NZ705050A - Methods of feeding and making animal feed adapted to deter wild bird consumption and products thereof - Google Patents
Methods of feeding and making animal feed adapted to deter wild bird consumption and products thereofInfo
- Publication number
- NZ705050A NZ705050A NZ705050A NZ70505015A NZ705050A NZ 705050 A NZ705050 A NZ 705050A NZ 705050 A NZ705050 A NZ 705050A NZ 70505015 A NZ70505015 A NZ 70505015A NZ 705050 A NZ705050 A NZ 705050A
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- percent
- vegetable oil
- hydrogenated vegetable
- fat
- weight
- Prior art date
Links
- 235000019197 fats Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 89
- 235000021003 saturated fats Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 239000008172 hydrogenated vegetable oil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Stearic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O QIQXTHQIDYTFRH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palmitic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O IPCSVZSSVZVIGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 235000021355 Stearic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 239000008117 stearic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 235000021314 Palmitic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 claims description 35
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 35
- 241000271566 Aves Species 0.000 claims description 34
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 claims description 13
- POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lauric acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O POULHZVOKOAJMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Myristic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O TUNFSRHWOTWDNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000005639 Lauric acid Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000021360 Myristic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000003925 fat Substances 0.000 abstract description 84
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 25
- 229920002472 Starch Polymers 0.000 description 14
- 235000019698 starch Nutrition 0.000 description 14
- 239000008107 starch Substances 0.000 description 13
- 235000012054 meals Nutrition 0.000 description 12
- 239000003760 tallow Substances 0.000 description 12
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 description 10
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 10
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 10
- 125000004432 carbon atoms Chemical group C* 0.000 description 8
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 235000019198 oils Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 241000209149 Zea Species 0.000 description 6
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000005822 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000005824 corn Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 6
- 235000021083 high saturated fats Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- 240000007842 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 5
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 description 5
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 5
- VAMXMNNIEUEQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methyl anthranilate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1N VAMXMNNIEUEQDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Stearin Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OCC(OC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)COC(=O)CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC DCXXMTOCNZCJGO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 4
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 4
- VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Arachidic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O VKOBVWXKNCXXDE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- 241000283086 Equidae Species 0.000 description 3
- WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O WQEPLUUGTLDZJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002285 corn oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000005687 corn oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000012343 cottonseed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atoms Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- 244000144972 livestock Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000021085 polyunsaturated fats Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000000346 sugar Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229960003563 Calcium Carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- KEMQGTRYUADPNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Heptadecanoic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O KEMQGTRYUADPNZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 210000004080 Milk Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- ISYWECDDZWTKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nonadecylic acid Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(O)=O ISYWECDDZWTKFF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019482 Palm oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000004808 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000014680 Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006394 Sorghum bicolor Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000019764 Soybean Meal Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000287181 Sturnus vulgaris Species 0.000 description 2
- 240000008529 Triticum aestivum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000015278 beef Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000014121 butter Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021323 fish oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012041 food component Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229940102398 methyl anthranilate Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021084 monounsaturated fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000006286 nutrient intake Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000020939 nutritional additive Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000002540 palm oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004455 soybean meal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000012424 soybean oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000003549 soybean oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000008163 sugars Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000003626 triacylglycerols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 235000021081 unsaturated fats Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000015112 vegetable and seed oil Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019871 vegetable fat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000008158 vegetable oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000282979 Alces alces Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007319 Avena orientalis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000075850 Avena orientalis Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000005996 Blood meal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000282465 Canis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282472 Canis lupus familiaris Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000000218 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282994 Cervidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019749 Dry matter Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000003746 Feathers Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 241000282324 Felis Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282326 Felis catus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019733 Fish meal Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010068370 Glutens Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 240000005979 Hordeum vulgare Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007340 Hordeum vulgare Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000289619 Macropodidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000003183 Manihot esculenta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016735 Manihot esculenta subsp esculenta Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006057 Non-nutritive feed additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940116542 OTHER NUTRIENTS in ATC Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 241000283973 Oryctolagus cuniculus Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019483 Peanut oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 108010064851 Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 102000026947 Plant Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 241000288906 Primates Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283080 Proboscidea <mammal> Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000283011 Rangifer Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019485 Safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011684 Sorghum saccharatum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000282887 Suidae Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000019486 Sunflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000006364 Torula Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000282458 Ursus sp. Species 0.000 description 1
