CN113329625B - Preventing birds from ingesting pesticide-treated substances - Google Patents

Preventing birds from ingesting pesticide-treated substances Download PDF

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CN113329625B
CN113329625B CN202080010441.3A CN202080010441A CN113329625B CN 113329625 B CN113329625 B CN 113329625B CN 202080010441 A CN202080010441 A CN 202080010441A CN 113329625 B CN113329625 B CN 113329625B
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pesticide
treated
tio
bird
caco
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CN113329625A (en
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K·E·小巴林格
S·J·维纳
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Arkion Life Sciences LLC
US Department of Agriculture USDA
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US Department of Agriculture USDA
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N35/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical
    • A01N35/06—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic compounds containing a carbon atom having two bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. aldehyde radical containing keto or thioketo groups as part of a ring, e.g. cyclohexanone, quinone; Derivatives thereof, e.g. ketals
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M29/00—Scaring or repelling devices, e.g. bird-scaring apparatus
    • A01M29/06—Scaring or repelling devices, e.g. bird-scaring apparatus using visual means, e.g. scarecrows, moving elements, specific shapes, patterns or the like
    • A01M29/08—Scaring or repelling devices, e.g. bird-scaring apparatus using visual means, e.g. scarecrows, moving elements, specific shapes, patterns or the like using reflection, colours or films with specific transparency or reflectivity
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01M—CATCHING, TRAPPING OR SCARING OF ANIMALS; APPARATUS FOR THE DESTRUCTION OF NOXIOUS ANIMALS OR NOXIOUS PLANTS
    • A01M29/00—Scaring or repelling devices, e.g. bird-scaring apparatus
    • A01M29/12—Scaring or repelling devices, e.g. bird-scaring apparatus using odoriferous substances, e.g. aromas, pheromones or chemical agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A01N59/06—Aluminium; Calcium; Magnesium; Compounds thereof
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N59/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing elements or inorganic compounds
    • A01N59/16—Heavy metals; Compounds thereof

Abstract

The present application relates to compositions for deterring birds and methods of using the compositions to deter birds from ingesting lethal doses of pesticide-treated substances, such as pesticide-treated plant seeds. Bird repellent compositions comprise bird repellent and/or visual cue agents. Pesticide-treated materials that have been treated with compositions that deter birds will prevent birds from ingesting a lethal dose of the pesticide-treated material, while not preventing birds from ingesting a non-lethal dose of the same pesticide-treated material.

Description

Preventing birds from ingesting pesticide-treated substances
Cross Reference to Related Applications
The present application claims priority from U.S. provisional patent application No.62/796,051 filed on 1 month 23 of 2019, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.
Related federally sponsored research
The work described in this application was sponsored by the U.S. department of agriculture.
Technical Field
The technical field relates to preventing birds from ingesting a lethal dose of a pesticide-treated substance while not preventing birds from ingesting a non-lethal dose of the same pesticide-treated substance.
Background
Pesticides and fungicides have long been applied to a variety of materials to prevent insect and plant diseases, including, for example, crops, flowers and vegetable seeds. Active ingredients for pesticides and fungicides have been under the supervision of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since its establishment. For decades, EPA has judged many of these active ingredients as being harmful to the environment or wild animals, and therefore more harmful chemicals have been deleted from the list, in turn supporting more beneficial substances. This trend continues and until now there is still a residual negative impact on the current list of registered pesticides.
For example, it has been used in the pastToxic substances such as methiocarb (methiocarb) to repel birds, but are now banned by the EPA. />Has very low LD 50 Birds are therefore not repelled by this compound, but rather, even if the intake is very small, the birds die.
During commercial grain farm sowing, seeds were accidentally spilled. The spilled seeds should be buried to prevent wild animals from attempting to eat the spilled seeds, but some seeds inevitably fall from the sowing apparatus to the ground. The spilled seeds are coated with pesticides and/or fungicides that can harm the animal even if the birds ingest small amounts.
