MX2020013653A - Compuestos y metodos para la reduccion de la expresion de lrrk2. - Google Patents

Compuestos y metodos para la reduccion de la expresion de lrrk2.

Info

Publication number
MX2020013653A
MX2020013653A MX2020013653A MX2020013653A MX2020013653A MX 2020013653 A MX2020013653 A MX 2020013653A MX 2020013653 A MX2020013653 A MX 2020013653A MX 2020013653 A MX2020013653 A MX 2020013653A MX 2020013653 A MX2020013653 A MX 2020013653A
Authority
MX
Mexico
Prior art keywords
compounds
methods
reducing
animal
cell
Prior art date
Application number
MX2020013653A
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Holly Kordasiewicz
Huynh-Hoa Bui
Susan M Freier
Tracy A Cole
Original Assignee
Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc filed Critical Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc
Publication of MX2020013653A publication Critical patent/MX2020013653A/es

Links

Classifications

    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N15/00Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/11DNA or RNA fragments; Modified forms thereof; Non-coding nucleic acids having a biological activity
    • C12N15/113Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing
    • C12N15/1137Non-coding nucleic acids modulating the expression of genes, e.g. antisense oligonucleotides; Antisense DNA or RNA; Triplex- forming oligonucleotides; Catalytic nucleic acids, e.g. ribozymes; Nucleic acids used in co-suppression or gene silencing against enzymes
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61PSPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P25/00Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
    • A61P25/14Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
    • A61P25/16Anti-Parkinson drugs
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/7115Nucleic acids or oligonucleotides having modified bases, i.e. other than adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil or thymine
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/712Nucleic acids or oligonucleotides having modified sugars, i.e. other than ribose or 2'-deoxyribose
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7088Compounds having three or more nucleosides or nucleotides
    • A61K31/7125Nucleic acids or oligonucleotides having modified internucleoside linkage, i.e. other than 3'-5' phosphodiesters
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/02Inorganic compounds
    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61KPREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/46Ingredients of undetermined constitution or reaction products thereof, e.g. skin, bone, milk, cotton fibre, eggshell, oxgall or plant extracts
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/10Type of nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/11Antisense
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/31Chemical structure of the backbone
    • C12N2310/315Phosphorothioates
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/32Chemical structure of the sugar
    • C12N2310/3212'-O-R Modification
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/32Chemical structure of the sugar
    • C12N2310/323Chemical structure of the sugar modified ring structure
    • C12N2310/3231Chemical structure of the sugar modified ring structure having an additional ring, e.g. LNA, ENA
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/32Chemical structure of the sugar
    • C12N2310/323Chemical structure of the sugar modified ring structure
    • C12N2310/3233Morpholino-type ring
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/33Chemical structure of the base
    • C12N2310/334Modified C
    • C12N2310/33415-Methylcytosine
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/34Spatial arrangement of the modifications
    • C12N2310/341Gapmers, i.e. of the type ===---===
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/34Spatial arrangement of the modifications
    • C12N2310/346Spatial arrangement of the modifications having a combination of backbone and sugar modifications
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2310/00Structure or type of the nucleic acid
    • C12N2310/30Chemical structure
    • C12N2310/35Nature of the modification
    • C12N2310/352Nature of the modification linked to the nucleic acid via a carbon atom
    • C12N2310/3525MOE, methoxyethoxy
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N2320/00Applications; Uses
    • C12N2320/10Applications; Uses in screening processes
    • C12N2320/11Applications; Uses in screening processes for the determination of target sites, i.e. of active nucleic acids

Abstract

Se proporcionan compuestos, métodos y composiciones farmacéuticas para reducir la cantidad o la actividad del ARN de LRRK2 en una célula o animal, y en determinados casos para reducir la cantidad de proteína LRRK2 en una célula o animal. Tales compuestos, métodos y composiciones farmacéuticas son útiles para mejorar al menos un síntoma o característica de una enfermedad neurodegenerativa. Dichos síntomas y características incluyen ataxia, neuropatía y formación de agregados. Tales enfermedades neurodegenerativas incluyen enfermedad de Parkinson.
MX2020013653A 2018-06-27 2019-06-27 Compuestos y metodos para la reduccion de la expresion de lrrk2. MX2020013653A (es)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US201862690790P 2018-06-27 2018-06-27
PCT/US2019/039558 WO2020006267A1 (en) 2018-06-27 2019-06-27 Compounds and methods for reducing lrrk2 expression

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
MX2020013653A true MX2020013653A (es) 2021-03-02

Family

ID=68987149

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
MX2020013653A MX2020013653A (es) 2018-06-27 2019-06-27 Compuestos y metodos para la reduccion de la expresion de lrrk2.

