NO172753B - USE OF HIGHLY GOLD CONTENTS FOR JEWELRY GOODS - Google Patents
USE OF HIGHLY GOLD CONTENTS FOR JEWELRY GOODS Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO172753B NO172753B NO893393A NO893393A NO172753B NO 172753 B NO172753 B NO 172753B NO 893393 A NO893393 A NO 893393A NO 893393 A NO893393 A NO 893393A NO 172753 B NO172753 B NO 172753B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- gold
- cobalt
- alloy
- copper
- hardness
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000019589 hardness Nutrition 0.000 description 13
- 229910001020 Au alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000003353 gold alloy Substances 0.000 description 6
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 238000010791 quenching Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000171 quenching effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000137 annealing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003344 environmental pollutant Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000006698 induction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 231100000719 pollutant Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000881 Cu alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003723 Smelting Methods 0.000 description 1
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium Chemical compound [Zr] QCWXUUIWCKQGHC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052790 beryllium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N beryllium atom Chemical compound [Be] ATBAMAFKBVZNFJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 description 1
- QOGLYAWBNATGQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N copper;gold;silver Chemical compound [Cu].[Au][Ag] QOGLYAWBNATGQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 1
- ZNKMCMOJCDFGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold titanium Chemical compound [Ti].[Au] ZNKMCMOJCDFGFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium atom Chemical compound [In] APFVFJFRJDLVQX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004615 ingredient Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001004 magnetic alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006748 scratching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002393 scratching effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000679 solder Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001258 titanium gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium atom Chemical compound [V] LEONUFNNVUYDNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001097 yellow gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010930 yellow gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A44—HABERDASHERY; JEWELLERY
- A44C—PERSONAL ADORNMENTS, e.g. JEWELLERY; COINS
- A44C27/00—Making jewellery or other personal adornments
- A44C27/001—Materials for manufacturing jewellery
- A44C27/002—Metallic materials
- A44C27/003—Metallic alloys
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C5/00—Alloys based on noble metals
- C22C5/02—Alloys based on gold
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Adornments (AREA)
- Eyeglasses (AREA)
- Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
- Ceramic Products (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører anvendelsen av en legring med høyt gullinnhold som materiale for smykkevarer og mynter. The present invention relates to the use of an alloy with a high gold content as material for jewelery and coins.
Smykke— og urdeler fremstilles både smiteknisk ved omforming og også støpeteknisk, hvorved delene ofte må loddes sammen med hverandre. Derfor forlanges det av slike materialer en god evne til å la seg omforme, en god støpbarhet i luft og en god loddbarhet. Videre må disse materialene vise en dekorativ farge, være resistente mot oppskraping og slitasje og ikke føre til allergier ved kontakt med menneskelig hud. For å oppnå en tilstrekkelig slitestyrke må materialene følgelig være herdbare etter formgivning. Videre må de ikke inneholde toksiske bestanddeler, som f. eks. beryllium, og ikke inneholde bestanddeler som utløser allergiske reaksjoner, som f.eks. nikkel. Jewelery and watch parts are produced both by forging techniques by reshaping and also by casting techniques, whereby the parts often have to be soldered together. Therefore, such materials require a good ability to be reshaped, a good castability in air and a good solderability. Furthermore, these materials must show a decorative colour, be resistant to scratching and wear and tear and not cause allergies when in contact with human skin. In order to achieve sufficient wear resistance, the materials must therefore be hardenable after shaping. Furthermore, they must not contain toxic components, such as e.g. beryllium, and do not contain ingredients that trigger allergic reactions, such as e.g. nickel.
