NO167714B - PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF PEN HEARTS. - Google Patents

PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF PEN HEARTS. Download PDF

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Publication number
NO167714B
NO167714B NO874501A NO874501A NO167714B NO 167714 B NO167714 B NO 167714B NO 874501 A NO874501 A NO 874501A NO 874501 A NO874501 A NO 874501A NO 167714 B NO167714 B NO 167714B
Authority
NO
Norway
Prior art keywords
running surface
steel
wheel
electron beam
welding
Prior art date
Application number
NO874501A
Other languages
Norwegian (no)
Other versions
NO167714C (en
NO874501L (en
NO874501D0 (en
Inventor
Franz Rotter
Robert Pirker
Ernst Schrotter
Original Assignee
Voest Alpine Ag
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Voest Alpine Ag filed Critical Voest Alpine Ag
Publication of NO874501D0 publication Critical patent/NO874501D0/en
Publication of NO874501L publication Critical patent/NO874501L/en
Publication of NO167714B publication Critical patent/NO167714B/en
Publication of NO167714C publication Critical patent/NO167714C/en

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Classifications

    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01BPERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B7/00Switches; Crossings
    • E01B7/10Frogs
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K20/00Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
    • B23K20/06Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating by means of high energy impulses, e.g. magnetic energy
    • B23K20/08Explosive welding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/0046Welding
    • B23K15/0086Welding welding for purposes other than joining, e.g. built-up welding
    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23KSOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K15/00Electron-beam welding or cutting
    • B23K15/0046Welding
    • B23K15/0093Welding characterised by the properties of the materials to be welded
    • EFIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01BPERMANENT WAY; PERMANENT-WAY TOOLS; MACHINES FOR MAKING RAILWAYS OF ALL KINDS
    • E01B7/00Switches; Crossings
    • E01B7/10Frogs
    • E01B7/12Fixed frogs made of one part or composite

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Welding Or Cutting Using Electron Beams (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
  • Pens And Brushes (AREA)
  • Saccharide Compounds (AREA)
  • Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
  • Slide Fasteners, Snap Fasteners, And Hook Fasteners (AREA)
  • Studio Circuits (AREA)
  • Optical Fibers, Optical Fiber Cores, And Optical Fiber Bundles (AREA)
  • Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
  • Diaphragms For Electromechanical Transducers (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Ultra Sonic Daignosis Equipment (AREA)
  • Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
  • Glass Compositions (AREA)
  • Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
  • Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
  • Butt Welding And Welding Of Specific Article (AREA)
  • Scissors And Nippers (AREA)
  • Suspension Of Electric Lines Or Cables (AREA)
  • Pretreatment Of Seeds And Plants (AREA)
  • Conductive Materials (AREA)
  • Pinball Game Machines (AREA)
  • Mechanical Pencils And Projecting And Retracting Systems Therefor, And Multi-System Writing Instruments (AREA)
  • Traffic Control Systems (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Footwear And Its Accessory, Manufacturing Method And Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Debarking, Splitting, And Disintegration Of Timber (AREA)
  • Socks And Pantyhose (AREA)
  • Surgical Instruments (AREA)
  • Railway Tracks (AREA)

Abstract

To manufacture frogs or rail sections in the wheel-running region of points with a highly wear-resistant wheel-running surface of a hardenable steel of composition C 0.01 to 0.05 % Si 0.01 to 0.2 % Mn 0.01 to 0.2 % Co 0 to 15 % Mo 1.5 to 6 % Ni 7 to 20 % Ti 0.1 to 1 % Cr O to 13 % Al 0 to 0.2 % B 0 to 0.1 % Zr 0 to 0.1 % the wheel-running surface is applied by explosive plating or electron beam welding or compound-rolling to a base body of readily weldable steel, especially a steel having not more than 0.24 % of C, not more than 0.04 % of P and S, not more than 0.65 % of Si and not more than 1.7 % of Mn.

Description

Foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av penshjertestykker eller skinnestykker i hjul-overgangsområdet av penser, hvor en slitesterk hjulløpeflate av et herdbart stål med sammensetningen The present invention relates to a method for producing brush core pieces or rail pieces in the wheel-transition area of brushes, where a wear-resistant wheel running surface of a hardenable steel with the composition

anbringes på et grunnlegeme av godt sveisbart stål. placed on a basic body of good weldable steel.