- 229940029983 VITAMINS Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940021016 Vitamin IV solution additives Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019752 Wheat Middilings Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000010775 animal oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000828 canola oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019519 canola oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011203 carbon fibre reinforced carbon Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002385 cottonseed oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001066 destructive Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000378 dietary Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002550 fecal Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004467 fishmeal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000037406 food intake Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000021312 gluten Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011868 grain product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007689 inspection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004301 light adaptation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000004668 long chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004667 medium chain fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000013379 molasses Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002816 nickel compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002417 nutraceutical Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004465 oilseed meal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000312 peanut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021118 plant-derived protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000144977 poultry Species 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000005713 safflower oil Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000003813 safflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004460 silage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 238000009987 spinning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002600 sunflower oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000454 talc Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052623 talc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000013343 vitamin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011782 vitamin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930003231 vitamins Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Abstract
Methods of deterring wild bird consumption of feeds containing nutrients susceptible to wild bird consumption, methods of producing a feed material adapted for deterring wild bird consumption, and a feed product with a composition adapted for deterring wild bird consumption are provided by inclusion of fats in the animal feed that contain high levels of saturated fats. Saturated fats may be derived from hydrogenated vegetable oil and other fat sources in which a large portion of the saturated fat is formed of stearic acid or stearic acid in combination with palmitic acid. of fats in the animal feed that contain high levels of saturated fats. Saturated fats may be derived from hydrogenated vegetable oil and other fat sources in which a large portion of the saturated fat is formed of stearic acid or stearic acid in combination with palmitic acid.
Description
METHODS OF FEEDING AND MAKING ANIMAL FEED ADAPTED TO DETER WILD BIRD
CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTS THEREOF
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure provides feeding systems for deterring wild bird consumption of
animal feed products, methods of forming these animal feed products and the animal feed
products themselves.
BACKGROUND
In 2012, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) investigators
reported commercial dairies in Pennsylvania, New York and Wisconsin suffered from feed loss
and bird fecal contamination throughout the year, but at a higher extent during the first quarter
of the year. European starlings are the most destructive species, but other wild birds are also to
blame for these problems. Dairies reporting no bird problems, such as those that take
affirmative measures to deter wild birds, spent $4.92 on feed cost per hundredweight of milk. In
contrast, dairies reporting bird populations greater than 10,000 spent $2.07 more on feed cost
per hundredweight. For example, a starling weighing 85 grams can eat about 2 pounds of feed
per month. Where ruminant feed cost of 13 cents per pound of dry matter, this equates to 26
cents per bird per month. When producers manage large facilities, thousands of birds may
scavenge animal feed resulting in tens of thousands of dollars of lost feed per year.
It is believed that wild birds prefer energy-dense ingredients, particularly starch, in
feedlot and dairy rations. Starch feed ingredients, however, come at a higher cost, and when
birds sort feed, starch loss will be incurred, which alters the composition of the animal’s diet,
which can reduce animal performance such as meat and milk production.
Bird-control strategies differ in terms of their cost and effectiveness. For example, feed
treated with methyl anthranilate has been found to deter wild birds from consuming these feeds.
However, cost concerns with this additive have resulted in a search for alternative methods to
deterring wild bird consumption of animal feed.
SUMMARY
The present disclosure provides methods of deterring wild bird consumption of feeds
containing nutrients susceptible to wild bird consumption, methods of producing a feed material
adapted for deterring wild bird consumption, and a feed product with a composition adapted for
deterring wild bird consumption. Feeds that are otherwise susceptible to wild bird consumption
generally include non-avian animal feeds including, but not limited to, feeds for livestock
animals, zoo animals, and companion animals. Each of these animal feeds may include
nutrients susceptible to wild bird consumption such as starches including sugars, protein and
some fats. In particular, it has been discovered that by including fats with high levels of
saturated fat, such as at least 80 percent saturated fat by weight of the fat, results in a product
that is less palatable or not palatable to wild birds, which enables the feed to be available to the
animal for which it is intended, thus saving on animal feed costs and resulting in a more
predictable nutrient intake by the animals.
According to one implementation, a method of deterring wild bird consumption of animal
feed involves providing animals with a daily feed ration of an animal feed in a location
accessible to wild birds, where a portion of a nutrient profile of the animal feed is susceptible to
wild bird consumption. The animal feed additionally includes fat in the form of hydrogenated
vegetable oil containing saturated fatty acids, and these saturated fatty acids are provided in an
amount effective to reduce the wild bird consumption of the animal feed.