Pesticides can be lethal to birds in at least two ways. The first is a direct lethal result resulting from ingestion of sufficient amounts of pesticide-treated material (e.g., plant seeds). For example, one imidacloprid treated corn seed, three to four treated cereal seeds, or four to five treated rapeseeds can be fatal to normal birds. Mineau and Palmer, the Impact of the Nation's Most Widely Used Insecticides on Birds, american Bird Conservancy, month 3 of 2013. The second way in which pesticides kill birds is through a sub-lethal effect, which causes birds to become disoriented or unable to evade predators. This effect is a form of poisoning, and birds can behave like drunk and eventually die because they cannot protect themselves. For example, about 7200 tens of birds have been shown to be directly killed by pesticides each year in the united states, however, the incidence of sublethal effects is ten times that. Mineau and Palmer, supra.
The use of sufficient, repellent level doses can prevent loss of plant seeds but cannot selectively prevent the wild animals from taking less than toxic levels of the pesticide. From laboratory feeding experiments, a sufficient, level of repellency dose of bird repellent has been determined to be a repellency rate of greater than or equal to 80%. See, for example, werner et al, appl. Anim. Behav. Sci.121:190-96 (2009); werner et al, J.Wildl.Manage.72:1863-68 (2008); werner et al, J.Wildl.Manage.72:1007-11 (2008); werner et al J.Wildl.Manage.
71:1676-81(2007)。
However, what is needed is a significantly lower dose of such repellents that prevents birds from taking only a lethal dose of pesticide or fungicide treated material but allows birds to occasionally take a non-lethal dose, thereby reducing costs and protecting birds from the lethal dose of such repellents.
Disclosure of Invention
One aspect of the present application is a method of preventing birds from ingesting a lethal dose of one or more pesticide-treated substances at a locus, the method comprising applying to the one or more pesticide-treated substances a bird-deterrent composition comprising: (a) Anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; and (b)TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof, thereby forming one or more bird deterring, pesticide-treated substances, wherein less than or equal to about 60% of the bird deterring, pesticide-treated substances in the locus are not ingested by the bird.
Another aspect of the present application is a method of preventing birds from ingesting a lethal dose of a pesticide-treated substance, the method comprising applying to the pesticide-treated substance a bird-preventing composition comprising: (a) About 100ppm to about 600ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; and (b) about 100ppm to about 2000ppm TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof, thereby forming a bird repellent, pesticide treated material.
Yet another aspect of the present application is a pesticide-treated substance comprising: (a) About 100ppm to about 600ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; and (b) about 100ppm to about 2000ppm TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof.
Another aspect of the present application is a method of preventing ingestion of pesticide-treated plant seeds by birds, the method comprising contacting the pesticide-treated plant seeds with an effective amount of a composition comprising: (a) Anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; (b) TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or combinations thereof, wherein the pesticide-treated plantThe composition on the seed is effective to prevent birds from ingesting the pesticide-treated plant seed, but does not dislodge (repeat from) the location containing the pesticide-treated plant seed.
Another aspect of the present application is a pesticide-treated plant seed comprising a coating comprising: (a) About 100ppm to about 600ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; (b) About 100ppm to about 2000ppm TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof.
Another aspect of the present application is a method of preventing ingestion of pesticide-treated plant seeds by birds, the method comprising applying to the pesticide-treated plant seeds a preventing effective amount of a composition comprising: (a) Anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; (b) TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof.
Other aspects, objects, and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art by reference to the detailed description that follows.
Detailed Description
The applicant hereby incorporates the entire contents of all cited references into the present application. Furthermore, when an equivalent, concentration, or other value or parameter is given as either a range or a list of upper and lower values, this is to be understood as specifically disclosing all ranges formed from any pair of any upper limit or value and any lower limit or value, regardless of whether ranges are separately disclosed. Unless otherwise indicated, the numerical ranges recited herein are intended to include the endpoints thereof, and all integers and fractions within the range. When defining a range, the scope of this application is not intended to be limited to the particular values recited.
Definition of the definition
In this application, a number of terms and abbreviations are used. The following definitions are provided.