Country Status (22)

Country Link
US (2) US11332746B1 (es)
EP (1) EP3814503A4 (es)
JP (2) JP7315594B2 (es)
KR (1) KR20210025055A (es)
CN (1) CN112400019B (es)
AR (1) AR116102A1 (es)
AU (1) AU2019294838A1 (es)
BR (1) BR112020024564A2 (es)
CA (1) CA3104676A1 (es)
CL (1) CL2020003309A1 (es)
CO (1) CO2020015256A2 (es)
CR (1) CR20210044A (es)
EA (1) EA202190140A1 (es)
IL (1) IL279632A (es)
JO (1) JOP20200334A1 (es)
MX (1) MX2020013653A (es)
PE (1) PE20210518A1 (es)
PH (1) PH12021500003A1 (es)
SG (1) SG11202011864XA (es)
UY (1) UY38282A (es)
WO (1) WO2020006267A1 (es)
ZA (1) ZA202007444B (es)

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CA3006599A1 (en) 2016-01-05 2017-07-13 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Methods for reducing lrrk2 expression
EP3737387A1 (en) 2018-01-12 2020-11-18 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Antisense oligonucleotides targeting alpha-synuclein and uses thereof
WO2019169243A1 (en) 2018-03-02 2019-09-06 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for the modulation of amyloid-beta precursor protein
EP3814348B9 (en) 2018-06-27 2023-11-01 Bristol-Myers Squibb Company Substituted naphthyridinone compounds useful as t cell activators
JOP20200334A1 (ar) 2018-06-27 2020-12-20 Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc مركبات وطرق لتقليل التعبير الوراثي عن lrrk2
WO2021224320A1 (en) 2020-05-06 2021-11-11 Les Laboratoires Servier New macrocyclic lrrk2 kinase inhibitors
UY39344A (es) * 2020-07-28 2022-02-25 Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc Compuestos y métodos para reducir la expresión de app
IL305877A (en) 2021-03-18 2023-11-01 Servier Lab Macrocyclic LRRK2 kinase inhibitors
CN115137744A (zh) * 2021-03-30 2022-10-04 南京大学 一种用于治疗帕金森的rna质粒递送系统
US11578329B2 (en) 2021-04-19 2023-02-14 Novo Nordisk A/S Compositions and methods for inhibiting nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group H member 3 (NR1H3) expression
WO2022226018A1 (en) * 2021-04-20 2022-10-27 Institute For Cancer Research D/B/A The Research Institute Of Fox Chase Cancer Center Malignant mesothelioma susceptibility as a result of germline leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) alterations
KR20240033237A (ko) * 2021-06-29 2024-03-12 알닐람 파마슈티칼스 인코포레이티드 류신이 풍부한 반복 키나아제 2(LRRK2) iRNA 제제 조성물 및 이의 사용 방법
WO2023144263A1 (en) * 2022-01-26 2023-08-03 Syddansk Universitet Allele specific splice switching oligonucleotides targeting pseudoexons

