NO154079B - SLAGVERKTOEY. - Google Patents
SLAGVERKTOEY. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO154079B NO154079B NO82823572A NO823572A NO154079B NO 154079 B NO154079 B NO 154079B NO 82823572 A NO82823572 A NO 82823572A NO 823572 A NO823572 A NO 823572A NO 154079 B NO154079 B NO 154079B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- reduction
- oxide
- reaction
- pellets
- percent
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 28
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium oxide Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-2] FUJCRWPEOMXPAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[K+].[K+] CHWRSCGUEQEHOH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001947 lithium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910001950 potassium oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 6
- 229910044991 metal oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 claims 1
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 5
- SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]O[Fe]=O SZVJSHCCFOBDDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005245 sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- JZQOJFLIJNRDHK-CMDGGOBGSA-N alpha-irone Chemical compound CC1CC=C(C)C(\C=C\C(C)=O)C1(C)C JZQOJFLIJNRDHK-CMDGGOBGSA-N 0.000 description 2
- BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Chemical compound [O-2].[Ca+2] BRPQOXSCLDDYGP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium oxide Inorganic materials [Ca]=O ODINCKMPIJJUCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000007792 gaseous phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000859 α-Fe Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002730 additional effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000292 calcium oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011049 filling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000008246 gaseous mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000013081 microcrystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004430 oxygen atom Chemical group O* 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004441 surface measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007704 transition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
- B25D9/00—Portable percussive tools with fluid-pressure drive, i.e. driven directly by fluids, e.g. having several percussive tool bits operated simultaneously
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
- B25D9/00—Portable percussive tools with fluid-pressure drive, i.e. driven directly by fluids, e.g. having several percussive tool bits operated simultaneously
- B25D9/06—Means for driving the impulse member
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
- B25D17/00—Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
- B25D17/02—Percussive tool bits
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
- B25D17/00—Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
- B25D17/06—Hammer pistons; Anvils ; Guide-sleeves for pistons
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
- B25D17/00—Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
- B25D17/08—Means for retaining and guiding the tool bit, e.g. chucks allowing axial oscillation of the tool bit
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
- B25D17/00—Details of, or accessories for, portable power-driven percussive tools
- B25D17/24—Damping the reaction force
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25D—PERCUSSIVE TOOLS
- B25D2250/00—General details of portable percussive tools; Components used in portable percussive tools
- B25D2250/275—Tools having at least two similar components
- B25D2250/285—Tools having three or more similar components, e.g. three motors
- B25D2250/291—Tools having three or more parallel bits, e.g. needle guns
Description
Fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av en ammoniakksyntese-katalysator. Method for producing an ammonia synthesis catalyst.
Foreliggende oppfinnelse angår en The present invention relates to a
fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av en katalysator egnet for syntese av ammoniakk. method for producing a catalyst suitable for the synthesis of ammonia.
Det er kjent at den aktive fase for It is known that the active phase for
slike katalysatorer utgjøres av redusert such catalysts are made up of reduced
jern i mikrokrystallinsk tilstand, og i «-form slik som det fåes ved regulert reduksjon av magnetit Fe.tO,,, inneholdende i iron in a microcrystalline state, and in «-form such as is obtained by regulated reduction of magnetite Fe.tO,,, containing in
fast oppløsning små mengder av tungtsmeltelige oksyder kjent som «reaksjonsfremmere», slik som ALA,, CaO og K20. solid solution small amounts of poorly soluble oxides known as "reaction promoters", such as ALA,, CaO and K20.
Under denne reduksjon som generelt ut-føres ved hjelp av hydrogen eller syntese-gass bestående i det vesentlige av en blanding av egnede mengder nitrogen og hydrogen vil overgangen av oksygenatomer til During this reduction, which is generally carried out with the aid of hydrogen or synthesis gas consisting essentially of a mixture of suitable amounts of nitrogen and hydrogen, the transition of oxygen atoms to
vanndamp-oksygen gi et fint nettverk av water vapor-oxygen give a fine network of
mikroporer inne i massen som er i kontakt micropores within the mass in contact
med den opphetede reduksjonsfase. Det har with the heated reduction phase. It has
vært vist at reaksjonsfremmere slik som been shown that reaction promoters such as
aluminiumoksyd bibeholder denne mikro-porøse struktur, idet man unngår at jern-mikrokrystallene sintres eller krystalliserer aluminum oxide maintains this micro-porous structure, preventing the iron microcrystals from sintering or crystallising
til større krystaller selv om denne rekry-stallisasjon fremmes av vanndamp dannet to larger crystals although this recrystallization is promoted by water vapor formed
under reduksjonen. during the reduction.
