KR20240050460A - Cultivation methods and culture soil for crops harvested during the ghost season - Google Patents

Abstract

We established a cultivation method for leafy vegetables that is grown at high density and harvested at the ghost stage, called the 1.5-leaf stage. By using potting soil containing 0.1 mg to 1.0 mg of water-soluble aluminum per liter and adding an appropriate amount of superphosphate lime or kaolin lime as fertilizer, soil diseases such as root disease occur even when cultivated at high density. Without this, you can harvest stably. In addition, by using a seeding machine, the time and effort required for sowing can be minimized, and by using a harvester with a sharp blade, late-season crops with a good storage period can be provided.

Description

Cultivation methods and culture soil for crops harvested during the ghost season

The present invention relates to a culture soil used to cultivate leafy vegetables harvested in the late season, and a cultivation method. In particular, it relates to technology for cultivating leafy vegetables of consistent quality while efficiently carrying out high-density sowing and harvesting and suppressing diseases.

The young leaves of leafy vegetables such as spinach, kale, small greens, hard water greens, romaine lettuce, and arugula are sold as baby leaves and used in salads, etc. Baby leaf refers to the leaf vegetables mentioned above harvested at a young age of about 10 to 15 cm, and is mainly mixed and packaged products. There are reports that the flavor is not strong and it is easy to eat, that you can simply take it out of the bag and wash it, and that its nutritional value, including vitamins, is higher than that of ordinary vegetables, so demand is increasing.

Baby leaf cultivation methods can be roughly divided into hydroponic cultivation (patent document 1) and soil cultivation (patent document 2, 3). Patent Document 1 discloses a method of studying the configuration of a plant for hydroponic cultivation, improving the storage period after harvest, and suppressing the overgrowth of microalgae in a nutrient solution tank. Patent Document 2 discloses a method of planting by installing the seeded plug tray itself in a farm. Patent Document 3 discloses a cultivation method that facilitates harvesting by providing an auxiliary tray on a base tray and an additional cover with an opening, and growing baby leaves in each cell through the opening of the cover. .

Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2018-13 Japanese Patent Laid-open Publication No. 11-42018 Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2008-131873

The object of the present invention is to establish a cultivation technology for harvesting at the 1.5-leaf stage, which is smaller than the baby leaf that is generally sold. The baby leaf cultivation method described in Patent Documents 1 to 3 requires sowing seeds one by one in cells or trays, which takes time and effort, and also has the problem of not being able to cultivate at high density. Therefore, it could not be applied to crops harvested at the 1.5 leaf stage. The object of the present invention is to provide a cultivation method in which the baby leaf is grown at a higher density than that of baby leaf and harvested at the 1.5 true leaf stage.

Specifically, we provide a cultivation method that efficiently carries out the process from sowing to harvest of leafy vegetables that are harvested at the 1.5-leaf stage, which is smaller than the 10-15cm leafy vegetables generally sold as baby leaves, and about 5-7cm in plant height. make it a task. Additionally, when cultivated at high density, depending on the conditions of temperature and humidity, there are cases where disease occurs and harvesting becomes impossible. Therefore, we examined culture soils that suppress the occurrence of soil diseases such as soil diseases even when cultivated at high density. The object of the present invention is to provide culture soil that suppresses the occurrence of soil diseases and enables stable harvest regardless of climatic conditions.

The present invention relates to the following culture soil and cultivation method.

(1) A culture soil for growing leafy vegetables harvested in the late stage, containing 0.1 mg or more and 1.0 mg or less of aluminum sulfate and fertilizer per 1 L of culture soil.

By containing 0.1 mg or more and 1.0 mg or less of aluminum sulfate per liter of culture soil, the occurrence of soil diseases can be suppressed.

(2) The culture soil for late-stage harvested crops according to (1), wherein the fertilizer is superphosphate lime and kaolin lime.

As fertilizer to be included in the culture soil, superphosphate lime and kaolin lime are preferable.

(3) The culture soil for late-stage harvested crops according to (2), characterized in that it contains 0.5 g or more and less than 5 g of superphosphate lime per 1 L, and 0.5 g or more but less than 5 g of kaolin lime per 1 L.

