LV11742B

LV11742B - Method of production of charcoal and installation for implementing the method

Info

Publication number: LV11742B
Application number: LV970002A
Authority: LV
Inventors: Peteris Blinkens; Andris M Tra; Grigor Einar; Jani Stikan; Guntis Strazds; Arni Metra; Jani Bogdanov
Original assignee: Peteris Blinkens; Metra Andris
Priority date: 1997-01-03
Filing date: 1997-01-03
Publication date: 1997-06-20
Also published as: LV11742A

Abstract

In order to develop a method of producing charcoal with a positive energy and functionality balance, it is proposed to construct a system of retorts from separate modules, where all retorts within one module are joined in parallel, while the separate modules form a chain in order to transfer the excess heat from a module, where an exothermal reaction of destructive distillation takes place, to another module of the system, where an endothermic process takes place. There are several versions of implementation for both the method and the device, which differ in the scheme of heat carriers' flow organization, and the location of the functional systems of the device: heat carrier and wood destructive distillation gasiform products circulation systems, retort active cooling systems, and the process control and direction systems, in order to create a pollution-free production and produce quality charcoal.

Description

KOKOGĻU IEGŪŠANAS PAŅĒMIENS UN TEHNOLOĢISKĀ IEKĀRTA Šī PAŅĒMIENA REALIZĀCIJAICHARCOAL METHOD AND TECHNOLOGICAL EQUIPMENT FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THIS METHOD

Izgudrojuma aprakstsDescription of the Invention

Izgudrojums attiecas uz kokogļu iegūšanas ķīmiskās tehnoloģijas paņēmienu, kurā nepārtrauktu procesu realizē vairāku, enerģētiski un funkcionāli sabalansētu horizontālo retoršu sistēmā un kurā atsevišķas retortes var darboties trīs režīmos - koksnes žāvēšanas, sausās pārtvaices un atdzesēšanas režīmos.The present invention relates to a method of chemical technology for the production of charcoal, in which a continuous process is implemented in a system of multiple, energetically and functionally balanced horizontal retorts and in which individual retorts can operate in three modes - wood drying, dry distillation and cooling.

Ir zināms, ka mitruma saturs koksnē neapšaubāmi ietekmē kokogļu ražošanas tehnoloģisko procesu un iegūto ogļu kvalitāti /1/. Piemēram,vienādos apstākļos koksne ar ūdens saturu 35% pārogļojas 24 stundās, bet koksne ar ūdens saturu 7,5% pārogļojas 12 stundās.It is known that the moisture content of wood undoubtedly influences the technological process of charcoal production and the quality of the coal obtained / 1 /. For example, wood with a water content of 35% charcoal in 24 hours and wood with a water content of 7.5% charcoal in 12 hours under the same conditions.

Ir zināms koksnes sausās pārtvaices paņēmiens kamerās, kurās koksnes pārogļošanās notiek ar retortes iekšējo apsildi, sadedzinot daļu pārogļojamā materiāla /3,4/. Šī paņēmiena trūkumi ir zems kokogļu iznākums no pārogļojamā materiāla daudzuma un zema kokogļu kvalitāte, jo degšanas procesu retortes krāvumā praktiski nevar kontrolēt, kaut gan pārogļošanās process notiek ātrāk, pateicoties paātrinātai koksnes žūšanai līdz sausās pārtvaices perioda sākumam.There is a known method of dry distillation of wood in chambers where the charring of the wood takes place by heating the retort internally by burning some of the charcoal / 3,4 /. The disadvantages of this technique are the low yield of charcoal and the low quality of charcoal, since the combustion process in the retort stack is virtually impossible to control, although the charring process is faster due to the accelerated drying of the wood to the beginning of the dry distillation period.

Ir zināmas arī retortes, kurās veic gan ārējo, gan iekšējo apsildi, retortes iekšpusē iebūvējot apsildes caurules /1/. Arī šajā gadījumā tiek panākts pozitīvs efekts, jo samazinās mitrās koksnes žūšanas periods. Šī paņēmiena trūkums ir iekšējās apsildes cauruļu traucējošā ietekme uz izejmateriāla iekraušanu un ogļu izkraušanu no retortes. Bez tam samazinās tās lietderīgais tilpums. Cauruļu savienojumu vietas ar retortes sienām, pateicoties lokālai pretestībai dūmgāzu plūsmai un paaugstinātam plūsmas ātrumam, kā arī materiālu termiskās izplešanās atšķirībām, ātri izdeg, dehermetizējas un šādas retortes bieži jāremontē.There are also known retorts that carry out both external and internal heating by installing heating pipes inside the retort / 1 /. Here too, a positive effect is achieved by reducing the drying time of wet wood. The disadvantage of this technique is the disruptive effect of the internal heating pipes on the loading of feedstock and the removal of coal from the retort. In addition, its useful volume is reduced. Pipe joints with retort walls due to local resistance to flue gas flow and increased flow rate, as well as differences in thermal expansion of the materials, rapidly burn out, leakage and require frequent repairs.

Ir zināma šahtveida iekārta, kas izveidota trijos stāvos /1/. Augšējā tvertnē koksni žāvē ar atejošām dūmgāzēm, vidējā tvertnē-retortē notiek koksnes pārogļošana, apsildot ar karstām dūmgāzēm retortes ārpusi. Apakšējā tvertnē tiek realizēta kokogļu dzesēšana. Šajā iekārtā sausās pārtvaices process notiek joti strauji, pateicoties pārogļojamās koksnes zemajam mitruma saturam. Sī paņēmiena tehnoloģiskajā realizācijā ir būtiski trūkumi:There is a known shaft machine, which is built on three floors / 1 /. In the upper tank, the wood is dried with the flue gas leaving, in the middle tank-retort the wood is charred by heating with the hot flue gas outside the retort. Cooling of the charcoal is carried out in the lower tank. The dry distillation process in this unit is very fast due to the low moisture content of charcoal. There are significant drawbacks to the technological implementation of this technique:

- koksnes žāvēšana tiek realizēta atsevišķā, ar retorti funkcionāli nesaistītā, žāvētavā; līdz ar to neracionāli tiek izmantots eksotermiskajā koksnes sausās pārtvaices periodā izdalījies siltums;- drying of wood is carried out in a separate dryer, which is functionally unrelated to retort; consequently, the heat generated during the exothermic dry distillation of wood is irrationally used;

- iekārta ir periodiskas darbības;- the installation is a periodic operation;

- iekārtas aparātu darbība nav sabalansēta laikā;- the operation of the apparatus is not balanced over time;

-nepieciešama fundamentāla trīsstāvu konstrukcija, lai realizētu šo paņēmienu.- A fundamental three-story design is needed to realize this approach.