For å unngå denne uønskede virkning To avoid this unwanted effect
av vanndampen er det nødvendig å foreta of the water vapor it is necessary to make
reaksjonen under slike betingelser at gas-sen strømmer med stor volumhastighet the reaction under such conditions that the gas flows with a large volume velocity
over alle punkter på den katalyttiske overflate, for ikke å tillate vanndampen som over all points on the catalytic surface, so as not to allow the water vapor which
dannes ved reduksjonen, å oppholde seg formed by the reduction, to stay
lokalt. For å utføre reduksjonen tilfredsstillende er det derfor nødvendig at den rå locally. In order to carry out the reduction satisfactorily, it is therefore necessary that the raw
katalysator på forhånd oppdeles til gra- catalyst is previously divided into gra-
nulater av jevn geometrisk form med god mekanisk styrke, og med homogen fysisk-kjemisk struktur, mens de bibeholder en høy reduserbarhet ved den lavest mulige temperatur. nulates of uniform geometric shape with good mechanical strength, and with a homogeneous physico-chemical structure, while maintaining a high reducibility at the lowest possible temperature.
Det er også kjent at smelteproduktet av magnetit og reaksjonsfremmende oksyder undergår seigring efter uthelling, på grunn av de smeltede bestanddelers forskjellige avkjølingshastighet. Maling og etterfølgende siktning av den avkj ølede masse, fører til faste partikler eller fragmenter med geometriske former og av he-terogen størrelse. For å gi disse fragmenter en tilstrekkelig mekanisk styrke efter reduksjon, er det ofte nødvendig å be-grense reduksjonen og/eller før smeltnin-gen å tilsette magnetitten vesentlige mengder kalk og aluminiumoksyd, som videre øker de ovenfor nevnte ulemper, nemlig seigring ved avkjøling, råfragmentenes he-terogene struktur, og vanskeligheten med å redusere disse på en tilfredsstillende måte. It is also known that the molten product of magnetite and reaction-promoting oxides undergoes hardening after pouring, due to the different cooling rates of the molten components. Grinding and subsequent sieving of the cooled mass leads to solid particles or fragments with geometric shapes and of heterogeneous size. In order to give these fragments a sufficient mechanical strength after reduction, it is often necessary to limit the reduction and/or before melting to add significant amounts of lime and aluminum oxide to the magnetite, which further increases the above-mentioned disadvantages, namely hardening on cooling, the heterogeneous structure of the raw fragments, and the difficulty in reducing these in a satisfactory manner.
Det er blitt gjort et stort antall forsøk på å unngå disse ulemper i katalysatorer basert på a-jern, som hittil er blitt anvendt for syntese av ammoniakk. Den råsmeltede heterogenmasse er nemlig først blitt fin-malt for å gjøre den mer homogen, hvorefter den er blitt formet ved ekstrudering, pelletisering eller sintring. De granulater som fåes fra dette råpulver, har imidlertid ikke tilstrekkelig fysisk styrke hvis det ikke først settes et bindemiddel eller flussmid-del til det rå-malte pulver, eller hvis ikke de sprø rå-granulater bringes til en sint-ringstemperatur som er farlig nær smelte-temperaturen. A large number of attempts have been made to avoid these disadvantages in catalysts based on α-iron, which have hitherto been used for the synthesis of ammonia. The raw-melted heterogeneous mass has first been finely ground to make it more homogeneous, after which it has been shaped by extrusion, pelletisation or sintering. The granules obtained from this raw powder, however, do not have sufficient physical strength if a binder or fluxing agent is not first added to the raw ground powder, or if the brittle raw granules are not brought to a sintering temperature dangerously close to the melting temperature.
Oppfinnerne har overvunnet disse van-skeligheter, og har oppnådd en sterk reak-tiv katalysator, som har god mekanisk styrke og er riktig redusert, og er i form av pellets. The inventors have overcome these difficulties and have achieved a strong reactive catalyst, which has good mechanical strength and is properly reduced, and is in the form of pellets.
