NL2020982B9

NL2020982B9 - Mushroom growing apparatus

Info

Publication number: NL2020982B9
Application number: NL2020982A
Authority: NL
Inventors: Henricus Johannes Verdellen Jacobus; Willem Holtermans Mathieu
Original assignee: Mush Comb
Priority date: 2018-05-24
Filing date: 2018-05-24
Publication date: 2019-12-18
Also published as: WO2019226046A1; NL2020982B1; EP3800991A1

Abstract

The present invention is in the field of a mushroom culti— vation and provides an apparatus and method that improve the harvesting process. It further provides an apparatus and method with increased yield. Furthermore, the apparatus is 5 very accessible to people harvesting mushrooms. As a conse— quence yield per unit time is increased.

Description

Herpublicatie octrooi.

Title Mushroom growing apparatus

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is in the field of a mushroom cultivation and provides an apparatus and method that improve the harvesting process. It further provides an apparatus and method with increased yield. Furthermore, the apparatus is very accessible to people harvesting mushrooms. As a consequence yield per unit time is increased.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Mushroom growth has been studied during centuries. Many species of mushrooms seemingly appear overnight, growing or expanding rapidly. Actually, all species of mushrooms take several days to form primordial mushroom fruit bodies, though they do expand rapidly by the absorption of fluids.

Most mushrooms that are sold in supermarkets have been commercially grown on mushroom farms. The most popular of these, Agaricus bisporus, is generally considered safe for most people to eat because it is grown in controlled, sterilized environments, though some individuals do not tolerate it well. Several varieties of A. bisporus are grown commercially, including whites, criminy, and portobello. Other cultivated species now available at many grocers include shiitake, maitake or hen-of-the-woods, oyster, and enoki.

White mushrooms, like all mushrooms, grow from microscopic spores, not seeds. Plant-like organisms growing from spores are called fungi.

Because mushrooms have no chlorophyll, they must get all their nutrients from organic matter in their growing medium. The medium-called compost is scientifically formulated of various materials such as straw, corn cobs, cotton seed and cocoa seed hulls, gypsum and nitrogen supplements. Preparing the compost takes one to two weeks. Then it is pasteurized and placed in large trays or beds.

Next the spawn is worked into the compost and the growing takes place in specially constructed houses, where the farmers can regulate crucial aspects as heat and humidity.

In two to three weeks, the compost becomes filled with the root structure of the mushroom, a network of lacy white filaments called mycelium. At that point, a layer of pasteurized peat moss is spread over the compost. The temperature of the compost and the humidity of the room must be carefully controlled in order for the mycelium to develop fully. Eventually, tiny white protrusions form on the mycelium and push up through the surface of the peat moss. Farmers call this pinning. The pins continue to grow, becoming the mushroom caps, which are actually the fruit of the plant, just as a tomato is the fruit of a tomato plant. It takes 10 to 25 days to produce mature mushrooms after the peat moss is applied. Size is no indication of maturity in mushrooms. Perfectly ripe ones vary from small buttons to large caps.

Each crop is harvested over a period of several days. Typically two or three crops are harvested over a period of several weeks. Then the compost does not generate enough crop anymore; it may be regarded as exhausted. Then the container (tray or bed) is emptied and steam-sterilized before the process begins again. Harvested mushrooms are set in carts, refrigerated and then packaged and shipped quickly to supermarkets, food processors and restaurants. The entire process from the time the farmer starts preparing the compost until the mushrooms are harvested and shipped to market takes about two to three months.

