KR890003163Y1 - Output voltage safety circuit - Google Patents

Output voltage safety circuit Download PDF

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KR890003163Y1
KR890003163Y1 KR2019860012364U KR860012364U KR890003163Y1 KR 890003163 Y1 KR890003163 Y1 KR 890003163Y1 KR 2019860012364 U KR2019860012364 U KR 2019860012364U KR 860012364 U KR860012364 U KR 860012364U KR 890003163 Y1 KR890003163 Y1 KR 890003163Y1
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South Korea
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resistor
capacitor
diode
circuit
output voltage
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KR2019860012364U
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KR880005330U (en
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이재춘
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주식회사 금성사
구자학
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
    • H02M7/02—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal
    • H02M7/04—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
    • H02M7/12—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
    • H02M7/21—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
    • H02M7/217—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0045—Converters combining the concepts of switch-mode regulation and linear regulation, e.g. linear pre-regulator to switching converter, linear and switching converter in parallel, same converter or same transistor operating either in linear or switching mode
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/0083—Converters characterised by their input or output configuration
    • H02M1/009—Converters characterised by their input or output configuration having two or more independently controlled outputs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
    • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
    • H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from dc input or output

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Dc-Dc Converters (AREA)

Abstract

내용 없음.No content.

Description

출력전압 안정화회로Output voltage stabilization circuit

제1도는 본 고안에 따른 출력전압 안정화회로.1 is an output voltage stabilization circuit according to the present invention.

* 도면의 주요부분에 대한 부호의 설명* Explanation of symbols for main parts of the drawings

10 : 정류 회로부 11 : 첨두치 제거회로10: rectifier circuit unit 11: peak-to-peak removal circuit

12 : 스위칭부 13 : 평활회로부12: switching unit 13: smoothing circuit unit

14 : 오차검출 및 증폭회로부 15 : 광결합구동회로14: error detection and amplification circuit unit 15: optical coupling drive circuit

R1-R17: 저항 VR15: 가변저항R 1 -R 17 : resistance VR 15 : variable resistor

C1-C12: 콘덴서 D1-D8: 다이오우드C 1 -C 12 : condenser D 1 -D 8 : diode

IC1: 레귤레이터 IC2: 광결합기IC 1 : Regulator IC 2 : Optocoupler

본 고안은 스위칭 모드 전력 공급 장치의 출력전압 안정화 회로에 관한 것으로, 특히 110/220V의 교류입력전원으로부터 일정하고 안정된 다수의 직류 출력을 얻도록 한 출력 전압 안정화 회로에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to an output voltage stabilization circuit of a switching mode power supply, and more particularly, to an output voltage stabilization circuit for obtaining a constant and stable multiple direct current output from an AC input power source of 110 / 220V.

종래의 전력 공급장치는 출력단에 연결된 부하가 변동되면, 전력 공급장치에서 부하로 공급되던 출력 전압도 변하게 되어 부하가 정밀 전압을 요구하는 정밀 기기인 경우 일정한 전압이 인가되지 않으면 오동작을 하게 되는 결함이 있었다.In the conventional power supply, if the load connected to the output terminal is changed, the output voltage supplied from the power supply to the load is also changed. there was.

따라서, 본 고안은 상기한 전압을 개선시킬 목적으로 스위칭 모드 전력 공급 장치의 출력 전압을 부하의 변동에 관계없이 항상 일정하게 유지시켜 부하에 연결된 정밀기기들의 오동작을 방지하려는 것이다.Accordingly, the present invention is intended to prevent malfunction of precision devices connected to the load by maintaining the output voltage of the switching mode power supply at all times constant regardless of the load variation for the purpose of improving the above voltage.