Høykaratsgullegeringer fra det kjente legerinssystemet gull-, sølv-, kobber, som f.eks. Au 92 Ag 4 Cu 4, har ikke hårdheten og utherdbarheten for 18-14-karats gull-sølv-kobber-legeringer, men nærmer seg derimot når det gjelder egenskaper til det myke fingullet. Høykaratsgullegeringer for smykkegjenstander og mynter med relativt høy hårdhet og utherdbarhet er kjente i systemet gull-titan (DE-OS 3502 914). Disse legeringene er imidlertid meget reaktive ved høyere temperaturer, lar seg vanskelig lodde og kan bare støpes under vakuum. High-karat gold alloys from the well-known alloy system gold, silver, copper, such as e.g. Au 92 Ag 4 Cu 4 does not have the hardness and hardenability of 18-14-carat gold-silver-copper alloys, but approaches the properties of the soft fine gold. High-karat gold alloys for jewelery and coins with relatively high hardness and hardenability are known in the gold-titanium system (DE-OS 3502 914). However, these alloys are very reactive at higher temperatures, are difficult to solder and can only be cast under vacuum.
Videre er det kjent smykkelegeringer med høyt gullinnhold som inneholder noen tiendedels prosent kobolt som korn-forfin-elseselement (Metall 35 (1981), 1005 ff). Videre er det i EP-OS 0234 790 beskrevet magnetiske legeringer for smykkevarer som ved siden av 50 til 75% gull inneholder 12 til 4056 palladium og 3 til 15$ kobolt. Koboltinnholdet påvirker herved de magnetiske egenskapene. Furthermore, jewelery alloys with a high gold content are known which contain a few tenths of a percent of cobalt as a grain-refining element (Metall 35 (1981), 1005 ff). Furthermore, EP-OS 0234 790 describes magnetic alloys for jewelery which, in addition to 50 to 75% gold, contain 12 to 4056 palladium and 3 to 15% cobalt. The cobalt content thereby affects the magnetic properties.
For dentalanvendelser er det også kjent gullegeringer med inntil 80 vekt-# gull som også inneholder kobolt. Fra DE-PS 3406 712 er det kjent en gullegering med 20 til 65 vekt-# gull og 0,5 til 15 vekt-56 kobolt, som også inneholder 25 til 65 vekt-# palladium og dessuten indium og/eller sink. For dental applications, gold alloys with up to 80 wt-# of gold which also contain cobalt are also known. From DE-PS 3406 712, a gold alloy is known with 20 to 65 wt-# gold and 0.5 to 15 wt-56 cobalt, which also contains 25 to 65 wt-# palladium and also indium and/or zinc.
I litteraturen angis kobolt som et tilsatselement for gull som bare i beskjeden grad øker hårdheten, en legering av 90 vekt-# gull og 10 vekt-# kobolt har f.eks. bare en Vickers-hårdhet på 65 (Edelmetalltaschenbuch DEGTJSSA, 1967, side 75). Den hårdhetsøkende virkningen av kobolt ligger derved langt under den for nikkel, vanadium, sink, tinn, zirkonium og andre. In the literature, cobalt is indicated as an additive element to gold which only modestly increases the hardness, an alloy of 90 wt-# gold and 10 wt-# cobalt has e.g. only a Vickers hardness of 65 (Edelmetalltaschenbuch DEGTJSSA, 1967, page 75). The hardness-increasing effect of cobalt is thus far below that of nickel, vanadium, zinc, tin, zirconium and others.
Det var følgelig en oppgave ved foreliggende oppfinnelse å finne en høykaratsgullegering med minst 80 vekt-# gull av tiltalende gullfarve, god bearbeidbarhet ved smelting og omforming, god loddbarhet og høy hårdhet for anvendelse som materiale for smykkevarer og mynter, og som dessuten ikke fremkaller noen allergiske reaksjoner på huden. It was therefore a task of the present invention to find a high karat gold alloy with at least 80 wt-# of gold of an appealing gold color, good workability by melting and reshaping, good solderability and high hardness for use as material for jewelery and coins, and which furthermore does not induce any allergic reactions on the skin.