In another implementation, a method of forming a feed material adapted for deterring
wild birds from consuming feed material otherwise susceptible to consumption by the wild birds
involves forming a feed material including hydrogenated vegetable oil and at least one
additional feed component susceptible to wild bird consumption. In this implementation, the
hydrogenated vegetable oil is provided in an amount effective to reduce consumption of the
feed material.
In yet another implementation, an animal feed is provided that includes hydrogenated
vegetable oil providing at least about 20 percent of the animal feed by weight, where the
hydrogenated vegetable oil contains at least about 95 percent by weight saturated fatty acids.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate wild bird consumption of animal feed products formulated
according to implementations of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Overview
Methods of deterring wild bird consumption of animal feed otherwise susceptible to wild
bird consumption involve incorporating fats into the animal feed that contain saturated fatty
acids. Feeds that are otherwise susceptible to wild bird consumption generally include non-
avian animal feeds including, but not limited to, feeds for livestock animals, zoo animals, and
companion animals. Livestock animals may include ruminants and pigs of any age. Zoo
animals may include zebras, camelids, primates, kangaroos, bear, deer, reindeer, elk,
elephants, exotic felines, exotic canines. Companion animals may include dogs, cats, rabbits
and horses. These animal feeds generally include nutrients susceptible to wild bird
consumption, especially starch. Other nutrients generally attractive to the wild birds also include
sugars and some fats.
Saturated fatty acids are produced from the hydrogenation of fatty acids. Saturated fatty
acids are those where the carbon atoms of the triglycerides are bonded to two hydrogen atoms
and thus do not contain double bonds. Fully saturated fats are provided when the chain of
carbon atoms in the triglyceride is fully saturated with hydrogen atoms. With increased
saturation of the oil or fat, the oil or fat exhibits an increased melting point and viscosity.
Generally, the saturated fatty acids of the present disclosure are solid or semi-solid state at
ambient temperatures. C3:0-C36:0 saturated fatty acids may be used in connection with the
animal feeds of the present disclosure. Depending on the number of carbon atoms, saturated
fatty acids may be characterized as short-chain (less than 6 carbon atoms), medium-chain (from
6 to 12 carbon atoms), long-chain (from 13-21 carbon atoms), and very long-chain (greater than
22 carbon atoms). Some preferred saturated fatty acids include medium- and long-chain fatty
acids such as lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), pentadecanoic acid (C15:0), palmitic
acid (C16:0), heptadecanoic acid (C17:0), stearic acid (C18:0), nonadecanoic acid (C19:0), and
eicosanoic acid (C20:0). In more preferred embodiments, stearic acid may provide a major
portion of the fat or saturated fat content in the animal feed products. For example, stearic acid
may provide from about 50 to about 70, about 60 to about 70, about 62 to about 67, or about 65
percent of the fat by weight or of the saturated fat by weight. In yet another preferred
embodiment, stearic acid and palmitic acid may provide a major portion of the fat content in the
animal feed products, where stearic acid is provided at the levels described and palmitic acid
may provide from about 10 to about 25, about 15 to about 22, or about 20 percent of the fat by
weight. Such fatty acids may be present in hydrogenated vegetable oil in the aforementioned
parenthetical amounts.
Saturated fatty acids may be contained in a variety of fat types including hydrogenated
vegetable oil, which is a plant-based oil derived from peanut oil, safflower oil, sunflower oil,
cottonseed oil, corn oil, canola oil and combinations thereof; and animal-based fats such as suet
and tallow. The level of saturated fatty acids within these fat types may vary from about 1
percent by weight of the fat to about 100 percent by weight of the fat. According to certain
implementations, fats containing from about 80 to about 100 percent saturated fatty acids by
weight may be incorporated into the animal feed to effectively deter wild bird consumption. In
more particular implementations, fats containing about 75 to about 95 percent saturated fatty
acids by weight may be incorporated into the animal feed to effectively deter wild bird
consumption. Even more particularly, fats containing about 85 percent saturated fatty acids by
weight may effectively deter wild bird consumption when used on or within an animal feed.
Animal Feed Compositions Containing Saturated Fat
Animal feed compositions of the present disclosure contain nutrients including fat, at
least a portion of which contains saturated fatty acids, as well as starch and protein. In addition,
the animal feed compositions may include additives described below.
