LU86369A1 - FLOCKED MINERALS AND WATER RESISTANT PRODUCTS MADE THEREOF - Google Patents

Description

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FLOCKED MINERALS AND WATER RESISTANT PRODUCTS MADE THEREOF

It is known that non-asbestos papers and / or webs can be produced from inorganic substances which swell in water, in particular 5 swollen silica gels. So e.g. US Pat. No. 4,239,519 describes the production of synthetic, organic, crystal-containing, gellable, water-swellable leaf silicates and certain products made therefrom, such as paper, fibers, films, plates 10 and coatings. These non-asbestos papers and / or webs have good high-temperature resistance and high chemical resistance. Since no asbestos fibers are used to manufacture these products, they are also free from the health risk associated with 15 products containing asbestos.

U.S. Patent 4,239,519 describes a three-step process for the preparation of gellable silicates which can be used for the production of the papers and webs mentioned, which consists in forming 20 (a) a completely or predominantly crystalline body which contains crystals which consist essentially of water-swelling lithium and / or sodium mica, selected from the group fluorhectorite, hydroxylhectorite, borofluorophlogopit, fluorophlogopite, 25 hydroxylborphlogopit and / or their solid solutions and other structurally compatible minerals, selected from the group talc, fluorotalk , Polylithionite, fluoropolylithionite, phlogopite and fluorophlogopitr -2-- (b) contacted the body with a polar liquid, usually water, to swell and decay the body to form a gel, and (c) the solid to liquid ratio of the 5 gel depending on the intended use to a desired value.

The preferred crystalline starting materials are glass-ceramic substances. These are mixed with substances with large cations, i.e. brought into contact with an ion radius above the 10 of lithium, causing macro gel flocculation and ion exchange reaction between the large cations and the Li + and / or Na + ions of the crystal interlayer.

U.S. Patents 3,325,340 and 3,454,917 describe the preparation of aqueous dispersions of vermiculite crystal flakes by the addition of interstitial ions, namely (1) alkyl ammonium cations having 3 to 6 carbon atoms in each carbon group such as methyl-butylammonium, n-butylammonium, propylammonium and 20 iso-amylammonium and (2) the cationic form of amino acids such as lysine and ornithine and / or (3) lithium.

Although the products made by the known processes, such as papers, webs and films, show excellent heat resistance and are extremely useful for a variety of uses, it has been found that these articles generally do not have good sealing properties, which impair their use as sealing materials. These products also show a certain sensitivity to water, which is reflected in a considerable loss of strength and a general deterioration in the mechanical and electrical properties when the products are exposed to high humidity or immersed in water or other polar liquids will. This sensitivity to water makes it possible to use these products 5 for certain purposes, such as as head or pressure seals, electrical insulators, protective coatings against environmental influences resistant building materials accordingly restricted.

Fire-resistant non-asbestos products have been proposed to be made from a swollen, flocculated layered silica gel prepared by using exchangeable cations selected from the group of guanidine derivatives. Such products surprisingly show higher water resistance than products produced by known processes and have excellent electrical properties.

It has now surprisingly been found that from a swollen, flocculated layer silica gel, prepared by using exchangeable cations, selected from the group of polyamine derivatives, high-temperature, fire and water-resistant non-asbestos products such as sheets, papers, plates, Films, fibers and coatings can be produced. Surprisingly, these generally show far better results in tensile and puncture resistance tests on moist products than substances which were produced using known exchangeable cations.

Furthermore, the products according to the invention generally have better electrical and mechanical properties than those produced by the known processes.

As far as heat resistance is concerned, the products according to the invention are resistant to temperatures of approx.

350 to 400 ° C absolutely resistant and are structure-resistant up to a temperature of approx. 800 ° C.

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The products according to the invention and flocculated mineral suspensions are, according to one embodiment, using a water-swelling layered silicate with an average charge per structural unit of approx. -0.4 to 5 approx. -1 and with exchangeable interstitial cations which promote swelling as Starting material manufactured. The choice of the specific exchangeable cations in the starting material depends on the silicate to be used. E.g. If a synthetic gellable silicate prepared according to the process of ÜS-PS 4 239 519 is used as the starting material, the exchangeable cations are generally Li + and / or Na + ions. If e.g. Natural vermiculite dispersion produced according to US Pat. No. 3,325,340 used, the exchangeable cations generally include alkylammonium cations and the other cations specified in US Pat. No. 3,325,340. The silicate, regardless of Db synthetic or natural origin, generally has the appearance of 20 thin scales, which have disc, strip and / or ribbon shape. The scales are usually about 500 to 100,000 Rt in length, preferably 5,000 to 100,000 R, a width of 500 to 100,000 R and a thickness of less than 100 R.