For fremstilling av pelletisert katalysator ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse på For the production of pelletized catalyst according to the present invention on
basis av aktivert redusert jern, for anven-delse ved ammoniakksyntesen, fremstilles først en rå-katalysator ved hjelp av den kjente fremgangsmåte ved å smelte en blanding av magnetit (Fe.,04) med små mengder tungtsmeltelige oksyder (A120.,) og (K20), idet disse mengder ligger i om-rådet fra 0, ltil 0,5 pst. kaliumoksyd (K20) og fra 1 til 2,5 pst. aluminiumoksyd (Al2b.t) uten tilsetning av kalsiumoksyd (CaO), basis of activated reduced iron, for use in the ammonia synthesis, a crude catalyst is first prepared using the known method by melting a mixture of magnetite (Fe.,04) with small amounts of poorly melting oxides (A120.,) and ( K20), these quantities being in the range from 0.1 to 0.5% potassium oxide (K20) and from 1 to 2.5% aluminum oxide (Al2b.t) without the addition of calcium oxide (CaO),
men fortrinnsvis med en tilsetning av litiumoksyd svarende til 0,1 til 0,5 pst. Li20, og det smeltede produkt helles derfor ut som en tynn film, således at det fremkalles en hurtig avkjøling, og den uthelte masse males til fine jevne granulater, hvorefter de dannede granulater underkastes en mest mulig fullstendig reduksjon i et tynt lag ved en temperatur på omkring 500°C, ved vanlig eller litt forhøyet trykk, således at det dannes et redusert produkt som er lett å knuse, som deretter males for å danne et mikrokrystallinsk pulver, som derefter formes til pellets. De høyeste utbytter oppnås når reduksjonen finner sted ved trykk på ca. 10 kg/cm2. Høyere trykk vil imidlertid også føre til en god, men noe lavere reduks j onshastighet. but preferably with an addition of lithium oxide corresponding to 0.1 to 0.5 percent Li20, and the molten product is therefore poured out as a thin film, so that rapid cooling is induced, and the poured out mass is ground into fine, even granules, after which the formed granules are subjected to as complete reduction as possible in a thin layer at a temperature of about 500°C, at normal or slightly elevated pressure, so that a reduced product is formed which is easy to crush, which is then ground to form a microcrystalline powder, which is then formed into pellets. The highest yields are achieved when the reduction takes place at a pressure of approx. 10 kg/cm2. However, higher pressure will also lead to a good, but somewhat lower reduction rate.
De spesielle betingelser for fremstilling av den rå katalysator, muliggjør at det The special conditions for the production of the crude catalyst enable it
oppnås granulater som lett kan undergå en full reduksjon til a-jern, som er det aktive element i katalysatoren, idet det siste bringes til den ønskede form for syntese av ammoniakk, efter reduksjonen. granules are obtained which can easily undergo a full reduction to α-iron, which is the active element in the catalyst, the latter being brought to the desired form for the synthesis of ammonia, after the reduction.
Det er nu i virkeligheten funnet at ved å underkaste granulater av rå katalysatorer, erholdt som beskrevet ovenfor, høyest mulig reduksjon i et tynt lag under de spesielle betingelser som nettopp er nevnt, oppnås reduserte katalysatorgranulater som er meget lette å knuse og som ved en grov maling gir et mikrokrystallinsk pulver, som kan agglomereres til pellets som har god mekanisk styrke ved en enkel pressing uten tilsetning av bindemiddel, fluss-middel eller noe fast eller flytende stoff, idet disse pellets utgjør den fordelaktige form for katalysator ifølge oppfinnelsen. It has now in fact been found that by subjecting granules of crude catalysts, obtained as described above, to the highest possible reduction in a thin layer under the special conditions just mentioned, reduced catalyst granules are obtained which are very easy to crush and which, in the case of a coarse paint gives a microcrystalline powder, which can be agglomerated into pellets that have good mechanical strength by simple pressing without the addition of binder, flux or any solid or liquid substance, as these pellets constitute the advantageous form of catalyst according to the invention.