As used herein, the term "about" or "approximately" means within 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, 0.9%, 0.8%, 0.7%, 0.6%, 0.5%, 0.4%, 0.3%, 0.2% or 0.1% or less than 0.1% of a given value or range.
The term "comprising" is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the terms "consisting essentially of … …" and "consisting of … …". Similarly, the term "consisting essentially of … …" is intended to include embodiments encompassed by the term "consisting of … …".
The term "deterrent" refers to an amount of a bird repellent applied to a substance (e.g., a plant seed, in some embodiments, a pesticide-treated substance such as a plant seed) that is sufficient to prevent (ward off) birds from ingesting a lethal dose of the pesticide-treated substance, but is not effective to repel birds from ingesting a non-lethal dose of the same substance (the term "repel" is defined below). The level may vary in different concentration ranges depending on the type of bird. The term "deterrent" may also refer to a composition for deterring birds using a bird that includes an amount of bird repellent and/or visual cue that is less than or equal to about 60% of the available materials in a location that are not ingested by the bird. In some embodiments, preventing may refer to about 59%, about 58%, about 57%, about 56%, about 55%, about 54%, about 53%, about 52%, about 51%, about 50%, about 49%, about 48%, about 47%, about 46%, about 45%, about 44%, about 43%, about 42%, about 41%, about 40%, about 39%, about 38%, about 37%, about 36%, about 35%, about 34%, about 33%, about 32%, about 31% or less of the plant seeds in one location not being ingested by the bird. Because the amount of bird repellent used is less than the amount required for the repellent (i.e., greater than or equal to 80%), the treated material is not completely protected from ingestion by birds. However, the amount of treated material that birds accidentally eat or ingest will be below the bird toxicity threshold.
The term "avian-deterring, pesticide-treated material" refers to a pesticide-treated material that contains or is otherwise added with a deterrent level of a bird repellent composition and/or visual cue ("avian deterrent composition") such that birds are deterred from ingesting a lethal dose of the pesticide-treated material, but are not deterred from ingesting a non-lethal dose of the same pesticide-treated material.
The term "effective amount" is the amount of bird repellent on plant seeds (in some embodiments, pesticide-treated plant seeds) in a locus plus the amount of visual cue agent that results in significant prevention of bird ingestion of the coated plant seeds in the locus as compared to uncoated control plant seeds in the locus (i.e., plant seeds without bird repellent and visual cue agent). The actual effective amount will vary with the particular bird repellent and visual cue agent selected, their formulation (depending on whether the bird repellent and visual cue agent are formulated together or separately), birds, plant seeds, and environmental factors.
The term "essential oil" refers to a fragrant, volatile liquid extracted from plant material. Essential oils are typically concentrated hydrophobic liquids containing volatile aromatic compounds. Essential oil chemistry can fall into a broad class, such as terpenes (e.g., p-cymene, limonene, sabinene, alpha-pinene, gamma-terpinene, beta-caryophyllene), terpenes (e.g., citronellal, thymol, carvacrol, carvone, borneol), and phenylpropanoids (e.g., cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, vanillin, safrole). The essential oils may be natural (i.e., from plants) or synthetic.
