KR20210121099A - Inhibition of Algae from Pesticide Treated Materials - Google Patents

Abstract

The present disclosure relates to algae inhibitory compositions and methods of their use for inhibiting algae ingestion of lethal doses of pesticide-treated materials, such as pesticide-treated plant seeds. The algae inhibitory composition comprises an algae repellent and/or a visual cue. The pesticide treated material treated with the algae inhibitory composition will deter algae ingestion of the lethal dose of the pesticide treated material without inhibiting the algae ingestion of the same non-lethal dose of the pesticide treated material.

Description

Inhibition of Algae from Pesticide Treated Materials

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/796,051, filed on January 23, 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

Related Federally Sponsored Studies

This study described in this application was sponsored by the US Department of Agriculture.

technical field

The art relates to inhibiting algae ingestion of a lethal dose of the pesticide treated material without preventing the algae from ingesting a non-lethal dose of the same pesticide treated material.

Pesticides and fungicides have long been applied to a variety of materials including, for example, crops, flowers and plant seeds for protection against insect and plant diseases. Active ingredients used in pesticides and fungicides have been regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since its establishment in the United States. Over the decades, the EPA has determined that many of these active ingredients are harmful to the environment or wildlife, and consequently removed the more harmful chemicals from the list for the better ones. This trend has continued, but still today the registered pesticides on the current list have a negative impact.

For example, toxic substances such as Mesrol® (methiocap) were used in the past to repel algae, but are now banned by the EPA. Mesurol® has a very low LD ₅₀ , so the algae are not repelled by this compound but rather die if ingested in very small amounts.

During the sowing process on commercial grain farms, the seeds are accidentally spilled. Spilled seeds must be buried to prevent wildlife from consuming the spilled seeds, but inevitably some seeds fall from the planter to the ground. Spilled seeds are coated with pesticides and/or fungicides that will be harmful to birds, even if ingested in small amounts by animals.

Pesticides can be lethal to birds in at least two aspects. The first is the direct lethal consequences of consuming sufficiently high amounts of pesticide-treated substances such as plant seeds. For example, 1 corn seed treated with imidacloprid, 3 to 4 treated grain seeds, or 4 to 5 treated canola seeds can usually be lethal to birds. Mineau and Palmer, The Impact of the Nation's Most Widely Used Insect Control on Birds, American Bird Conservancy, March 2013. A second aspect in which pesticides can be lethal to birds is through their sublethal effect, which causes them to disorient or escape from predators. This effect is a kind of poisoning, and the bird can act as a poisoned opponent, eventually killing itself without being able to protect itself. For example, approximately 72 million birds in the United States are killed directly by pesticides each year, but the sublethal effect is ten times more prevalent. Mineau and Palmer, supra.

Application of a full repellent level dose of avian repellent prevents loss of plant seeds, but selective prevention of ingestion of pesticides below toxic levels is not possible by wild animals. Total repellent level doses of bird repellents have been established to be at least 80% repellent based on laboratory feeding experiments. See, for example, Werner et al. , Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 121:190-96 (2009); Werner et al. , J. Wildl. Manage. 72:1863-68 (2008); Werner et al. , J. Wildl. Manage. 72:1007-11 (2008); Werner et al. J. Wildl. Manage. 71:1676-81 (2007)].

However, while it is possible to inhibit algae from ingesting only lethal doses of pesticide or fungicide-treated substances, it is possible to inadvertently ingest non-lethal doses of algae, thereby reducing costs and protecting algae from lethal doses of these repellents. Therefore, low doses of these repellents are required.

summary

One aspect of the present disclosure is a method of inhibiting an algae from ingesting a lethal dose of one or more pesticide-treated substances at a location, comprising (a) anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranil, benzoquinone, anthranilate , caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; and (b) _{applying an algae inhibitory composition comprising TiO 2} , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof to the at least one pesticide treated material to form the at least one algae inhibitory pesticide treated material, whereby algae in the locus Up to about 60% of the inhibitory pesticide treated material is not ingested by algae.

Another aspect of the present disclosure is a method of inhibiting an algae from ingesting a lethal dose of a pesticide treated material, wherein (a) from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranil, benzoquinone, anthranil Late, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan , essential oils, or combinations thereof; and (b) applying to the pesticide treated material an algae inhibitory composition comprising from about 100 ppm to about 2000 ppm of TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof to form the algae inhibitory pesticide treated material. .

A further aspect of the present disclosure provides (a) from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranil, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate , o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oil, or combinations thereof; and (b) from about 100 ppm to about 2000 ppm of TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof.

A further aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of inhibiting algae from ingesting pesticide treated plant seed, comprising (a) anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranil, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, Halothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oil, or combinations thereof; and (b) _{contacting an effective amount of a composition comprising TiO 2} , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof with a pesticide-treated plant seed, whereby the composition on the pesticide-treated plant seed causes the algae to ingest the pesticide-treated plant seed. effective in inhibiting algae, but not avoiding algae from sites containing pesticide-treated plant seeds.