Ir zināmi /5/ kokogļu iegūšanas paņēmiens un retoršu iekārta, kur koksnes krautne tiek karsēta bez gaisa piekļūšanas caur hermētiski noslēgtu retoršu sienām. Šim paņēmienam ir raksturīgi šādi pozitīvi momenti:[5] There is a known method of obtaining charcoal and retorting equipment, wherein the stack of wood is heated without air passing through the walls of hermetically sealed retorts. This technique has the following positive moments:

II;II;

- koksnes pirolīzes gāzveida produkti, kas rodas retortē, tiek savākti kolektorā un pa cauruļvadiem padoti atpakaļ uz krāsns kurtuvi, lai iegūtu papildus siltuma enerģiju retoršu tālākai karsēšanai līdz pat kokogļu veidošanās beigām;- the gaseous products of wood pyrolysis from the retort are collected in a manifold and fed back through the ducts to the furnace furnace for additional heat energy for further heating of the retorts up to the end of the charcoal formation;

- retortes izveidotas izņemamu metālisku cilindru veidā; ar izejas koksni piepildīto retoršu komplekta iekraušanu veic tūlīt pēc tam, kad ar kokoglēm pildītais retoršu komplekts ir izkrauts no krāsns bez krāsns atdzesēšanas.- retorts in removable metallic cylinders; the loading of the exit wood filled retort set is performed immediately after the charcoal retort set has been unloaded from the furnace without having been cooled.

Aprakstītā paņēmiena un iekārtas /5/ būtiskākie trūkumi ir sekojoši:The main disadvantages of the described technique and equipment / 5 / are as follows:

- retortes novieto tieši termoizolētas krāsns šahtā uz speciāla atbalsta, kurā ir atveres dūmgāzēm, kas nāk tieši no kurtuves; tas ievērojami samazina iekārtas mūžu;- the retorts are placed directly in the thermally insulated furnace shaft on a special support with openings for the flue gases coming directly from the furnace; this significantly reduces equipment life;

- retoršu un kurtuves vāka un/vai retoršu un iepriekš minētā horizontālā atbalsta hermetizācijas sistēmas nav pietiekami drošas, lai nodrošinātu ekoloģiski tīru procesu, piem., nav droša retoršu kakla un kurtuves vāka savienojuma vietu hermetizācija ar māliem vai retoršu un minētā horizontālā atbalsta savienojumu vietu hermetizācija ar kabatveida slēģiem, kas aizpildīti ar hermetizējošām smiltīm;- the sealing systems for the retorts and the furnace cover and / or the retorts and the horizontal support referred to above are not sufficiently secure to provide an ecologically clean process, eg no secure sealing of the retaining neck and furnace cover connection with clay or with pocket shutters filled with sealing sand;

- retoršu sistēmas - kurtuves slēguma shēma nenodrošina visu iekārtas aparātu sabalansētu darbību laikā; tā ir periodiskas darbības, kam raksturīga lielas temperatūras svārstības atsevišķos agregātos procesa laikā.- rhetoric systems - the stove circuit diagram does not ensure a balanced operation of all the apparatuses of the apparatus; it is a periodic operation characterized by large temperature fluctuations in individual units during the process.

Ir zināms arī kokogļu iegūšanas paņēmiens un retoršu iekārta /6/, kas funkcionāli ir līdzīgi iepriekš aprakstītajiem /5/, bet atšķiras galvenokārt ar to, ka:Also known is a method of obtaining charcoal and a retort apparatus / 6 / which is functionally similar to that described above / 5 /, but differs mainly in that:

- retortes ir stacionāras; līdz ar to nepieciešami starpkonteineri izejmateriāla iekraušanai retortēs un gatavo kokogļu izkraušanai no retortēm un atdzesēšanai bez gaisa piekļūšanas;- retorts are stationary; consequently, intermediate containers are required for loading the raw material into retorts and for unloading the finished charcoal from the retorts and refueling without air;

- paredzēta kondensēta, kas galvenokārt sastāv no darvas, etiķūdens, koka spirta un acetona, daļēja izvadīšana no sistēmas (retortēmcauruļvadiem) vienā vai vairākos paņēmienos;- intended partial removal of condensed water, mainly consisting of tar, vinegar, wood alcohol and acetone from the system (retort tube) in one or more ways;

- katra retorte procesa sākuma etapā tiek darbināta kā vaļēja sistēma (žāvētava), kas ar kustīga blīvslēga palīdzību savienota ar grozāmu kolektoru un tālāk - ar skursteni, bet koksnes sausās pārtvaices procesā tiek darbināta kā slēgta sistēma (bez gaisa piekļūšanas), vienlaicīgi vai pārmaiņus regulējot aizvaru stāvokli kurtuvē un siltumnesēja cirkulācijas sistēmā;- each retorte is operated at the start of the process as an open system (dryer) connected by means of a movable seal to a rotary manifold and further to a chimney, while in dry wood distillation it is operated as a closed system (without air) the position of the flaps in the furnace and in the heat carrier circulation system;

- procesa kontrolei/reģistrācijai un vadīšanai tiek izmantota daudzkanālu iekārta, piemēram, daudzkanālu potenciometrs, kas reģistrē/izdod datu virkni, kurā katrs loceklis atspoguļo procesa norisi kādā fiksētā laika intertvālā retortēs un cauruļvados.- a multichannel device is used to control / record and control the process, such as a multichannel potentiometer that registers / outputs a series of data in which each member represents the progress of the process at a fixed time interval in retorts and pipelines.