25 The term "charge per structural unit" refers to the average charge density as described by G. La-galy and A. Weiss in "Determination of Layer Charge in Mica-Type Layer Silcates", Proceedings of International Clay Conference, 61-80 (1969) and G. Lagaly, in "Characterization of Clays by Organic Compounds", Clay Minerals, 16, 1-21 (1981).

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The starting silicate can be prepared according to the above-mentioned processes according to US Pat. Nos. 4,239,519, 3,325,340 or 3,434,917 or by other processes which give laminates with separated layers with a charge density within the desired range.

Thereafter, the silicate is contacted with a source of at least one type of polyamine-derived cations in order to achieve an ion exchange reaction between the cations and the interstitial ions. This reaction can be carried out between the cations and the silicate material, whereby a flocculate is formed which is then used to form the products according to the invention. According to another embodiment of the invention, the starting silicate can be molded directly into the product, e.g. to lithium fluorhectorite fibers or films using the processes according to US Pat. No. 4,239,519, after which the product is subjected to a cationic exchange reaction using polyamine-20 fourth cations, e.g. by immersing the product in a solution of polyamine-derived cations. The ion exchange reaction can thus be carried out in situ during the formation of the product.

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The term "polyamine-derived cations" means, with respect to the interchangeable cations which can be used according to the invention, low-molecular, non-polymeric di-, tri- and / or tetra-amino-functional compounds in which the amine moieties have been mo-5, e.g. by protonation, which makes them positively charged. Diamines are preferred as polyamine compounds, in particular those of the general formula r3n - (cx2) n - nr3 # in which (1) the R groups are each, independently of one another, hydrogen, unbranched or branched C.-C0-alkyl, acyclic C3- Cg-alkyl or an aryl group, with the proviso that at most one aryl group is connected to each nitrogen, (2) each group X is independently hydrogen, an alkyl or aryl group and (3) n 15 is an integer from 2 to 15 mean, where, if n is 3 or a number above 3, the CXj groups can form ring-shaped portions which can be aromatic.

The flocculated mineral suspensions according to the invention are e.g. prepared by reacting - generally with stirring - a suitable silica gel with a source of interchangeable cations derived from suitable polyamine compounds to perform an exchange reaction between the polyamine-derived cations and the interstitial cations in the silica gel, thereby obtaining exchanged macro-flocculate.

As stated above, one or more exchangeable cations 30 can be used in the cationic exchange reaction. Since the different cations form a flocculate and possibly also end products with different physical properties,

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-7 - the specific cations or their combination should be selected depending on the desired end use.

The terms "polyamine-derived cations", "cationic derivative" or the like here mean that the center of the cationic activity is placed on the nitrogen groups of the polyamines. This is generally done by protonation of the polyamines, which creates positively charged ammonium groups. This protonation must take place before the cation exchange with the swollen silica gel.

The flocculated mineral suspension is used to form the desired end products. The individual stages of the specific treatment of the flocculate depend on the product to be molded. If it is necessary to produce the 15 products according to the invention in the form of sheets, the exchanged flocculate obtained is stirred with sufficient shear rate, whereby a particle size distribution is obtained which leads to a suitable particle packing when the sheet is formed. Thereafter, the flocculate is optionally washed to remove any excess saline, after which the consistency of the flocculated slurry is adjusted to about 0.75 to about 2% solids. For better dewatering on a machine screen, about 0.1 to about 1%, preferably 0.2 to 0.3%, based on the flocculate solids, of polyelectrolyte flocculant can be added to the slurry.

An example of a suitable polyelectrolyte flocculant is Polymin P, a trademark of 30 BASF for a polyethyleneimine.

This slurry is then placed on a paper machine where it is dewatered by free drainage and / or vacuum dewatering and finally

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The web obtained in this way can e.g. can be used for seals and the like.

Depending on the end use 5 of the flocculated mineral suspension, additional inert substances can optionally be added. So e.g. For example, one or more fiber materials 10 from the group of natural or synthetic organic or inorganic fibers can be added to the flocculate to improve the degree of dewatering and to ensure an end product with increased strength and / or handling. Are e.g. the desired end product seals, the fibers to be selected are cellulose, glass and / or Kev-lar fibers (a trademark of DuPont for a 15 aromatic polyamide fiber). In addition, the

Flocculate latex or other binders can be added to achieve a product with increased strength.