The term "pesticide" refers to fungicides, insecticides, nematicides, herbicides, safeners, biopesticides, and/or growth regulators. Mixtures of pesticides within one of the above-mentioned classes and/or mixtures of pesticides from more than two of the above-mentioned classes are also contemplated. The skilled person is familiar with such pesticides, which are for example found in Pesticide Manual,16th Ed (2013), the British Crop Protection Council, london. Exemplary pesticides include carbamates, organophosphates, organochloropesticides, phenylpyrazoles, pyrethroids, neonicotinoids, spinosines (spinosins), avermectins (avermectins), mi Ermei (milbemycins), juvenile hormone analogues, alkyl halides, organotin compounds, nereistoxin analogues, benzoylureas, diacylhydrazines, METIs and pesticides such as chloropicrin, oxazinone (pymethzin), flonicamid (flonicamid), tetramethrin (clofenazin), hexythiazox (hexythiazox), etoxazole (etoxazole), chlorfenapyr (dicarfuron), propafenozide (prochloraz), buprofezin (DNOC), buprofezin (buprofezin), buprofezin (chlorfenamid), flufenamid (chlormefon), flufenamid (tetramethrin), or a derivative thereof. Exemplary fungicides include dinitroanilines, allylamines, anilinopyrimidines, antibiotics, aromatic hydrocarbons, benzenesulfonamides, benzimidazoles, benzisothiazoles, benzophenones, benzothiadiazoles, benzotriazines, benzylcarbamates, carbamates, carboxamides, carboxylic acid diamides, chloronitriles, cyanoacetamidoxime, cyanoimidazoles, cyclopropanecarboxamides, dicarboximides, dihydrodiazines, dinitrophenylcrotonates, dithiocarbamates, dithiopentanes, ethylphosphonates, ethylaminothiazolecarboxamides, guanidines, hydroxy- (2-amino) pyrimidines, hydroxyacetylaminobenzenes, imidazoles, imidazolones, inorganic substances, isobenzofuranones, methoxy acrylates methoxycarbamates, morpholines, N-phenylcarbamates, oxazolidindiones, oximylacetic esters, oximylacetamides, peptidylpyrimidines, phenylacetamides, phenylamides, phenylpyrroles, phenylureas, phosphonates, thiophosphates, phthalamides, piperazines, piperidines, propionamides, pyridazinones, pyridines, pyridylmethylbenzamides, pyrimidinamines, pyrimidines, pyrimidinone hydrazones, pyrroloquinolinones, quinazolinones, quinolines, quinones, sulfonamides, sulfamides, thiazolecarboxamides, thiocarbamates, thioureas (thiophanates), thiophenecarboxamides, toluamides, triphenyltin compounds, triazines, triazoles. Exemplary herbicides include acetamides, amides, aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid esters, benzamides, benzofurans, benzoic acids, benzothiadiazinones, bipyridines, carbamates, chloroacetamides, chlorocarboxylic acids, cyclohexanediones, dinitroanilines, dinitrophenols, diphenyl ethers, glycine, imidazolinones, isoxazoles, isoxazolidinones, nitriles, N-phenylphthalimides, oxadiazoles, oxazolidinediones, oxyacetamides, phenoxycarboxylic acids, phenylcarbamates, phenylpyrazoles, phenylpyrazolines, isozoles, nitriles, N-phenylphthalimides, oxadiazoles, oxazolidinediones, oxyacetamides, phenoxycarboxylic acids, phenylpyrazoles, and the like phenylpyridazines, phosphinic acids, phosphamides, dithiophosphates, anthranilates, pyrazoles, pyridazinones, pyridines, pyridine carboxylic acids, pyridine carboxamides, pyrimidine diones, pyrimidinyl (thio) benzoates, quinoline carboxylic acids, semicarbazones, sulfonylaminocarbonyl triazolinones, sulfonylureas, tetrazolinones, thiadiazoles, thiocarbamates, triazines, triazoles, triazolinones, triazolocarboxamides, triazolopyrimidines, triones, uracils, ureas.
The terms "repel", "repel" or "repel" refer to using the bird repellent composition in an amount such that greater than or equal to 80% of the bird repellent treated material (e.g., plant seeds, in some embodiments pesticide treated material such as plant seeds) in one location is not ingested by the bird.
The term "lethal dose" refers to the dose or amount of a substance that is lethal to birds when ingested by the birds. The term includes sublethal doses, which, while not in quantity likely to result in death directly after ingestion, can result in birds becoming disoriented or unable to evade predators. This effect is a form of poisoning that ultimately leads to death because birds cannot protect themselves from injury.
The term "non-lethal dose" refers to a dose or amount of a substance that is not lethal or sublethal to birds when ingested by the birds.
Method
Applicants have addressed the problem of birds ingesting lethal doses of pesticide-treated substances by developing pesticide-treated substances having a combination of a deterrent, but not repellent, level of bird repellent and visual cue. Thus, further problems with accidental ingestion of spilled or scattered pesticide-treated substances by birds are also addressed, as such birds are prevented from ingesting spilled or scattered pesticide-treated substances when such substances are coated on the compositions disclosed herein at the deterrent, but not repellent, levels taught herein.