본 고안은 다음과 같은 구성으로 제1도에 따라 설명하면 스위칭 모드 전력 공급장치의 출력전압 안정화회로를 구성함에 있어서, 브리지 다이오우드(BD1), 저항(R1,R2), 콘덴서(C1,C2), 스위치(SW1)로 구성된 정류회로부(10)와 다이오우드(D1,D2,D3) 콘덴서(C4,C5,C12) 트랜스(T1), 저항(R5,R6)으로 구성된 첨두치 제어회로(11)와 콘덴서(C3), 저항(R3,R4), 다이오우드(D2) 트랜지스터(Q1)로 구성된 스위칭부(12), 다이오우드(D6,D7,D8) 콘덴서(C6,C7,C8), 평활회로(1,2,3)로 구성된 평활회로부(13)와, 저항(R8-R14), 가변저항(VR15), 콘덴서(C9) 레귤레이터(IC1)로 구성된 오차검출 및 증폭회로부(14)와 저항(R7,R16,R17), 콘덴서(C10) 광결합기(IC2), 다이오우드(D5)로 구성된 광결합 구동회로부(15)를 각각 연결하여 안정된 출력전압을 얻도록 구성된 것으로, 좀더 상세히 설명하면 다음과 같다.When the present invention is described according to FIG. 1 with the following configuration, the bridge diode BD 1 , the resistors R 1 , R 2 , and the capacitor C 1 in configuring the output voltage stabilization circuit of the switching mode power supply device. , C 2 ), rectifier circuit unit 10 composed of switch (SW 1 ) and diode (D 1 , D 2 , D 3 ) condenser (C 4 , C 5 , C 12 ) transformer (T 1 ), resistor (R 5) Peak control circuit 11 composed of R 6 , capacitor C 3 , resistors R 3 , R 4 , diode D 2 , switching unit 12 composed of transistor Q 1 , and diode D 6 , D 7 , D 8 ) Smoothing circuit section 13 composed of capacitors (C 6 , C 7 , C 8 ), smoothing circuits (1, 2, 3), resistors (R 8 -R 14 ), variable resistors ( VR 15 ), error detection and amplification circuit section 14 consisting of capacitor (C 9 ) regulator (IC 1 ), resistor (R 7 , R 16 , R 17 ), condenser (C 10 ) optocoupler (IC 2 ), diode the connection (D 5), the optical coupling driving circuit portion 15 consisting of each configured so as to obtain a stable output voltage If you explain, in more detail as follows.