Minētās iekārtas un paņēmiena /6/, kas izvēlēti par šī izgudrojuma prototipu, galvenie trūkumi ir sekojoši:The main disadvantages of said apparatus and method / 6 /, chosen as a prototype of the present invention, are the following:

- iekārta un paņēmiens nenodrošina pietiekami ekoloģiski tīru procesu;- the equipment and the process do not provide a sufficiently ecologically clean process;

-retoršu sistēmas-kurtuves slēguma shēma nenodrošina visu iekārtas aparātu sabalansētu darbību laikā; tā ir periodiskas darbības, kam raksturīgas lielas temperatūras svārstības atsevišķos agregātos procesa laikā; tas ievērojami samazina iekārtas mūžu.-the recirculation system-furnace circuit diagram does not ensure a balanced operation of all apparatuses of the equipment; it is a periodic operation characterized by large temperature fluctuations in individual units during the process; this greatly reduces equipment life.

Lai novērstu prototipam raksturīgos trūkumus, šai izgudrojumā piedāvāts izveidot iekārtu ar paņēmienu, kam raksturīgas sekojošas tehniskas pazīmes:In order to overcome the shortcomings inherent in the prototype, the present invention proposes to provide an apparatus having the following technical features:

- Koksnes sausās pārtvaices iekārta izveidota kā nepārtrauktas darbības enerģētiski un funkcionāli sabalansēta vairāku horizontālo retoršu sistēma, kurā atsevišķas retortes darbojas divos režīmos - mitrās koksnes žāvēšanas režīmā un koksnes sausās pārtvaices režīmā.- The dry wood distillation unit is designed as a continuous, energetically and functionally balanced system of several horizontal retorts, in which the individual retorts operate in two modes - wet wood drying mode and dry wood distillation mode.

- Retortes ir izveidotas ar termoizolētu ārējo apvalku un konstruētas darbam divos režīmos. Šim nolūkam retortē ierīkoti apakšējais un augšējais slēgvārsts. Pēc retortes piepildīšanas ar pārogļojamo koksni, piem., ar augstu mitruma pakāpi, to pārslēdz žāvēšanas režīmā, apsildot retorti no ārpuses caur apvalku. Pie atvērtiem slēgvārstiem karstās dūmgāzes plūst caur pārogļojamās koksnes krāvumu retortes iekšpusē. Lai koksne retortē neaizdegtos, dūmgāzu temperatūru regulē ar aizbīdņu un speciāli ierīkota atmosfēras gaisa pievadvārsta palīdzību. Kad koksne ir sasniegusi vēlamo mitruma pakāpi, retorti pārslēdz sausās pārtvaices režīmā, aizverot slēgvārstus un realizējot tikai retortes ārējo apsildi. Lai intensificētu un regulētu dūmgāzu plūsmu, starp retorti un ārējo apvalku ierīkota starpsiena ar droseļvārstiem. Starpsiena tādējādi izveido apakšējo un augšējo starptelpas, kuras vienu no otras atdala droselvārsti.- The retorts have a thermally insulated outer shell and are designed to work in two modes. The lower and upper shut-off valves are retorted for this purpose. After filling the retort with charcoal wood, such as high humidity, it switches to drying mode by heating the retort from the outside through the casing. At shut-off valves, hot flue gas flows through a stack of charcoal wood inside the retort. The flue gas temperature is controlled by a damper and a specially designed atmospheric air supply valve to prevent the wood retorting. When the wood has reached the desired humidity level, the retorts switch to dry distillation mode, closing the shut-off valves and providing only external retort heating. A baffle with throttle valves is provided between the retort and the outer casing to intensify and regulate the flue gas flow. The bulkhead thus forms the lower and upper intermediate spaces which are separated by throttle valves.

- Gāzu aizvadei no retortes uz krāsni retortes apakšējā daļā ierīkots sifonveida cauruļvads. Sifons cauruļvadā kalpo kā hidroslēgs, kas noslēdz retorti no krāsns, tajā pašā laikā netraucējot retortē izdalījušos gāzu un tvaiku ievadīšanu krāsnī.- A siphon tube is installed in the lower part of the retort for the transfer of gases from the retort to the furnace. The siphon in the pipeline serves as a hydraulic shut-off that closes the retorts out of the furnace, while not interfering with the passage of retorted gases and vapors into the furnace.

-Iekārta izveidota nepārtrauktas darbības, kurā ir ne mazāk par četrām funkcionāli sabalansētām retortēm, lai maksimāli izmantotu siltuma enerģiju, kas izdalās koksnes sausās pārtvaices eksotermisko reakciju intervālā. Pārtvaices/pārogļošanas procesu dažādās retortēs vai to moduļos organizē, savstarpēji nobīdot laikā, lai lieko siltuma daudzumu no retortes/retoršu moduļa, kur notiek eksotermiska reakcija, aizvadītu uz retorti/moduli, kur tajā pašā laikā notiek endotermiska reakcija, un kompensētu tur trūkstošo siltuma daudzumu. Praktiski tiek realizēts noslēgts ražošanas cikls un bezatlikumu tehnoloģija. Blakus kompleksās ražotnes augstajiem tehniski ekonomiskajiem rādītājiem, tā kļūst ekoloģiski tīra.-The unit is designed for continuous operation with at least four functionally balanced retorts to maximize the thermal energy released during the exothermic reaction of dry distillation of wood. The distillation / charcoal process in the various retorts or their modules is organized by offsetting each other in time to transfer excess heat from the retort / retort module where the exothermic reaction takes place to the retort / module where the endothermic reaction occurs at the same time and to compensate for the lack of heat there. . In practice, a closed production cycle and zero-waste technology are implemented. Alongside the high technical and economic performance of the complex, it becomes ecologically clean.