Fat contained in the animal feed includes fats with a high level of saturated fatty acids
such as hydrogenated vegetable oil. Other fats may additionally be incorporated into the animal
feeds of the present disclosure. For example, beef tallow, fish oil and other animal oils or fats,
soybeans, soybean oil, corn, corn oil, palm oil, palm stearin, coco butter, other vegetable oils or
fats and combinations thereof. These exemplary fat sources may include blends of saturated,
unsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. Waxes may also be used.
The amount of fat in the animal feed may be about 20 to about 60 percent by weight of
the feed, about 45 to 55 percent by weight of the feed, about 50 to about 55 percent by weight
of the feed, about 50 percent by weight of the feed, or about 55 percent by weight of the feed.
Saturated fat may account for between 20 and 100 percent of the total fat, about 20 to
60 percent of the total fat, about 50 percent of the total fat, about 50 to 100 percent of the total
fat, about 85 to 100 percent of the total fat, about 85 percent of the total fat, or about 100
percent of the total fat.
Fats containing a high saturated fat content may be those with 75-100g saturated fat
/100g total fat; 80-100g saturated fat /100g total fat; 80-90g saturated fat /100g total fat, 85-95g
saturated fat /100g total fat, or 95g saturated fat /100g total fat.
With respect to the animal feed itself, saturated fat, such as highly saturated fats, may
account for between about 10 and 55 percent of the animal feed by weight, between about 10
and 30 percent of the animal feed by weight, between about 20 and 25 percent of the animal
feed by weight.
In addition, hydrogenated vegetable oil with a high saturated fat content, as described,
may account for between about 10 and 55 percent of the animal feed by weight, between about
and 30 percent of the animal feed by weight, or between about 20 and 25 percent of the
animal feed by weight.
In one preferred implementation, a source of saturated fat, such as hydrogenated
vegetable oil, may contain about 95g saturated fat /100g total fat by weight, and the source of
saturated fat may account for about 85-100 percent of the fat in the animal feed by weight. In
this implementation, for an animal feed containing about 55 percent fat by weight of the feed,
saturated fatty acids may account for about 44.4 to about 52.25 percent of the feed by weight.
In another preferred implementation, a source of saturated fat, such as hydrogenated
vegetable oil, may contain about 95g saturated fat/100g total fat by weight and the source of
saturated fat may account for between about 10 and 30 percent of the animal feed by weight. In
this implementation, saturated fat may account for 9.5 to about 28.5 percent of the animal feed
by weight.
Because the animal feeds of the present disclosure may contain fat sources in addition
to saturated fats, a balance of the fat content may be provided in the form of other fats, such as
monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats. For example, sources of unsaturated fats may be
derived from corn and soy beans present in the animal feed. As described, other sources of
alternative fats may include beef tallow, fish oil and other animal fats, soybean oil, corn oil, palm
oil, palm stearin, coco butter, other vegetable oils or fats, and combinations thereof.
The highly saturated fats of the present disclosure may be obtained from naturally
occurring fats and oils, may be derived through isolating saturated fats from fat sources
containing blends of saturated fat with other fats, e.g., polyunsaturated fat and/or
monounsaturated fats, may be derived through the process of hydrogenation, or combinations
of these. In fractionation, saturated fats may be substantially isolated from other fats by, for
example, heating a solid or semi-solid fat source containing saturated fat to a temperature
where the saturated fat remains solid and other fat or fats reach a melting point at which point
the melted fats may be separated from the solid fat containing the saturated fat. In addition or
alternatively, a fat source may be processed in order to hydrogenate the fatty acids contained
therein. Generally, hydrogenation involves sparging the oil or fat with a source of hydrogen and
a catalyst (e.g., a nickel compound) at elevated temperatures and pressures. During this
process, carbon–carbon double bonds are chemically reduced to a single bond such that each
carbon atom forms a bond with two hydrogen atoms, thereby resulting in hydrogenation and
thus saturation of the fatty acids. With increased saturation of the fatty acids, the oil or fat is
characterized as highly saturated and may be fully saturated. It has been discovered that fats
containing high levels of saturated fat when incorporated into animal feed deters wild birds from
consuming the animal feed containing nutrients (e.g., starch (including sugar), protein, and other
fats) otherwise susceptible to consumption.