A further aspect of the present disclosure is directed to pesticide treated plant seed comprising a coating, wherein the coating comprises (a) from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranil, benzoquinone, anthranil Late, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan , essential oils, or combinations thereof; and (b) from about 100 ppm to about 2000 ppm of TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof.

Another aspect of the present disclosure relates to a method of inhibiting algae from pesticide treated plant seed, comprising (a) anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranil, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; and (b) applying to the pesticide treated plant seed an amount effective to inhibit comprising _{TiO 2} , CaCO _{3 , or a combination thereof.}

Other aspects, objects, and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description that follows.

Applicants specifically incorporate the entire contents of all cited documents in this disclosure. Additionally, an amount, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as a range or list of upper and lower values and ranges, which may include any upper range limit or value and any lower range limit or value, whether or not the range is separately disclosed. It is to be understood that all ranges formed from pairs are specifically disclosed. When a range of numerical values is recited herein, unless otherwise stated, the range is intended to include its endpoints and all integers and fractions within the range. It is not intended that the scope of the present disclosure be limited to the specific values recited when defining the range.

Justice

In this disclosure, a number of terms and abbreviations are used. The following definitions are provided.

As used herein, the term “about” or “approximately” refers to 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5% of a given value or range. , 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2%, or 0.1%, or less.

The term "comprising" is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the terms "consisting essentially of and "consisting of. Likewise, the term “consisting essentially of” is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the term “consisting of”.

The terms "inhibit", "inhibiting", "inhibitory" or "inhibiting" are sufficient to drive the algae away from ingesting a lethal dose of the pesticide-treated substance, but prevent the algae from consuming a non-lethal dose of the same substance. refers to the degree of algae repellent applied to substances, such as plant seeds, and in some embodiments, pesticide-treated substances, such as plant seeds, that are not effective in repelling (the term "repellent" is defined below). These levels can be varied for different concentrations based on the type of algae. The terms "inhibit", "inhibiting", "inhibiting" or "inhibiting" also refer to the addition of a bird repellent and/or visual cue in an amount such that no more than about 60% of the material available at the site is ingested by the bird. It means the use of an algae inhibitory composition comprising. In some embodiments, inhibition is about 59%, about 58%, about 57%, about 56%, about 55%, about 54%, about 53%, about 52%, about 51%, about 50% of plant seeds in situ. %, about 49%, about 48%, about 47%, about 46%, about 45%, about 44%, about 43%, about 42%, about 41%, about 40%, about 39%, about 38%, about 37%, about 36%, about 35%, about 34%, about 33%, about 32%, about 31%, about 31% or less are not ingested by the algae. Since the amount of algae repellent used is lower than that required to evade (ie, 80% or more), the treated material will not be completely safe from ingestion by algae. However, the amount of treated material inadvertently taken up or ingested by the algae will be below the threshold for algal toxicity.

The term "algae inhibitory pesticide treated material" includes or is added with or containing an algae repelling composition and/or visual cue ("algae inhibitory composition") at an inhibitory level to prevent the algae from ingesting a lethal dose of the pesticide treated material. means a pesticide-treated substance that will inhibit, but not inhibit ingestion of a non-lethal dose of the same pesticide-treated substance.

The term "effective amount" is the amount of an algae repellent added to the amount of visual cue for a plant seed, in some embodiments, insecticide treated plant seed, wherein the uncoated control plant seed (i.e., algae) at the site significant inhibition of algae from the coated plant seeds at this site compared to plant seeds without repellents and visual cues). Actual effective amounts will vary depending on the particular algae repellent and visual cue selected, combination(s) thereof (depending on whether the algae repellent and visual cue are formulated together or separately), algae, plant seed, and environmental factors.

The term “essential oil” refers to an aromatic, volatile liquid extracted from plant material. Essential oils are concentrated hydrophobic liquids that often contain volatile aromatic compounds. Essential oil chemical constituents include general classes such as terpenes (eg p-cymene, limonene, sabinene, a-pinene, y-terpinene, b-caryophyllene), terpenoids (eg citronellal). , thymol, carvacrol, carvone, borneol), and phenylpropanoids (eg, cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, vanillin, saprole). Essential oils may be natural (ie, derived from plants) or synthetic.