Denne oppgaven løses ifølge oppfinnelsen ved anvendelsen av en legering av 84 til 99 vekt-# gull, 1 til 6 vekt-# kobolt, 0 til 6 vekt-# kobber og 0 til 4 vekt-56 sølv og/eller sink, ved siden av fremstillingsbetingede forurensninger. This task is solved according to the invention by the use of an alloy of 84 to 99 wt-# gold, 1 to 6 wt-# cobalt, 0 to 6 wt-# copper and 0 to 4 wt-56 silver and/or zinc, next to manufacturing-related pollutants.
Fortrinnsvis anvender man gullegeringer med 2,5 til 5,5 vekt-% kobolt, 1 til 5,5 vekt-# kobber og 0 til 4 vekt-# sølv, eller 0 til 4 vekt-# sink, forøvrig gull og f remstillings-betingede forurensninger. Preferably, one uses gold alloys with 2.5 to 5.5% by weight of cobalt, 1 to 5.5% by weight of copper and 0 to 4% by weight of silver, or 0 to 4% by weight of zinc, otherwise gold and manufacturing conditional pollutants.
Spesielt høye karattall og gunstige egenskaper oppnås ved anvendelse av sølv- og sinkfrie legeringer med 2,5 til 5,5 vekt-# kobolt, 1-5,5 vekt-56 kobber, forøvrig gull og fremstillingsbetingede forurensninger. Particularly high carat numbers and favorable properties are achieved by using silver- and zinc-free alloys with 2.5 to 5.5 wt-# cobalt, 1-5.5 wt-56 copper, other gold and manufacturing-related impurities.
Disse legeringene lar seg smelte i luft og støpe til deler med konturer som nærmer seg sluttkonturene, er meget godt omformbare og loddbare. De har en tiltalende gullfarve, en god slitasjestyrke og er godt polerbare. Videre er disse legeringene herdbare i varmglødet, uformet eller støpt tilstand ved varmeutlagring til Vickers-hårdheter over 190. These alloys can be melted in air and molded into parts with contours that approach the final contours, are very malleable and solderable. They have an attractive golden colour, good wear resistance and are easy to polish. Furthermore, these alloys are hardenable in the hot-annealed, unformed or cast state by heat deposition to Vickers hardnesses above 190.
Følgende eksempler skal belyse anvendelsen av disse legeringene nærmere: 1. En legring av 90 vekt-# gull, 3 vekt-# sølv, 3 vekt-# kobber og 4 vekt-% kobolt smeltes i en induksjonsovn og støpes som blokk i en kobberkokille. Blokken omformes og det stanses støpeterninger. Støpeterningene tjener som anvendelsesmateriale, for å fylle en støpeform av keramisk innstøpningsmasse fremstilt ved en voksutsmeltingsfrem-gangsmåte i en med motstandsovn oppvarmet digel i luft. Derved utgjør støpetemperaturen for smeiten ca. 1100°C, foroppvarmingstemperaturen for formen ca. 600°C. De oppnådde støpedelene etses rene. De viser en god overflatekvalitet, en tiltalende gullfarge og en hårdhet på EV=110. Delene er omformbare (f.eks. for utvidelse av en ring), godt polerbare og godt loddbare. The following examples will illustrate the use of these alloys in more detail: 1. An alloy of 90 wt-# gold, 3 wt-# silver, 3 wt-# copper and 4 wt-% cobalt is melted in an induction furnace and cast as a block in a copper mold. The block is reshaped and dies are punched. The casting cubes serve as application material, to fill a mold of ceramic embedding mass produced by a wax melting process in a resistance furnace heated crucible in air. Thereby, the casting temperature for the smelting is approx. 1100°C, the preheating temperature for the mold approx. 600°C. The resulting castings are etched clean. They show a good surface quality, an appealing golden color and a hardness of EV=110. The parts are reshapeable (e.g. for expanding a ring), well polishable and well solderable.