Edible mushrooms are used extensively in cooking, in many cuisines (notably Chinese, European, and Japanese). Hundreds of millions of kilograms are produced yearly. Various species are mentioned below. In principle the present invention is applicable for growth of any type of mushrooms, of which the following are examples. Criminy mushrooms are grown and harvested in the same manner as the white mushroom. Porta bella mushrooms are also grown in a manner similar to the white mushrooms. Oyster mushrooms, like other mushrooms, are grown in mushroom houses but they require a bit more humidity and fresh air than the white variety. Shiitake mushrooms were originally cultivated on natural oak logs, a process which took two to four years before the mycelium colonized the wood sufficiently to produce fruiting. Now, however, oak sawdust is packed into poly bags, sterilized, inoculated with spawn and placed in environmentally controlled rooms. For Enoki mushrooms, beach mushrooms and maitake mushrooms even more complex procedures are used, requiring specific control of e.g. temperature, carbon dioxide content, and humidity, as well as specific specially prepared substrate material.

The main cost involved in the production of mushrooms includes compost production, energy consumption during mushroom growing, mushroom harvesting and mushroom packaging. The harvesting of mushroom is still done manually. In addition to basic procedures, mushroom farmers use their own techniques to make the process convenient, but still it is very laborious, time consuming and expensive in terms of production cost. Thus, the involvement of manual labor increases the production cost and also increases the chances of potential contamination. This creates additional maintenance problems.

Although there are some mechanical devices and methods for mushroom harvesting, these generally involve expensive technology i.e. video camera, mechanical platforms and other devices. Further, albeit chances of contamination by physically not touching the mushrooms are minimized, which in turn also enhances the shelf life, mechanically picking of mushrooms results in a much lesser quality of the product. As such, the mushrooms can only be used for directly processing the mushrooms into food products, like conservatives.

Considerable effort has been made to reduce the costs involved in production itself, but less attention has been paid towards reducing costs in harvesting, reducing energy consumption and in optimizing yield in terms of kilogram mushroom per unit area.

Thus, disadvantages of the prior art method are amongst others laborious and therefore expensive methods of harvesting, and limited yield in terms of kilograms mushroom per unit area and in terms of kilogram mushrooms per unit compost.

A previously filed Dutch patent application NL2005616 of the present inventors relates to an apparatus and method of harvesting mushrooms. After extensive experimentation it has been found that an embodiment disclosed therein could be optimized further, e.g. in terms of yield (kg) mushrooms per square meter, size of mushrooms being harvested, use of raw material, hygienic aspects, stability a system used, time elapsed between start and first or subsequent crop harvesting, ease of harvesting, etc.

A German patent application DE 43 02 273 Cl recites a circular system comprising a compost layer and a non-penetrable material directly surrounding said compost. The material can not be accessed by mycelium. The system is regarded to be relatively complex. In order to control temperature and moisture further means are provided thereto. It is noted that as far as known the system has not been put into practice, possibly because the system makes it very difficult to provide optimal growth conditions for mushrooms, or at least over a prolonged period of time; in other words it is no commercial success. A reason thereto is that it is not understood how e.g. moisture, temperature, amount of air, evaporation, especially that of compost, can be controlled in practice. Further it seems at least unlikely mushrooms will sprout, as mycelium is expected to die beforehand, as penetration will amongst others occur to slow. The system does not comprise a covering layer fully penetrable for mycelium.

US 3,286,398 recites a system comprising a casing surrounding compost. Mushrooms seem to be harvested at sides of slats (left and right). Similar disadvantages as with the above German patent seem to occur.

US 1,773,648 relates to a process for mushroom culture wherein the mushrooms are grown in a mushroom house. Said mushroom house has to be kept at a low temperature and a fan is present within the mushroom house to provide active ventilation on the outside surfaces of the mushroom beds or trays. The disadvantage of such a system is that only the outside surfaces of the mushroom beds are cooled and that the outside room temperature must be approximately 10 degrees cooler than the desired temperature inside the mushroom beds to achieve the desired internal temperature. This is an energy inefficient (and hence costly) and slow process.

WO 92/09192 discloses a process for cultivating mushrooms wherein vertical ventilation passages are provided in the substrate to provide passive ventilation. This method is not practical since it is very difficult to fill a mushroom bed with compost if a large number of such vertical ventilation passages are present. Moreover, it would be almost impossible to empty the beds after use. In addition, the passive ventilation provides a very slow process that does not provide the required internal temperature in the substrate beds. This will lead to a limited mushroom yield.