Det er dertil nu blitt funnet at selv It has now been found that even
om pressgraden (trykket) for det oven-nevnte mikrokrystallinske pulver varierer innen vide grenser f. eks. fra 3 til 15 tonn pr. cm2, forblir mikroporøsiteten for de if the degree of compression (pressure) for the above-mentioned microcrystalline powder varies within wide limits, e.g. from 3 to 15 tonnes per cm2, the microporosity remains for those
dannede pellets konstant og meget høy, hvilket er bevist ved spesielle overflate-målinger. formed pellets constant and very high, which is proven by special surface measurements.
Dertil kommer at mikroporøsiteten for de dannede pellets er høy, og kan reguleres på grunn av at den er omvendt propor-sjonalt med den pressgraden som anvendes innenfor de angitte grenser. In addition, the microporosity of the formed pellets is high, and can be regulated because it is inversely proportional to the degree of pressure used within the specified limits.
For å øke katalysatorens aktivitet, an-befales det at det tilsettes en tredje reaksjonsfremmer til chargen for fremstilling av den rå katalysator av magnetit, aluminiumoksyd og kaliumkarbonat, idet den nevnte reaksjonsfremmer f. eks. er litium anvendt i form av oksydet Li20 i mengder på 0,1 til 0,5 vektprosent, idet denne tilsetning øker aktiviteten for den ferdige katalysator, uten å innvirke på reduserbarheten av den smeltede rå katalysator. In order to increase the catalyst's activity, it is recommended that a third reaction promoter is added to the charge for the production of the raw catalyst of magnetite, aluminum oxide and potassium carbonate, the aforementioned reaction promoter e.g. lithium is used in the form of the oxide Li20 in amounts of 0.1 to 0.5 percent by weight, this addition increasing the activity of the finished catalyst, without affecting the reducibility of the molten crude catalyst.
Efter reduksjon og avkjøling, kan granulatene dessuten med fordel behandles på kjent måte med gass eller gassformet blanding som tidligere anvendt for reduksjon, men tilsatt en liten mengde (f. eks. 0,05 til 1 pst.) luft, idet denne ekstra be-handling har den virkning at det elimine-rer eventuelt antennelses-tendenser for granulatene ved å dekke disse med et ok-sydlag. After reduction and cooling, the granules can also advantageously be treated in a known manner with gas or a gaseous mixture as previously used for reduction, but with the addition of a small amount (e.g. 0.05 to 1 percent) of air, as this additional action has the effect of eliminating any ignition tendencies for the granules by covering them with an OK layer.
Pelletene, som utgjør katalysatoren ifølge oppfinnelsen, er porøse, homogene, geometrisk identiske og mekanisk meget sterke. The pellets, which make up the catalyst according to the invention, are porous, homogeneous, geometrically identical and mechanically very strong.
Som vist ved undersøkelser under mik-roskop og med kvikksølvporosimeter inneholder de et homogent nettverk av makroporer med en diameter som er lik eller stør-re enn 2000 Ångstrøm, og som har betyde-lig spesifikt volum og er fordelt i den mikrokrystallinske masse av a-jern, som ut-gjør den indre aktive overflate i pelletene. Denne struktur tillater lett tilgang for den reagerende gassformede fase til alle punkter på katalysatorens indre overflate, mens den høye tilsynelatende egenvekt og regel-messige form for pelletene, tillater en fyl-ling av større vekt i syntesekonverteren ved samme volum uten å øke trykkfallet, samt at det ikke danner seg gjennomstrøm-mingskanaler for gass-strømmen i den fylte konverter, slik at det sikres mere effektiv utnyttelse av chargen under drift, og skaffer øket produktivitet. As shown by examinations under a microscope and with a mercury porosimeter, they contain a homogeneous network of macropores with a diameter equal to or greater than 2000 Å, and which have a significant specific volume and are distributed in the microcrystalline mass of a- iron, which forms the inner active surface in the pellets. This structure allows easy access for the reacting gaseous phase to all points on the internal surface of the catalyst, while the high apparent specific gravity and regular shape of the pellets allows a filling of a greater weight in the synthesis converter at the same volume without increasing the pressure drop, as well that no through-flow channels are formed for the gas flow in the filled converter, so that more efficient utilization of the charge is ensured during operation, and provides increased productivity.
Følgende eksempel illustrerer oppfinnelsen. The following example illustrates the invention.