Family Cites Families (185)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3687808A (en) 1969-08-14 1972-08-29 Univ Leland Stanford Junior Synthetic polynucleotides
US4500707A (en) 1980-02-29 1985-02-19 University Patents, Inc. Nucleosides useful in the preparation of polynucleotides
US5132418A (en) 1980-02-29 1992-07-21 University Patents, Inc. Process for preparing polynucleotides
US4469863A (en) 1980-11-12 1984-09-04 Ts O Paul O P Nonionic nucleic acid alkyl and aryl phosphonates and processes for manufacture and use thereof
US4973679A (en) 1981-03-27 1990-11-27 University Patents, Inc. Process for oligonucleo tide synthesis using phosphormidite intermediates
US4415732A (en) 1981-03-27 1983-11-15 University Patents, Inc. Phosphoramidite compounds and processes
US5023243A (en) 1981-10-23 1991-06-11 Molecular Biosystems, Inc. Oligonucleotide therapeutic agent and method of making same
US4476301A (en) 1982-04-29 1984-10-09 Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique Oligonucleotides, a process for preparing the same and their application as mediators of the action of interferon
DE3329892A1 (de) 1983-08-18 1985-03-07 Köster, Hubert, Prof. Dr., 2000 Hamburg Verfahren zur herstellung von oligonucleotiden
US5118800A (en) 1983-12-20 1992-06-02 California Institute Of Technology Oligonucleotides possessing a primary amino group in the terminal nucleotide
USRE34036E (en) 1984-06-06 1992-08-18 National Research Development Corporation Data transmission using a transparent tone-in band system
US5550111A (en) 1984-07-11 1996-08-27 Temple University-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Dual action 2',5'-oligoadenylate antiviral derivatives and uses thereof
FR2567892B1 (fr) 1984-07-19 1989-02-17 Centre Nat Rech Scient Nouveaux oligonucleotides, leur procede de preparation et leurs applications comme mediateurs dans le developpement des effets des interferons
US5367066A (en) 1984-10-16 1994-11-22 Chiron Corporation Oligonucleotides with selectably cleavable and/or abasic sites
FR2575751B1 (fr) 1985-01-08 1987-04-03 Pasteur Institut Nouveaux nucleosides de derives de l'adenosine, leur preparation et leurs applications biologiques
US5405938A (en) 1989-12-20 1995-04-11 Anti-Gene Development Group Sequence-specific binding polymers for duplex nucleic acids
US5235033A (en) 1985-03-15 1993-08-10 Anti-Gene Development Group Alpha-morpholino ribonucleoside derivatives and polymers thereof
US5185444A (en) 1985-03-15 1993-02-09 Anti-Gene Deveopment Group Uncharged morpolino-based polymers having phosphorous containing chiral intersubunit linkages
US5034506A (en) 1985-03-15 1991-07-23 Anti-Gene Development Group Uncharged morpholino-based polymers having achiral intersubunit linkages
US5166315A (en) 1989-12-20 1992-11-24 Anti-Gene Development Group Sequence-specific binding polymers for duplex nucleic acids
US5506337A (en) 1985-03-15 1996-04-09 Antivirals Inc. Morpholino-subunit combinatorial library and method
EP0260032B1 (en) 1986-09-08 1994-01-26 Ajinomoto Co., Inc. Compounds for the cleavage at a specific position of RNA, oligomers employed for the formation of said compounds, and starting materials for the synthesis of said oligomers
US5264423A (en) 1987-03-25 1993-11-23 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Inhibitors for replication of retroviruses and for the expression of oncogene products
US5276019A (en) 1987-03-25 1994-01-04 The United States Of America As Represented By The Department Of Health And Human Services Inhibitors for replication of retroviruses and for the expression of oncogene products
ATE113059T1 (de) 1987-06-24 1994-11-15 Florey Howard Inst Nukleosid-derivate.
US5188897A (en) 1987-10-22 1993-02-23 Temple University Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education Encapsulated 2',5'-phosphorothioate oligoadenylates
US4924624A (en) 1987-10-22 1990-05-15 Temple University-Of The Commonwealth System Of Higher Education 2,',5'-phosphorothioate oligoadenylates and plant antiviral uses thereof
US5403711A (en) 1987-11-30 1995-04-04 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Nucleic acid hybridization and amplification method for detection of specific sequences in which a complementary labeled nucleic acid probe is cleaved
EP0348458B1 (en) 1987-11-30 1997-04-09 University Of Iowa Research Foundation Dna molecules stabilized by modifications of the 3'-terminal phosphodiester linkage and their use as nucleic acid probes and as therapeutic agents to block the expression of specifically targeted genes
JPH03503894A (ja) 1988-03-25 1991-08-29 ユニバーシィティ オブ バージニア アランミ パテンツ ファウンデイション オリゴヌクレオチド n‐アルキルホスホラミデート
US5278302A (en) 1988-05-26 1994-01-11 University Patents, Inc. Polynucleotide phosphorodithioates
US5216141A (en) 1988-06-06 1993-06-01 Benner Steven A Oligonucleotide analogs containing sulfur linkages
US5175273A (en) 1988-07-01 1992-12-29 Genentech, Inc. Nucleic acid intercalating agents
US5194599A (en) 1988-09-23 1993-03-16 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Hydrogen phosphonodithioate compositions
US5256775A (en) 1989-06-05 1993-10-26 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Exonuclease-resistant oligonucleotides
US5134066A (en) 1989-08-29 1992-07-28 Monsanto Company Improved probes using nucleosides containing 3-dezauracil analogs
US5591722A (en) 1989-09-15 1997-01-07 Southern Research Institute 2'-deoxy-4'-thioribonucleosides and their antiviral activity
US5721218A (en) 1989-10-23 1998-02-24 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Oligonucleotides with inverted polarity
US5399676A (en) 1989-10-23 1995-03-21 Gilead Sciences Oligonucleotides with inverted polarity
EP0942000B1 (en) 1989-10-24 2004-06-23 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2'-Modified oligonucleotides
US5264562A (en) 1989-10-24 1993-11-23 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Oligonucleotide analogs with novel linkages
US5264564A (en) 1989-10-24 1993-11-23 Gilead Sciences Oligonucleotide analogs with novel linkages
US5177198A (en) 1989-11-30 1993-01-05 University Of N.C. At Chapel Hill Process for preparing oligoribonucleoside and oligodeoxyribonucleoside boranophosphates
US5130302A (en) 1989-12-20 1992-07-14 Boron Bilogicals, Inc. Boronated nucleoside, nucleotide and oligonucleotide compounds, compositions and methods for using same