Also there is a need to control size and amount of mushrooms. Further, handling is preferably limited to a minimum. Also an apparatus should function in a hygienic manner. Preferably the amount of compost and/or covering layer, also in relation to each other, should be minimized.

In view of a prolonged use, e.g. at least three crops should be harvested, optimal grow conditions need to be provided, thereby providing optimal yields.

The present invention relates to an apparatus and method for mushroom harvesting, which overcomes one or more of the above disadvantages, without jeopardizing functionality and advantages .

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in a first aspect to an apparatus 100 for harvesting mushrooms, consisting of a container 10 (such as a tray or bed), which container comprises a bottom 11, and walls 12. A typical size of a container is 1-2.5 m wide and 3-5 m long, but larger and smaller sizes may be used. The container can be filled with a growth medium layer, also referred to as substrate, and a cover layer (such as casing soil, peat, etc.), typically by using a sheet 28, such as a polymeric sheet, on which the layer is provided, and which is pulled into the container. The sheet may be provided with air release openings above the at least one duct, i.e. that the sheet may be substantially impermeable to gas and liquid aside the duct, and permeable to gas above the duct. Likewise the container is emptied after harvesting of the mushrooms. Typically at least two opposite walls of the container, typically at a longitudinal end thereof, may be removable, detachable, or rotatable. The container comprises at least one duct 20 with at least one duct wall 21, adapted to be in fluid connection with an aeration device, such as an air pump, a ventilator, and a compressor, the duct having an inlet 23 and an optional outlet 24, wherein the duct is located to the bottom. Typically 26 ducts are provided, such as 3-5 ducts. It is preferred to have the ducts distributed over a width of the container, preferably evenly distributed, such as at a mutual distance of 30-70 cm, e.g. 40-60 cm. Control of temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide, etc. is found to be somewhat better close to a duct, but still sufficient somewhat farther (e.g. 40 cm) away. The outlet may be provided when for instance ducts of containers are connected in series, in parallel, or both. The outlet may comprise a valve or a closing means, such as a pressure valve. The duct therefore provides air, and optional further gases, such as CO2, and water vapor, to the growth medium and to the cover layer. The duct comprises air releases 22 in the at least one duct wall, wherein the air releases are arranged to direct air flow in a direction β which direction is from substantially parallel to the bottom to perpendicular to the bottom, and wherein said air releases are arranged to evenly distribute the air flow over a space of the container. In addition the air releases may be directed at an angle somewhat parallel to an air flow direction, such as at an angle of 30-60 degrees. As such a good control of temperature, humidity, and growth is achieved. The temperature of the air provided is found to be less relevant. Some control is preferred. It has been found that the present apparatus reduces energy consumption to about 80% compared to cooling of the environment in which growth takes place, which energy consumption includes the energy used by the aeration device. Almost no cooling is required in the environment. In addition even the yield is found to have increased by 5-15%, such as 10%. As such, by providing e.g. solar panels on the roof, a full energy neutral production cycle is achieved. In principle the present apparatus can also be used for double sided mushroom growth. As such a growth medium, and a cover layer may be provided on both sides (upper and lower) of the apparatus.

In a second aspect the present invention relates to a method for harvesting mushrooms, comprising i) providing an apparatus according to the invention, wherein the container comprises: a) a first layer, comprising substrate, such as compost, b) a second covering layer, preferably comprising pasteurized material, such as peat, ii) actively providing a gas, preferably air, to said first and/or second layer, iii) controlling a temperature of said first and/or second layer, iv) growing mushrooms, and v) harvesting mushrooms. It is noted that some of the steps may be performed in a different sequence, and/or at a later or earlier stage.

Thereby the present invention provides a solution to one or more of the above mentioned problems.