In order to harvest in the late stage, it is desirable to use soil containing fertilizer in the above range to prevent aluminum sulfate from combining with phosphoric acid and eliminating the antibacterial effect.

(4) A method of cultivating leafy vegetables harvested in the late stage, using culture soil mixed with 0.1 mg or more and 1.0 mg or less of aluminum sulfate per 1 L, 0.5 g or more but less than 5 g of superphosphate per 1 L, and 0.5 g or more but less than 5 g of kaolin lime per 1 L. A cultivation method characterized by sowing and cultivating seeds at a density of 0.67 or more and 1 or less per 1 cm2.

In order to suppress the occurrence of soil diseases and cultivate late-stage leafy vegetables at high density, it is important to cultivate them in potting soil containing aluminum sulfate and fertilizer.

(5) The cultivation method according to (4), characterized in that the cultivation method is harvested when the true leaves reach the 1.5-leaf stage.

With this cultivation method, it can be stably harvested at the 1.5-leaf stage.

(6) The cultivation method described in (5), characterized in that the cultivation method is harvested by cutting with a sharp blade.

By cutting with a sharp blade, leaf damage that causes discoloration of the leaves after shipping can be prevented.

According to the cultivation method of the present invention, the process from sowing to harvest can be carried out efficiently by sowing at high density and cutting mechanically. In addition, according to the cultivation method of the present invention, the harmful diseases caused by cultivation at high density can be suppressed by studying the cultivation soil, and a stable harvest can be achieved. In addition, compared to crops grown to normal size, leafy vegetables harvested during the late season had good freshness after harvest, did not cause discoloration over a long period of time, and were also evaluated by sensory tests.

[Figure 1] A diagram schematically showing the flow of the soil cultivation method.
[Figure 2] A diagram showing an example of an incoming bottle.
[Figure 3] A diagram showing the results of analyzing the number of soil bacteria.
[Figure 4] A diagram showing the storage period after harvest.

Below, the cultivation of leafy vegetables harvested at the young leaf stage, specifically, the cultivation method from sowing to harvest of leafy vegetables harvested at the 1.5-leaf stage or so, will be described. When harvesting at the 1.5-leaf stage of the true leaves, the plant height is about 5 to 7 cm, and it is generally harvested at a smaller size than leafy vegetables sold as baby leaves. Therefore, these late-stage leafy crops are called petit leaves to distinguish them from baby leaves. In addition, crops such as basil and perilla perilla grown to a certain size are referred to in the specification as commonly cultivated crops, or, for example, if it is basil, commonly cultivated basil.

Vegetables harvested as petit leaves include basil, green perilla, red perilla, amaranthus, trifoliate, parsley, cilantro, spinach, kale, Japanese radish greens, hardy greens, romaine lettuce, arugula, endive, Any vegetable can be used as long as it is a leafy vegetable, such as mini celery, perilla seed, or mint, but since sowing to harvest are carried out over a certain period of time, it is preferable to sow and cultivate a single seed. In particular, because they are small in size and can be used as is without cutting, leafy vegetables such as basil, green perilla, red perilla, trefoil, parsley, mini celery, cilantro, amaranthus, perilla seeds, and mint are used as seasonings and herbs. desirable.

Below, each process for soil cultivation of petit leaf is explained (Figure 1). In order to carry out stable cultivation throughout the year, institutional gardening using an agricultural house is preferable. Therefore, cultivation of petit leaves is based on managed cultivation in institutional horticulture. Measures against high temperatures in agricultural houses are more difficult than measures against heating in the winter, and high humidity and high temperatures can easily cause diseases, so it is necessary to pay attention to the environment, such as installing agricultural houses in well-ventilated locations.