The term "insecticide" means a fungicide, insect control agent, nematicide, herbicide, safener, biopesticide, and/or growth regulator. Also contemplated are mixtures of pesticides within any of the aforementioned classes and/or mixtures of pesticides from two or more of the aforementioned classes. The person skilled in the art is familiar with such pesticides, which are described, for example, in Pesticide Manual, 16th Ed. (2013), The British Crop Protection Council, London. Exemplary insect control agents include carbamates, organophosphates, organochlorine insect control agents, phenylpyrazoles, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, spinocin, avermectin, milbemycin, larval hormone analogs, alkyl halides, organotin compounds nereistoxin analogues, benzoylurea, diacylhydrazine, METI acarizide, and insect control agents such as chloropicrin, pimetrozine, flonicamide, clopentezine, hexythiazox, ethoxazole, diafenthiuron, propargite, tetradione, chlorophenapyr, DNOC, bupropezin, cyromazine, amitraz, hydramethylnon, acequinosyl, fluacrypyrim, rotenone, or derivatives thereof. Exemplary disinfectants include dinitroaniline, allylamine, anilinopyrimidine, antibiotics, aromatic hydrocarbons, benzenesulfonamide, benzimidazole, benzisothiazole, benzophenone, benzothiadiazole, benzotriazine, benzyl carbamate , carbamate, carboxamide, carboxylic acid diamide, chloronitrile cyanoacetamide oxime, cyanoimidazole, cyclopropanecarboxamide, dicarboximide, dihydrodioxazine, dinitrophenyl crotonate , dithiocarbamate, dithiolane, ethylphosphonate, ethylaminothiazolecarboxamide, guanidine, hydroxy-(2-amino)pyrimidine, hydroxyanilide, imidazole, imidazolinone, inorganic Substances, isobenzofuranone, methoxyacrylate, methoxycarbamate, morpholine, N-phenylcarbamate, oxazolidinedione, oximinoacetate, oximenoacetamide, peptidylpyrimidine nucleoside , phenylacetamide, phenylamide, phenylpyrrole, phenylurea, phosphonate, phosphorothiolate, phthalamic acid, phthalimide, piperazine, piperidine, propionamide, pyridazinone, pyridine, pyridinylmethyl Benzamide, pyrimidineamine, pyrimidine, pyrimidinonehydrazone, pyrroloquinolinone, quinazolinone, quinoline, quinone, sulfamide, sulfamoyltriazole, thiazolecarboxamide, thiocarbamate, thiophanate, thiophenecarboxamide, toluamide, triphenyltin compound, triazine and triazole. Exemplary herbicides include acetamide, amide, aryloxyphenoxypropionate, benzamide, benzofuran, benzoic acid, benzothiadiazinone, bipyridylium, carbamate, chloroacetamide, chlorocarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedione , dinitroaniline, dinitrophenol, diphenyl ether, glycine, imidazolinone, isoxazole, isoxazolinone, nitrile, N-phenylphthalimide, oxadiazole, oxazolidinedione, oxyacetamide, Phenoxycarboxylic acid, phenylcarbamate, phenylpyrazole, phenylpyrazoline, phenylpyridazine, phosphinic acid, phosphoroamidate, phosphorodithioate, phthalamate, pyrazole, pyridazinone, pyridine, pyridine Carboxylic acid, pyradanecarboxamide, pyrimidinedione, pyrimidinyl(thio)benzoate, quinolinecarboxylic acid, semicarbazone, sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazoline, sulfonylurea, tetrazolinone, thiadia sol, thiocarbamate, triazine, triazinone, triazole, triazolinone, triazolocarboxamide, triazolopyrimidine, triketone, uracil, urea.

The terms “avoid”, “avoid”, or “repellent” mean that at least 80% of the algal repellent treated material, such as plant seeds, in some embodiments, the pesticide treated material such as plant seeds, at the site is ingested by the algae. It means the use of the algae repelling composition in an amount that does not occur.

The term “lethal dose(s)” means a dose or amount of a substance that is lethal to birds if ingested by them. The term includes sub-lethal doses in which the amount may not directly cause death upon ingestion, which has the effect of disorienting the bird or making it unavoidable from predators. This effect is a kind of poisoning, which eventually leads to death because the birds are unable to protect themselves from the remains.

The term "non-lethal dose(s)" means a dose or amount of a substance that is not lethal or sublethal to birds when ingested by them.

Way

Applicants have solved the problem of algae ingesting a lethal dose of the insecticide-treated material through the development of an insecticide-treated material that is inhibitory, but not repellent, of a combination of a bird repellent and a visual signal agent. Thus, the additional problem of inadvertent ingestion by algae of spilled or sprayed pesticide treated materials is also addressed, whereby such materials are coated with the compositions disclosed herein to the inhibitory but not repellent levels taught herein. Ingestion of spilled or sprayed pesticide treated material by these algae is inhibited.

The main difference in the use of repellents and inhibitors is therefore the object of the present invention. If the above purpose is to protect the loss of algae from pesticide treated material, such as plant seeds, as is known in the art, a repellent level concentration (i.e. 80% or more repellent) of an algae repellent / visual signal composition should be used (See, eg, US20160157477, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety). However, as disclosed herein, if the objective is to simply inhibit the algae from ingesting the pesticide treated material, a low level algae repellent/visual signal composition (60% or less repellency) should be used. Although the inhibitory level of the bird repellent / visual signal composition is ineffective as a repellent, it is effective as an inhibitor to prevent birds from ingesting a lethal dose of the pesticide treated material, and a repellent level concentration of the bird repellent / visual signal composition is used It is the amount of avian repellant that does not prevent the intake of the same pesticide treated material in non-lethal doses that would occur if the Cumulative intake of pesticide-treated substances at inhibitory levels is managed below levels of toxicity and behavioral changes that could threaten birds.