Ved en oppløsningsglødning på 1 time ved 900"C i beskyt-telsesgass eller under grafittdekke, bråkjøling i vann og etterfølgende varmeutherding i 1 time ved 250°C kan hårdheten av de støpte delene økes til HV=200. Delene oppviser da en fremragende slitasjemotstand. 2. En legering av 90 vekt-# gull, 3 vekt-# sink, 3 vekt-# kobber og 4 vekt-# kobolt smeltes som legeringen i eksempel 1 og bearbeides. Ved støping er en temperatur for smeiten på 1050°C tilstrekkelig; hårdheten av støpedelene utgjør EV=125. Egenskapene som overflatekvalitet, gullfarge, omformbarhet, polerbarhet, loddbarhet og varmeutherdbarhet er sammenlignbare med egenskapene for den sølvholdige legeringen fra eksempel 1. 3. En legering av 91,7 vekt-# gull, 3,8 vekt-# kobber og 4,5 vekt-# kobolt smeltes i induksjonsovn og støpes som bolter i en kobberkokille. Først foregår en homogeniserings-glødning på 1 time ved 900° C i spaltegass (N2/H2) med bråkjøling i vann. Deretter deformeres de runde boltene i en valse. Etter en tverrsnittsreduksjon på 90$ varmes 0,5 timer igjen med bråkjøling i vann. Deretter deformeres det fremdeles profilerte stavmaterialet videre til sluttmål i runde trekkdyser. Den oppnådde tråden har i sterkt kaldkonsolidert tilstand (omformingsgraden 95$) en hårdhet på HV=230. Dersom tråden mykglødes er dermed ytterligere gullsmedtekniske arbeider lett mulig. Ved en varmeut lagr ing på 1 time ved 250° C lar materialet seg utherde - også i stor grad uavhengig av fordeformerings-grad - til verdier på inntil HV=240. Den nevnte legeringen er godt polerbar, godt loddbar og oppviser en tiltalende gul gullfarge. Ved sin hårdhet og utherdbarhet er den meget slitasjesterk. 4. En legering av 97,6 vekt-# gull og 2,4 vekt-# kobolt smeltes som i ovenstående eksempel 2, støpes og bearbeides. Hårdheten i sterkt kaldkonsolidert tilstand utgjør HV=170. Etter en varmeutlagring på 1 time ved 250°C har legeringen en hårdhet på HV=190. Den er godt polerbar, godt loddbar og har gullfarge. By solution annealing for 1 hour at 900°C in shielding gas or under graphite cover, quenching in water and subsequent heat hardening for 1 hour at 250°C, the hardness of the cast parts can be increased to HV=200. The parts then exhibit excellent wear resistance. 2. An alloy of 90 wt-# gold, 3 wt-# zinc, 3 wt-# copper and 4 wt-# cobalt is melted and machined like the alloy of Example 1. In casting, a melting temperature of 1050°C is sufficient; the hardness of the castings is EV = 125. The properties such as surface quality, gold color, formability, polishability, solderability and heat hardening are comparable to the properties of the silver-containing alloy from Example 1. 3. An alloy of 91.7 wt-# gold, 3.8 wt. -# copper and 4.5 wt-# cobalt are melted in an induction furnace and cast as bolts in a copper mold. First, a homogenization-annealing takes place for 1 hour at 900° C in split gas (N2/H2) with quenching in water. Then they are deformed round the bolts in a roller After a tve average reduction of 90$ is heated for 0.5 hours again with quenching in water. The still profiled rod material is then further deformed to the final size in round drawing dies. The thread obtained has a hardness of HV=230 in a strongly cold consolidated state (degree of transformation 95$). If the wire is soft annealed, further goldsmith technical work is thus easily possible. With a heat storage of 1 hour at 250° C, the material can be hardened - also largely independent of the degree of deformation - to values of up to HV=240. The mentioned alloy is well polishable, well solderable and exhibits an attractive yellow gold color. Due to its hardness and hardenability, it is very wear-resistant. 4. An alloy of 97.6 wt-# gold and 2.4 wt-# cobalt is melted as in Example 2 above, cast and worked. The hardness in a strongly cold consolidated state amounts to HV=170. After a heat storage of 1 hour at 250°C, the alloy has a hardness of HV=190. It is well polishable, well solderable and has a gold colour.