In order to increase the yield per area, it is important to sow at high density, that is, to narrow the spacing between seeds, and to sow at equal intervals. Approximately 1 cm of culture soil was prepared in a seedling box (30cm x 60cm), and 1,600 seeds per seedling box were sown at equal intervals using a drop seeder (Sakanaka Ryokashizai). In a drop seeding machine, after putting all the seeds into the holes of the inner (top) box and then sliding the inner box, the position of the hole in the inner box matches the position of the hole in the outer (lower) box, It has a falling structure. Since the density depends on the size of the plant's leaves at the time of harvest, it is good to set it appropriately, but it is preferable to sow 1,200 to 1,800 seeds in a 30cm x 60cm seedling box, that is, 0.67 to 1 seed per 1㎠. When sowing at the above-mentioned density, the density becomes such that the soil portion is not visible due to the cotyledons and true leaves after germination (see Fig. 2, whole example), and the plants seek sunlight and grow, but at an early stage. In terms of harvesting, there are no problems caused by seals. In addition, although a drop seeding machine is used here, seeding may be performed using a vacuum seeding machine. Since the seeds of vegetables harvested as petit leaves, such as basil, are all very small, suction using a household electric vacuum cleaner is sufficient for the vacuum of a vacuum seeder.

After sowing, in the case of dark-germinating seeds, the sown seeds are covered with soil to an extent (about 0.5 mm to 1 mm) that covers them using a Mikuni-style covering device. Also, even if the seeds are photogerminated, it is better to cover them with soil during the winter to keep them warm. After covering the soil, watering is carried out. By spraying water, fine water droplets are sprayed to prevent seeds from coming out from under the covered soil. Specifically, it is good to use the lotus-shaped nozzle of a watering can specifically designed for gardening and spray fine water droplets.

Below the seedling box, a flat plate that does not permeate water is placed, and a small amount of water flowing out from irrigation remains between the seedling box and the flat plate. As will be described later, in this cultivation method, the thickness of the soil applied to the seedling box is 8 mm to 15 mm with sufficient irrigation, and cultivation is performed with very little culture soil. By arranging the plates, the water between the plates of the seedling box evaporates, so even if there is a small amount of culture soil, it does not dry out. In addition, since plants grow roots as they grow, they can sprout roots from the hole at the bottom of the seedling box and absorb directly. By placing a flat plate, water is supplied to an appropriate level, making it possible to cultivate soft leaves even during the harvest season.

It germinates and is harvested when the true leaves reach 1.5 leaf stage. In the case of basil and perilla, they germinate approximately 2 days from sowing, and the true leaves reach 1.5 leaves in 14 to 18 days in the summer and 22 to 27 in the winter (see Figure 1, photos of basil and perilla). In addition, other plants also grow to 1.5 true leaves by cultivating them for about 20 to 25 days from sowing. After it grows to an appropriate size, it is harvested by cutting it with a blade. If the cross section is not cut cleanly, damage will occur on the cut surface, leading to browning, blackening, and rot. For this reason, it is important to harvest by cutting with a sharp blade. Here, a harvester using a barican-style tea cutting machine (Ochiaihamono Kogyo Kabushikigaisha) is used, but any blade can be used as long as the cross section is cut cleanly. Normally, the Varican type tea stacker harvests by moving the tea stacker, but the Petit Leaf harvester is fixed to a dedicated stand and harvests by moving the cultivation tray (seedling box). By using a dedicated harvester, cutting can be performed at a constant height. After harvesting, petit leaves should be packaged and shipped in appropriate quantities. The tools, machines, etc. used in the above cultivation method are examples, and it goes without saying that agricultural equipment that achieves the same effect can be used exclusively.

If cultivation is carried out at high density, plants may wilt due to incoming disease (Figure 2, area surrounded by dotted lines in example of incoming disease). If a disease develops, it cannot be harvested and it greatly affects the yield, so it is necessary to suppress the occurrence of a disease. Infectious disease is a disease caused by a fungus called piscium that infects through the soil, and often occurs during hot and humid periods from around April to November when temperatures rise. There is a method to control infestation diseases by directly spraying pesticides on plants or soil, but since petit leaf has a short period of time from germination to harvest, around 20 days, when pesticides are sprayed, pesticides may remain on the harvested plants. There is a possibility. Therefore, we considered controlling the arrival disease by adjusting the mixing of the culture soil.

