-12-15 | 2012-02-20 | Novo Nordisk Femcare Ag | Use of an oestrogen in the manufacture of a composition containing oestrogen for the treatment of atrophic vaginitis |
FR2823976A1 (en) * | 2001-04-25 | 2002-10-31 | Theramex | NOVEL HORMONAL COMPOSITION AND ITS USE |
US20030018018A1 (en) * | 2001-07-10 | 2003-01-23 | Medical College Of Hampton Roads | Ultra low dose oral contraceptives with sustained efficacy and induced amenorrhea |
US6962908B2 (en) * | 2001-12-21 | 2005-11-08 | Warner Chilcott Company Inc. | Oral pharmaceutical products containing 17 β-estradiol-3-lower alkanoate, method of administering the same and process of preparation |
JP2004155779A (en) * | 2002-10-16 | 2004-06-03 | Taisho Pharmaceut Co Ltd | Peroral composition for preventing and treating climacteric symptom |
-
2005
- 2005-10-31 GT GT200500315A patent/GT200500315A/en unknown
- 2005-10-31 UY UY29185A patent/UY29185A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-11-01 KR KR1020077012174A patent/KR20070085558A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-11-01 JP JP2007538360A patent/JP2008518895A/en active Pending
- 2005-11-01 EA EA200700979A patent/EA013262B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-11-01 CN CNA200580045694XA patent/CN101094656A/en active Pending
- 2005-11-01 CA CA002585095A patent/CA2585095A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-11-01 AU AU2005300658A patent/AU2005300658A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-11-01 WO PCT/EP2005/011726 patent/WO2006048261A2/en active Application Filing
- 2005-11-01 MX MX2007005281A patent/MX2007005281A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-11-01 EP EP05800512A patent/EP1814526A2/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-11-01 TW TW094138264A patent/TW200621312A/en unknown
- 2005-11-01 BR BRPI0517940-8A patent/BRPI0517940A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-11-02 PE PE2005001279A patent/PE20061126A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-11-02 AR ARP050104580A patent/AR053650A1/en unknown
- 2005-11-02 PA PA20058651401A patent/PA8651401A1/en unknown
-
2007
- 2007-04-18 IL IL182635A patent/IL182635A0/en unknown
- 2007-04-30 CU CU20070094A patent/CU20070094A7/en unknown
- 2007-05-09 CR CR9112A patent/CR9112A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-05-29 NO NO20072704A patent/NO20072704L/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2007-06-01 ZA ZA200705012A patent/ZA200705012B/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN101094656A (en) | 2007-12-26 |
PE20061126A1 (en) | 2006-11-11 |
GT200500315A (en) | 2006-06-06 |
NO20072704L (en) | 2007-05-29 |
EA200700979A1 (en) | 2007-10-26 |
CU20070094A7 (en) | 2009-09-08 |
EA013262B1 (en) | 2010-04-30 |
JP2008518895A (en) | 2008-06-05 |
ZA200705012B (en) | 2008-10-29 |
WO2006048261A3 (en) | 2006-09-21 |
UY29185A1 (en) | 2006-05-31 |
CR9112A (en) | 2007-11-23 |
IL182635A0 (en) | 2007-07-24 |
AR053650A1 (en) | 2007-05-16 |
WO2006048261A2 (en) | 2006-05-11 |
BRPI0517940A (en) | 2008-10-21 |
CA2585095A1 (en) | 2006-05-11 |
EP1814526A2 (en) | 2007-08-08 |
TW200621312A (en) | 2006-07-01 |
MX2007005281A (en) | 2008-03-11 |
KR20070085558A (en) | 2007-08-27 |
AU2005300658A1 (en) | 2006-05-11 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
AR109263A2 (en) | COMPOSITION INCLUDING MOXIDECTINE | |