Fra norsk patentsøknad nr. 83.3306 er det kjent hjertestyk- From Norwegian patent application no. 83.3306, it is known that heart pieces

ker, spesielt hjertestykkespisser av stål for skinnekrys- kers, especially heart piece tips made of steel for rail cross-

ninger eller -penser, hvor spissene eller hjulløpeflåtene består av det ovennevnte herdbare stål. Påkjenningene på hjertestykkespissene er spesielt høye ved hjulpassering fra vingeskinnene til spissene og øker uforholdsmessig ved større akseltrykk og spesielt ved større kjørehastig- nings or brushes, where the tips or wheel running rafts consist of the above-mentioned hardenable steel. The stresses on the heart piece tips are particularly high when the wheels pass from the wing rails to the tips and increase disproportionately at greater axle pressure and especially at higher driving speeds.

heter, slik at det ved spissene kan opptre større deforma- called, so that larger deformations can occur at the tips

sjoner som nedsetter hjertestykkets levetid i betydelig grad. Det i den ovennevnte søknad foreslåtte materiale blir ifølge søknaden påført et grunnlegeme av standardskinnestål ved påføringssveising. Fremstillingen av hele hjertestykket av et slikt slitesterkt stål er relativt dyr, tions that significantly reduce the lifespan of the heart piece. According to the application, the material proposed in the above-mentioned application is applied to a basic body of standard rail steel by application welding. The production of the entire heart piece from such wear-resistant steel is relatively expensive,

og anvendelsen av komposittmaterialer med et slikt slite- and the use of composite materials with such wear-

sterkt sjikt i hjulpasseringsområdet eller i hjertestykkespissene gjør det mulig å sveise sammen grunnmaterialene eller standardskinnestålet på tilkoblingsstedene uten pro- strong layer in the wheel passage area or in the heart piece tips makes it possible to weld together the base materials or the standard rail steel at the connection points without pro-

blemer. Forbindelsessveisingen av grunnmaterialene ved hjelp av elektriske brennsveisemaskiner er uten videre gjennomførbar uten spesielle foranstaltninger. Da hjerte-stykkene ifølge den tidligere kjente fremgangsmåte ble fremstilt ved at materialet i slitesjiktet ble påført grunnlegemet av standardskinnestål ved påføringssveising, hadde blisters. The joint welding of the base materials using electric torch welding machines is easily feasible without special measures. When the heart pieces according to the previously known method were produced by the material in the wear layer being applied to the basic body of standard rail steel by application welding,

man imidlertid den vanskelighet at det ikke inntrådte en homogen termisk forbindelse uten kvalitetsreduksjon. Ved påføringssveising av slitematerialer oppstår det alltid en oppblanding med grunnmaterialet og derved en mer eller mindre utpreget sone med fremgangsmåtebetingede inhomogeniteter. Fordelene ved materialet for slitesjiktet lar seg derfor ikke fullstendig, utnytte ved den kjente påførings-sveising. however, the difficulty was that a homogeneous thermal connection did not occur without quality reduction. When applying wear materials, there is always a mixing with the base material and thereby a more or less distinct zone with process-related inhomogeneities. The advantages of the material for the wear layer cannot therefore be fully exploited by the known application welding.

Oppfinnelsen har til formål å tilveiebringe en fremgangsmåte av den innledningsvis nevnte type hvormed materialet for løpeflaten kan forbindes termisk homogent med grunnlegemet for på denne måte å forbedre kvaliteten av hjertestykket. Spesielt gjelder det å forhindre dannelse av et inhomogent grensesjikt mellom de forskjellige materialer i penshjertestykket eller skinnestykket. For å løse denne oppgave består fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen hoved-sakelig i at hjulløpeflaten ved hjelp av sprengplettering eller elektronstrålesveising eller komposittvalsing på-føres grunnlegemet av godt sveisbart stål, spesielt et grunnlegeme med j£ 0,24% C, £ 0,04% P eller S, f- 0,65% Si og <. 1,7% Mn. Sprengpletteringen utgjør prinsipielt en kjent teknologi for metallisk flateforbindelse mellom like eller forskjellige materialer. Ved sprengplettering kommer forbindelsen i stand ved et kortvarig virkende høyt trykk, idet metalloverflåtene ved plastisk deformasjon bringes i atomær avstand med hverandre. I bindesonen blir vanligvis smeltetemperaturen ikke oppnådd, og man snakker derfor om en press-sveisfremgangsmåte. Ved sprengplettering har man mulighet til å forbinde metaller som ved smeltesveising ville danne sprøe faser. Ved bruk av materialet ifølge oppfinnelsen for slitesjiktet blir det ved sprengplettering unngått at det dannes en oppblandingssone, og på denne måte oppnår man å få full utnyttelse av slite-bestandigheten av hjulløpeflaten. De samme argumenter gjelder ved komposittvalsing. The purpose of the invention is to provide a method of the initially mentioned type with which the material for the running surface can be connected thermally homogeneously to the base body in order to improve the quality of the heart piece in this way. In particular, it is important to prevent the formation of an inhomogeneous boundary layer between the different materials in the brush core piece or rail piece. In order to solve this task, the method according to the invention mainly consists in the wheel running surface being applied to the base body of good weldable steel, in particular a base body with j£ 0.24% C, £ 0.04% P, by means of blast plating or electron beam welding or composite rolling or S, f- 0.65% Si and <. 1.7% Mn. In principle, blast plating constitutes a known technology for metallic surface connection between similar or different materials. In blast plating, the connection is established by a short-term acting high pressure, as the metal surfaces are brought into atomic distance from each other by plastic deformation. In the bonding zone, the melting temperature is usually not reached, and one therefore speaks of a pressure-welding method. With explosion plating, it is possible to connect metals that would form brittle phases during fusion welding. By using the material according to the invention for the wear layer, the formation of a mixing zone is prevented by blast plating, and in this way full utilization of the wear resistance of the wheel running surface is achieved. The same arguments apply to composite rolling.