US5587470A (en) 1990-01-11 1996-12-24 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 3-deazapurines
US5670633A (en) 1990-01-11 1997-09-23 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Sugar modified oligonucleotides that detect and modulate gene expression
US5587361A (en) 1991-10-15 1996-12-24 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleotides having phosphorothioate linkages of high chiral purity
US5646265A (en) 1990-01-11 1997-07-08 Isis Pharmceuticals, Inc. Process for the preparation of 2'-O-alkyl purine phosphoramidites
US5457191A (en) 1990-01-11 1995-10-10 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 3-deazapurines
US6005087A (en) 1995-06-06 1999-12-21 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2'-modified oligonucleotides
US5459255A (en) 1990-01-11 1995-10-17 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. N-2 substituted purines
US5681941A (en) 1990-01-11 1997-10-28 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Substituted purines and oligonucleotide cross-linking
US5859221A (en) 1990-01-11 1999-01-12 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2'-modified oligonucleotides
US7101993B1 (en) 1990-01-11 2006-09-05 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleotides containing 2′-O-modified purines
US5623065A (en) 1990-08-13 1997-04-22 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Gapped 2' modified oligonucleotides
US5220007A (en) 1990-02-15 1993-06-15 The Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Method of site-specific alteration of RNA and production of encoded polypeptides
US5149797A (en) 1990-02-15 1992-09-22 The Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Method of site-specific alteration of rna and production of encoded polypeptides
US5321131A (en) 1990-03-08 1994-06-14 Hybridon, Inc. Site-specific functionalization of oligodeoxynucleotides for non-radioactive labelling
US5470967A (en) 1990-04-10 1995-11-28 The Dupont Merck Pharmaceutical Company Oligonucleotide analogs with sulfamate linkages
GB9009980D0 (en) 1990-05-03 1990-06-27 Amersham Int Plc Phosphoramidite derivatives,their preparation and the use thereof in the incorporation of reporter groups on synthetic oligonucleotides
EP0455905B1 (en) 1990-05-11 1998-06-17 Microprobe Corporation Dipsticks for nucleic acid hybridization assays and methods for covalently immobilizing oligonucleotides
US5618704A (en) 1990-07-27 1997-04-08 Isis Pharmacueticals, Inc. Backbone-modified oligonucleotide analogs and preparation thereof through radical coupling
US5610289A (en) 1990-07-27 1997-03-11 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogues
US5608046A (en) 1990-07-27 1997-03-04 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Conjugated 4'-desmethyl nucleoside analog compounds
US5489677A (en) 1990-07-27 1996-02-06 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleoside linkages containing adjacent oxygen and nitrogen atoms
US5378825A (en) 1990-07-27 1995-01-03 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogs
US5623070A (en) 1990-07-27 1997-04-22 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Heteroatomic oligonucleoside linkages
US5386023A (en) 1990-07-27 1995-01-31 Isis Pharmaceuticals Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogs and preparation thereof through reductive coupling
US5223618A (en) 1990-08-13 1993-06-29 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 4'-desmethyl nucleoside analog compounds
WO1992002258A1 (en) 1990-07-27 1992-02-20 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Nuclease resistant, pyrimidine modified oligonucleotides that detect and modulate gene expression
US5602240A (en) 1990-07-27 1997-02-11 Ciba Geigy Ag. Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogs
US5677437A (en) 1990-07-27 1997-10-14 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Heteroatomic oligonucleoside linkages
US5541307A (en) 1990-07-27 1996-07-30 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Backbone modified oligonucleotide analogs and solid phase synthesis thereof
AU667459B2 (en) 1990-08-03 1996-03-28 Sanofi Compounds and methods for inhibiting gene expression
US5177196A (en) 1990-08-16 1993-01-05 Microprobe Corporation Oligo (α-arabinofuranosyl nucleotides) and α-arabinofuranosyl precursors thereof
US5214134A (en) 1990-09-12 1993-05-25 Sterling Winthrop Inc. Process of linking nucleosides with a siloxane bridge
US5561225A (en) 1990-09-19 1996-10-01 Southern Research Institute Polynucleotide analogs containing sulfonate and sulfonamide internucleoside linkages
CA2092002A1 (en) 1990-09-20 1992-03-21 Mark Matteucci Modified internucleoside linkages
US5432272A (en) 1990-10-09 1995-07-11 Benner; Steven A. Method for incorporating into a DNA or RNA oligonucleotide using nucleotides bearing heterocyclic bases
US6582908B2 (en) 1990-12-06 2003-06-24 Affymetrix, Inc. Oligonucleotides
US5948903A (en) 1991-01-11 1999-09-07 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Synthesis of 3-deazapurines
US5672697A (en) 1991-02-08 1997-09-30 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Nucleoside 5'-methylene phosphonates
US7015315B1 (en) 1991-12-24 2006-03-21 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Gapped oligonucleotides
US5571799A (en) 1991-08-12 1996-11-05 Basco, Ltd. (2'-5') oligoadenylate analogues useful as inhibitors of host-v5.-graft response
EP0538194B1 (de) 1991-10-17 1997-06-04 Novartis AG Bicyclische Nukleoside, Oligonukleotide, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung und Zwischenprodukte
US5594121A (en) 1991-11-07 1997-01-14 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Enhanced triple-helix and double-helix formation with oligomers containing modified purines
US5484908A (en) 1991-11-26 1996-01-16 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Oligonucleotides containing 5-propynyl pyrimidines
TW393513B (en) 1991-11-26 2000-06-11 Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc Enhanced triple-helix and double-helix formation with oligomers containing modified pyrimidines
CA2122365C (en) 1991-11-26 2010-05-11 Brian Froehler Enhanced triple-helix and double-helix formation with oligomers containing modified pyrimidines
US5792608A (en) 1991-12-12 1998-08-11 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Nuclease stable and binding competent oligomers and methods for their use