Some embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to methods that inhibit algae ingestion of a lethal dose of a pesticide treated material, in some embodiments, a pesticide treated plant seed, but do not inhibit ingestion of a non-lethal dose of the same pesticide treated material. it's about The method of this embodiment comprises applying to the pesticide treated material an amount effective to inhibit an algae repellent composition comprising an algae repellent and a visual cue.

In some embodiments, the algae repellent is anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranil, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino- 4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oil, or a combination thereof.

In embodiments where an anthraquinone is present, the anthraquinone is, for example, 9,10-anthraquinone, 1,4-anthraquinone, 1,2-anthraquinone, 2,6-anthraquinone, 1-nitroanthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 1-aminoanthraquinone, 1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 2-hydroxyanthraquinone, 2-aminoanthraquinone, 2-chloroanthraquinone, 1,5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 2, 6-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone, 2-methylanthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-amylanthraquinone, 2-t-butyl Anthraquinone, 2-(4-methyl-pentyl) anthraquinone, 2-(4-methylpentenyl) anthraquinone, 1-methoxyanthraquinone, 1,5-dimethoxyanthraquinone, 2-(N,N- Dimethylamino) anthraquinone, 1,4-bis((ethenylphenyl)amino)-9,10-anthraquinone, 1,8-bis((ethenylphenyl)amino)-9,10-anthraquinone, 1- ((ethenylphenyl)amino)-9,10-anthraquinone, 1-ethenylphenyl amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 1-((ethenylphenyl)amino)-4-(( 4-methylphenyl)amino)-9,10-anthraquinone, 1,4-bis((allyloxyethylphenyl)amino)-9,10-anthraquinone, 1-(allyloxymethylphenyl)amino-4-hydroxy- 9,10-anthraquinone, 1-(allyloxyethylphenyl)amino-4-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 1-(4-(2-(allylaminocarbonyloxy)ethyl)phenylamino-4 -Hydroxyanthraquinone, 1-(4-(2-methacryloyloxyethyl)phenyl)amino-hydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 2,6-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 1 ,5-Dimethyl-2,6-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 2,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone, 1,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy -2,4,6,8-tetramethyl-9,10-anthraquinone, 2,7-dihydroxy-1,8-dimethyl-9,10-anthraquinone, or a combination thereof. In an example, the anthraquinone has the structure:

wherein one of R ₁ , R ₂ , and R ₃ is —NH——(CH ₂ ) _{m —CH 3} , and the other two are independently _{selected from hydrogen or a C 1-4} alkyl group; n and m are independently of each other integers from 4 to 17 (US2018/0327603 incorporated herein by reference).

In embodiments where an anthrahydroquinone is present, the anthrahydroquinone is, for example, 9,10-dihydroanthrahydroquinone, 1,4-dihydroanthrahydroquinone, 1,4,4a,9a-tetrahydroanthrahydroquinone , or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anthrahydroquinone has the structure:

In the above formula, R _1-8 is independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1-6 carbon atoms.

In embodiments where benzoquinone is present, the benzoquinone can be, for example, 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,2-benzoquinone, or a combination thereof.

In embodiments where an anthranilate is present, the anthranilate may be, for example, methyl anthranilate, ethyl anthranilate, dimethyl anthranilate, diethyl anthranilate, or combinations thereof.

In embodiments where essential oils are present, the essential oils are, for example, peppermint oil, citronella, garlic oil, lavender oil, juniper oil, cinnamon oil, rosemary oil, eucalyptus oil, basil oil, clove oil, lemongrass oil. oil, thyme oil, oregano oil, lemon oil, geranium oil, rosewood oil, or a combination thereof.

In some embodiments, the visual cue is TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof. In _{embodiments where TiO 2} is present, TiO ₂ may be derived from, for example, rutile, ilmenite, anatase, or brookite. In _{embodiments where CaCO 3} is present, CaCO ₃ may be derived from, for example, calcite, aragonite, or vaterite. Accordingly, some embodiments include, for example, anthraquinones and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; anthrahydroquinone and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; plutoranil and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; benzoquinone and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; anthranilates and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; caffeine and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; cyhalothrin and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof; methyl phenyl acetate and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof; ethyl phenyl acetate and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; o-amino acetophenone and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; veratryl amine and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof; cinnamic aldehyde and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; cinnamic acid and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof; cinnamide and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; chitosan and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; essential oils and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or combinations thereof; or to any algae repellent described above, optionally in combination with _{TiO 2} , CaCO _{3 , or a combination thereof.}

In another embodiment, a further method relates to a method of inhibiting algae ingestion of a lethal dose of a pesticide treated material, such as an insecticide treated plant seed, which is an anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranil, benzoquinone, anthra Nilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oil, or a combination thereof; and TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof, contacting the pesticide treated material with an effective amount of the composition, whereby application of the inhibitory level of the composition on the pesticide treated material can result in the algae being treated with a lethal dose of the pesticide. It is effective in inhibiting ingestion of treated material, but includes not avoiding sites containing pesticide treated material.