교류전원(AC)을 브리지 다이오우드(BD1)의 접속점(a, b)에 인가하고, 접속점(c)은 콘덴서(C2)를 통해 콘덴서(C1)와 스위치(SW1)의 접속점에 연결하며, 접속점(d)은 콘덴서(C1)에 연결하고, 또한 저항(R1)을 통해 스위치(SW1)와 저항(R2)에 연결하며, 또한 다이오우드(D)와 콘덴서(C4)의 접속점에 연결하여 트랜스(T1)의 단자(a)에 연결하고 다이오우드(D1)는 트랜스(T1)의 단자(b)에 연결하고 저항(R2)은 콘덴서(C3)를 통해 트랜스(T1)의 단자(c)에 연결하며 트랜스(T1)의 단자(a)는 콘덴서(C4)를 통해 단자(d)에 연결되며, 트랜스(T1)의 단자(d)는 다이오우드(D4)와 저항(R6)을 통해 접지접속되며 다이오우드(D1)는 콘덴서(C5)에 연결하고 또한 트랜지스터(Q1)의 콜렉터에 연결하고, 콘덴서(C5)는 다이오우드(D3)와 콘덴서(C12)를 통해 접지접속되며, 또한 저항(R5)을 통해 접지접속되고, 또한 다이오우드(D3)를 통해 트랜지스터(Q1)의 에미터에 연결하고 트랜지스터(Q4)의 베이스는 다이오우드(D2)를 통해 콘덴서(C12)에 연결하고 또한 저항(R3)을 통해 콘덴서(C3)에 연결하며, 또한 저항(R4)을 통해 광결합기(IC2)의 포토트랜지스터(PTR1)에 연결하고, 트랜스(T1)의 2차축단자(e)는 다이오우드(D6)에 연결하며, 다이오우드(D6)는 콘덴서(C6)를 통해 평활회로(2)에 연결되고, 또한 평활회로(1)를 통해 출력단자(a)에 연결하고, 또한 저항(R9)에 연결하며 단자(g)는 다이오우드(D7)에 연결하고 다이오우드(D7)는 저항(R8)에 연결하며 또한 콘덴서(C7)를 통해 단자(h)에 연결하고, 또한 평활회로(2)를 통해 저항(R11)과 출력단자(b)에 연결하며, 단자(h)는 접지단자(GND)에 연결하고, 단자(i)는 다이오우드(D8)와 평활회로(3)를 통해 출력단자(c)에 연결하고 또한 다이오우드(D8)를 통해 콘덴서(C8)에 연결하며 저항(R8)은 콘덴서(C9)와 저항(R10)의 병렬 접속을 통해 저항(R11,R12)의 접속점에 연결하고, 또한 저항(R9)에 연결하며, 저항(R11)은 저항(R16)을 통해 콘덴서(C10)에 연결하고 또한 레귤레이터(IC1)의 핀(5)에 연결하고 저항(R12)는 접지단자(GND)에 연결하며, 또한 콘덴서(C11)에 연결하고 또한 가변저항(VR15)을 통해 레귤레이터(IC1)의 핀(6)에 연결하고 콘덴서(C11)는 저항(R14)을 통해 가변저항(VR15)의 중간단자에 연결하고, 또한 저항(R4)을 통해 레귤레이터(IC1)의 핀(4)에 연결하며, 콘덴서(C10)을 레귤레이터(IC1)의 핀(3)에 연결하고 또한 저항(R17)을 통해 레귤레이터(IC1)의 핀(2, 9)에 연결하며 또한 광결합기(IC2)의 포토다이오우드(PD1)에 연결되어 저항(R7)을 통해 접지접속되며, 레귤레이터(IC1)의 핀(11, 12)는 출력단자(a)에 연결한 구성이다.The AC power source AC is applied to the connection points a and b of the bridge diode BD 1 , and the connection point c is connected to the connection point of the capacitor C 1 and the switch SW 1 through the capacitor C 2 . and, a connection point (d) is a capacitor (C 1) connected to, and further, and through a resistor (R 1) connected to a switch (SW 1) and a resistor (R 2), and diode (D) and a capacitor (C 4) To the junction (a) of the transformer (T 1 ), the diode (D 1 ) to the terminal (b) of the transformer (T 1 ), and the resistor (R 2 ) to the condenser (C 3 ). connected to the terminal (c) of the transformer (T 1) and the transformer terminal (d) of the terminal (a) is connected to a terminal (d) through the capacitor (c 4), transformer (T 1) of the (T 1) is Grounded via diode (D 4 ) and resistor (R 6 ), diode (D 1 ) is connected to capacitor (C 5 ) and also to the collector of transistor (Q 1 ), and capacitor (C 5 ) is connected to diode ( D 3 ) and a ground connection via a capacitor (C 12 ) Grounded via resistor R 5 , and also connected via diode D 3 to the emitter of transistor Q 1 and the base of transistor Q 4 via diode D 2 through capacitor C 12 . To the capacitor C 3 via the resistor R 3 , and also to the phototransistor PTR 1 of the optocoupler IC 2 via the resistor R 4 , and to the transformer T 1 . 2 and axle terminal (e) is connected to the diode (D 6), the diode (D 6) is connected to the smoothing circuit (2) via a capacitor (C 6), also output through the smoothing circuit (1) ( to a), also to resistor (R 9 ), terminal (g) to diode (D 7 ), diode (D 7 ) to resistor (R 8 ), and also via capacitor (C 7 ) To the terminal (h), and through the smoothing circuit (2) to the resistor (R 11 ) and the output terminal (b), the terminal (h) to the ground terminal (GND), the terminal (i) Diamond (D 8 ) and flat It is connected to the output terminal (c) through the open circuit (3) and also to the capacitor (C 8 ) through the diode (D 8 ), and the resistor (R 8 ) is the parallel of the capacitor (C 9 ) and the resistor (R 10 ). Through the connection to the connection point of the resistors R 11 , R 12 , and also to the resistor R 9 , the resistor R 11 to the capacitor C 10 via the resistor R 16 and also to the regulator Connect to pin (5) of (IC 1 ) and resistor (R 12 ) to ground terminal (GND), also to capacitor (C 11 ), and also through regulator (VR 15 ) regulator (IC 1 ) connected to the pin 6 and the capacitor (C 11) through a resistor (R 14) connected to the intermediate terminal of variable resistor (VR 15), and further pin on the regulator (IC 1) via a resistor (R 4) ( 4), connects the capacitor C 10 to the pin 3 of the regulator (IC 1 ) and also through the resistor (R 17 ) to the pins (2, 9) of the regulator (IC 1 ) It is connected to a photo diode (PD 1) of the coupler (IC 2) Resistance (R 7) is connected to ground, a regulator pin (11, 12) of (IC 1) through a configuration is connected to the output terminal (a).