Thus, the main difference between the use of repellents and deterrents is the current goal. As is known in the art, if the goal is to protect pesticide-treated materials (e.g., plant seeds) from losses due to birds, it is necessary to use a repellent/visual cue composition at a repellent-level concentration (i.e., a repellent rate of greater than 80%) (see, e.g., US20160157477, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). However, as disclosed herein, if the goal is only to prevent birds from taking up pesticide-treated substances, a lower level of the bird repellent/visual cue composition (i.e., a repellency rate of less than 60%) should be used. The level of inhibition of the bird repellent/visual cue composition is the amount of bird repellent as follows: which is ineffective as a repellent but is effective as a deterrent to birds from taking up a lethal dose of the pesticide-treated substance and does not prevent the ingestion of a non-lethal dose of the same pesticide-treated substance that would also occur when using a repellent-level concentration of the repellent/visual cue composition. The cumulative consumption of deterring levels of pesticide-treated substances is controlled below levels that could threaten bird toxicity and behavioral changes.
Some embodiments of the present application relate to methods of preventing birds from ingesting a lethal dose of a pesticide-treated substance (in some embodiments, a pesticide-treated plant seed) but not a non-lethal dose of the same pesticide-treated substance. The method of this embodiment comprises applying a deterring effective amount of a bird repellent composition comprising a bird repellent and a visual cue agent to the pesticide-treated material.
In some embodiments, the bird repellent is anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or a combination thereof.
In embodiments in which an anthraquinone is present, the anthraquinone may be, for example, 9, 10-anthraquinone, 1, 4-anthraquinone, 1, 2-anthraquinone, 2, 6-anthraquinone, 1-nitroanthraquinone, 1-chloroanthraquinone, 1-aminoanthraquinone, 1-hydroxyanthraquinone, 2-aminoanthraquinone, 2-chloroanthraquinone, 1, 5-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 2, 6-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1, 8-dihydroxyanthraquinone, 1, 4-diaminoanthraquinone, 2-methylanthraquinone, 2-ethylanthraquinone, 2-pentyraquinone, 2-t-butylanthraquinone, 2- (4-methyl-pentyl) anthraquinone, 2- (4-methylpentenyl) anthraquinone, 1-methoxyanthraquinone, 1, 5-dimethoxyanthraquinone, 2- (N, N-dimethylamino) anthraquinone, 1, 4-bis ((vinylphenyl) amino) -9, 10-anthraquinone, 1-vinylphenyl-4-hydroxy-9, 10-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1-vinylphenyl) -4-hydroxy-9, 10-phenylpropylamino ((4, 4-methylphenyl) anthraquinone, 4-methylphenyl) -10-allyloxy) amino) -9, 10-bis- ((4-methylphenyl) amino) -2, 4-propyloxy-amino) -9, 10-bis- ((4-methylphenyl) amino) 2, 9-bis (N, 4-propyloxy) amino 1- (allyloxyethylphenyl) amino-4-hydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone, 1- (4- (2- (allylaminocarbonyloxy) ethyl) phenylamino-4-hydroxyanthraquinone, 1- (4- (2-methacryloyloxyethyl) phenyl) amino-hydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone, 2, 6-dihydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone, 1, 5-dimethyl-2, 6-dihydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone, 2,3,6, 7-tetrahydroxy-9, 10-anthraquinone, 1,3,5, 7-tetrahydroxy-2, 4,6, 8-tetramethyl-9, 10-anthraquinone, 2, 7-dihydroxy-1, 8-dimethyl-9, 10-anthraquinone, or combinations thereof in some embodiments, anthraquinone has the following structure:
Wherein R is 1 ，R 2 And one of R3 is- -NH- - (CH) 2 )m--CH 3 Two other are each independently selected from hydrogen or C 1-4 An alkyl group; n and m are each independently integers from 4 to 17 (US 2018/0327303, incorporated herein by reference).