Additionally, some embodiments relate to methods for preventing algae from ingesting lethal doses of pesticide-treated substances, such as pesticide-treated plant seeds, which are anthraquinones, anthrahydroquinones, plutoranil, benzoquinones, anthranils. Late, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan , essential oils, or combinations thereof; and applying to the pesticide treated material an amount effective to inhibit the composition comprising _{TiO 2} , CaCO _{3 , or a combination thereof.}

Avian repellents, visual cues, or both, may in some embodiments be combined with a suitable inert carrier known in the art. The combination of bird repellent and visual cue may vary depending on the particular goal and method of application. The formulations may be formulated, for example, as solutions, emulsions, emulsifying concentrates, suspension concentrates, wet powders, dusts, granules, adherent dusts or granules, and/or aerosols. In particular, the carrier must be agronomically acceptable and suitable for application to structures, farmland or crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feeds, fertilizers, pesticides, animal or insect baits, and combinations thereof. . Specific carriers include, but are not limited to, water, aqueous surfactant mixtures, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, glycols, ketones, esters, oils (natural or synthetic), clays, kaolinite, silica, cellulose, rubber, talc, activated, vermiculite And it may be a liquid or solid carrier comprising a synthetic polymer. Bird repellents and visual cues may also be combined in a single composition or may be combined in different compositions, and may be applied separately. Bird repellents and/or visual cues may also be mixed with other agriculturally beneficial agents including, but not limited to, UV stabilizers, antioxidants, baits, adjuvants, herbicides, fertilizers, and pesticides including insect control and fungicide. can be combined.

In some embodiments, the applying step is about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 550 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 450 ppm, about 100 ppm applied to the pesticide treated material. to about 400 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 250 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 350 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 450 ppm to about 600 ppm , about 500 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 450 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 250 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 350 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, from about 450 ppm to about 500 ppm, from about 300 ppm to about 400 ppm, from about 300 ppm to about 450 ppm, or from about 350 ppm to about 400 ppm of the algae repelling composition. In some embodiments, the pesticide treated material is about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, about 200, about 205, about 210, about 215, about 220, about 225, about 230, about 235, about 240, about 245, about 250, About 255, about 260, about 265, about 270, about 275, about 280, about 285, about 295, about 300, about 305, about 310, about 315, about 325, about 330, about 335, about 340, about 345 , about 350, about 355, about 360, about 365, about 370, about 375, about 380, about 385, about 390, about 395, about 400, about 405, about 410, about 415, about 425, about 430, about 435, about 440, about 445, about 450, about 455, about 460, about 465, about 470, about 475, about 480, about 485, about 490, about 495, about 500, about 505, about 510, about 515, about 525, about 530, about 535, about 540, about 545, about 550, about 555, about 560, about 565, about 570, about 575, about 580, about 585, about 590, about 595, or about 600 ppm and a bird repellent composition.