-Lai nodrošinātu kokogļu kvalitātes nozīmīgākā rādītāja - negaistoša oglekļa satura- atbilstošu līmeni un atbrīvotu kokogli no specifiskās darvas smaržas, papildus tempertūras intervālā 400-650°C tiek veikta kokogļu izkvēlināšana. Šai etapā galvenokārt izdalās metāns, ūdeņradis, darvas tvaiki u.c. ogļūdeņraži ar augstāku viršanas temperatūru (process ir endotermisks).- In order to ensure an adequate level of non-volatile carbon content, which is the most important indicator of charcoal quality and to remove charcoal from the specific tar odor, additional charcoal heating is carried out at 400-650 ° C. At this stage, methane, hydrogen, tar vapors, etc. are mainly released. Higher hydrocarbons (endothermic).

-Iekārtā ir paredzēta aktīvā retortes dzesēšana, izsmidzinot ūdeni augšējā starptelpā pie atvērtiem droseļvārstiem retortes un apvalka starpsienā, iepriekš atslēdzot retorti no krāsns un atverot atmosfēras gaisa pieplūdes vārstu. Ūdeni izsmidzina arī retortē. Izveidojušies ūdens tvaiki, ejot caur ogļu masu, to dzesē un vienlaicīgi atputekļo. Ogļu putekļu daļiņas pa novadcauruli nokļūst kurtuvē, kur tās sadeg. Līdz ar to panāk dzesēšanas laika samazināšanos, ievērojami paaugstinās iekārtas ražība, nav nepieciešama ogļu tālākā dzesēšana, lai tās nogādātu kondicionēšanas laukumā. Ir notikusi arī ogļu atputekļošana, kas ir svarīgi no ekoloģiskā un sanitāri higiēniskā viedokļa, lai tālāk tās apstrādātu un izmantotu. Kokogle iegūst melni spīdīgu virsmu un kvalitatīvas preces izskatu.-The unit provides active retort cooling by spraying water in the upper intermediate space at open throttle valves on the retort and sheath bulkhead, previously disconnecting the retorts from the furnace and opening the atmospheric air supply valve. Water is also sprayed at the retort. The water vapor, which passes through the coal mass, is cooled and simultaneously dusted. Coal dust particles pass through the drain pipe into the furnace where they burn. This results in a reduction in cooling time, a significant increase in the productivity of the plant, and does not require any further cooling of the coal to bring it to the conditioning area. Coal dust has also been decontaminated, which is important from an ecological and sanitary point of view for further processing and use. Charcoal has a black shiny surface and looks like a quality product.

- Koksnes žāvēšanas un sausās pārtvaices procesus kontrolē un regulē ar retortes raksturīgākajās vietās izvietotiem devējiem. Reģistrējošā aparatūra izveidota vadības pultī un ir saistīta ar signalizāciju, ja iekārtā radušies tehnoloģiski vai cita veida traucējumi. Maksimāli pieļaujamo temperatūru retortē regulē automātiski, izsmidzinot ūdeni gan retortē, gan starptelpās. Šie pasākumi nodrošina augstu kokogļu kvalitāti un optimālu iznākumu ,kā arī novērš iekārtas bojāšanos augstu temperatūru iespaidā.- The wood drying and dry distillation processes are controlled and regulated by sensors located in the most typical locations of the retort. The recording equipment shall be located on the control panel and shall be associated with an alarm in the event of technological or other malfunction of the equipment. The maximum allowable temperature of the retort is automatically adjusted by spraying water both in the retort and in the spaces. These measures ensure high-quality charcoal quality and optimum performance, as well as preventing the equipment from being damaged by high temperatures.

- Iekārta aprīkota ar piekārto ceļu, kura mehānismi nodrošina retoršu piepildīšanu ar speciālos konteineros sapakotu pārogļojamo koksni un gatavās produkcijas nogādāšanu noliktavā.- The machine is equipped with a hanging path, the mechanisms of which ensure the retorting with charcoal wood packed in special containers and the delivery of the finished product to the warehouse.

- Retortes iekārtā izvietotas horizontāli un nepārsniedz trīs metru augstumu. Tās ir ērti apkalpojamas un remontējamas.- The retorts in the installation shall be horizontal and shall not exceed three meters in height. They are easy to service and repair.

-Iekārtā visi aparāti, komunikācijas, armatūra un saliekamā dzezsbetona pamati ir viegli demontējami un pārvedami uz citu vietu - tā ir mobila.-In the machine, all apparatus, communications, fixtures and prefabricated reinforced concrete foundations are easy to dismantle and transfer - it's mobile.

Piedāvātās kokogļu ražošanas iekārtas shēma, kas ietver izgudrojuma formulas no 1. līdz 7. punktam minētās tehniskās pazīmes, parādīta fig.1, kur attēlots viens no iekārtas realizācijas variantiem vertikālā griezumā (vienas retortes piemērā).A schematic diagram of a proposed charcoal production plant incorporating the technical features referred to in claims 1 to 7 of the formulas of the invention is shown in FIG. 1, which illustrates one embodiment of the plant in vertical section (one retort example).

Fig.2 parādīta piedāvātās iekārtas pricipshēma saskaņā ar izgudrojuma formulas 1. punktu, kur retoršu sistēma izveidota no atsevišķiem moduļiem.Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of a proposed apparatus according to claim 1 of the invention, wherein the rhetoric system is made up of separate modules.