The cation exchange reaction can, however, also be carried out directly on a product formed from the silicate starting material. In this case, any desired additional inert substances are added to the suspension before the formation of the product and of course the subsequent cation exchange reaction which contains the silicate starting material.

It has been found that epoxy resins are particularly suitable additives for products formed according to the invention. Resins of this type increase the strength of the end product and, in combination with diamine-30-exchanged flocculate, also seem to promote a double function of the diamines, which not only serve as exchange cations for the leaf silicate, but also as crosslinking agents for the epoxy resins. The product obtained has increased strength, chemical resistance and - S, - dielectric properties.

The term "water-resistant" here does not mean that the products according to the invention are waterproof or completely water-impermeable. The expression 5 means that the substances experience essentially no reduction in quality when exposed to water, at least as far as their tensile and puncture resistance is concerned.

In addition to their water resistance and excellent fire and heat resistance, the products according to the invention also have excellent electrical properties and are therefore suitable for a large number of uses, such as e.g. for electrical insulators, cable sheathing and especially for printed circuits.

In the following examples, the starting material used, unless stated otherwise, is lithium fluorhectorite, produced by the processes according to US Pat. No. 4,239,519.

example 1

This example illustrates a process for making 20 a flammable fluorhector toric silicate-exchanged with diamine and a sheet formed therefrom.

A slurry of 1,6-hexanediammonium fluorhectorite (made from the corresponding diamine) is prepared by adding 200 g of a 10% dispersion of lithi-25 umfluorhectorite to 2 1 IN 1,6-hexanediamine hydrochloride solution. The slurry is then stirred in a high shear mixer to reduce the particle size of the flocculate, then washed, analyzed for water content and diluted until a slurry with a solids content of 2% is obtained.

Then the slurry is placed on a hand press tool for the 4th

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Forming a web from Williams Apparatus Co., 29.21 x 29.21 cm (11.5 "x 11.5"), and dewatered. The web obtained is then wet-pressed and dried on a drum dryer. The membrane has a high level of flexibility 5 and shows good sealing behavior in the seal test.

Example 2

According to Example 1, a hand scoop sample was made from the suspension of the following composition:

Mass% 10 hexamethylene diammonium fluororctorite 58.7 NBR latex 3.2

Alum 2.9

Microtalk 5.9

Redwood fiber 2.9 15 Kevlar® fiber 2.9

Mineral wool 23.5

Total 100.0

The hand scoop sample obtained was subjected to sealing tests, namely electromechanical air loss tests in accordance with the regulations for technical paper no.

83022 (ISSN 0148-7191 (83 / 0228-0220, 1983) of SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.), pages 1 to 3.

The results of the tests were as follows:

Outlet flange pressure Air loss amount 25 ^ ar (psi) bar / min (psi / min) 40.1 (570) 0.09 (1.389) 64.3 (915) 0.1 (1.587) 175.7 (2500) 0.04 (0.529)

Example 3 30 This example illustrates a process for the production of films according to the invention with cationic exchange in situ.

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According to the processes specified in US Pat. No. 4,239,519, a gelled lithium fluorhectorite dispersion having a solids content of 10 t is prepared. A 0.11 mm (4.5 mil) thick wet film of the dispersion is then drawn onto a glass plate using a 0.11 mm (4.5 mil) -Byrd applicator with a width of 12.7 cm. The glass plate with the film adhered to it is then immersed in a 1,6-hexanoiamine hydrochloride solution (0.25 M) to effect a cation exchange between the 1,6-He-10 xanediammonium cations and the interlayer cations of the fluororectorite. A film immediately forms on the film, indicating that the exchange has taken place. After 10 minutes the film is removed from the plate, washed in 15 deionized water to remove the residual salts and dried. The film shows a high degree of flexibility and a high ability to maintain firmness when wet.

Examples 4 to 15 For each of these examples, the procedure of Example 3 was essentially repeated, except that the interchangeable cations {prepared from the corresponding diamines) given below were used to form the corresponding film.