Eksempel. I i temperatur i massen under denne prosess Example. I in temperature in the mass during this process
Det ble først fremstilt en rå katalysator A crude catalyst was first prepared
ved meget hurtig avkjøling i et tynt lag i en bevegelig, avkjølt støpeform, idet smelteproduktet av en blanding av oksyder av jern og reaksjonsfremmere har følgende sammensetning: Felr22, 36 pst., A120., 1,99 pst., K20 0,4 pst., Li20 0,47 pst. by very rapid cooling in a thin layer in a movable, cooled mould, the melt product of a mixture of oxides of iron and reaction promoters having the following composition: Felr22, 36%, A120, 1.99%, K20 0.4% ., Li20 0.47 percent.
Efter å ha vært knust og granulert til After being crushed and granulated
partikler på en størrelse på ca. 3 mm, og anbragt i et tynt lag i en egnet konverter, ble dette smelteprodukt redusert ved hjelp av synteseblandingen N2 + 3H2, som ble sendt over med en høy volumhastighet, og med en begynnelsestemperatur på 150°C, idet volumhastigheten og temperaturen particles of a size of approx. 3 mm, and placed in a thin layer in a suitable converter, this melt product was reduced by means of the synthesis mixture N2 + 3H2, which was passed over at a high volume rate, and with an initial temperature of 150°C, the volume rate and the temperature
reguleres således at vanndampinnholdet i den gassformede reduksjonsfase ikke over-skrider 0,25 pst. Reduksjonens sluttpunkt ble omhyggelig undersøkt vektanalytisk for å sikre at den var fullstendig ved veining av askaritrør som ble gjennomstrømmet av den gassformede fase, og som holdt tilbake den mengde vann som skulle bestemmes. Temperaturen i massen var da omtrent 500°C. Massen ble deretter avkjølt, og be-handlet ved hjelp av samme blanding N2 + 3H2, og dertil tilsatt 1 pst. luft. Stigningen is regulated so that the water vapor content in the gaseous reduction phase does not exceed 0.25 percent. The end point of the reduction was carefully examined gravimetrically to ensure that it was complete by weighing ascarite tubes that were flowed through by the gaseous phase, and which retained the amount of water that was to be determined. The temperature in the mass was then approximately 500°C. The mass was then cooled, and treated with the aid of the same mixture N2 + 3H2, and 1 percent air added to it. The rise
overskred ikke 30°C, og avslutningen ble markert ved at den gikk tilbake til omgi-vende temperatur. did not exceed 30°C, and the end was marked by returning to ambient temperature.
Massen kunne da lett males til et grovt pulver, som var lett å agglomerere til pellets med en diameter på 10 mm ved en The mass could then easily be ground into a coarse powder, which was easy to agglomerate into pellets with a diameter of 10 mm at a
ganske enkel pressing ved et trykk på 10 fairly easy pressing at a pressure of 10
, tonn pr. cm2 uten noe tilsetningsmiddel i , tonnes per cm2 without any additive in it
vanlig pelletiseringsanordning utstyrt med standard pelletizing device equipped with
. trykkindikerende stabilisator. . pressure indicating stabilizer.
Tegningen viser et tverrsnitt i en for-størrelse på 220 ganger av en pellet som i utgjør en katalysator ifølge foreliggende i oppfinnelse, og som ble fremstilt ifølge ; eksemplet. Den mikrokrystallinske masse, , som i det vesentlige utgjøres av Fea er The drawing shows a cross-section in an enlarged size of 220 times of a pellet which constitutes a catalyst according to the present invention, and which was produced according to; the example. The microcrystalline mass, , which essentially consists of Fea is
. lys, mens nettet av makroporer er mørke og . homogent fordelt i katalysatoren i en mengde på 45 til 50 pst. av det totale i volum. • Pelletene anvendt som katalysator for syntese av ammoniakk under forskjellige betingelser for temperatur, trykk og volumhastighet for syntesegassen, har en aktivitet hvis respektive verdier er oppsum-mert i tabell I i det følgende, og aktiviteten er indikert ved prosentinnhold ved NH:i inneholdt i den gass som forlater reak-toren. Tabell 2 i det følgende sammenligner de fysiske egenskaper for katalysatorpellets ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse, med en diameter på 10 mm erholdt ved pressing respektive trykk på 3 og 10 tonn pr. cm-' pellet, med fragmenter erholdt ved knus- ing, siktning og størrelses-sortering av vanlig katalysator som derefter reduseres under betingelser som er identiske med reduksjonen av katalysatorpelletene, som fremstilles ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse. . light, while the network of macropores is dark and . homogeneously distributed in the catalyst in an amount of 45 to 50 percent of the total volume. • The pellets used as a catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia under different conditions of temperature, pressure and volume velocity of the synthesis gas have an activity whose respective values are summarized in table I below, and the activity is indicated by the percentage of NH:i contained in the gas leaving the reactor. Table 2 in the following compares the physical properties of catalyst pellets according to the present invention, with a diameter of 10 mm obtained by pressing respective pressures of 3 and 10 tons per cm-' pellet, with fragments obtained by crushing ing, sieving and size-sorting of ordinary catalyst which is then reduced under conditions identical to the reduction of the catalyst pellets, which are produced according to the present invention.