In embodiments where anthrahydroquinones are present, the anthrahydroquinones may be, for example, 9, 10-dihydro-anthrahydroquinones, 1, 4a,9 a-tetrahydroanthrahydroquinones, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the anthrahydroquinone has the following structure:
wherein R is 1-8 Independently a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
In embodiments where benzoquinone is present, the benzoquinone may be, for example, 1, 4-benzoquinone, 1, 2-benzoquinone, or a combination thereof.
In the present solution, the anthranilate ester may be, for example, methyl anthranilate, ethyl anthranilate, dimethyl anthranilate, diethyl anthranilate, or a combination thereof.
In embodiments where an essential oil is present, the essential oil may be, for example, peppermint oil, citronella oil, garlic oil, lavender oil, juniper oil, cinnamon oil, rosemary oil, eucalyptus oil, basil oil, clove oil, lemon grass oil, thyme oil, oregano oil, lemon oil, geranium oil, red wood oil, or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the visual cue agent is TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof. In the presence of TiO 2 In the embodiment of (2), tiO 2 May be of rutile, ilmenite, anatase or brookite origin, for example. In the presence of CaCO 3 In the embodiment of (2) 3 May be, for example, calcite, aragonite or vaterite derived. Thus, some embodiments relate to a combination of a bird repellent and a visual cue agent, such as anthraquinone and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; anthrahydroquinone and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; fluoroamide and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; benzoquinone and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; anthranilate esters and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; caffeine and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; cyhalothrin and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; methyl phenylacetate and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; ethyl phenylacetate and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; o-aminoacetophenone and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; veratramine and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; cinnamaldehyde and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; cinnamic acid and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; cinnamamide and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; chitosan and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; essential oils and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof; or any one of the above bird repellent and TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or any combination thereof.
In other embodiments, other methods involve methods of preventing birds from ingesting a lethal dose of a pesticide-treated substance, such as a pesticide-treated plant seed, comprising contacting the pesticide-treated substance with a preventing effective amount of a composition comprising anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratrame, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oil, or a combination thereof; tiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or combinations thereof, wherein application of a deterrent level of the composition to the pesticide-treated material is effective to deter ingestion of a lethal dose of the pesticide-treated material by the bird, but does not repel the bird from the composition comprisingThe location of the pesticide-treated material.
Furthermore, some embodiments relate to a method for preventing birds from ingesting a lethal dose of a pesticide-treated substance, such as a pesticide-treated plant seed, the method comprising applying to the pesticide-treated substance a deterring effective amount of a composition comprising anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or a combination thereof; tiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof.
In some embodiments, the bird repellent, visual cue agent, or both may be formulated with suitable inert carriers known in the art. The formulation of the bird repellent and visual cue agent may vary with the particular target and method of application. For example, these agents may be formulated as solutions, emulsions, emulsifiable concentrates, suspension concentrates, wettable powders, dusts, granules, adherent powders or granules and/or aerosols. In particular, the carrier may be agronomically acceptable and suitable for application to structures, farmlands or crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feed, fertiliser, pesticides, animal or insect baits and combinations thereof. Specific carriers can be liquid or solid phase carriers including, but not limited to, water, aqueous surfactant mixtures, alcohols, ethers, hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons, glycols, ketones, esters, oils (natural or synthetic), clays, kaolinite, silica, cellulose, rubber, talc, vermiculite and synthetic polymers. The bird repellent and visual cue agent may also be formulated as a single composition or as different compositions and applied separately. Bird repellents and/or visual cues may also be formulated in combination with other agriculturally beneficial agents including, but not limited to, ultraviolet stabilizers, antioxidants, baits, adjuvants, herbicides, fertilizers, and pesticides, including pesticides and fungicides.