US5359044A (en) 1991-12-13 1994-10-25 Isis Pharmaceuticals Cyclobutyl oligonucleotide surrogates
US5700922A (en) 1991-12-24 1997-12-23 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. PNA-DNA-PNA chimeric macromolecules
FR2687679B1 (fr) 1992-02-05 1994-10-28 Centre Nat Rech Scient Oligothionucleotides.
US5633360A (en) 1992-04-14 1997-05-27 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Oligonucleotide analogs capable of passive cell membrane permeation
US5434257A (en) 1992-06-01 1995-07-18 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Binding compentent oligomers containing unsaturated 3',5' and 2',5' linkages
EP0577558A2 (de) 1992-07-01 1994-01-05 Ciba-Geigy Ag Carbocyclische Nukleoside mit bicyclischen Ringen, Oligonukleotide daraus, Verfahren zu deren Herstellung, deren Verwendung und Zwischenproduckte
US5652355A (en) 1992-07-23 1997-07-29 Worcester Foundation For Experimental Biology Hybrid oligonucleotide phosphorothioates
US5476925A (en) 1993-02-01 1995-12-19 Northwestern University Oligodeoxyribonucleotides including 3'-aminonucleoside-phosphoramidate linkages and terminal 3'-amino groups
GB9304620D0 (en) 1993-03-06 1993-04-21 Ciba Geigy Ag Compounds
GB9304618D0 (en) 1993-03-06 1993-04-21 Ciba Geigy Ag Chemical compounds
DK0691968T3 (da) 1993-03-30 1998-02-23 Sanofi Sa Acykliske nukleosid-analoge og oligonukleotidsekvenser indeholdende disse
WO1994022891A1 (en) 1993-03-31 1994-10-13 Sterling Winthrop Inc. Oligonucleotides with amide linkages replacing phosphodiester linkages
US5502177A (en) 1993-09-17 1996-03-26 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Pyrimidine derivatives for labeled binding partners
US5801154A (en) 1993-10-18 1998-09-01 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense oligonucleotide modulation of multidrug resistance-associated protein
US5457187A (en) 1993-12-08 1995-10-10 Board Of Regents University Of Nebraska Oligonucleotides containing 5-fluorouracil
KR100386337B1 (ko) 1993-12-09 2004-03-24 토마스 제퍼슨 대학교 진핵세포에서부위-특이적돌연변이를위한화합물과그방법
US5446137B1 (en) 1993-12-09 1998-10-06 Behringwerke Ag Oligonucleotides containing 4'-substituted nucleotides
US5519134A (en) 1994-01-11 1996-05-21 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Pyrrolidine-containing monomers and oligomers
US5596091A (en) 1994-03-18 1997-01-21 The Regents Of The University Of California Antisense oligonucleotides comprising 5-aminoalkyl pyrimidine nucleotides
US5627053A (en) 1994-03-29 1997-05-06 Ribozyme Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2'deoxy-2'-alkylnucleotide containing nucleic acid
US5625050A (en) 1994-03-31 1997-04-29 Amgen Inc. Modified oligonucleotides and intermediates useful in nucleic acid therapeutics
US5646269A (en) 1994-04-28 1997-07-08 Gilead Sciences, Inc. Method for oligonucleotide analog synthesis
US5525711A (en) 1994-05-18 1996-06-11 The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Department Of Health And Human Services Pteridine nucleotide analogs as fluorescent DNA probes
US5597909A (en) 1994-08-25 1997-01-28 Chiron Corporation Polynucleotide reagents containing modified deoxyribose moieties, and associated methods of synthesis and use
US5652356A (en) 1995-08-17 1997-07-29 Hybridon, Inc. Inverted chimeric and hybrid oligonucleotides
AU1039397A (en) 1995-11-22 1997-06-27 Johns Hopkins University, The Ligands to enhance cellular uptake of biomolecules
USRE44779E1 (en) 1997-03-07 2014-02-25 Santaris Pharma A/S Bicyclonucleoside and oligonucleotide analogues
US6770748B2 (en) 1997-03-07 2004-08-03 Takeshi Imanishi Bicyclonucleoside and oligonucleotide analogue
US7572582B2 (en) 1997-09-12 2009-08-11 Exiqon A/S Oligonucleotide analogues
US20030228597A1 (en) 1998-04-13 2003-12-11 Cowsert Lex M. Identification of genetic targets for modulation by oligonucleotides and generation of oligonucleotides for gene modulation
US6300319B1 (en) 1998-06-16 2001-10-09 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Targeted oligonucleotide conjugates
US6043352A (en) 1998-08-07 2000-03-28 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 2'-O-Dimethylaminoethyloxyethyl-modified oligonucleotides
CN102180924A (zh) 1999-05-04 2011-09-14 桑塔里斯制药公司 L-核糖-lna类似物
US6525191B1 (en) 1999-05-11 2003-02-25 Kanda S. Ramasamy Conformationally constrained L-nucleosides
US7491805B2 (en) 2001-05-18 2009-02-17 Sirna Therapeutics, Inc. Conjugates and compositions for cellular delivery
US6426220B1 (en) 2000-10-30 2002-07-30 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Antisense modulation of calreticulin expression
AU2002217980A1 (en) 2000-12-01 2002-06-11 Cell Works Inc. Conjugates of glycosylated/galactosylated peptide
US20030175906A1 (en) 2001-07-03 2003-09-18 Muthiah Manoharan Nuclease resistant chimeric oligonucleotides
US20030158403A1 (en) 2001-07-03 2003-08-21 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Nuclease resistant chimeric oligonucleotides
CA2504694C (en) 2002-11-05 2013-10-01 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Polycyclic sugar surrogate-containing oligomeric compounds and compositions for use in gene modulation
WO2004044136A2 (en) 2002-11-05 2004-05-27 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compositions comprising alternating 2’-modified nucleosides for use in gene modulation
EP1560931B1 (en) 2002-11-14 2011-07-27 Dharmacon, Inc. Functional and hyperfunctional sirna
WO2006006948A2 (en) 2002-11-14 2006-01-19 Dharmacon, Inc. METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR SELECTING siRNA OF IMPROVED FUNCTIONALITY
US7723509B2 (en) 2003-04-17 2010-05-25 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals IRNA agents with biocleavable tethers
AU2003224132A1 (en) 2003-04-24 2004-11-19 Galapagos Genomics N.V. Effective sirna knock-down constructs
ES2382807T3 (es) 2003-08-28 2012-06-13 Takeshi Imanishi Nuevos ácidos nucleicos artificiales del tipo de enlace N-O con reticulación
AU2004274021B2 (en) 2003-09-18 2009-08-13 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 4'-thionucleosides and oligomeric compounds
DK1802749T3 (da) 2004-10-21 2012-11-26 Mayo Foundation KASPP (LRRK2)-gen, dets fremstilling og anvendelse til påvisning og behandling af neurodegenerative lidelser
US20060148740A1 (en) 2005-01-05 2006-07-06 Prosensa B.V. Mannose-6-phosphate receptor mediated gene transfer into muscle cells