AR055095A1 (en) | NEW MACROCICLIC INHIBITORS OF HEPATITIS C VIRUS REPLICATION | |
UY28862A1 (en) | NEW PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SEXUAL DISORDERS II | |
AR077573A2 (en) | USE OF A TNF INHIBITOR AND PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION THAT INCLUDES IT | |
AR060836A1 (en) | A TRANS-MUCOSA DISK TO ADMINISTER AN ACTIVE AGENT, A TRANS-MUCOSA COMPOSITION AND THE METHOD OF ADMINISTRATION OBTAINED | |
DOP2009000155A (en) | DERIVATIVES OF FITTED HETERO-PENTACICLO-FENILO, PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION THAT UNDERSTANDS AND USES TO PREPARE A USEFUL MEDICINAL PRODUCT FOR THE TREATMENT OF A CONDITION MEDIATED BY P38 | |
AR068185A1 (en) | COMPOSITIONS OF LAMOTRIGIN ORAL DISINTEGRATION TABLETS | |
ECSP066959A (en) | MACROCICLICAL COMPOUNDS AS INHIBITORS OF VIRAL REPLICATION | |
CL2011000916A1 (en) | Use of a combination of an epoxy ketone peptide proteasome inhibitor or an acceptable pharmaceutical salt thereof, and one or more other therapeutic agents to treat cancer. | |
CL2013001136A1 (en) | A phosphodiesterase 7 (pde7) inhibitory agent to be used in the treatment or reduction of the possibility of an addiction; and pharmaceutical composition, unit dosage form and pharmaceutical kit including phosphodiesterase 7 inhibitor (pde7) and an additional therapeutic agent. | |
NI200800169A (en) | USE OF BENZO-FUSED HETEROCYCLIC SULFAMID DERIVATIVES FOR THE TREATMENT OF PAIN | |
PA8651401A1 (en) | SOLID ORAL DOSAGE FORMS CONTAINING A LOW ESTRADIOL DOSE | |
PE20070333A1 (en) | PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITION INCLUDING AGOMELATIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF SLEEP DISORDERS IN DEPRESSED PATIENTS | |
CU20090112A6 (en) | MACROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS INHIBITORS OF VIRAL REPLICATION | |
ECSP066553A (en) | MASTICABLE ADMINISTRATION FORMS, NOT INDIVIDUALLY DOSED COMPRESSED. | |
ECSP066805A (en) | SILINAN COMPOUNDS AS INHIBITORS OF CYSTEINE PROTEASA | |
AR026254A1 (en) | THE USE OF A CONTROLLED RELEASE PREPARATION FOR THE PREPARATION OF A MEDICINAL PRODUCT TO INCREASE THE DOSE OR SYSTEM EXPOSURE OF A PHARMACO THAT INHIBITS PHOSPHODESTERASE 4 | |
ECSP10010464A (en) | USE OF RANOLAZINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES | |
PE20130147A1 (en) | PHARMACEUTICAL COMBINATION OF THEOBROMINE AND A NON-OPIOID ANTITUSSIVE AGENT | |
CL2004000984A1 (en) | ORAL DOSAGE FORM OF A MAGNESIUM SALT OF (S) -PANTOPAZOL, FOR THE PROPHYLAXIS OR TREATMENT OF A CONDITION ASSOCIATED TO INHIBIT THE PROTONIC PUMP. | |
CL2004000767A1 (en) | ORAL DOSING UNIT INCLUDING AN ANTAGONIST AGENT FOR PUMPS OF PROTONS AND EXCIPIENTS OF BASIC CHARACTER; PROCEDURE FOR PREPARATION, USEFUL TO TREAT DISEASES CAUSED BY AN INCREASED SECRETION OF GASTRIC ACIDS. | |
AR061046A1 (en) | MIRTAZAPINE FOR THE TREATMENT OF NEUROPATHIC PAIN | |
NI201000185A (en) | METHODS FOR USING CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING FACTOR FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER. | |
AR048355A1 (en) | ASSOCIATION BETWEEN A HETEROCICLICAL COMPOUND AND AN ANTIOXIDANT AGENT AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING THEM | |
AR057161A1 (en) | METHODS AND DOSAGE FORMS OF BENZISOXAZOL DERIVATIVES WITH BETTER EFFECTIVENESS |