In some embodiments, the step of applying results in the administration of about 100ppm to about 600ppm, about 100ppm to about 550ppm, about 100ppm to about 500ppm, about 100ppm to about 450ppm, about 100ppm to about 400ppm, about 100ppm to about 350ppm, about 100ppm to about 300ppm, about 100ppm to about 250ppm, about 100ppm to about 200ppm, about 100ppm to about 150ppm, about 150ppm to about 600ppm, about 200ppm to about 600ppm, about 250ppm to about 600ppm, about 300ppm to about 600ppm, about 350ppm to about 600ppm, about 400ppm to about 600ppm, about 450ppm to about 600ppm, about 500ppm to about 600ppm, about 550ppm to about 600ppm, about 100ppm to about 600ppm, about 200ppm to about 500ppm, about 200ppm to about 450ppm, about 200ppm to about 400ppm, about 200ppm to about 350ppm, about 200ppm to about 300ppm, about 200ppm to about 250ppm, about 250ppm to about 500ppm, about 300ppm to about 300ppm, about 400ppm to about 400ppm, about 400ppm to about 500ppm, about 450ppm to about 500ppm, about 500ppm to about 500 ppm. In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments, the pesticide-treated material comprises about 100, about 105, about 110, about 115, about 125, about 130, about 135, about 140, about 145, about 150, about 155, about 160, about 165, about 170, about 175, about 180, about 185, about 190, about 195, about 200, about 205, about 210, about 215, about 220, about 225, about 230, about 235, about 240, about 245, about 250, about 255, about 260, about 265, about 270, about 275, about 280, about 285, about 295, about 300, about 305, about 310, about 315, about 325, about 330, about 335, about 340, about 345, about 350, about 355, about 360, about 365, about 370, about 375, about 380, about 385, about 390, about 395, about 400, about 405, about 410, about 415, about 430, about 440, about 445, about 450, about 455, about 460, about 465, about 470, about 475, about 480, about 485, about 490, about 495, about 505, about 500, about 525, about 510, about 525, about 510, about 45, about 525, about 45, about 510, about 45.
In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments, the applying step results in a concentration of about 100ppm to about 2000ppm, about 100ppm to about 1950ppm, about 100ppm to about 1900ppm, 100ppm to about 1850ppm, 100ppm to about 1800ppm, 100ppm to about 1750ppm, 100ppm to about 1700ppm, 100ppm to about 1650ppm, 100ppm to about 1600ppm, 100ppm to about 1550ppm, 100ppm to about 1500ppm, 100ppm to about 1450ppm, 100ppm to about 1400ppm, 100ppm to about 1350ppm, 100ppm to about 1300ppm, 100ppm to about 1250ppm, 100ppm to about 1200ppm, 100ppm to about 1150ppm, 100ppm to about 1100ppm, 100ppm to about 1050ppm, 100ppm to about 1000ppm, 100ppm to about 950ppm, 100ppm to about 900ppm 100ppm to about 850ppm, 100ppm to about 800ppm, 100ppm to about 750ppm, 100ppm to about 700ppm, 100ppm to about 650ppm, about 100ppm to about 600ppm, about 100ppm to about 550ppm, about 100ppm to about 500ppm, about 100ppm to about 450ppm, about 100ppm to about 400ppm, about 100ppm to about 350ppm, about 100ppm to about 300ppm, about 100ppm to about 250ppm, about 100ppm to about 200ppm, about 100ppm to about 150ppm, about 150ppm to about 2000ppm, about 200ppm to about 2000ppm, about 250ppm to about 2000ppm, about 300ppm to about 2000ppm, about 350ppm to about 2000ppm, about 400ppm to about 2000ppm, about 450ppm to about 2000ppm 100ppm to about 850ppm, 100ppm to about 800ppm, 100ppm to about 750ppm, 100ppm to about 700ppm, 100ppm to about 650ppm, about 100ppm to about 600ppm, about 100ppm to about 550ppm, about 100ppm to about 500ppm, about 100ppm to about 450ppm, about 100ppm to about 400ppm, about 100ppm to about 350ppm, about 100ppm to about 300ppm, and about 100ppm to about 250ppm, about 100ppm to about 200ppm, about 100ppm to about 150ppm, about 150ppm to about 2000ppm, about 200ppm to about 2000ppm, about 250ppm to about 2000ppm, about 300ppm to about 2000ppm, about 350ppm to about 2000ppm, about 400ppm to about 2000ppm, about 450ppm to about 2000ppm, about, about 200ppm to about 1200ppm, about 200ppm to about 1150ppm, about 200ppm to about 1100ppm, about 200ppm to about 1050ppm, about 200ppm to about 1000ppm, about 200ppm to about 950ppm, about 200ppm to about 900ppm, about 200ppm to about 850ppm, about 200ppm to about 800ppm, about 200ppm to about 750ppm, about 200ppm to about 700ppm, about 200ppm to about 650ppm, about 200ppm