ES2516815T3 (es) 2006-01-27 2014-10-31 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Análogos de ácidos nucleicos bicíclicos modificados en la posición 6
US7569686B1 (en) 2006-01-27 2009-08-04 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Compounds and methods for synthesis of bicyclic nucleic acid analogs
WO2007124096A2 (en) 2006-04-21 2007-11-01 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Lrrk2 regulaton of neuronal process morphology
EP2377940A1 (en) * 2006-05-01 2011-10-19 Aarhus Universitet An animal model and a method for producing an animal model
US7666854B2 (en) 2006-05-11 2010-02-23 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bis-modified bicyclic nucleic acid analogs
AU2007249349B2 (en) 2006-05-11 2012-03-08 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 5'-Modified bicyclic nucleic acid analogs
ES2526295T5 (es) 2006-10-18 2021-05-04 Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc Compuestos antisentido
WO2008091799A2 (en) 2007-01-22 2008-07-31 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Cell-based methods for identifying inhibitors of parkinson's disease-associated lrrk2 mutants
EP2125852B1 (en) 2007-02-15 2016-04-06 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 5'-substituted-2'-f modified nucleosides and oligomeric compounds prepared therefrom
AU2008260277C1 (en) 2007-05-30 2014-04-17 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. N-substituted-aminomethylene bridged bicyclic nucleic acid analogs
EP2173760B2 (en) 2007-06-08 2015-11-04 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Carbocyclic bicyclic nucleic acid analogs
CN101796062B (zh) 2007-07-05 2014-07-30 Isis制药公司 6-双取代双环核酸类似物
WO2009023855A2 (en) 2007-08-15 2009-02-19 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Tetrahydropyran nucleic acid analogs
US8546556B2 (en) 2007-11-21 2013-10-01 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc Carbocyclic alpha-L-bicyclic nucleic acid analogs
EP3156077B1 (en) 2007-12-04 2022-03-09 Arbutus Biopharma Corporation Targeting lipids
WO2009099991A2 (en) * 2008-01-31 2009-08-13 The Brigham And Women's Hospital, Inc. Treatment of cancer
WO2009100320A2 (en) 2008-02-07 2009-08-13 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bicyclic cyclohexitol nucleic acid analogs
US8669048B2 (en) 2008-06-24 2014-03-11 Parkinson's Institute Pluripotent cell lines and methods of use thereof
EP2356129B1 (en) 2008-09-24 2013-04-03 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Substituted alpha-l-bicyclic nucleosides
US9012421B2 (en) 2009-08-06 2015-04-21 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Bicyclic cyclohexose nucleic acid analogs
US8791087B2 (en) 2009-08-21 2014-07-29 Curna, Inc. Treatment of ‘C terminus of HSP70-interacting protein’ (CHIP)related diseases by inhibition of natural antisense transcript to CHIP
US8187811B2 (en) 2009-11-30 2012-05-29 23Andme, Inc. Polymorphisms associated with Parkinson's disease
GB201004475D0 (en) 2010-03-17 2010-05-05 Isis Innovation Gene silencing
WO2011133876A2 (en) 2010-04-22 2011-10-27 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligonucleotides comprising acyclic and abasic nucleosides and analogs
AU2011302152B2 (en) 2010-09-15 2015-06-11 Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Modified iRNA agents
US10017764B2 (en) 2011-02-08 2018-07-10 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligomeric compounds comprising bicyclic nucleotides and uses thereof
US10842849B2 (en) 2011-02-28 2020-11-24 The Schepens Eye Research Institute, Inc. Methods for promoting neuronal outgrowth by insulin-like growth factor binding protein-like 1 (IGFBPL-1) in glaucoma or leber's optic neuropathy
GB201105137D0 (en) 2011-03-28 2011-05-11 Isis Innovation Therapeutic molecules for use in the suppression of Parkinson's disease
EP3495497B1 (en) 2011-04-28 2021-03-24 Life Technologies Corporation Methods and compositions for multiplex pcr
WO2013033230A1 (en) 2011-08-29 2013-03-07 Isis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligomer-conjugate complexes and their use
EP3336189A1 (en) 2012-04-20 2018-06-20 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Oligomeric compounds comprising bicyclic nucleotides and uses thereof
WO2013173635A1 (en) 2012-05-16 2013-11-21 Rana Therapeutics, Inc. Compositions and methods for modulating gene expression
EP2906699A4 (en) 2012-10-11 2016-06-08 Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc OLIGOMER COMPOUNDS WITH BICYCLIC NUCLEOSIDES AND USES THEREOF
MX363068B (es) 2012-11-15 2019-03-07 Roche Innovation Ct Copenhagen As Conjugados de oligonucleotido.
PL2992009T3 (pl) 2013-05-01 2020-11-30 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Kompozycje i sposoby modulowania ekspresji apolipoproteiny(a)
TW202246503A (zh) 2013-07-19 2022-12-01 美商百健Ma公司 用於調節τ蛋白表現之組合物
US10385341B2 (en) 2014-04-01 2019-08-20 Biogen Ma Inc. Compositions for modulating SOD-1 expression
CA2968336C (en) 2014-12-17 2021-11-23 Proqr Therapeutics Ii B.V. Construct for site directed editing of an adenosine nucleotide in target rna
MA41271A (fr) 2014-12-26 2017-10-31 Celgene Alpine Invest Company Ii Llc Méthodes d'utilisation d'oligonucléotides antisens ciblant smad7
AU2016295604B2 (en) * 2015-07-23 2019-08-01 Glaxosmithkline Intellectual Property Development Limited Compounds
EP3377629B1 (en) 2015-11-18 2023-07-05 Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science Antisense compounds targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) for the treatment of parkinsons disease
CA3006599A1 (en) 2016-01-05 2017-07-13 Ionis Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Methods for reducing lrrk2 expression
US20180179594A1 (en) 2016-10-31 2018-06-28 Parkinson's Institute Multiple system atrophy and the treatment thereof
JOP20190104A1 (ar) 2016-11-10 2019-05-07 Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc مركبات وطرق لتقليل التعبير عن atxn3
WO2019118325A1 (en) 2017-12-11 2019-06-20 Rosalind Franklin University Of Medicine And Science Antisense compounds targeting leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (lrrk2) for the treatment of parkinsons disease
JOP20200334A1 (ar) 2018-06-27 2020-12-20 Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc مركبات وطرق لتقليل التعبير الوراثي عن lrrk2