In some embodiments, the applying step is about 100 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 1950 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 1900 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1850 ppm, 100 ppm to about applied to the pesticide treated material. 1800 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1750 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1700 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1650 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1600 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1550 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1500 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1450 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1400 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1350 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1250 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1200 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1150 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1100 ppm , 100 ppm to about 1050 ppm, 100 ppm to about 1000 ppm, 100 ppm to about 950 ppm, 100 ppm to about 900 ppm, 100 ppm to about 850 ppm, 100 ppm to about 800 ppm, 100 ppm to about 750 ppm, 100 ppm to about 700 ppm, 100 ppm to about 650 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 550 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 450 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 200 ppm, about 100 ppm to about 150 ppm, about 150 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 250 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 300 pp m to about 2000 ppm, about 350 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 450 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 850 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 900 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 950 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1000 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1050 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1100 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1150 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1200 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1250 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1300 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1350 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1400 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1450 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1500 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1550 from about 2000 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 1600 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 1650 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 1700 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 1750 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 1800 ppm to about 2000 ppm, from about 1850 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1900 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 1950 ppm to about 2000 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1750 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1650 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1550 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1450 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1350 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1300 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1250 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1200 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1150 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1100 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1050 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 950 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 850 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 750 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 650 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 550 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 450 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 300 ppm, about 200 ppm to about 250 ppm, about 250 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 350 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 450 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 850 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 900 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 9 50 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1000 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1050 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1100 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1150 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1200 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1250 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1300 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1350 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1400 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1450 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1500 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1550 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1600 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1650 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1700 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1750 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1800 ppm to about 1900 ppm, about 1850 ppm to about 1900 ppm , about 300 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1750 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1650 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1550 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1450 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1350 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1300 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1250 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1200 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1150 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1100 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1050 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 950 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 850 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 750 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 650 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 550 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 450 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 400 ppm, about 300 ppm to about 350 ppm, about 350 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 450 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 800 from about 1800 ppm to about 1800 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 1800 ppm, from about 850 ppm to about 1800 ppm, from about 900 ppm to about 1800 ppm, from about 950 ppm to about 1800 ppm, from about 1000 ppm to about 1800 ppm, from about 1050 ppm about 1800 ppm, about 1100 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1150 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1200 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1250 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1300 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1350 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1400 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1450 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1500 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1550 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1600 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1650 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1700 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 1750 ppm to about 1800 ppm, about 400 p pm to about 1700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1650 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1550 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1450 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1350 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1300 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1250 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1200 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1150 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1100 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1050 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 950 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 850 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 750 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 650 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 600 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 550 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 500 ppm, about 400 ppm to about 450 ppm, about 450 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 850 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 900 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 950 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1000 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1050 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1100 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1150 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1200 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1250 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1300 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1350 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1400 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1450 ppm to about 1700 ppm , about 1500 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1550 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1600 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 1650 ppm to about 1700 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1550 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1450 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1350 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1300 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1250 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1200 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1150 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1100 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1050 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 950 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 850 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 750 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 650 ppm, about 500 ppm to about 600 ppm , about 500 ppm to about 550 ppm, about 550 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 850 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 900 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 950 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1000 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1050 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1100 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1150 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1200 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1250 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1300 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1350 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1400 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1450 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1500 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 1550 ppm to about 1600 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1450 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1350 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 1300 ppm, about 600 from about 1250 ppm to about 1250 ppm, from about 600 ppm to about 1200 ppm, from about 600 ppm to about 1150 ppm, from about 600 ppm to about 1100 ppm, from about 600 ppm to about 1050 ppm, from about 600 ppm to about 1000 ppm, from about 600 ppm to about 950 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 850 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 750 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 700 ppm, about 600 ppm to about 650 ppm, about 650 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 850 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 900 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 950 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1000 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1050 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1100 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1150 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1200 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1250 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1300 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1350 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1400 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 1450 ppm to about 1500 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1350 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1300 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1250 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1200 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1150 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1100 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1050 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 1000 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 950 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 900 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 850 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 800 ppm, about 700 ppm to about 750 ppm, about 750 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 850 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 900 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 950 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 1000 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 1050 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 1100 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 1150 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 1200 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 1250 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 1300 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 1350 ppm to about 1400 ppm, about 800 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 800 ppm to about 1250 ppm , 800 ppm to about 1200 ppm, 800 ppm to about 1150 ppm, 800 ppm to about 1100 ppm, 800 ppm to about 1050 ppm, 800 ppm to about 1000 ppm, 800 ppm to about 950 ppm, 800 ppm to about 900 ppm, 800 ppm to about 850 ppm, 850 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 950 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 1000 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 1050 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 1100 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 1150 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 1200 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 1250 ppm to about 1300 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1200 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1150 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1100 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1050 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1000 ppm, 900 ppm to about 9 50 ppm, 950 ppm to about 1200 ppm, 1000 ppm to about 1200 ppm, 1050 ppm to about 1200 ppm, 1100 ppm to about 1200 ppm, 1150 ppm to about 1200 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1100 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1050 ppm, 900 ppm to about 1000 ppm, 900 ppm to about 950 ppm, 950 ppm to about 1100 ppm, 1000 ppm to about 1100 ppm, 1050 ppm to about 1100 ppm of visual cues. In some embodiments, the pesticide treated material is about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 310, about 320, about 330, about 340, about 350, about 360, about 370, about 380, about 390, about 400, about 410, about 420, about 430, about 440, about 450, about 460, about 470, about 480, about 490, about 500, about 510, about 520, about 530, about 540, about 550, about 560 , about 570, about 580, about 590, about 600, about 610, about 620, about 630, about 640, about 650, about 660, about 670, about 680, about 690, about 700, about 710, about 720, about 730, about 740, about 750, about 760, about 770, about 780, about 790, about 800, about 810, about 820, about 830, about 840, about 850, about 860, about 870, about 880, about 890, about 900, about 910, about 920, about 930, about 940, about 950, about 960, about 970, about 980, about 990, about 1000, about 1010, about 1020, about 1030, about 1040, about 1050, about 1060 , about 1070, about 1080, about 1090, about 1100, about 1110, about 1120, about 1130, about 1140, about 1150, about 1160, about 1170, about 1180, about 1190, about 1200, about 1210, about 1220, about About 1230, about 1240, about 1250, about 1260, about 1270, about 1280, about 1290, about 1300, about 1310, about 1320, about 1330, about 1340, about 1350, about 1360, about 1370, about 1380, about 1390, About 1400, about 1410, about 1420, about 14 30, about 1440, about 1450, about 1460, about 1470, about 1480, about 1490, about 1500, about 1510, about 1520, about 1530, about 1540, about 1550, about 1560, about 1570, about 1580, about 1590, about 1600, about 1610, about 1620, about 1630, about 1640, about 1650, about 1660, about 1670, about 1680, about 1690, about 1700, about 1710, about 1720, about 1730, about 1740, about 1750, about 1760 , about 1770, about 1780, about 1790, about 1800, about 1810, about 1820, about 1830, about 1840, about 1850, about 1860, about 1870, about 1880, about 1890, about 1900, about 1910, about 1920, about 1930, about 1940, about 1950, about 1960, about 1970, about 1980, about 1990, or about 2000 visual cues.