Starch in the animals feeds may be derived from a variety of sources and such as corn,
wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, tapioca, isolated dry or wet milled starch, their milled components
and combinations of these, and any of these starch components may be susceptible to wild bird
consumption. The amount of starch may account for at least about 20 percent by weight the
feed, between about 20 percent by weight and about 30 percent by weight of the feed, or
greater than 30 percent by weight of the feed.
Protein in the animal feed may be sourced from soybean meal, cottonseed meal and
corn gluten meal. Other proteinaceous sources include other oil seed meals such as palm meal;
animal by-product meals such as meat meal, poultry meal, blood meal, feather meal and
fishmeal; plant by-product meals such as wheat middlings, soybean hulls and corn by-products;
and microbial protein such as torula yeast and brewer's yeast. Any of the protein sources may
be susceptible to wild bird consumption. The amount of protein in the animal feed may be
between about 1 percent by weight and about 30 percent by weight of the animal feed, and
more particularly may be about 10 percent by weight.
Additives can include, for example, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, nutraceuticals,
pharmaceuticals, flavorings such as molasses, and various processing aids such as talc and
calcium carbonate. According to certain implementations, the animal feeds of the present
disclosure may be free of methyl anthranilate.
Methods of Producing the Animal Feed Compositions Containing Saturated Fat
Animal feeds of the present disclosure may be provided in particle (e.g., nugget or pellet)
form and may be produced through extrusion or pelleting processes. For example, nutritional
components and additives may be mixed and forced by a spinning screw through a restricted
orifice in an extrusion process where the mixture may be subjected to high temperatures and
pressures. An extruded ribbon exiting the extruder may expand and be sliced into particles.
Exemplary methods of extruding animal feeds are disclosed in a co-pending U.S. application
entitled “High Fat Feed Particles,” having application serial number 12/822,376 and filed on
June 24, 2010, the contents of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety for
any useful purpose.
In another example, nutritional components and additives may be formed into a meal
and fed into a pellet mill where the meal is compressed through the holes defined by the die.
During this compression, the meal is heated due to friction and the added mechanical energy.
The compressed meal exits the die in a ribbon that may be sliced transversely to form particles.
In some implementations, all or a portion of the saturated fat may be reserved for use in
coating and/or impregnating the particles. For example, a vacuum coater may coat and
impregnate the pellets with one or more of the highly saturated fats of the present disclosure,
such as hydrogenated vegetable oil. In another example, the saturated fat may be sprayed over
the exterior surface of the pellets.
Methods of Feeding Animal Feed While Deterring Wild Bird Consumption of Same
Feeding methods for deterring wild bird consumption of animal feed involves providing
an animal feed formulated for the target animal, e.g., targeted for non-avian animals such as
ruminants, sows or horses, and replacing at least a portion of the fat content with highly
saturated fat, such as hydrogenated vegetable oil or another fat in which a large portion of the
saturated fat is formed of stearic acid or stearic acid in combination with palmitic acid. The
animal feed may be formulated for a total mixed ration additionally including forage (e.g., grass,
hay, silage) and grains (e.g. corn and/or soy beans), for example.
The animal feeds of the present disclosure may be offered in a typical manner, such as
in feeding troughs or pans that are placed in environments accessible to wild birds, such as in
barns, in a feed lot, in a ranch and so on. Due to the fat profile of the animal feeds of the
present disclosure, wild birds are deterred from consuming the feed. In some cases, wild bird
consumption is reduced by about 80 percent or more. Reduction of scavenged animal feed
results in cost savings and a more predictable nutrient intake by the target animal. This can
facilitate nutritionists in more accurately formulating feed rations that include the animal feed of
the present disclosure, which may improve animal performance. Further, because the animal
feeds of the present disclosure can be formulated according to the dietary needs of the target
animal, and only modifications to the fat profile are made, the target animal readily ingests the
animal feed. In some implementations, the modifications to the fat profile are made only in
connection with a fat coating provided on the animal feed.
Four studies were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of deterring ingestion of
animal feed by wild birds by offering the wild birds ruminant feed having saturated fatty acids
and other animal feed components, however, these studies should not be construed as limiting.