Advantages of the present invention are detailed throughout the description.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates in a first aspect to an apparatus according to claim 1.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus the direction β may be from -80 degrees to + 80 degrees with respect to a direction perpendicular to the bottom, preferably -75 degrees to + 75 degrees.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus a sheet may be provided on the bottom of the container, and wherein the sheet comprises air releases 29.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus the container may comprise rails 31, preferably hollow rails, wherein at least one duct preferably is at least one rail. It is noted that two or more, or even all ducts and subsequent rails may be one and the same.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus the bottom may comprise two parts 11 which are tilted, preferably tilted over an angle a, wherein 10°<a<30°, preferably wherein 15°<α<25°.

In an exemplary embodiment the present apparatus may comprise an aeration device 30 for providing an air flow.

In an exemplary embodiment the present apparatus may comprise 2-100 containers connected in series, preferably 340 containers, more preferably 4-30 containers, such as 5-20 containers, e.g. 6-10 containers.

In an exemplary embodiment the present apparatus an inlet of a series of containers may be provided opposite of another series of containers, and an aeration device, such as a ventilator, may be provided in between the series of containers, i.e. in the middle. As such a better control of air flow is achieved.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus a shape of a the duct may be a geometrical prism, and may have a cross-section selected from triangular, rectangular, such as square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, multigonal, sections thereof, and in addition sections of thereof, such as sections of a circular and ellipsoidal prism with a cross-section with at least one straight side, and combinations thereof. For instance circle segments, e.g. half a circle may be used. Such section provide easy manufacturing and also easy loading of a sheet to be used typically comprising a first and second layer.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus the one or more releases may be selected from the group consisting openings, membranes, ceramics, and combinations thereof, which releases are permeable to the gas, especially to oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus the one or more releases may be substantially distributed evenly in a longitudinal direction of the duct, and/or wherein the one or more releases may be substantially distributed evenly in a radial direction of the duct.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus 1-25 releases may be present per meter duct, preferably 2-20 per meter duct, more preferably 3-10, such as 5-8 per meter duct, and/or wherein 1-10 releases may be present per radial segment 27, such as 2-5.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus the one or more air releases may have a cross section of 0.1 mm - 10 mm, preferably from 0.3 mm - 5 mm, such as from 1 mm 3 mm.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus one or more openings may have a cross section of 0.1 mm - 10 mm, preferably from 0.3 mm - 5 mm, such as from 1 mm - 3 mm.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus the one or more membranes may have a pore diameter suit-able for gas penetration, such as from 0.1 nm - 5000 nm, preferably from 1 nm - 500 nm, more preferably 10- 100 nm.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus duct may be formed of a material selected from a polymer, such as PVC, PE, and PP, a membrane, metal, such as stainless steel, and aluminum, and ceramics. An advantage of these materials, and especially aluminum, is that dead steaming can be performed much quicker, such as 2-3 times quicker.

In an exemplary embodiment the present apparatus may comprise at least one of a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a controller, a CO2 sensor, a flow sensor, and a humidity sensor. Therewith appropriate control of these various parameters may be established. For instance the temperature may be controlled within 0.2 °C, whereas it could still fluctuate within a few (1-3) degrees, a CO2 pressure can be controlled within 5¾ relative, a relative humidity to 80-90% ±1%, and a flow to ±10-15% over a length of a (combined) duct. It is noted that typically a temperature of air provided would increase from an inlet to an outlet, even with a few degrees. Such is found not be much of an issue as the pressure is found to provide extra air flow at an outlet side .

In an exemplary embodiment the present apparatus may comprise at least one support 50, at least one support receiving element for stacking the apparatus, connected to the inlet an air connector 60 adapted for guiding air to a higher/lower apparatus, connected to the outlet an air connector 60 adapted for guiding air to a higher/lower apparatus .

In an exemplary embodiment of the present apparatus the sheet may comprise a substantially water tight material, such as a polymer, a natural or artificial rubber, and a supporting gauze, such as a chicken wire, the gauze preferably having openings with an area of 1-16 cm², more preferably 2-10 cm², such as 4-6 cm², wherein the gauze preferably is located underneath the sheet.