Izgudrojuma realizācijas piemēriExamples of realization of the invention

Piemērs 1. Iekārtas sastāvā ietilpst metāla retorte 1, kas noslēdzama ar termoizolētu vāku (vāks fig. 1 nav parādīts) un ievietota termoizolētā metāla apvalkā 2. Apvalka 2 diametrs lielāks par retortes 1 diametru un veido apakšējo starptelpu 3 un augšējo starptelpu 4 starp retorti un apvalku. Starptelpas vienu no otras atdala starpsiena 5 ar tajā iemontētiem droseļvārstiem 6 un 7, kas savstarpēji savieno apakšējo starptelpu 3 ar augšējo starptelpu 4 un kalpo dūmgāzu plūsmas regulēšanai retortes 1 ārējai apsildei. Retortes 1 iekšējai apsildei izveidots slēgvārsts 8. Dūmgāzes retortē ieplūst caur atvērtu slēgvārstu 8 un ārdiem 9, kas retortes apakšējā daļā izveido dūmgāzu kanālu, kurš nodrošina dūmgāzu vienmērīgu sadali visā retortes 1 garumā. Slēgvārsts 10, kas izvietots retortes 1 augšdaļā, izvada dūmgāzes un ūdens tvaikus no retortes 1 starptelpā 4 uz dūmeni.Example 1. The apparatus comprises a metal retort 1 which is sealed with a thermally insulated lid (lid 1 is not shown) and enclosed in a thermally insulated metal sheath 2. The diameter of the sheath 2 is greater than the retort 1 and forms a lower intermediate space 3 and upper intermediate space 4 sheath. The spaces are separated from one another by a partition 5 with butterfly valves 6 and 7 mounted therein, which interconnect the lower intermediate space 3 with the upper intermediate space 4 and serve to regulate the flue gas flow for the external heating of the retort 1. A shut-off valve 8 for internal heating of the retort 1 is provided through the open shut-off valve 8 and grates 9, which creates a flue gas passage in the lower part of the retort which provides an even distribution of the flue gas over the length of the retort 1. The shut-off valve 10 located at the top of the retort 1 directs the flue gas and water vapor from the retort 1 in the space 4 to the flue.

Retortes apsildei ar dūmgāzēm kalpo krāsns 11, ko ar starptelpu 3 savieno dūmgāzu vads 12 un aizbīdnis 13 dūmgāzu plūsmas regulēšanai vai noslēgšanai. Izlietoto dūmgāzu novadīšana no starptelpas 4 notiek pa dūmvadu 14 skurstenī (fig.1 nav parādīts). No krāsns 11 starptelpā 3 ievadāmo dūmgāzu temperatūras regulēšanai ar atmosfēras gaisa pievadi izveidots vārsts 15. Gāzu izvadei no retortes 1 uz krāsni 11 ierīkots sifonveida cauruļvads 16 ar vārstiem 17 un 18. Sifons cauruļvadā 16 kalpo kā hidroslēgs, kas noslēdz retorti no krāsns pie atvērtiem slēgvārstiem 8 un 10 (koksnes žāvēšanas etapā). Vārsts 17 kalpo šķidruma līmeņa uzturēšanaiThe flue gas retorts are served by a furnace 11, which is connected to the space 3 by a flue pipe 12 and a damper 13 for controlling or closing the flue gas flow. The exhaust flue gas is discharged from the space 4 via the flue 14 in the chimney (not shown in FIG. 1). A valve 15 is formed from the furnace 11 to regulate the temperature of the flue gas entering the intermediate space 3 by means of an atmospheric air supply. A siphon conduit 16 with valves 17 and 18 is provided for venting the gas from the retort 1 to the furnace 11. The siphon in the conduit 16 serves 8 and 10 (wood drying stage). Valve 17 serves to maintain the fluid level

-ό cauruļvada 16 sifona daļā, bet vārsts 18 kalpo sifona atbrīvošanai no kondensēta šķidruma.-ό in the siphon portion of the pipeline 16, while the valve 18 serves to discharge condensed liquid from the siphon.

II

Koksnes piegādei retortēm izveidots piekārtais ceļš 19 ar ratiņiem 20, kam piestiprināta profilsija 21, ko ar starpgabala 22 palīdzību var savienot ar līdzīgu nekustīgu profilsiju 27 retortes 1 augšējā daļā. Uz profilsijas 21 novietoti konteinerratiņi 23 ar hidraulisko pacēlēju 24 un āķi 25 koksnes konteinera 26 pacelšanai pirms tā ievietošanas retortē 1. Konteinerratiņus 23 var pēc vajadzības pārvietot no profilsijas 21 pa starpgabalu 22 uz profilsiju 27 retortes 1 iekšpusē un pēc konteinera 26 ievietošanas retortē atgriezt uz profilsijas 21. Ratiņi 23 pēc vajadzības var apkalpot vairākas retortes, dzesēšanas telpu, noliktavu.For the supply of wood to the retorts, a suspended path 19 is provided with a trolley 20 having a profile 21 attached thereto, which can be connected via a spacer 22 to a similar rigid profile 27 at the top of the retort 1. Container trolley 23 positioned on profile 21 with hydraulic lift 24 and hook 25 for lifting wood container 26 prior to insertion into retort 1. Container trolley 23 may be moved from profile 21 through spacer 22 to profile 27 inside retort 1 as required and returned to profile after retaining container 26 21. The trolley 23 can serve multiple retorts, a cooling room, a warehouse as needed.

Lai nepieļautu koksnes sausās pārtvaices procesā temperatūras celšanos augstāk par pieļaujamo (piem.,650°C), kā arī uzlabotu kokogļu kvalitāti un iznākumu, retortes 1 iekšpusē ierīkotas ūdens izsmidzināšanas sparuslas 28 ar pievadcauruli 29 un vārstu 30. Kokogļu aktīvai dzesēšanai caur retortes stenu izveidotas dzesēšanas sprauslas 31, kas ūdeni izsmidzina starptelpā 4. Ūdeni pievada pa cauruli 32 un vārstu 33. Lieko šķidrumu no starptelpas 3 izvada pa vārstu 34. Lai ūdens nesaskartos ar retortes 1 sienām, izsmidzinātāju priekšā novietoti iztvaicēšanas ekrāni 35 un 36.In order to prevent the temperature of dry wood distillation from rising above the allowable temperature (eg 650 ° C) and to improve the quality and yield of charcoal, water spray nozzles 28 with a feed pipe 29 and a valve 30 are provided inside the retort 1 for active cooling of the charcoal. cooling nozzles 31 for spraying water in the intermediate space 4. The water is supplied through a pipe 32 and a valve 33. The excess fluid from the intermediate space 3 is discharged through the valve 34. Evaporation screens 35 and 36 are provided in front of the dispensers.