Adaptation Phase of Studies 1-4
Four pans were each filled with 5 pounds of a control animal feed nugget and were
placed outside of a barn where ruminants are typically fed the animal feed nuggets as part of
their total mixed ration. The control nuggets included protein, starch and fat sources, where the
fat content formed about 50 percent of the animal feed nugget by weight, and saturated fat
formed about 50 percent of the fat (e.g., where saturated fat about 25 percent of the weight of
the nugget). The saturated fat contained approximately 19 percent stearic acid and
approximately 27 percent palmitic acid. In particular, the control nuggets contained grain
products (e.g., corn, wheat, cottonseed), plant protein products (e.g., soybean, soybean meal),
calcium carbonate, and tallow and palm stearin as the fat sources. The location where the pans
were placed was a location wild birds were known to have previously consumed test products.
The treatment testing pans were each refilled each day and placed in substantially the same
place outside of the barn. Consumption was measured daily until the control nuggets were
being consistently consumed an average of 3.6 pounds per pan per day. Once the birds were
adapted to eating from the test pans, the studies began.
Study 1
Materials and Methods: The first study was a side-by-side comparison over the course of
days with 4 treatments. Treatment 1 used the control nugget with 50 percent fat derived from
tallow and palm stearin (control nugget) with {50} percent of the fat formed of saturated fat.
Treatment 2 used a first test nugget (test nugget 1) with 55 percent fat by weight, and about 85
percent of the fat derived from hydrogenated vegetable oil, resulting in the first test nugget
containing about 47 percent saturated fat by weight of the nugget derived solely from
hydrogenated vegetable oil. Treatment 3 used a second test nugget (test nugget 2) with 50
percent fat by weight of the nugget, in which the fat was derived from tallow and formed 40
percent by weight of the nugget, with about 43 percent by weight of the tallow being saturated
fat, and hydrogenated vegetable oil formed 10 percent by weight of the nugget, with about 95
percent by weight of the hydrogenated vegetable oil being saturated fat, resulting in the second
test nugget containing about 24 percent saturated fat by weight of the nugget primarily derived
from tallow. Treatment 4 used a third test nugget (test nugget 3) with 50 percent fat by weight
of the nugget in which the fat was derived from tallow and formed 24.5 percent by weight of the
nugget, and hydrogenated vegetable oil formed 24.5 percent by weight of the nugget, with about
95 percent by weight of the hydrogenated vegetable oil being saturated fat, resulting in the
second test nugget containing about 34 percent saturated fat by weight of the nugget primarily
derived from the hydrogenated vegetable oil. The test nuggets included essentially the same
protein and starch sources and levels as the control nugget. Testing involved offering 5 pounds
of each treatment, and the pan locations were rotated daily. Losses were recorded.
Results:
Table 1 – Study 1 Wild Bird Consumption of Control and Test Nuggets Containing High Levels
of Saturated Fats Derived from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
Product Average Consumed, Average Consumed, % of Control Nugget
lbs./day % Consumed
Control Nugget 4.7 94.1 100.0
Test Nugget 1 0.1 2.1 2.2
Test Nugget 2 2.6 52.3 55.6
Test Nugget 3 0.9 17.6 18.7
Summary of Results and Conclusions: Wild birds readily consumed 100 percent of the
control nugget. Test products in which the fat content contained least a portion of hydrogenated
vegetable oil with highly saturated fatty acids resulted in wild birds reducing intake up to 97.8%
for test nugget 1, 81.3% for test nugget 3, and 44.4% for test nugget 2. These results indicated
that titrated levels of highly saturated fatty acids reduced consumption of test product by wild
birds, but not as effectively as 100% replacement as in test nugget 1.
Study 2
Materials and Methods: In this study titrated levels of hydrogenated vegetable oil with
high levels of saturated fatty acids (e.g., 95 percent saturated fat by weight of the oil) were
compared to the control nugget to determine if the birds have a proportional response to
hydrogenated vegetable oil at lower levels, or if there is a threshold level at which the effect
occurs. The study involved a side-by-side comparison over the course of 5 days with 4
treatments: the control nugget, test nugget 2 (38.9 percent tallow and 10 percent hydrogenated
vegetable oil with 95 percent by weight of the hydrogenated vegetable oil being saturated fat),
test nugget 3 (24.5 percent tallow and 24.5 percent hydrogenated vegetable oil with 95 percent
by weight of the hydrogenated vegetable oil being saturated fat), and test nugget 4 (43.9
percent tallow and 5 percent hydrogenated vegetable oil with 95 percent by weight being
saturated fat). Test nugget 4 included substantially the same protein and starch sources and
levels as the control nugget. As in study 1, in this study 5 pounds of each treatment was offered
and treatment locations were rotated daily. Losses were recorded.