In an exemplary embodiment the present apparatus may comprise an intermodal container, a controller, and optionally a substrate layer and a covering layer. In the container a fully loaded apparatus may be provided, ready to be shipped to another location. At the other location mushroom growth can start immediately, at a relatively small scale. Any type of mushroom may be provided. The container is in a plug and play modus, i.e. ready to use. The present invention may make use of an intermodal container. An intermodal container is a standardized reusable steel box. They are typically used to store and move materials and products in a containerized intermodal freight transport system. Intermodal indicates that the container can be moved from one mode of transport to another (from ship, to truck, etc.) without unloading and reloading the contents of the container. Lengths of containers, which each have a unique ISO 6346 reporting mark, vary from 2.438 to 17.069 m and heights from 2.438 m to 2.896 m. It is noted that for air freight alternative definitions may be used.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present method one or more of temperature, oxygen pressure, carbon dioxide supply, relative humidity of first and/or second layer, start of mushroom growth, end of mushroom growth, use of energy, growth of mushrooms, and moment of harvesting may be controlled .

In an exemplary embodiment of the present method gas may be provided at a pressure of 10-500 kPa, preferably 50-300 kPa, such as 100-200 kPa.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present method a temperature may be controlled within ± 3°C, preferably within ± 1°C. Therewith exhaust of humidity is also prevented.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present method an array of coupled apparatuses may be formed, wherein the array comprises 1-50 apparatuses in first horizontal series, 1-10 apparatuses in vertical series, and 1-50 apparatuses in second horizontal series.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present method growth may be started during 3-5 days at a first location, thereafter the apparatus may be shipped to a second location, and thereafter 1-3 crops are harvested at the second location.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the first layer may be kept at a lower temperature than the second layer, preferably 0.1-3 °C lower, more preferably 0.2-2 °C lower, such as 0.5-1 °C lower.

In an exemplary embodiment of the present method the mushrooms are selected from the group comprising Agaricus species, such as Agaricus Bisporus, Agaricus brasiiliensis, Agaricus subrufescens, Agaricus Blazei (Murill), Agaricus bitorquis, Pleurotus species, such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sapidus, Pleurotus citrinoplieatus, crimini mushroom, portobello mushroom, Lentinula edodes, Grifola frondosa, Agrocybe aegerita, Cantharellus cibarius, Hericium erinaceum, and enoki (flammulina velutipes).

The invention is further detailed by the accompanying figures and examples, which are exemplary and explanatory of nature and are not limiting the scope of the invention. To the person skilled in the art it maybe clear that many variants, being obvious or not, may be conceivable falling within the scope of protection, defined by the present claims .

FIGURES

Figure 1-5, 6a-b, 7-7a, 8-8a and 9-10a-h show details of the present apparatus.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

In the figures

100 apparatus for harvesting mushrooms container bottom of container walls of container duct duct wall duct air releases duct inlet duct outlet radial segment sheet sheet air releases aeration device container rails container support air connector a bottom tilt angle β air flow direction

In figure 1 a schematic apparatus for growth of mushrooms is shown. A container 10 for comprising compost and peat is shown, having walls 12 and bottom 11. One large duct 20 is shown, which may also be formed by rails 31(e.g. as shown in figure 3). The duct has an inlet 23 and an outlet 24. A pump provides air (flow). The duct is provided with many duct air releases 22. The duct typically has a wall 21. Further supports 50 are shown. The supports 50 may be placed on a container below the container shown, or on the floor.

Figure 2 shows schematics of air flow. From duct air releases 22 air flows in various directions in a direction β, wherein β is taken relative to an angle between a direction perpendicular to the bottom of the container 11, Typically the air flow is directed sideways, i.e. away from the duct, but it may also be directed towards a front or back side of the container. A radial segment 27 is shown, having in the example 3 air releases. Also an air connector 60 is shown.