Resultatene som er oppnådd ved hjelp The results obtained with the help
av katalysatoren ifølge foreliggende oppfinnelse anvendt ved syntese av ammoniakk, er enda mere gunstig med pellets of the catalyst according to the present invention used in the synthesis of ammonia, is even more favorable with pellets
med mindre diameter, f. eks. 5 mm. with a smaller diameter, e.g. 5 mm.
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP1981161186U JPS5867670U (en) | 1981-10-30 | 1981-10-30 | impact tools |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO823572L NO823572L (en) | 1983-05-02 |
NO154079B true NO154079B (en) | 1986-04-07 |
NO154079C NO154079C (en) | 1986-07-16 |
Family
ID=15730219
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO82823572A NO154079C (en) | 1981-10-30 | 1982-10-27 | SLAGVERKTOEY. |
Country Status (10)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS5867670U (en) |
KR (1) | KR850000633Y1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU543415B2 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3239174A1 (en) |
FR (1) | FR2519575A1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2114495B (en) |
IT (1) | IT1224107B (en) |
NO (1) | NO154079C (en) |
SE (1) | SE457624B (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA827544B (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS59176683U (en) * | 1983-05-14 | 1984-11-26 | 日東技研株式会社 | Electric multi-needle peeling tool |
SE436988B (en) * | 1983-07-01 | 1985-02-04 | Nilsson Goran Alfred | NAL HACK DEVICE NAL HACK DEVICE |
CH655682B (en) * | 1984-02-09 | 1986-05-15 | ||
KR101291349B1 (en) * | 2010-06-15 | 2013-07-30 | 삼성중공업 주식회사 | Grinding apparatus and assembly thereof |
DE102014208064B4 (en) | 2014-04-29 | 2015-12-03 | Heraeus Medical Gmbh | Lavage system with a compressed gas engine and method for generating a spray |
JP6737497B2 (en) * | 2016-06-10 | 2020-08-12 | 不二空機株式会社 | Impact tool |
KR102258872B1 (en) * | 2017-03-29 | 2021-05-31 | 니토 코키 가부시키가이샤 | Anti-rotation ring-shaped member and compressed air driven chisel |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE1018819B (en) * | 1952-11-20 | 1957-11-07 | Moenninghoff Maschf | Pneumatic pick hammer with recoil absorption by an elastic member |
DE1672058U (en) * | 1953-09-28 | 1954-02-18 | Paul Wehrmann | DRILL. |
US2899934A (en) * | 1956-01-19 | 1959-08-18 | salengro | |
FR1348165A (en) * | 1963-02-15 | 1964-01-04 | Percussion tool | |
US3680643A (en) * | 1969-03-01 | 1972-08-01 | Nitto Kohki Co | Fluid actuated tool having removable coil spring biasing means |
CS149009B1 (en) * | 1971-02-01 | 1973-05-24 | ||
DE2132854A1 (en) * | 1971-07-01 | 1973-01-18 | Linde Ag | COMPRESSED AIR TOOL |
DE2403074C3 (en) * | 1974-01-23 | 1978-10-26 | Demag Ag, 4100 Duisburg | Pneumatic impact tool |
US3937055A (en) * | 1974-11-06 | 1976-02-10 | The United States Of America As Represented By The United States National Aeronautics And Space Administration | Method of peening and portable peening gun |
CH600993A5 (en) * | 1976-06-30 | 1978-06-30 | Arx Ag | Percussion tool for cleaning surfaces |
-
1981
- 1981-10-30 JP JP1981161186U patent/JPS5867670U/en active Granted
-
1982
- 1982-10-13 AU AU89338/82A patent/AU543415B2/en not_active Expired
- 1982-10-13 SE SE8205810A patent/SE457624B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-10-15 ZA ZA827544A patent/ZA827544B/en unknown
- 1982-10-22 DE DE19823239174 patent/DE3239174A1/en active Granted