For den alternativt foreslåtte elektronstrålesveising danner det valgte materiale for slitesjiktet de nødvendige forutsetninger. Ved hjelp av elektronstrålesveising kan det kun påføres materialer hvis karboninnhold er relativt lavt, og anvendelse av det innledningsvis nevnte materiale for slitesjiktet danner her de nødvendige forutsetninger. Ved hjelp av elektronstrålesveising oppstår det likeledes kun et tynt forbindelsessjikt slik at inhomogeniteter i stor grad unngås. I begge tilfeller har man et grunnlegeme av godt sveisbart stål, slik at sammensveising av hjertestykker og tilslutningsskinner kan gjennomføres uten van-skeligheter. Slike hjertestykker er i motsetning til kjente materialer for hjertestykker med spesielt gode sliteegenskaper, som f.eks. manganstål og sterkt herdede lavlegerte stål, lett sveisbare med tilslutningsskinner og kan derfor uten videre benyttes i sveisede (skjøtløse) skinneganger for moderne jernbaner. Til sammenligning krever sveising av manganstål og også de lavlegerte herdede hjertestykkespisser med skinnematerialer spesielle forholdsregler som er relativt brysomme på grunn av den begrensede sveisbarhet av slike stål. For the alternatively proposed electron beam welding, the material chosen for the wear layer forms the necessary prerequisites. With the help of electron beam welding, only materials whose carbon content is relatively low can be applied, and the use of the initially mentioned material for the wear layer forms the necessary prerequisites here. With the help of electron beam welding, only a thin connection layer is created, so that inhomogeneities are largely avoided. In both cases, you have a basic body of good weldable steel, so that the welding of heart pieces and connecting rails can be carried out without difficulty. Such heart pieces are in contrast to known materials for heart pieces with particularly good wear properties, such as e.g. manganese steel and highly hardened low-alloy steels, easily weldable with connecting rails and can therefore be used without further ado in welded (jointless) rail passages for modern railways. In comparison, welding manganese steel and also the low-alloy hardened heart piece tips with rail materials requires special precautions which are relatively troublesome due to the limited weldability of such steels.

En ytterligere forbedring av homogeniteten av den termiske forbindelse mellom materialet i hjulløpeflaten og grunnlegemet kan oppnås ved at det etter anbringelse av hjul-løpeflaten, spesielt etter anbringelse ved hjep av elektronstrålesveising, foretas en anløpning ved temperaturer fra 350 til 450°C, spesielt ved 400°C. Ved temperaturer rundt 400°C oppnås den ytterligere fordel at det samtidig skjer en spenningsglødning av foringsstykkesveisefugen, idet grunnmaterialet dessuten tilhører de godt sveisbare materialer. A further improvement of the homogeneity of the thermal connection between the material in the wheel running surface and the base body can be achieved by the fact that after placing the wheel running surface, especially after placing with the help of electron beam welding, a tempering is carried out at temperatures from 350 to 450°C, especially at 400 °C. At temperatures around 400°C, the further advantage is achieved that a tension annealing of the liner piece weld joint takes place at the same time, as the base material also belongs to the well-weldable materials.

Ved denne fremgangsmåte kan løpeflaten på foretrukket måte påføres i en tykkelse på 12 til 25 mm, spesielt 15 til 20 mm. In this method, the running surface can preferably be applied to a thickness of 12 to 25 mm, especially 15 to 20 mm.