Example Interchangeable cation 25 4 Ν, Ν, Ν ', N-tetramethylethylene diammonium 5 o-phenylene diammonium 6 1,2-diammonium propane 7 1,8-diammonium octane 8 2,5-toluene diammonium 30 9 1,7-diammonium heptane 10 1,9-diammonium nonane 11 1,5-diammonium pentane 12 1,2-ethylenediammonium 13 1,3-diammonium propane - ιζ - 14 1,4-diammonium butane 15 1,12-diammonium dodecane

Comparative Examples 1 to 3

These comparative examples illustrate fluorhectorite-5 films made with various known interchangeable cations. 0.11mm (4.5 mil) thick films of potassium fluorhectorite (KFH) and ammonium fluorhectorite (NH ^ FH) are made separately by the method set forth in U.S. Patent 4,239,519. Then a film is cast from both the KFH slurry and the NH4FH slurry. A Kymene fluorhectorite film (Kymene is a trademark of Hercules, Inc. for a cat 'ionic polyamide epichlorohydrin resin) is then produced according to Example 2, only 15 that a 3.0% strength Kymene solution is used and that

Lithium fluororectorite film is immersed in the kymene solution for two hours until the exchanged film obtained is self-supporting to the extent that it can be removed from the glass plate. These films are then subjected to a tensile and puncture resistance test along with the films made in Examples 2-9, which tests are performed as follows:

Measurement of tensile strength 25 The tensile strength in the dry state is carried out using a holding device (Instron) with a claw spacing of 3.81 cm (1 V2 ") and at a head speed of 0.51 cm / min (0.2" / irdn). The wet strength measurement is carried out by bringing water-saturated sponges 30 into contact with both sides of the film sample for 10 seconds, the sample being clamped in the claws of the holder immediately before the strength test is carried out.

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Measurement of puncture resistance

A film sample is firmly clamped in a holding device. Then a pin touching the film is placed perpendicular to the surface of the film and loaded with increasing weight until the pin penetrates the film. In the wet test, the film is immersed in the holding device in deionized water for 10 seconds, and the puncture resistance test is carried out instantaneously.

10 The results of these tests are summarized in the table below:

table

Film Sugfestig - puncture resistance - according to interchangeability, KPa strength, g / nm 15 addition - cation (psi) ___ stretch wet dry wet

No.

3 1,6-hexanediammonium 112.48 11S, 51 13,000 6,000 (16,000) (17,000) 20 4 Ν, Ν, Ν ', N-retranethylethyl% lendiammonium 126.54 112.48 11,000 5,100 (18,000) (16,000) 5 o-phenylenediamine 91.39 105.45 7,600 3,000 (13,000) (15,000) 25 6 1,2-diammonium propane 91.39 77.33 14,000 4,200 (13,000) (11,000) 7 1,8-diammonium octane 84.36 77.33 6,500 1,700 (12,000) (11,000) 8 2,5-toluenediammonium 68.89 77.33 6,500 1,800 30 (9,800) (1L000) 9 1,7-diammonium heptane 51,32 61,86 16,000 7,500 (7,300) (8,800) 10 1,9-diammonium nonan 49.21 35.15 3,600 1,400 (7,000) (5,000) - 24 _

Table (continued) 11 1,5-diammonium pentane 42.18 30.92 5,700 5,200 (6,600) (4,400) 12 1,2-ethylenediammonium 36,56 25,30 1,200 600 5 (5,200) (3,600) 13 1,3- Diammonium propane 23.19 9.84 3,500 680 (3,300) (1,400) 14 1,4-diammonium butane 21.09 9,84 6,600 900 (3,000) (1,400) 10 15 1,12-diammonium dodecane 12,65 20,38 3,100 570 (1,800) (2,900)

Comparative Example No.___ 1 Kymene (protonized) 49.21 18.98 900 260 15 (7,000) (2,700) 2 ammonium 23.19 9.84 3,500 680 (3,300) (1,400) 3 potassium 7.73 1.41 3,300 440 (1,100) (200) 20 The test results show that the films produced by the process according to the invention show considerably higher wet tensile strength and / or wet puncture resistance than the known compositions.

Fire and smoke resistance 25 A film produced according to Example 3 is made according to the

Drying undergoes a fire and smoke resistance test according to the procedures of ASTM-E-662-79.

* Three separate tests are carried out. The results are summarized below.