상기한 구성의 출력전압 안정화 회로에 전원을 인가하면 상용교류 입력전윈(AC110V/220V)은 브리지 다이오우드(BD1)로 구성된 배전압 정류 회로부(10)에 의해 정 류된 후 저항(R1, R2, R3)을 통해 스위칭 트랜지스터(Q1)의 베이스에 적절한 바이어스를 인가하여 스위칭 트랜지스터(Q1)는 턴온되며, 브리지 다이오우드(BD1)를 통과한 전류는 트랜스(T1)의 1차측단자(a,b)와 스위칭 트랜지스터(Q1)의 콜렉터 및 에미터를 통해 접지된다.When power is applied to the output voltage stabilization circuit of the above configuration, the commercial AC input power (AC110V / 220V) is rectified by the double voltage rectifying circuit part 10 composed of the bridge diode BD 1 , and then the resistors R 1 and R 2. , the primary side terminal of the R 3) by applying an appropriate bias to the base of the switching transistor (Q 1) through the switching transistor (Q 1) is turned on, current through the bridge diode (BD 1) is transformer (T 1) It is grounded through collectors and emitters of (a, b) and switching transistor Q 1 .

또한 트랜스(T1)의 1차측에 전류가 흐르면 2차측에도 전압이 유기되므로 유기된 전압은 트랜스(T1)의 각단자(e-i)를 통해 출력단자(a-c)와 오차검출 및 증폭 회로부(14)에 흐르게 된다.In addition, when a current flows in the primary side of the transformer T 1 , voltage is induced in the secondary side, and the induced voltage is outputted through the respective terminals ei of the transformer T 1 , and an error detection and amplification circuit unit 14 is provided. ) Flows.

이때 출력단자(a, b, c)로 흐르는 전류는 평활회로(1,2,3)에 의해 충분히 평활된 후 외부의 부하에 공급되며, 1차측단자(c, d)에 유기된 전압은 콘덴서(C3) 및 저항(R3)을통해 스위칭 트랜지스터(Q1)의 베이스에 공급되므로 전류는 증가하게 된다.At this time, the current flowing to the output terminals (a, b, c) is smoothed by the smoothing circuits (1, 2, 3) and supplied to an external load, and the voltage induced in the primary terminals (c, d) is a capacitor. The current increases because it is supplied to the base of the switching transistor Q 1 through C 3 and resistor R 3 .

또한 각각 다른 전압을 출력하는 트랜스(T1)의단자(e, g)에서 출력된 맥류전류는 다이오우드(D6)와 저항(R9), 다이오우드(D7)와 저항(R8)을 각각 통과한 후 저항(R10)과 콘덴서(C9)를 거쳐 합산된 후 레귤레이터(IC1)의 비교기(I1)에 입력되어 기준 전압과 비교한다.In addition, the pulse currents output from the terminals (e, g) of the transformer (T 1 ) outputting different voltages are respectively divided into the diode (D 6 ), the resistor (R 9 ), the diode (D 7 ), and the resistor (R 8 ). After passing through the resistor (R 10 ) and the capacitor (C 9 ) to be added to the comparator (I 1 ) of the regulator (IC 1 ) is compared with the reference voltage.

또한 출력단자(6) 전압도 저항(R11,R12)에 의해 분압되어 레귤레이터(IC1)의 비교기(I1)에 입력되며 기준전압과 비교되어 부하에 연결된 부하의 변동으로 출력전압이 증가하면 상기 레귤레이터(IC1)의 출력이 크게 되어 광결합기(IC2)에 입력되어 전류가흐르게 되므로 저항(R4)을 통해 전류가 인가되어 스위칭 트랜지스터(Q1)의 베이스 전위는 낮아지게 되어 스위칭 트랜지스터(Q1)는 턴 오프된다.In addition, the voltage at the output terminal 6 is also divided by the resistors R 11 and R 12 and input to the comparator I 1 of the regulator IC 1 , and the output voltage increases due to the variation of the load connected to the load compared to the reference voltage. When the output of the regulator IC 1 is increased and the current flows through the input of the optical coupler IC 2 , current is applied through the resistor R 4 so that the base potential of the switching transistor Q 1 is lowered. Transistor Q 1 is turned off.

이때 트랜스(T1)의 1차측에 흐르는 전류가 제어되며, 출력전압은 일정하게 유지되며, 출력단자(a)는 저항(R16)과 콘덴서(C10)를 통해 광결합기(IC2)에 인가되므로 초기 상태의 궤환회로가 유지된다.At this time, the current flowing to the primary side of the transformer (T 1 ) is controlled, the output voltage is maintained constant, the output terminal (a) to the optical coupler (IC 2 ) through the resistor (R 16 ) and the capacitor (C 10 ). Since it is applied, the feedback circuit of the initial state is maintained.