- 1982-10-27 NO NO82823572A patent/NO154079C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1982-10-29 IT IT8283472A patent/IT1224107B/en active
- 1982-10-29 KR KR2019820008556U patent/KR850000633Y1/en active
- 1982-10-29 FR FR8218224A patent/FR2519575A1/en active Granted
- 1982-10-29 GB GB08231001A patent/GB2114495B/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
NO823572L (en) | 1983-05-02 |
NO154079C (en) | 1986-07-16 |
IT8283472A0 (en) | 1982-10-29 |
AU543415B2 (en) | 1985-04-18 |
IT1224107B (en) | 1990-09-26 |
JPS617908Y2 (en) | 1986-03-11 |
GB2114495A (en) | 1983-08-24 |
JPS5867670U (en) | 1983-05-09 |
FR2519575A1 (en) | 1983-07-18 |
KR850000633Y1 (en) | 1985-04-18 |
SE457624B (en) | 1989-01-16 |
FR2519575B1 (en) | 1984-11-30 |
GB2114495B (en) | 1985-03-20 |
AU8933882A (en) | 1983-05-19 |
DE3239174A1 (en) | 1983-06-23 |
KR840001977U (en) | 1984-05-28 |
ZA827544B (en) | 1983-07-27 |
SE8205810D0 (en) | 1982-10-13 |
SE8205810L (en) | 1983-05-01 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US4430241A (en) | Mixed nitrate salt heat transfer medium and process for providing the same | |
US3644216A (en) | Catalysts | |
US4430254A (en) | Spherical cerium-activated catalyst for ammonia synthesis and process for its manufacture | |
NO154079B (en) | SLAGVERKTOEY. | |
TW546385B (en) | A reduced iron compact, a method of producing the same and a method of producing pig iron by using the reduced iron compacts | |
US4395282A (en) | Desulfurization mixture and process for making it | |
JP2013209748A (en) | Method of manufacturing reduced iron agglomerate | |
CN104451135B (en) | Containing microfine coal and the agglomeration method of the pelletizing of ultra-fine calcium lime powder | |
US8182575B2 (en) | Producing method of direct reduced iron | |
US4168967A (en) | Nickel and cobalt irregularly shaped granulates | |
CN109279608B (en) | Method for recycling organic waste silicon slag and method for processing silicon-copper rod | |
US3649248A (en) | Process for producing a calcium ferrite for making steels | |
US3278294A (en) | Ferrosilicon as a deoxidizing, inoculating and/or alloying agent | |
NO159435B (en) | CATALYSTS COMPREHENSIVE METAL IRON, PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF A CATALYST Layer, CATALYTIC REACTOR AND USE OF THE CATALYST. | |
US4323392A (en) | Agent for desulfurizing crude iron and steel melts, and process for making it | |
US4073749A (en) | Process for manufacturing a catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia and product thereby obtained | |
US4015978A (en) | Method for production of magnesium-containing briquets and magnesium | |
WO1996009415A1 (en) | Sintered ore manufacturing method using high crystal water iron ore as raw material | |
RU2625362C2 (en) | Production method of the reduced iron agglomerate | |
US4407737A (en) | Catalysts for heterogeneous synthesis | |
JPS604891B2 (en) | Coarse ore-containing pellets | |
JP2003277838A (en) | High crystal water ore used for sintering raw material for blast furnace, sintering raw material for blast furnace and its producing method | |
SU763264A1 (en) | Method of producing porous amorphous alumosilicate | |
US4627961A (en) | Calcium-aluminum briquettes | |
US3586497A (en) | Reduction of metal chloride with hot hydrogen |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
MK1K | Patent expired |
Free format text: EXPIRED IN OCTOBER 2002 |