Results:
Table 2 – Study 2 of Wild Bird Consumption of Control and Test Nuggets Containing
High Levels of Saturated Fats Derived from Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil
Average Consumed, Average Consumed, % of Control
lbs./day % Nugget
Consumed
Control Nugget
3.4 68.7 100.0
Test Nugget 2
1.0 19.6 28.5
Test Nugget 3
0.0 0.3 0.4
Test Nugget 4
1.3 26.3 38.3
Summary of Results and Conclusions: Wild birds continued to consume the control
nugget. Consumption of all test products was lower than that of the control nugget. The birds
did consume small amounts of test product with the highest consumption being test nugget 4
containing the lowest amount of saturated fatty acids derived from hydrogenated vegetable oil.
The lowest consumption was test nugget 3 containing the highest amount of saturated fatty
acids derived from hydrogenated vegetable oil.
Study 3
Materials and Methods: To determine how bird consumption changes when all choices
contain some level of hydrogenated vegetable oil, study 3 compared the test products to each
other when no control product was offered. Test nuggets 2, 3 and 4 were offered side-by-side
until two of the products were being completely consumed.
Results: The results of study 3 where test nuggets 2, 3 and 4 were offered for 3 days
without the control nugget are illustrated in the graph of Figure 1.
Summary of Results and Conclusions: In study 3, when the control nugget was not
offered, wild birds increased their consumption of test products 2 and 4 so that they were
consuming all that was offered within 3 days. The birds also increased their consumption of test
product 3 to approximately 20 percent of what was offered. These results indicate that the fatty
acid profile of test products 1 and 3 are not substantially different enough from the control
nugget to prevent consumption when the control nugget is not offered as an alternative, but that
percent of the product being the highly saturated fatty acid profile in test product 2 may be
effective.
Study 4
Materials and Methods: To determine if birds would begin to consume test nugget 3 (25
percent hydrogenated vegetable oil by weight of the nugget) if no other choices were offered,
two pans each containing 5 pounds of test nugget 3 were offered for 5 days. No other test or
control nuggets were offered.
Results: The results of study 4 where test nugget 3 was offered for 3 days without the
other test or control nuggets are illustrated in the graph of Figure 2.
Summary of Results and Conclusions: In study 4, when test nugget 3 was the only
option available, wild birds did not increase their consumption of test nugget 3. Overall
consumption was 20 percent of the product offered, and this level of consumption was heavily
driven by consumption on day 1, which appears to be an outlier.
When animal feed nuggets containing high levels of hydrogenated vegetable oil as the
added fat, even if only an exterior fat coating, bird consumption is dramatically reduced even
when no other options are available.
While the present disclosure provides various ranges, it will be understood that values,
such as numeric integer values, at or within these ranges, or various ranges within the disclosed
ranges, or ranges beginning or ending at a range value and beginning or ending at a value
within the disclosed ranges may be used in particular embodiments without departing from the
invention. For example, the percentage of saturated fat by weight of the total fat content within
the animal feeds of the present disclosure may include any integer value from about 50 to about
100. In another example, the percentage of saturated fat by weight of the animal feed of the
present disclosure may include any integer value from about 20 to about 55.
Although the present disclosure provides references to preferred embodiments, persons
skilled in the art will recognize that changes may be made in form and detail without departing
from the spirit and scope of the invention.
Claims (20)
1. A method of deterring wild bird consumption of animal feed, the method comprising: providing animals with a daily feed ration comprising an animal feed in a location accessible to wild birds, wherein at least a portion of a nutrient profile of the animal feed is susceptible to wild bird consumption, wherein the animal feed comprises a fat, said fat comprising hydrogenated vegetable oil, and wherein the hydrogenated vegetable oil comprises saturated fatty acids, and the saturated fatty acids provided in an amount effective to reduce the wild bird consumption of the animal feed.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the hydrogenated vegetable oil defines an exterior coating on the animal feed.
3. The method of claim 2, wherein a fat content of the animal feed is from about 20 to about 60 percent by weight of the animal feed.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein about 20 to about 100 percent by weight of the fat is hydrogenated vegetable oil.