Iepriekš aprakstītā iekārta kokogļu iegūšanai darbojas sekojoši:The charcoal extraction installation described above operates as follows:

-Konteineru 26, kas piekrauts ar pārogļošanai paredzēto koksni un apgādāts ar āķi 25, lai to piekārtu konteinerratiņiem 23, pa piekārto ceļu 19 ar ratiņu 20 palīdzību nogādā uz vietu pretim retortei 1, ko ar starpgabala 22 palīdzību savieno ar profilsiju 27 retortes 1 augšdaļā. Ar hidraulisko pacēlēju 24 paceļ konteineru 26 nepieciešamajā augstumā un, pārbīdot konteinerratiņus 23, konteineru 26 ievada retortē 1. Ar hidrauliskā pacēlēja palīdzību konteineru nolaiž uz retortes 1 ārdiem un atbrīvo no āķa 25. Konteinerratiņus 23 atgriež uz profilsijas 21 un darbību atkārto, līdz retortē ievietoti visi konteineri. Retortē,atkarībā no tās un konteinera izmēriem, ievieto 2-6 konteinerus.Container 26 loaded with charcoal wood and hooked 25 to be suspended from the container trolley 23 is conveyed by means of a trolley 20 to a position opposite the retort 1, which is connected to the profile 27 at the top of the retort 1 by a spacer 22. The hydraulic lift 24 lifts the container 26 to the required height and, by sliding the trolley 23, the container 26 is introduced into retort 1. The container is lowered to retractor 1 and released from hook 25. Container 23 is returned to profile 21 and repeated until retort is inserted. all containers. Depending on the size of the retort and the container, place 2-6 containers.

-Pēc piepildīšanas retortes vaļējo galu hermētiski noslēdz ar vāku, kurš pārklāts ar siltumizolācijas materiālu. No krāsns 11 pa dūmvadu 12 un atvērtu vārstu 13 karstās dūmgāzes ievada apakšējā starptelpā 3. Iekārta darbojas trīs režīmos - koksnes žāvēšanas un koksnes sausās pārtvaices režīmos. Koksnes žāvēšanu veic, apsildot vienlaicīgi retorti no ārpuses un iekšpuses,ļaujot dūmgāzēm caur atvērtiem slēgvārstiem 8 un 10 plūst caur retortes iekšpusē atrodošos mitrās koksnes krāvumu. Vienmērīgu karsto dūmgāzu sadalījumu retortē 1 nodrošina ārdi 9. Dūmgāzu velkmi, ko nodrošina skurstenis, caur žāvējamās koksnes krāvumu retortē 1 regulē ar slēgvārstu 8, 10 un aizbīdņa 13 palīdzību. Lai nesāktos koksnes degšana žāvēšanas laikā, temperatūru (piem., 120-160°C) regulē ar aizbīdni 13, kā arī dūmgāzes dzesējot ar atmosfēras gaisu, atverot vārstu 15. Nepieciešamības gadījumā retortes iekšpusē ar izsmidzinātāju 28 palīdzību ievada ūdeni.- After filling, the open end of the retort is sealed with a lid covered with heat insulation material. From the stove 11 through the flue 12 and the open valve 13 the hot flue gas is introduced into the lower intermediate space 3. The unit operates in three modes - wood drying and dry wood distillation. The drying of the wood is done by heating both the outside and the inside of the retort, allowing the flue gases to flow through the open shut-off valves 8 and 10 through the stack of wet wood inside the retort. The flue gas draft provided by the chimney is controlled by the shut-off valve 8, 10 and the shutter 13 to control the even distribution of hot flue gas in the retort 1 through the stack of flue gas through the stack of dried wood. To prevent wood burning during drying, the temperature (eg 120-160 ° C) is regulated by a shutter 13 and also by cooling the flue gas with atmospheric air by opening the valve 15. If necessary, water is injected into the retort using a spray 28.

-Pēc vēlamās koksnes mitruma pakāpes (10-15%) sasniegšanas retorti pārslēdz koksnes sausās pārtvaices režīmā, pilnīgi atverot droseļvārstus 6 un 7 un aizverot slēgvārstus 8 un 10, kā arī gaisa padeves vārstu 15. Sifonu cauruļvadā 16 atbrīvo no kondensēta caur vārstu 18, noslēdzot vārstu 17. Tādējādi pārtvaices procesā izdalījušās gāzes un ūdens tvaiki pa cauruļvadu-After reaching the desired wood moisture level (10-15%), the retorts switch to dry wood distillation mode by fully opening the butterfly valves 6 and 7 and closing the shut-off valves 8 and 10, as well as the air supply valve 15. The siphon in conduit 16 is condensed through valve 18, thereby closing the valve 17. The gas and water vapor thus released in the distillation through the pipeline

ΙΕ θ' brīvi nokļūst krāsnī 11, kur notiek to sadegšana. Koksnes žāvēšanas un sausās pārtvaices procesus kontrolē un regulē ar retortes raksturīgākajās vietās izvietotiem devējiem. Attiecīga daudzkanālu aparatūra ir izvietota vadības pultī un ir saslēgta ar signalizāciju, kas nostrādā, ja iekārtā rodas tehnoloģiski traucējumi vai novirzes no uzstādītā režīma. Ja pārsniegta retortē maksimāli pieļaujamā temperatūra (650°C) notiek automātiska ūdens izsmidzināšana gan retortē 1, gan starptelpā 4. Tas nodrošina augstu kokogļu kvalitāti, optimālu iznākumu, kā arī novērš iekārtas bojāšanos augstu temperatūru iespaidā, līdz ar to paildzinot tās kalpošanas laiku.ΙΕ θ 'enters the furnace 11 freely, where it is burned. The wood drying and dry distillation processes are controlled and regulated by sensors located in the most typical areas of the retort. Appropriate multichannel equipment is located on the control panel and is connected to an alarm which is activated in the event of technological interruption or deviation from the set mode. If the maximum temperature of the retort (650 ° C) is exceeded, automatic spraying of water occurs in both retort 1 and intermediate space 4. This ensures high charcoal quality, optimum yield, and prevents damage to the machine due to high temperatures, thereby extending its service life.