In some embodiments, the ratio of the visual cue to the bird repelling composition applied to the pesticide treated material may be from about 0.1:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of the visual cue applied to the pesticide treated material to the algae repelling composition is about 0.1:1, about 0.2:1, about 0.3:1, about 0.4:1, about 0.5:1, about 0.6: 1, about 0.7:1, about 0.8:1, about 0.9:1, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6: 1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1:1, about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3.0:1, about 3.1:1, about 3.2:1, about 3.3:1, about 3.4:1, about 3.5:1, about 3.6:1, about 3.7:1, about 3.8:1, about 3.9:1, about 4:1, about 4.1:1, about 4.2:1, about 4.3:1, about 4.4:1, about 4.5:1, about 4.6:1, about 4.7:1, about 4.8:1, about 4.9:1, about 5:1, about 5.1:1, about 5.2:1, about 5.3:1, about 5.4:1, about 5.5:1, about 5.6:1, about 5.7:1, about 5.8:1, about 5.9:1, about 6:1, about 6.1:1, about 6.2:1, about 6.3:1, about 6.4:1, about 6.5:1, about 6.6:1, about 6.7:1, about 6.8:1, about 6.9:1, about 7:1, about 7.1:1, about 7.2:1, about 7.3:1, about 7.4:1, about 7.5:1, about 7.6:1, about 7.7:1, about 7.8:1, about 7.9:1, about 8:1, about 8.1:1, about 8.2:1, about 8.3:1, about 8.4:1, about 8.5:1, about 8.6:1, about 8.7:1, about 8.8:1, about 8.9:1, about 9:1, about 9.1:1, about 9.2:1, about 9.3:1, about 9.4:1, about 9.5:1, about 9.6:1, about 9.7:1, about 9.8:1, about 9.9:1, or about 10:1.

In some embodiments, the bird is a perching bird from passerine, such as sapayoa, ovenbird, anteater, ground anteater, mosquito-catcher, antpittas, tapaculos, tyrant bird, tityra, contiga, manakin, sharpbill, magpie, vireos, jays, crow, tapir Magpies, ravens, larks, swallows, black-footed swallows, chickadees, titmice, swinho's squirrels, caterpillars, nutsches, spaniels, wren, North American flycatchers (gnatcatcher), raven (dipper), bulbul, briar, old world warbler, reed-warbler, donacobius, grass bird, old world flycatcher, starling , old bird, thrush, thrush, thrasher, accentor, wagtail, pipit, waxwing, silky-flycatcher, palmchat, olive wah Olive warbler, long-clawed bunting, wood-warbler, guinea fowl, American sparrow, towhee, junco, cardinal, grosbird, legume , blackbird, oriole, finches, old world sparrows, weavers, pieds, or whydahs.

Pesticide-treated material includes any material that has been treated with any pesticide, particularly at levels that could be fatal to ingested birds. Some examples include, but are not limited to, crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feeds, fertilizers, and animal or insect baits. Seeds include, but are not limited to, plant seeds such as corn, fruits, grains, grasses, legumes, lettuce, millet, oats, rice, row crops, sorghum, sunflower, cornfruit, grass, vegetable or wheat seeds.

A composition of the present disclosure comprising an algae repellent and a visual cue may be applied to the pesticide treated material by any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, the bird repellent and/or visual cue can be an insecticide by spraying the composition on the pesticide treated material or by impregnating the pesticide treated material in a liquid solution of a liquid dispersion of the bird repellent and/or visual cue composition or a precursor thereof. It can be applied to the treated material. In some embodiments, the process of coating the pesticide treated material, particularly the pesticide treated seed, comprises of a "seed box" in which the seeds are stirred while spraying onto the liquid coating containing the algae repellent and/or visual cue composition or precursor thereof. entails use. Fine droplets of the treatment dispersion can be sprayed at a rate that keeps the seeds free-flowing. The treatment materials may also be sprayed onto the pesticide treated materials while they are fluidized in air. Bird repellents and/or visual cues and their precursors can be applied in this way. Note that the pesticide treated material may also be coated by immersion in the treatment solution in some embodiments, and this method involves vigorous drying. No additional coating thickness is required as long as the coating is sufficient to provide an effective amount of the composition comprising the bird repellent and visual cue.

The bird repellent coating can be formulated such that both compositions (i.e., the bird repellent and the visual cue) are applied simultaneously to the pesticide treated material, or the coating can be such that the bird repellent or visual cue is first applied to the pesticide treated material and then the other material. This can be applied step by step so that it follows. The order of the algae repellent or visual cue, when applied separately, is not particularly important as long as the resulting coated pesticide-treated material inhibits the algae from ingesting lethal doses thereof. Also, if the bird repellent and the visual cue are applied separately, the initial coating (ie, the bird repellent or visual cue) may be partially or fully dried prior to a secondary coating with the other ingredients. In some embodiments, the initial coating may be immediately followed by a secondary coating, wherein drying of the initial coating is not performed.