5. The method of claim 4, wherein the hydrogenated vegetable oil contains at least about 80 percent by weight saturated fatty acids.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein stearic acid provides at least about 50 percent by weight of the saturated fatty acids.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein a fat content of the animal feed is from about 20 to about 60 percent by weight of the animal feed.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein about 20 to about 100 percent by weight of the fat is the hydrogenated vegetable oil.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the hydrogenated vegetable oil contains at least about 80 percent by weight saturated fatty acids.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein stearic acid provides at least about 50 percent by weight of the saturated fatty acids.
11. The method of claim 1, wherein the wild bird consumption is reduced over the course of at least 5 days.
12. A method of forming a feed material adapted for deterring wild birds from consuming feed material otherwise susceptible to consumption by the wild birds, the method comprising: forming a feed material comprising hydrogenated vegetable oil and at least one additional feed component susceptible to wild bird consumption, the hydrogenated vegetable oil in an amount effective to reduce consumption of said feed material.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the step of forming the feed material further comprises coating the feed material with the hydrogenated vegetable oil.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the hydrogenated vegetable oil forms at least about 20 percent of the feed material by weight and at least about 95 percent by weight of the hydrogenated vegetable oil is saturated fatty acids.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the saturated fatty acids comprise one or more of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid or stearic acid.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein stearic acid provides at least about 50 percent by weight of the saturated fatty acids.
17. The method of claim 12, wherein the hydrogenated vegetable oil reduces wild bird consumption of said feed material by at least about 80 percent compared to wild bird consumption of a feed material that is the same as the feed material of claim 15 with the exception that the hydrogenated vegetable oil is replaced with fat from mixed plant and/or animal sources having lower levels of saturated fat.
18. An animal feed comprising hydrogenated vegetable oil, wherein the hydrogenated vegetable oil provides at least about 20 percent of the animal feed by weight, and wherein the hydrogenated vegetable oil contains at least about 95 percent by weight saturated fatty acids.
19. The animal feed of claim 18, wherein the saturated fatty acids comprise one or more of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid or stearic acid.
20. The animal feed of claim 18, wherein at least a portion of the hydrogenated vegetable oil defines an exterior coating over the animal feed.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US14/201389 | 2014-03-07 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ705050A true NZ705050A (en) |
Family
ID=
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
Khan et al. | Nutritive value of maize silage in relation to dairy cow performance and milk quality | |
Robinson et al. | A practical guide to nutrition, feeds, and feeding of catfish | |
KR101878021B1 (en) | Animal feed by applying black soldier fly larva | |
US20100330251A1 (en) | High fat feed particles | |
CN101647512A (en) | Polyphyly fat mixture for feeding animals and microcapsule applying mixture | |
EP1827127B1 (en) | Preparation and use of high omega-3 and omega-6 feed | |
JP6218521B2 (en) | Method for producing pet food and pet food | |
Omole et al. | Nutritional evaluation of bread waste as a replacement for maize in the diet of growing snails | |
US20150250206A1 (en) | Methods of feeding and making animal feed adapted to deter wild bird consumption and products thereof | |
WO2008010696A1 (en) | Mixed feed for agricultural animals and birds | |
Agbabiaka et al. | Effect of feeding different levels of tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L) meal on growth of broiler chicks. | |
Ahaotu | Performance and carcass characteristics of starter broiler birds fed processed cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) corm meal | |
Pluske et al. | Releasing energy from rice bran, copra meal and canola in diets using exogenous enzymes. | |
CN105918640B (en) | A kind of preparation method of high-protein high-fat feedstuff | |
US20160113306A1 (en) | Animal feed products adapted to deter wild bird consumption and methods of making and feeding same | |
WO2015134033A1 (en) | Protein replacement in foodstuffs | |
NZ705050A (en) | Methods of feeding and making animal feed adapted to deter wild bird consumption and products thereof | |
US20130029027A1 (en) | Pet Food Composition | |
Mohammadian-Tabrizi et al. | In vitro gas production of wheat grain flour coated with different fat types and levels | |
Shelke et al. | Economics of feeding rumen protected fat and protein to lactating Murrah buffaloes | |
US20090053357A1 (en) | Corn-based feed product | |
Wogar et al. | By-Products as Protein Source for Lactating Grass cutters | |
CN105918638A (en) | High-fat puffing rape seed cake /meal feed raw materials | |
Ljubojević et al. | The nutritive value of extruded corn in nutrition of broiler chickens | |
JP7229973B2 (en) | Mixed feed for laying hens |