-Iekārtas aktīva dzesēšana notiek, izsmidzinot ūdeni starptelpā 4 ar izsmidzinātāju 31 palīdzību pie atvērtiem droseļvārstiem 6 un 7. Savukārt šajā laikā dūmvads 12 ir noslēgts ar aizbīdni 13 un ir atvērts vārsts atmosfēras gaisa pievadīšanai 15.The active cooling of the unit takes place by spraying water in the intermediate space 4 by means of a spray 31 at open throttle valves 6 and 7. At this time, the chimney 12 is closed by a shut-off valve 13 and an open air valve 15 is opened.

-Ūdeni retortē 1 padod ar izsmidzinātāju 28 palīdzību. Atsitoties pret iztvaikošanas ekrānu 35 pie temperatūras (piem.350-450°C), izveidojušies ūdens tvaiki plūst caur ogļu masu, to dzesējot, un vienlaicīgi veic to atputekļošanu. Ogļu putekļu daļiņas pa cauruli 16 līdz ar ūdens tvaiku nokļūst kurtuvē, kur tās sadeg. Līdz ar to panāk dzesēšanas laika samazināšanos, ievērojami paaugstinot iekārtas ražīgumu. Nav nepieciešama tālāka ogļu dzesēšana. Tās var nogādāt noliktavā kondicionēšanai. Ir notikusi arī ogļu atputekļošana, kas ir ļoti svarīgi no ekoloģiskā un sanitāri-higiēniskā viedokļa, tās tālāk apstrādājot un izmantojot. Visbeidzot kokogles iegūst melni-spīdīgu virsmu un līdz ar to kvalitatīvas preces izskatu.- The water is retorted 1 through a dispenser 28. By hitting the evaporation screen 35 at a temperature (e.g., 350-450 ° C), the water vapor formed flows through the coal mass, cooling it, and at the same time dusting it down. Coal dust particles through pipe 16 pass with water vapor into the furnace where they burn. This results in a reduction in cooling time, significantly increasing the productivity of the unit. No further cooling of the coal is required. They can be taken to the warehouse for conditioning. Coal dusting has also taken place, which is very important from an ecological and sanitary-hygienic point of view, for further processing and use. Finally, charcoal gets a black-gloss finish and hence the appearance of a quality product.

Piemērs 2. Piemērā 1 aprakstīto kokogļu iegūšanas tehnoloģisko procesu vienā retortē var būtiski pilnveidot, izveidojot 4 un vairāku savstarpēji savienotu retoršu sistēmu. Savienotās retortes,secīgi tās darbinot, veido vienotu iekārtu un nodrošina nepārtrauktu tehnoloģisko procesu praktiski bez kurināmā papildus pievadīšanas krāsnij, pie kam viena krāsns apkalpo visu retoršu sistēmu. Siltuma enerģija, kas izdalās koksnes sausās pārtvaices eksotermiskajā intervālā (piem.,280-380°C) ir pilnīgi pietiekams katras nākošās, blakus novietotās retortes, endotermisko procesu uzturēšanai. Praktiski tiek realizēts noslēgtais ražošanas cikls un bezatkritumu tehnoloģija. Blakus kompleksās ražotnes ekonomiskajam izdevīgumam tā kļūst arī ekoloģiski tīra.Example 2. The process of producing charcoal described in Example 1 in one retort can be significantly improved by creating a system of 4 and more interconnected retorts. The combined retorts operate sequentially to form a single unit and provide a continuous technological process with virtually no fuel addition to the furnace, with one furnace serving the entire retort system. The heat energy released during the exothermic interval of dry wood distillation (e.g. 280-380 ° C) is completely sufficient to maintain the endothermic processes of each subsequent retort. The closed production cycle and waste-free technology are practically implemented. As well as being economically advantageous, the complex plant becomes ecologically clean.

Fig.2 parādītā četru retoršu sistēma izveidota no diviem atsevišķiem moduļiem. Viena moduļa ietvaros divas retortes savā starpā ir saslēgtas paralēli, bet atsevišķi moduļi savā starpā savienoti virknē, lai lieko siltuma daudzumu tajā retoršu modulī, kurā notiek koksnes sausās pārtvaices eksotermiskā reakcija, aizvadītu uz otru sistēmas moduli, kur tajā pašā laikā realizē endotermisku procesu un ir siltumenerģijas deficīts.The four retort system shown in Fig. 2 is made up of two separate modules. Within one module, the two retorts are connected in parallel, but the individual modules are connected in series to transfer the excess heat in the retort module, which exothermically reacts to the dry distillation of wood, to the other system module, which simultaneously executes an endothermic process. heat deficit.

Izgudrojuma apjoms neaprobežojas tikai ar diviem iepriekš aprakstītajiem tā realizācijas variantiem. Citi iespējamie varianti iekļauti izgudrojuma formulas atkarīgajos punktosThe scope of the invention is not limited to the two embodiments described above. Other possible embodiments are included in the dependent claims of the invention formula

-7'-7 '

Izmantotie informācijas avotiUsed information sources

1. A.Kalniņš Ķīmiskā meža tehnoloģija. R., Saimnieciskās literatūras apgāds, 1944, Ipp.171-198.1. A.Kalniņš Chemical Forest Technology. R., Business Literature Supply, 1944, pp.171-198.