Insecticide treated plant seeds comprising the inhibitory level of the algae repellent composition of the present disclosure may be sown by any known method. For example, in some embodiments, the seeds are sown directly into the soil or sown over the soil. Direct sowing can be carried out, for example, by broadcasting (spreading randomly over the target area), planting rows (measured distance between seed rows) or sowing (eg manual sowing or open-field sowing). have. Due to the inhibitory properties of the coated seeds, spilled or sprayed seeds may be acceptable for the method of the present invention, since such spilled or sprayed seeds will inhibit algae ingestion of the seeds.

Example

Example 1

To protect wild birds from crop seeds (eg corn, rice, soybeans) that have been treated with insecticides such as insecticides or fungicides. Table 1 summarizes a comparison of recommended anthraquinone application rates for repelling and suppressing algae from ingesting a certain amount of seed to allow toxic levels of pesticides to reach the algae. Rejection rates require higher doses to protect algae loss from crop seeds, where less than 5% of crop seeds are lost. This translates to an evasion rate of ≥ 80% in the algae experiments in cages. In comparison, inhibition is explained by ≤60% repellency. Although much less than the dose required to make the birds evade, it is sufficient to protect the birds from accidental poisoning.

Table 1

Claims (29)

A method of inhibiting an algae from ingesting a lethal dose of one or more pesticide-treated substances at a location, comprising:
(a) anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, pluthoranil, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2-amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; and
(b) TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof
applying an algae inhibitory composition comprising to one or more pesticide treated materials to form one or more algae inhibitory insecticide treated substances, whereby no more than about 60% of the algae inhibitory pesticide treated substances at the site are algae A method of inhibiting an algae from ingesting a lethal dose of one or more pesticide-treated substances at a location comprising not being ingested by A method of inhibiting an algae from ingesting a lethal dose of a pesticide treated material, comprising:
(a) from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranyl, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2 -amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oil, or combinations thereof; and
(b) about 100 ppm to about 2000 ppm TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof
A method of inhibiting algae from ingesting a lethal dose of an insecticide treated material, comprising applying an algae inhibitory composition comprising: 3. The method of claim 1 or 2, wherein component (a) of the algae inhibitory composition comprises an anthraquinone. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 160 ppm anthraquinone. 5. The method according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the anthraquinone is 9,10-anthraquinone. 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein component (b) of the algae inhibitory composition is TiO ₂ . 7. The method of claim 6, wherein TiO ₂ is rutile TiO ₂ . 8. The method of claim 6 or 7, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 400 ppm TiO ₂ . 6. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein component (b) of the algae inhibitory composition is CaCO ₃ . 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 160 ppm CaCO ₃ . 6 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein component (b) of the algae inhibitory composition is TiO ₂ and CaCO ₃ . The method of claim 11 , wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 400 ppm TiO ₂ . 13. The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 160 ppm CaCO ₃ . 14. The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the pesticide treated material has a repellency to algae of about 60% or less. 15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the pesticide treated material is an insecticide treated plant seed. 16. The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the algae are prevented from ingesting the lethal dose of the algal inhibitory pesticide treated material, but the algae are prevented from consuming the non-lethal dose of the algae inhibitory insecticide treated material. how not to. A pesticide-treated material comprising:
(a) from about 100 ppm to about 600 ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, plutoranyl, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenyl acetate, ethyl phenyl acetate, o-amino acetophenone, 2 -amino-4,5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratryl amine, cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamide, chitosan, essential oil, or combinations thereof; and
(b) about 100 ppm to about 2000 ppm TiO ₂ , CaCO ₃ , or a combination thereof
Insecticide-treated material comprising. 18. The pesticide treated material according to claim 17, wherein component (a) is an anthraquinone. 19. The pesticide treated material of claim 18, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 160 ppm anthraquinone. 20. The pesticide treated material according to claim 18 or 19, wherein the anthraquinone is 9,10-anthraquinone. 21. The pesticide treated material according to any one of claims 17 to 20, wherein component (b) of the pesticide treated material _{is TiO 2 .} 22. The pesticide treated material of claim 21, wherein TiO ₂ is rutile TiO _{2 .} 23. The pesticide treated material of claim 21 or 22, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 400 ppm TiO ₂ . 24. The pesticide treated material according to any one of claims 17 to 23, wherein component (b) of the pesticide treated material _{is CaCO 3 .} 25. The pesticide treated material of claim 24, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 160 ppm CaCO ₃ . 24. The pesticide treated material according to any one of claims 17 to 23, wherein component (b) of the pesticide treated material _{is TiO 2} and CaCO _{3 .} 27. The pesticide treated material of claim 26, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 400 ppm TiO ₂ . 28. The pesticide treated material of claim 26 or 27, wherein the pesticide treated material comprises about 160 ppm CaCO ₃ . 29. The pesticide treated material according to any one of claims 17 to 28, wherein the pesticide treated material is an insecticide treated plant seed.