따라서 본 고안에 따른 출력 전압 안정화회로는 부하의 변동으로 출력 전압이 변동되면 오차검출 및 증폭회로부(14)와 광결합구동 회로부(15)로 구성되는 궤환회로에 의해 변동된 전압 만큼 보상해 주므로 부하가 변동되어도 출력전압은 항상 일정하게 유지되는 장점이 있다.Therefore, the output voltage stabilization circuit according to the present invention compensates for the amount of the voltage changed by the feedback circuit composed of the error detection and amplification circuit section 14 and the optical coupling drive circuit section 15 when the output voltage changes due to the load variation. Has the advantage that the output voltage is always kept constant even if is changed.

Claims (1)

스위칭 모드 전력 공급장치의 출력전압 안정화회로를 구성함에 있어서, 브리지 다이오우드(BD1), 저항(R1)(R2), 콘덴서(C1)(C2), 스위치(SW1)로 구성된 정류회로부(10)내 저항(R1)의 한단은 다이오우드(D1)(D2)(D3) 콘덴서(C4)(C5)(C12) 트랜스(T1), 저항(R5)(6)으로 구성된 첨두치 제어회로(11)내 다이오우드(D1)의 캐소우드단에 연결되고, 상기 정류회로부(10)내 저항(R2)의 한단은 콘덴서(C3), 저항(R3)(R4) 다이오우드(D2) 트랜지스터(Q1)로 구성된 스위칭부(12)의 콘덴서(C3)와 저항(R3)의 접속점에 연결되고, 상기 스위칭부(12)의 콘덴서(C3)의 한단은 트랜스(T1)에 연결되고, 상기 트랜스(T1)의 각 단자는 다이오우드(D6)(D7)(D8), 콘덴서(C6)(C7)(C8), 평활회로(1)(2)(3)로 구성된 평활회로부(13)에 연결되고, 저항(R5-(R14),가변저항(VR15),콘덴서(C9)레귤레이터(IC1)로 구성된 오차검출 및 증폭회로부(14)는 상기평활회로부(13)의 각단에 연결되고, 저항(R7)(R16)(R17), 콘덴서(C10) 광결합기(IC2), 다이오우드(D5)로 구성된 광결합 구동회로부(15)내 저항(R17)의 양단은 레귤레이터(IC1)에 연결되며, 콘덴서(C10)와 직렬 연결된 저항(R16)의 한단은 오차검출 및 증폭회로부(14)의 저항(R11)의 한단은 연결되고, 광결합 구동회로부(15)내 광결합기(IC2)단자는 트랜지스터(Q1)의 베이스단에 연결된 저항(R0)의 하단에 연결되어 구성된 것을 특징으로 하는 출력 전압 안정화 회로.In composing the output voltage stabilization circuit of the switching mode power supply, a rectification consisting of a bridge diode BD 1 , a resistor R 1 , R 2 , a capacitor C 1 , C 2 , and a switch SW 1 One end of the resistor (R 1 ) in the circuit portion 10 is a diode (D 1 ) (D 2 ) (D 3 ) capacitor (C 4 ) (C 5 ) (C 12 ) transformer (T 1 ), resistor (R 5 ) ( 6 ) is connected to the cathode end of the diode (D 1 ) in the peak control circuit (11), one end of the resistor (R 2 ) in the rectifier circuit section 10 is a capacitor (C 3 ), a resistor (R) 3 ) (R 4 ) is connected to the connection point of the capacitor (C 3 ) and the resistor (R 3 ) of the switching unit 12 composed of the diode (D 2 ) transistor (Q 1 ), the capacitor of the switching unit 12 ( one of the C 3) is connected to a transformer (T 1), each terminal of the transformer (T 1) is a diode (D 6) (D 7) (D 8), capacitor (C 6) (C 7) (C 8 ), connected to the smoothing circuit section 13 composed of smoothing circuits (1) (2) (3), resistors R 5- (R 14 ), variable resistors (VR 15 ), capacitors (C 9) regulator error detection and amplification circuit 14 consisting of (IC 1) is connected to each stage of the smoothing circuit 13, the resistance (R 7) (R 16) (R 17), a capacitor (C 10 ) Both ends of the resistor R 17 in the optical coupling driving circuit unit 15 composed of the optical coupler IC 2 and the diode D 5 are connected to the regulator IC 1 and connected in series with the capacitor C 10 . One end of R 16 is connected to the error detection and one end of the resistor R 11 of the amplification circuit unit 14, and the optical coupler IC 2 terminal in the optical coupling drive circuit unit 15 is the base end of the transistor Q 1 . Output voltage stabilization circuit, characterized in that configured to be connected to the bottom of the resistor (R 0 ) connected to.
KR2019860012364U 1986-08-14 1986-08-14 Output voltage safety circuit KR890003163Y1 (en)

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