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* Test 1 - Flammability (the numerical values correspond to the maximum optical density as stated in N.B.S. Technical Note No. 708)

Inflammation 0 5 Smolder 0

Test 2

Type C oxygen index ASTM D 2863-77 Critical oxygen index - 100%

Test 3 10 Radiant heating according to ASTM-E 162-79

Flame spread factor 1.00

Heat development 0.0

Flame spread index 0.0

Electrical Properties 15 A film according to Example 2 was tested for its dielectric constant and its loss factor after drying in accordance with ASTM D150 and for its dielectric strength in accordance with ASTM D149. The results summarized below show that the film has properties that make it suitable for a variety of electro-insulating purposes:

Dielectric loss constant factor 100 Hz at 25 ° C 26.53 0.288 25 100 Hz at 300 ° C 37.9 0.37 100 Hz back to 25 ° C 10.7 0.049 100 kHz at 25 ° C 12.19 0.153 100 kHz at 300 ° C 15.0 0.202 100 kHz back to 25 ° C 9.52 0.024 30 The dielectric strength was measured at 14.65 v / mm (577 v / mil).

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Comparative Examples 4 and 5

These examples illustrate the use of silicate substances as starting material, which in their charge per structural unit and in their physical measurement results are outside the range according to the invention.

For comparative example 4, a 0% aqueous dispersion is prepared from the natural hectorite from the clay mineral warehouse of the Clay Minerals Society company, Bloomington, Indiana. For Comparative Example 5, a 10% aqueous dispersion is prepared from a sodium montmorillonite derived from the same source. In each example, a film is drawn using the procedures given in Example 2. The glass plates are then immersed in a 0.25 Μ 1,6-diammonium hexane solution for 10 minutes. In both cases, there is no coherent film.

Example 16

This example illustrates a process for producing a film according to the invention using a vermiculite starting material:

A 10% solids suspension of n-butylammonium vermiculite prepared according to the process described in US Pat. No. 3,325,340 is poured onto a glass plate according to the process given in Example 25.2.

Then, together with the film adhering to it, it is immersed in a 0.25M 1,6-hexanediamine hydrochloride solution for 10 minutes. The film obtained is then pulled off the plate, washed and dried.

30 The film shows strength when wet in the tensile and dielectric strength test, which is not the case with a comparable, non-exchanged vermiculite film.

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Example 17

This example illustrates the production of fibers using the method according to the invention. A 15% solids lithium fluorhectorite suspension, prepared as above, is extruded through a needle with a 0.28 mm (11 mil) die into a 2N 1,6-hexane diamine hydrochloride solution. The extruded fiber is then conveyed into a second bath with 2N 1,6-hexanediamine hydrochloride using a porous belt. The fibers produced in this way are washed by immersion in deionized water and dried. The fiber obtained proves to be firm and flexible.

Example 18

This example illustrates the addition of an epoxy resin 15 to leaf silicates.

Codispersions of the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGBA) and lithium fluorohectorite (LiFH) were prepared by adding the epoxy resin to a 10% (solids) aqueous lithium fluorohectorite dispersion. The codispersion 20 was then mixed at high shear rate. Codispersions were prepared at the following ratios of LiFH to DGBA: 1. 100 g 10% (solids content) LiFH dispersion (10 g LiFH solids), 0.1 g epoxy resin (based on 25 approx. 1% solids).

2. 100 g 10% (solids content) LiFH dispersion (1.1 g epoxy resin (approx. 11%).

3. 100 g 10% (solids content), 2.5 g epoxy resin (approx.

25%).

30 The films were formed by making 0.11 mm (4.5 mil) thick wet films using a Byrd applicator on glass plates and then placing the films in a 0.25 M - 1fr% * solution of hexamethylene diamine immersed in HCl at pH 7.0. The films obtained had good wet strength of the fluorohectorite exchanged with hexamethylene diammonium. To remove the excess hexamethy-5-lendiamine-HCl, the film obtained was washed with deionized water and dried at 60.degree. The dried films, which were found to be flexible, were heated at 150 ° C for 3 hours. The films obtained showed increased stiffness, as would be expected with epoxy curing. The hexamethylene diammonium cation thus appears to have an effect on the exchange function of the layered silicate and the epoxy hardening.

Another method for the production of the products according to the invention is that the 15 epoxy resin fluorhectorite codispersions described above are added by adding the

Codispersion to a 0.25 M-hexamethylenediamine-HCl solution converted into a flocculate with stirring. After the excess hexamethylenediamine HCl had been washed out of the flocculate, the flocculate solids content was adjusted to 2%, after which mixing was carried out at high shear rate to reduce the particle size. The resulting fabric was placed in a non-porous form in which it was allowed to dry to form coherent flexible films approximately 0.25 mm (10 mils) thick.

25 The films were then hot pressed at 150 ° C for 3 hours. The films thus obtained had increased rigidity.

1 to 80 parts by weight of epoxy resin, based on the solids weight * 30 of the leaf silicate starting material, can be used to produce the products according to the invention.