2. SU autorapliecība Nr 1171506, SKI⁴ C10B53/03.2. SU Authorization No. 1171506, SKI ⁴ C10B53 / 03.

3. SU patents Nr 1826984, SK|5 C10B53/02.3. SU Patents No. 1826984, SK | 5 C10B53 / 02.

4. GB patentpieteikums Nr 2257980, SK|5 C10B53/02.GB Patent Application No. 2257980, SK | 5 C10B53 / 02.

5. LV patents Nr 10631, SK|5 C10B47/00.5. LV Patent No. 10631, SK | 5 C10B47 / 00.

6. LV patents Nr 11333, SK|6 C10B53/02.6. LV Patent No. 11333, SK | 6 C10B53 / 02.

Claims

1. A charcoal extraction installation comprising:

- a heat generating unit / furnace providing the retort with the necessary heat,

- a hermetically sealed retort system consisting of at least 4 retorts arranged horizontally, each formed by double walls with flue gas passages and an outer wall covered with a heat-insulating casing, each retort having an opening for loading / unloading raw material containers; and openings for the introduction / removal of gases / vapors,

- water vapor / flue gas injection / discharge system from retorts,

- a system for ensuring the recirculation of gaseous products from the heat carrier and dry distillation of wood from each retort back to the furnace,

- multi-channel systems for process control and recording and management and security,

- auxiliary materials for loading / unloading of raw material / charcoal (containers, lifters, etc.),

- Cooling / conditioning units for finished charcoal, characterized in that, in order to create an energy and function-balanced plant and process, the retort system is made up of separate modules with at least two retorts per module; within one module all retorts are connected in parallel, but individual modules are connected in series to transfer excess heat in the retort module / retort that exothermically reacts to dry wood distillation to another system module, whereby an endothermic process occurs at the same time; is a heat deficit.

2. A device as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that at least one retort has at least one horizontal partition in the horizontal plane which is provided with adjustable openings, eg shut-off valves, for arranging hot flue gas to provide effective retort heating of the two alternatives. variants:

- at the same time from the outside and inside, passing both through the flue gas passages below the jacket and through the stack of wood inside the retort (drying stage),

- externally only, while allowing the gaseous emissions from the wood in the dry distillation process without air to return to the furnace and / or any other retort or retort module (dry distillation / charcoal stage).

3. Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that, for the drying stage, lower and upper shut-off valves are provided in the retort and the shafts which ensure an even distribution of the exhaust gas flow in the retort and a damper regulating the flue gas draft and butterflies in said partitions. .

4. A device as claimed in claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the gas conduit which traps the gases and vapors from the dry distillation / charring process of the wood and / or discharges to another retort or retort module, is fitted with a siphon, which at the same time serve as a shut-off valve and safety valve between the retort and the furnace and / or another retort or retort module.

—J

5. Apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is equipped with an active cooling system with water and / or an alarm system, which is activated in case of disturbances / deviations from the set technological mode during heat treatment or when the finished coal needs to be cooled. for transport to a storage depot and / or air conditioning unit.

6. Apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that the active cooling system is provided with water-spraying water sprayers, preferably at the same time, both in the space between the retort casing and the outer wall and inside the retort, preferably on the evaporation screens.

7. Apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it is provided with a hanging path, the mechanisms of which enable the ridge to be filled with charcoal wood prepared in special containers, and the containers for finished products to be stored and / or conditioned.

8. An apparatus as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that all apparatus, communications, fixtures and prefabricated reinforced concrete foundations are dismantled and transported to another location, respectively. the device is mobile.

9. A process for the production of charcoal comprising:

- sorting of raw material (including slicing / shredding and pre-drying where appropriate) and loading in mobile container (s);

- the handling and sealing of containers in retorts,

- heating the retorts by gradually raising the temperature of the material to the dry distillation temperature of the wood, using for this purpose (in addition to process fuel) the vapors and gases of wood thermal destruction products, partially returning them to the furnace and incineration,

-the heat treatment of the raw material will be retorted in several steps, including drying, at least 50-450 ° C and air-cooled to 50 ° C, controlling / recording / controlling the process through a multi-channel measuring / recording / control system that records / issues the range of data in which each member represents / determines the process at a fixed running time interval in retorts and pipelines differs in that each retort is operated in two alternative modes to realize an energy-autonomous and ecologically clean process: first in the material drying / warming mode, therewith, in a dry wood distillation / charcoal / chill mode with no air inlet, whereby the material is dried / heated by furnace flue gas, part of the flue gas being passed through the passages between the retort casing and the retort outer wall and part of the flue gas through the charcoal wood; the distillation / charring of the seed shall be carried out with the flue gases being directed only to the outside wall of the retort.

10. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that during the process, in the event of disturbances / deviations from the set mode, e.g. actively cools by spraying water, preferably-simultaneously, in the space ' ^lC ' between the outer wall and casing of the retort and by spraying water inside the retort.

11. A process as claimed in any preceding claim, wherein said distillation / charring process is arranged in a time-shifted manner between the different retorts or their modules in order to maximize the thermal energy released during retort / charcoal endothermic reaction retort. to transfer excess heat from the retort / retort module where the exothermic reaction occurs, to the retort / module where the endothermic reaction occurs at the same time.

12. A method as claimed in any one of the preceding claims, wherein the energy regulation of the wood distillation / charcoal process is effected by passing the gases and vapors released during the process through the gas conduit through a siphon forming a seal and a safety valve, back to the furnace as needed. or to any other retorts and / or module.

The process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the heat treatment of the starting material in the retorts is carried out at a temperature in the range 50650 ° C, which is relatively accurate to 10 ° C, and can be divided into 5 steps:

- in step 1 (t ° ~ 50-100-170 ° C), by supplying the required amount of heat, the material is completely free of hygroscopic non-bound water;

In step-2 (t ° ~ 170-275 ° C) the material is released from the hygroscopically bound water and partially charred by supplying the required amount of heat;

-3. in the step (t ° -275-400 ° C), the material, by removing excess heat, is distilled and charred evenly over the entire volume of the stack, producing a large amount of gaseous products and heat in the process;

- In step 4 (t ° ~ 400-650 ° C), the charcoal is annealed by removing the methane, hydrogen, tar vapor, paraffin, etc. by supplying the required amount of heat. hydrocarbons with higher boiling points to provide an appropriate level of non-volatile carbon content, the most important characteristic of charcoal quality, and to release charcoal from the specific tar odor;

- In step 5, the finished product is cooled to -50 ° C, without air, by removing excess heat.