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IL279632A (en) 2021-03-01
EP3814503A4 (en) 2023-03-15
BR112020024564A2 (pt) 2021-04-06
TW202035691A (zh) 2020-10-01
CN112400019B (zh) 2024-05-07
US11332746B1 (en) 2022-05-17
JP7315594B2 (ja) 2023-07-26
CA3104676A1 (en) 2020-01-02
CN112400019A (zh) 2021-02-23
CR20210044A (es) 2021-06-24
AU2019294838A1 (en) 2021-01-07
EA202190140A1 (ru) 2021-05-20
WO2020006267A1 (en) 2020-01-02
US11873495B2 (en) 2024-01-16
SG11202011864XA (en) 2020-12-30
UY38282A (es) 2019-12-31
US20230114930A1 (en) 2023-04-13
JOP20200334A1 (ar) 2020-12-20
JP2023134635A (ja) 2023-09-27
PE20210518A1 (es) 2021-03-17
AR116102A1 (es) 2021-03-31
ZA202007444B (en) 2023-06-28
JP2021530204A (ja) 2021-11-11
CL2020003309A1 (es) 2021-07-19
EP3814503A1 (en) 2021-05-05
CO2020015256A2 (es) 2020-12-21
KR20210025055A (ko) 2021-03-08
PH12021500003A1 (en) 2021-09-13