In figure 3 present container is shown, with four rails 31, a sheet 28 for receiving compost and peat, and wherein sheet 28 comprises air releases. Typically the sheet is permeable to air or gas, and not or slightly permeable to water. As such air may pass from ducts 22 or rails 31 through sheet 28 to the compost and peat.

In figure 4 a container with two tilted parts 11 is shown, which are under an angle a with respect to a horizontal plane. Rails 31 are incorporated in the bottom of the container. A sheet 29 is provided on the bottom of the container. Further compost, peat and mushrooms are schematically shown.

If fig. 5 a frame for a stack of containers is shown, wherein ducts and rails are one and the same, providing support and air. A few air releases 22 are indicated.

In fig 6b a stack of 6 containers with 4 containers in series is shown, having tilted parts. Fig. 6a shows a top view.

In figure 7 a side view shows 6 stacked containers. In fig. 7a an enlarged section is shown, wherein rails 31 are on top of the bottom of the container.

In figure 8 a side view shows 6 stacked containers. In addition the containers have two parts 11 which are tilted, with respect to a horizontal plane. In fig. 8a an enlarged section is shown, wherein rails 31 are integrated or incorporated in the bottom of the container.

In figure 9 a typical layout for growth of mushrooms is shown, having 4 containers in series. In combination with e.g. figs. 7 or 8 a stack of 2-10 by 3-7 containers may be formed.

In figure lOa-h examples of duct cross-sections are shown.

The figures are further detailed in the description and examples below.

EXAMPLES/EXPERIMENTS

Method of growing

In a method of growing mushrooms the present apparatus is used. An air pressure of 300 kPa is used. It has been found that energy consumption is reduced by 75% relative to a similar apparatus, especially as the environment requires much less cooling or maintenance of a temperature. In addition the yield of the mushrooms was similar or slightly (5-10%) better.

The invention although described in detailed explanatory context may be best understood in conjunction with the accompanying examples and figures.

For the purpose of search the following section is added, which represents a translation of the last section into English .

Claims

1. Apparatus (100) for harvesting mushrooms, consisting of a container (10), which container comprises a bottom (11), and walls (12), characterized in that the container comprises at least one duct (20) with at least one duct wall (21), adapted to be in fluid connection with an aeration device, the duct having an inlet (23) and an optional outlet (24), wherein the duct is located to the bottom, wherein the duct comprises air releases (22) in the at least one duct wall, wherein the air releases are arranged to direct air flow in a direction β which direction is from substantially parallel to the bottom to perpendicular to the bottom, and wherein said air releases are arranged to evenly distribute the air flow over a space of the container.

2. Apparatus according to embodiment 1, wherein the direction β is from -80 degrees to + 80 degrees with respect to a direction perpendicular to the bottom, preferably -75 degrees to + 75 degrees.

3. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein a sheet (28) is provided on the bottom of the container, and wherein the sheet comprises air releases (29).

4. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein the container comprises rails (31), preferably hollow rails, wherein at least one duct preferably is at least one rail.

5. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein the bottom comprises two parts (11) which are tilted, preferably tilted over an angle a, wherein 10°<a<30°, preferably wherein 15°<a<25°.

6. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments , comprising an aeration device (30) for providing an air flow.

7. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, comprising 2-100 containers connected in series, preferably 3-40 containers.

8. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein a shape of a the duct is a geometrical prism, and has a cross-section selected from triangular, rectangular, such as square, pentagonal, hexagonal, heptagonal, octagonal, multigonal, sections thereof, and in addition sections thereof, such as sections of a circular and ellipsoidal prism with a cross-section with at least one straight side, and combinations thereof.

9. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more releases are selected from the group consisting openings, membranes, ceramics, and combinations thereof, which releases are permeable to the gas, especially to oxygen, and carbon dioxide.

10. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more releases are substantially distributed evenly in a longitudinal direction of the duct, and/or wherein the one or more releases are substantially distributed evenly in a radial direction of the duct.

11. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein 1-25 releases is/are present per meter duct, preferably 2-20 per meter duct, such as 10 per meter duct, and/or wherein 1-10 releases is/are present per radial segment (27) .

12. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein the one or more air releases have a cross section of 0.1 mm - 10 mm, preferably from 0.3 mm - 5 mm, such as from 1 mm - 3 mm.

13. Apparatus according to any or more of embodiments 9-12, wherein one or more openings have a cross section of 0.1 mm 10 mm, preferably from 0.3 mm - 5 mm, such as from 1 mm - 3 mm.

14. Apparatus according to any or more of embodiments 9-13, wherein the one or more membranes have a pore diameter suitable for gas penetration, such as from 0.1 nm - 5000 nm, preferably from 1 nm - 20 nm.

15. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein duct is formed of a material selected from a polymer, such as PVC, PE, PP, a membrane, metal, such as stainless steel, and aluminum, and ceramics.

16. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, comprising at least one of a temperature sensor, a pressure sensor, a controller, a CO2 sensor, a flow sensor, and a humidity sensor.

17. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, further comprising at least one support (50), at least one support receiving element for stacking the apparatus, connected to the inlet an air connector (60) adapted for guiding air to a higher/lower apparatus, connected to the outlet an air connector (60) adapted for guiding air to a higher/lower apparatus .

18. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, wherein the sheet comprises a substantially water tight material, such as a polymer, a natural or artificial rubber, and a supporting gauze, such as a chicken wire, the gauze preferably having openings with an area of 1-16 cm², more preferably 2-10 cm², such as 4-6 cm², wherein the gauze preferably is located underneath the sheet.

19. Apparatus according to any or more of the preceding embodiments, further comprising an intermodal container, a controller, and optionally a substrate layer and a covering layer.

20. Method for harvesting mushrooms, comprising

i) providing an apparatus according to any of embodiments 1-

18, wherein the container comprises:

a) a first layer, comprising substrate, such as compost,

b) a second covering layer, preferably comprising pasteurized material, such as peat, ii) actively providing a gas, preferably air, to said first and/or second layer;

iii) controlling a temperature of said first and/or second layer, iv) growing mushrooms, and

v) harvesting mushrooms.

21. Method for harvesting mushrooms according to embodiment

20, wherein one or more of temperature, oxygen pressure, carbon dioxide supply, relative humidity of first and/or second layer, start of mushroom growth, end of mushroom growth, use of energy, growth of mushrooms, and moment of harvesting is controlled.

22. Method for harvesting mushrooms according to embodiment 20 or 21, wherein gas is provided at a pressure of 10-500 kPa, such as 50-300 kPa.

23. Method according to any of embodiments 20-22, wherein a temperature is controlled within ± 3°C, preferably within ± 1°C.

24. Method according to any of embodiments 20-23, wherein an array of coupled apparatuses is formed, wherein the array comprises 1-50 apparatuses in first horizontal series, 1-10 apparatuses in vertical series, and 1-50 apparatuses in second horizontal series.

25. Method according to any of embodiments 20-24, wherein growth is started during 3-5 days at a first location, thereafter the apparatus is shipped to a second location, and thereafter 1-3 crops are harvested at the second location.

26. Method according to any of embodiments 20-25, wherein the first layer is kept at a lower temperature than the second layer, preferably 0.1-3 °C lower, more preferably 0.2-2 °C lower, such as 0.5-1 °C lower.

27. Method according to any of embodiments 20-26, wherein the mushrooms are selected from the group comprising Agaricus species, such as Agaricus Bisporus, Agaricus brasiiliensis, Agaricus subrufescens, Agaricus Blazei (Murill), Agaricus bitorquis, Pleurotus species, such as Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus sapidus, Pleurotus citrinoplieatus, crimini mushroom, portobello mushroom, Lentinula edodes, Grifola frondosa, Agrocybe aegerita, Cantharellus cibarius, Hericium erinaceum, and enoki (flammulina velutipes).