Alt i alt blir det tilveiebragt et hjertestykke eller en vingeskinne hvor et godt sveisbart, omkostningsgunstig grunnmateriale kan kombineres med et sjikt med lite volum og derved liten vekt av et meget slitesterkt materiale til 4 All in all, a heart piece or a wing rail is provided where a well-weldable, cost-effective base material can be combined with a layer of low volume and thus low weight of a very wear-resistant material to 4

et komposittmateriale som kan benyttes i de mest påkjente hjulpasseringsområder. Man får således en omkostningsgunstig fremstilling av høyverdige hjertestykker, som dessuten uten ytterligere forholdsregler egner seg for skjøtløs sveising. Spesielt ved anvendelse av sprengplettering for påføringen av slitesjiktet eller hjulløpeflaten har man funnet å kunne greie seg med en sjikttykkelse på 15 mm, mens den foretrukne tykkelse ved elektronstrålesveising er omtrent 20 mm for å muliggjøre en viss avbrenning. Ved bruk av elektronstrålesveising må man i første rekke ta hensyn til en øvre grense på 0,03% karbon. Ved sprengplettering spiller denne øvre grense ingen rolle. a composite material that can be used in the most common wheel-passing areas. You thus get a cost-effective production of high-quality heart pieces, which are also suitable for careless welding without additional precautions. Especially when using blast plating for the application of the wear layer or the wheel running surface, it has been found to be possible to manage with a layer thickness of 15 mm, while the preferred thickness for electron beam welding is approximately 20 mm to enable a certain burn-off. When using electron beam welding, an upper limit of 0.03% carbon must be taken into account in the first place. In blast plating, this upper limit does not play a role.

Claims (3)

1. Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av penshjertestykker eller skinnestykker i hjulpasseringsområdet av penser hvor en meget slitesterk hjulløpeflate av et herdbart stål med sammensetningen påføres et grunnlegeme av godt sveisbart stål, karakterisert ved at hjulløpeflaten ved hjelp sprengplettering eller elektronstrålesveising eller komposittvalsing påføres grunnlegemet av godt sveisbart stål, spesielt et grunnlegeme med 0,24% C, ^- 0,04% P eller S, 0,65% Si og -cl 1,7% Mn.1. Method for the production of brush core pieces or rail pieces in the wheel passage area of brushes where a very wear-resistant wheel running surface of a hardenable steel with the composition is applied to a basic body of good weldable steel, characterized in that the wheel running surface is applied to the basic body of good weldable steel by means of blast plating or electron beam welding or composite rolling, especially a basic body with 0.24% C, ^- 0.04% P or S, 0.65% Si and -cl 1.7% Mn. 2. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1, karakterisert ved at det etter anbringelse av hjulløpe-flaten, spesielt etter anbringelse ved elektronstrålesveising, foretas en anløpning ved temperaturer på mellom 350° og 450°C, spesielt ved 400°C.2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that after placement of the wheel running surface, especially after placement by electron beam welding, annealing is carried out at temperatures of between 350° and 450°C, especially at 400°C. 3. Fremgangsmåte ifølge krav 1 eller 2, karakterisert ved at løpeflaten påføres med en tykkelse på mellom.12 og 25 mm, spesielt mellom 15 og 20 mm.3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the running surface is applied with a thickness of between 12 and 25 mm, especially between 15 and 20 mm.
NO874501A 1986-10-29 1987-10-28 PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF PEN HEARTS. NO167714C (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT0287386A AT387049B (en) 1986-10-29 1986-10-29 METHOD FOR PRODUCING SOFT HEART PIECES

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
NO874501D0 NO874501D0 (en) 1987-10-28
NO874501L NO874501L (en) 1988-05-02
NO167714B true NO167714B (en) 1991-08-26
NO167714C NO167714C (en) 1991-12-04

Family

ID=3541660

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
NO874501A NO167714C (en) 1986-10-29 1987-10-28 PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF PEN HEARTS.