Claims (23)

1. A process for producing a flocculated mineral substance which can be used to form non-asbestos, high-temperature and water-resistant products, characterized in that a swollen 2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyamine-derived cations are diamond-derived cations. i * - 2C - 3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the gel-like sheet silicate is a synthetic gellable silicate and the interstitial ions are Li + and / or Na +. 4. The method according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that the synthetic silicate is prepared by selecting a body, which essentially consists of crystals of a water-swelling mica, 5 selected from the group fluorhectorite, hydroxylhectorite, boron fluorophlogopite , Hydroxylborphlogopite and / or their solid solutions and other structurally compatible minerals, selected from the group consisting of talc, fluorotalk, polylithionite, fluoropolylithionite, phlogopite * 10 and fluorophlogopite, contacted with a polar liquid until the crystals swell to form a gel. 5 Silicate with a charge per structural unit of approx. -0.4 to approx. -1 and exchangeable interstitial ions product contacted with at least one type of polyamine-derived cations, in this way at least * * -Z3- between one part carry out an ion exchange reaction of the polyamine-derived 10 cations and at least some of the interstitial ions. 5 diaminoctane and 2,5-toluenediamine. 5. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that the crystals are fluorohectorite. 5 layered silica gel with an average charge per structural unit of approx. -0.4 to -1, which contains exchangeable interstitial ions, is contacted with at least one type of polyamine-derived cations, in order in this way between at least a part of the exchangeable 10 interstitial ions and at least a part of the polyamine-derived cations to carry out an ion exchange reaction. 6. The method according to any one of claims 2 to 5, characterized in that the diamond-derived cations are selected from the group 1,6-hexanediamine, Ν, Ν, Ν'-tetramethylethylene diamine, o-phenyl diamine, 1,2-diamine 5-propane , Diaminoctane and 2,5-toluenediamine. 7. The method according to claim 3, characterized in that the polar liquid is water. 8. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that the silicate is vermiculite and the interstitial ions are alkylammonium cations, the cationic form of amino acids and / or Li +. 9. Flocculated mineral substance, characterized in that it is a swollen layered silica gel A η * # s -ZI - with an average charge per structural unit of approx. -0.4 to approx. -1, which is at least some polyamine-5 derivatives Contains interstitial cations. 10. A substance according to claim 9, characterized in that the polyamine derivatives are diamine derivatives. 11. A substance according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that the silicate was produced synthetically. 12. Material according to claim 11, characterized in that the silicate was prepared by (1) a body which consists essentially of crystals of water-swelling mica with the interstitial cations 5 of lithium and / or sodium, the mica is selected from the group fluorhectorite, hydroxyl hectorite, borofluorophlogopite, hydroxyl borophlogopite and solid solutions thereof and other structurally compatible minerals, selected from the group talc, fluorine-10 talc, polylithionite, fluoropolylithionite, phlogopite and fluorophlogopite in contact with a polar liquid until the crystals swell to form a gel; and (2) the gel so formed is at least cationic 13. A substance according to claim 12, characterized in that the crystals are fluorohectorite. V 14. A substance according to claim 12 or 13, characterized in that the polar liquid is water. 15. Substance according to one of claims 12 to 14, characterized ge- -2-Ζ- ^% y indicates that the diamond-derived cations are selected from the group 1,6-hexanediamine, Ν, Ν, Ν'-tetramethylethylenediamine, o -Phenyl diamine, 1,2-diamine propane, Contacted 15 diamine derivative in order to carry out an ion exchange reaction between at least part of the lithium and / or sodium cations and at least part of the diamond-derived cations. 16. A substance according to claim 11, characterized in that the silicate is vermiculite. 17. High-temperature and water-resistant product with good electrical properties, characterized in that it is made of a swollen layered silicate with an average charge per structure 5 of about -0.4 to about -1, which is at least some diamine derivatives Interstitial cations “contains. 18. Product according to claim 17, characterized in that it also contains an epoxy resin. 19. Product according to claim 17, characterized in that it represents a web. 20. Product according to claim 17, characterized in that it is a fiber material. 21. Product according to claim 17, characterized in that it is a film. 22. A process for the preparation of a high-temperature and water-resistant silicate product with good electrical properties, characterized in that one consists of a gelatinized, water-swellable layer 23. The method according to claim 22, characterized in that the polyamine-derived cations are diamond-derived cations.