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
PH12021500003A1 (en) Compounds and methods for reducing lrrk2 expression
MX2019005506A (es) Compuestos y metodos para reducir de la expresion de atxn3.
PH12021500007A1 (en) Compounds and methods for reducing atxn2 expression
PH12020500668A1 (en) Compounds and methods for reducing atxn3 expression
AU2019287635A8 (en) Compounds and methods for increasing STMN2 expression
MX2018007089A (es) Moleculas biespecificas que tienen inmunorreactividad con pd-1 y ctla-4, y metodos de uso de las mismas.
WO2018045217A8 (en) MACROPHAGES / MICROGLIES IN NEURO-INFLAMMATION ASSOCIATED WITH NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASES
TNSN08140A1 (es)
CO6630139A2 (es) Aptámeros par b-bgf y su uso en el tratamiento de enfermedades y transtornos mediados por b-ngf
CR20200246A (es) Compuestos y metodos para la reduccion de la expresion de snca
ECSP10010226A (es) Compuestos derivados de amina para tratar enfermedades y trastornos oftálmicos
MA38478A1 (fr) Anticorps anti-pac1 humains
MX2023001222A (es) Compuestos y metodos para reducir la expresion de app.
WO2022246204A3 (en) Compounds for reducing ptbp1 expression
EA200900923A1 (ru) Применение нейропротективных соединений в получении лекарственных средств, предназначенных для лечения нейродегенеративных заболеваний
BR112022008172A2 (pt) Composição aquosa estável, método para obter uma composição e forma de dosagem farmacêutica
Oliva-Buisson Protein Colloidal Aggregation Project
NZ743308A (en) Meta-azacyclic amino benzoic acid derivatives as pan integrin antagonists
Vasconcelos et al. ANALYSIS OF THE MODULATORY EFFECT OF MUTANT LRRK2 ON TAU-AND TAU-AGGREGATION
TH170280A (th) แวเรียนต์ของแอนติบอดีต้านแฟคเตอร์ d และการใช้สิ่งนั้น