Country Status (24)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0269603B1 (en)
JP (1) JPS63119992A (en)
KR (1) KR920004548B1 (en)
CN (1) CN1005860B (en)
AT (2) AT387049B (en)
AU (1) AU600316B2 (en)
BG (1) BG49502A3 (en)
BR (1) BR8705751A (en)
CA (1) CA1313610C (en)
DD (1) DD263482A5 (en)
DE (1) DE3767982D1 (en)
DK (1) DK165912C (en)
EG (1) EG18351A (en)
ES (1) ES2021396B3 (en)
FI (1) FI88518C (en)
GR (1) GR3001829T3 (en)
IN (1) IN167787B (en)
MA (1) MA21090A1 (en)
NO (1) NO167714C (en)
NZ (1) NZ221943A (en)
PL (1) PL268345A1 (en)
PT (1) PT85959B (en)
TN (1) TNSN87119A1 (en)
ZA (1) ZA877690B (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU653436B2 (en) * 1991-10-09 1994-09-29 Eric Sydney Murdoch Mcleod Railway switch blade carrier
FR2700344B1 (en) * 1993-01-08 1995-03-31 Cogifer Method for manufacturing an element of railway track apparatus and element resulting therefrom.
FR2737739B1 (en) * 1995-08-10 1997-10-24 Cogifer MOBILE POINT OF CROSSING HEART FOR VERY LONG LENGTH TRACK APPARATUS, INCORPORATED IN LONG WELDED RAILS
DE19621018C1 (en) * 1996-05-24 1997-10-16 Butzbacher Weichenbau Gmbh Rail track component e.g. frog with layered structure
DE19621017C1 (en) * 1996-05-24 1998-01-08 Butzbacher Weichenbau Gmbh Process for the production of a track superstructure and track superstructure
DE19721818A1 (en) * 1997-05-26 1998-12-10 Schreck Mieves Gmbh Wear resistant rail points component
DE10159516C5 (en) 2001-06-05 2010-08-05 Josch Strahlschweißtechnik GmbH Method for producing a rigid frog point
SE531483C2 (en) * 2005-12-07 2009-04-21 Sandvik Intellectual Property String for musical instruments including precipitation hardening stainless steel
CN102409265B (en) * 2011-10-31 2013-06-26 芜湖山桥铁路器材有限公司 Alloy steel for rail frog
CN102825434B (en) * 2012-09-24 2015-07-15 济钢集团有限公司 Manufacturing method of compound anti-wearing steel plate
CN106167871A (en) * 2016-07-08 2016-11-30 四川六合锻造股份有限公司 A kind of rustless steel foundry alloy material and preparation method thereof

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IT559958A (en) * 1955-07-06 1900-01-01
GB1342582A (en) * 1970-03-20 1974-01-03 British Steel Corp Rail steel
DE2363391A1 (en) * 1973-12-20 1975-06-26 Krupp Gmbh Rail to copper conductor welder - employs explosion weld in rubber sealed block to give electrical connection
AT374846B (en) * 1982-09-15 1984-06-12 Voest Alpine Ag HEART PIECE, IN PARTICULAR HEART PIECE TIP, FOR RAIL CROSSINGS OR SWITCHES, AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF
JPS60226901A (en) * 1984-04-24 1985-11-12 新日本製鐵株式会社 Rail excellent in durability

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IN167787B (en) 1990-12-22
NO167714C (en) 1991-12-04
FI874752A (en) 1988-04-30
KR880005328A (en) 1988-06-28
FI874752A0 (en) 1987-10-28
AU7978787A (en) 1988-05-05
FI88518C (en) 1993-05-25
GR3001829T3 (en) 1992-11-23
EP0269603A3 (en) 1988-06-08
DE3767982D1 (en) 1991-03-14
ZA877690B (en) 1988-04-19
ES2021396B3 (en) 1991-11-01
NZ221943A (en) 1990-07-26
CN1005860B (en) 1989-11-22
NO874501L (en) 1988-05-02
EG18351A (en) 1993-02-28
DK165912B (en) 1993-02-08
CN87107554A (en) 1988-05-11
FI88518B (en) 1993-02-15
PT85959A (en) 1988-11-30
JPS63119992A (en) 1988-05-24
CA1313610C (en) 1993-02-16
BG49502A3 (en) 1991-11-15
DK565687A (en) 1988-04-30
KR920004548B1 (en) 1992-06-08
BR8705751A (en) 1988-05-31
DK565687D0 (en) 1987-10-28
DK165912C (en) 1993-06-28
MA21090A1 (en) 1988-07-01
NO874501D0 (en) 1987-10-28
DD263482A5 (en) 1989-01-04
PL268345A1 (en) 1988-09-01
AU600316B2 (en) 1990-08-09
ATE60725T1 (en) 1991-02-15
EP0269603A2 (en) 1988-06-01
PT85959B (en) 1993-07-30
ATA287386A (en) 1988-04-15
TNSN87119A1 (en) 1990-01-01
EP0269603B1 (en) 1991-02-06
AT387049B (en) 1988-11-25

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