As a result of examining various soils focusing on the antibacterial effect of aluminum, it became clear that the use of soil that eluted water-soluble aluminum could suppress the disease. Therefore, it is better to adjust the culture soil based on volcanic weathered soil containing water-soluble aluminum. As volcanic weathered soil, for example, it is best to use red jade soil. In addition, it is preferable to use a particle size of about 1 mm to 4 mm in terms of water loss. The amount of aluminum that can be eluted from volcanic weathered soil varies widely, but ranges from 0.1 mg to 1.0 mg.

In areas where it is difficult to obtain volcanic weathered soil, potting soil in the neutral vicinity where aluminum does not leach out, for example, desert soil in desert areas such as the United Arab Emirates, red-yellow soil in Korea, and regosol and lithosol (in China) By adding 0.1 mg to 1.0 mg per liter of aluminum sulfate as water-soluble aluminum to potting soil such as lithosol, alluvial soil, or red loess, an effect equivalent to using volcanic weathered soil as the potting soil can be obtained. Additionally, it is possible to cultivate it in other countries or regions using any culture soil.

In addition, in order to appropriately demonstrate the antibacterial effect of aluminum, fertilizer formulations were also studied to prevent the eluted aluminum from combining with phosphoric acid and eliminating the antibacterial effect. In the case of petit leaf, it depends on the nutrition inside the seed for about 10 days from germination until the first true leaf appears, so it requires almost no nutrition from the culture soil. Therefore, it is good that the necessary nutrients are supplied within a period of about 10 days from when the first true leaf appears until harvest. In other words, the potting soil does not need to contain excessive nutrients. Specifically, it is good to mix superphosphate lime and kaolin lime with red clay as fertilizer. If superphosphate lime is included in a large amount, phosphorus binds to aluminum, water-soluble aluminum decreases, and the antibacterial effect is suppressed, so it is not desirable to add more than 5 g per liter of soil. Additionally, if it is too small, growth will not proceed smoothly. Therefore, superphosphate lime may be mixed in an amount of 0.5 g or more and less than 5 g, preferably 1.5 g or more and 3.5 g or less, per 1 L. Additionally, since kaolin lime increases the pH and suppresses the elution of aluminum, it is not desirable to add more than 5 g per 1 L. Also, if it is too small, growth will not proceed smoothly. Therefore, it is good to mix 1g to 5g of kaolin lime, preferably 1.5g to 3.5g per liter. For plants that require additional fertilizer, it is best to spread liquid fertilizer around the time the first true leaf appears.

In addition, it was found that the thickness of the potting soil that is tightly packed in the seedling box is also important. The depth of the seedling box is about 3cm, but it was found that thickening the soil weakens root activity, causes over-watering, and causes disease. Additionally, if it is too thin, the range in which the roots can extend becomes too narrow, which not only causes growth failure and makes it difficult to harvest at the appropriate time, but also makes irrigation techniques difficult. Therefore, the thickness of the culture soil spread on the seedling box is preferably 8 mm or more and 15 mm or less, preferably 9 mm or more and 13 mm or less, under sufficient irrigation. By using the above-mentioned culture soil and performing cultivation by controlling the thickness of the culture soil, it is possible to stably carry out cultivation until harvest without causing any disease even when cultivated at high density.

[Soil bacterial test]

Many soil microorganisms live in the soil and play an important role in material circulation in the biological system. There are both advantageous and disadvantageous soil microorganisms for the growth of plants, but it is generally said that the soil with more soil microorganisms is more fertile and has fewer fungi and bacteria that cause disease. Therefore, a comparison was made of the number of soil bacteria contained in the culture soil for crops harvested during the late season and the culture soil used for normal cultivation (normal cultivation soil).

Approximately 3 g of each culture soil was suspended in 500 mL of tap water, and 0.2 mL of the supernatant was applied to a film medium (3M, Petri film medium viability measurement plate), cultured at 36°C for 24 hours, and the cells began to proliferate. The number of bacteria was confirmed (Figure 3). Compared to culture soil for normal cultivation, potting soil for harvested crops has a higher number of colonies, and each colony is larger, that is, it has been shown that there is a tendency for bacterial growth to be good. In addition, the number of bacteria growing in this medium is estimated to be about 1 million per gram of soil, and it has become clear that it contains about 2 to 3 times more bacteria than regular cultivation soil.