Claims (4)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE3835593A DE3835593C1 (en) | 1988-10-19 | 1988-10-19 |
Publications (4)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO893393D0 NO893393D0 (en) | 1989-08-23 |
NO893393L NO893393L (en) | 1990-04-20 |
NO172753B true NO172753B (en) | 1993-05-24 |
NO172753C NO172753C (en) | 1993-09-01 |
Family
ID=6365457
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO893393A NO172753C (en) | 1988-10-19 | 1989-08-23 | USE OF HIGHLY GOLD CONTENTS FOR JEWELRY GOODS |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0369156B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH02166244A (en) |
AT (1) | ATE89330T1 (en) |
DE (2) | DE3835593C1 (en) |
DK (1) | DK517189A (en) |
ES (1) | ES2040434T3 (en) |
FI (1) | FI894976A0 (en) |
NO (1) | NO172753C (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPH02197539A (en) * | 1989-01-26 | 1990-08-06 | Tanaka Kikinzoku Kogyo Kk | Co-containing noble metallic material for ornaments |
JPH02225655A (en) * | 1989-02-28 | 1990-09-07 | Agency Of Ind Science & Technol | Gold alloy capable of coloring into bright black color and coloring method therefor |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1175885B (en) * | 1964-08-13 | Dr. Eugen Dürrwächter DODUCO, Pforzheim | Use of a heterogenized gold-cobalt alloy as a material for electrical contacts with practically no material migration in low-current circuits through which direct current flows and with self-induction within certain limits | |
US2141157A (en) * | 1938-08-23 | 1938-12-20 | Metals & Controls Corp | Alloy |
US2164938A (en) * | 1938-08-23 | 1939-07-04 | Metals & Controls Corp | Alloy |
US2223046A (en) * | 1938-12-02 | 1940-11-26 | Metals & Controls Corp | Alloy |
DE2136232A1 (en) * | 1971-07-20 | 1973-02-01 | Degussa | Hard gold alloys - contg cobalt, iron and/or nickel for dental applications |
GB1491155A (en) * | 1976-04-07 | 1977-11-09 | Fulmer Res Inst Ltd | Gold alloys |
GB2138027B (en) * | 1983-04-12 | 1986-09-10 | Citizen Watch Co Ltd | A process for plating an article with a gold-based alloy and an alloy therefor |
JPS62185846A (en) * | 1986-02-07 | 1987-08-14 | Citizen Watch Co Ltd | Gold-platinum-cobalt permanent magnet alloy |
-
1988
- 1988-10-19 DE DE3835593A patent/DE3835593C1/de not_active Expired
-
1989
- 1989-08-23 NO NO893393A patent/NO172753C/en unknown
- 1989-10-06 ES ES198989118634T patent/ES2040434T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-10-06 DE DE8989118634T patent/DE58904343D1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-10-06 AT AT89118634T patent/ATE89330T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-10-06 EP EP89118634A patent/EP0369156B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-10-18 DK DK517189A patent/DK517189A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1989-10-19 FI FI894976A patent/FI894976A0/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-10-19 JP JP1270489A patent/JPH02166244A/en active Pending
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FI894976A0 (en) | 1989-10-19 |
NO172753C (en) | 1993-09-01 |
DE3835593C1 (en) | 1989-11-16 |
EP0369156A1 (en) | 1990-05-23 |
DK517189A (en) | 1990-04-20 |
NO893393L (en) | 1990-04-20 |
ATE89330T1 (en) | 1993-05-15 |
DK517189D0 (en) | 1989-10-18 |
JPH02166244A (en) | 1990-06-26 |
ES2040434T3 (en) | 1993-10-16 |
DE58904343D1 (en) | 1993-06-17 |
NO893393D0 (en) | 1989-08-23 |
EP0369156B1 (en) | 1993-05-12 |
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