[Sensory test]

Sensory evaluation of the taste of basil grown to normal size (normally grown basil) and basil grown by the method of the present invention was performed. The monitors were not given any preliminary knowledge about the basil of the present invention and conventionally grown basil, but were asked to evaluate the aroma, taste, and hardness (Table 1). Both types of basil were harvested on the day of the sensory test and had a monitor evaluate them.

[Table 1]

The monitors were asked to taste both, and were asked to rate the scent, taste, and hardness of petit leaf basil using the following 5-level evaluation scale using normally grown basil as a standard.

Evaluation standard

◎: Very excellent, ○: Slightly excellent, ±: No change, △: Slightly inferior, ×: Very inferior

As the results of the sensory test show, some monitors said that petit leaf was the same as normally grown basil in terms of aroma, but three people said that it was slightly superior, and it was evaluated that it was superior to normally grown basil. . Regarding taste and hardness, all monitors evaluated it as slightly excellent or very good. Regarding any item, no monitor evaluated Petit Leaf as slightly inferior or very inferior compared to normally grown basil. Regarding the taste, there were evaluations that not only did it taste rich, such as feeling sweet, but it also had an excellent taste that was different from normally grown basil.

[Freshness inspection]

Since differences tended to be seen in the storage period between normally grown crops and crops harvested during the late season, the storage period was confirmed for basil (Figure 4). Normally grown basil harvested on the same day, or basil with 1.5 true leaves, was filled in a plastic pack, stored in a cool and dark place (4°C, refrigerator, vegetable room), and observed daily. No changes were recognized on the first day of storage, but on the fourth day, the leaves of normally grown basil felt a little wilted, while almost no changes were recognized on the petit leaf. On the 8th day, parts of the leaf turning brown in normally grown basil (the part surrounded by a dotted line in the drawing) begin to appear, but in the petit leaf, some wilting was observed, but there was no discoloration. In addition, wilting of leaves (part indicated by arrows in the figure) was noticeable in normally cultivated basil, but no noticeably wilted part was seen in petit leaf.

It is known that plants synthesize vitamins and enzymes that were not present in the seed state at the time of germination from nutrients stored in the seed. It is known that these vitamins and enzymes are present in abundance in late-stage crops, and it is thought that they are effective in improving the freshness and storage period of petit leaves.

As explained above, the cultivation method of crops harvested in the late stage of the present invention not only enables stable harvesting at high density, but also the harvested crops are excellent in flavor such as aroma and taste, and are also usually of the same quality in terms of freshness. It became clear that it was superior to cultivated crops.

Claims (6)

As a culture soil for growing leafy vegetables harvested in the ghost season,
Water-soluble aluminum of 0.1mg or more and 1.0mg or less per 1L of culture soil
Potting soil for late harvest crops containing fertilizer. According to paragraph 1,
Culture soil for late harvest crops, characterized in that the fertilizer is superphosphate lime and kaolin lime. According to paragraph 2,
Culture soil for late-stage harvested crops, characterized in that it contains 0.5 g or more and less than 5 g of superphosphate lime per 1 L, and 0.5 g or more but less than 5 g of kaolin lime per 1 L. As a method of growing leafy vegetables harvested in the late season,
In culture soil mixed with 0.1 mg to 1.0 mg of water-soluble aluminum per 1 L, 0.5 g to 5 g of superphosphate lime per 1 L, and 0.5 g to 5 g of kaolin lime per 1 L,
Sow seeds at a density of 0.67 or more and 1 or less per 1㎠.
A cultivation method characterized by cultivation. According to paragraph 4,
When the true leaves reach the 1.5-leaf stage,
A cultivation method characterized by harvesting. According to clause 5,
A cultivation method characterized by harvesting by cutting with a sharp blade.