to about 600ppm, about 200ppm to about 550ppm, about 200ppm to about 500ppm, about 200ppm to about 450ppm, about 200ppm to about 400ppm, about 200ppm to about 350ppm, about 200ppm to about 300ppm, about 200ppm to about 250ppm, about 250ppm to about 1900ppm, about 300ppm to about 1900ppm about 350ppm to about 1900ppm, about 450ppm to about 1900ppm, about 500ppm to about 1900ppm, about 550ppm to about 1900ppm, about 600ppm to about 1900ppm, about 650ppm to about 1900ppm, about 700ppm to about 1900ppm, about 750ppm to about 1900ppm, about 800ppm to about 1900ppm, about 850ppm to about 1900ppm, about 900ppm to about 1900ppm, about 950ppm to about 1900ppm, about 1000ppm to about 1900ppm, about 1050ppm to about 1900ppm, about 1100ppm to about 1900ppm, about 1150ppm to about 1900ppm, about 1200ppm to about 1900ppm, about 1250ppm to about 1900ppm, about 1300ppm to about 1900ppm, about 1350ppm to about 1900ppm from about 1400ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 1450ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 1500ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 1550ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 1600ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 1650ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 1750ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 1800ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 1850ppm to about 1900ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1800ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1750ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1700ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1650ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1600ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1550ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1500ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1450ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1400ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1350ppm, from about 300ppm to about 1300ppm about 300ppm to about 1250ppm, about 300ppm to about 1150ppm, about 300ppm to about 1100ppm, about 300ppm to about 1050ppm, about 300ppm to about 1000ppm, about 300ppm to about 950ppm, about 300ppm to about 900ppm, about 300ppm to about 850ppm, about 300ppm to about 800ppm, about 300ppm to about 750ppm, about 300ppm to about 650ppm, about 300ppm to about 600ppm, about 300ppm to about 550ppm, about 300ppm to about 500ppm, about 300ppm to about 450ppm, about 300ppm to about 400ppm, about 300ppm to about 350ppm, about 350ppm to about 1800ppm, about 400ppm to about 1800ppm, about 450ppm to about 1800ppm, about 500ppm to about 1800ppm, about 550ppm to about 1800ppm, about 600ppm to about 1800ppm, about 650ppm to about 1800ppm, about 700ppm to about 1800ppm, about 750ppm to about 1800ppm, about 800ppm to about 1800ppm, about 900ppm to about 1800ppm, about 850ppm to about 1800ppm, about 900ppm to about 1800ppm, about 950ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1000ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1050ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1100ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1150ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1200ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1250ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1300ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1350ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1400ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1450ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1500ppm to about 1800ppm about 1550ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1600ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1650ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1700ppm to about 1800ppm, about 1750ppm to about 1800ppm, about 400ppm to about 1700ppm, about 400ppm to about 1650ppm, about 400ppm to about 1600ppm, about 400ppm to about 1550ppm, about 400ppm to about 1500ppm, about 400ppm to about 1450ppm, about 400ppm to about 1400ppm, about 400ppm to about 1350ppm, about 400ppm to about 1300ppm, about 400ppm to about 1250ppm, about 400ppm to about 1200ppm, about 400ppm to about 1150ppm, about 400ppm to about 1100ppm, about 400ppm to about 1050ppm, about 400ppm to about 1000ppm, about 400ppm to about 950ppm, about 400ppm to about 1450ppm about 400ppm to about 900ppm, about 400ppm to about 850ppm, about 400ppm to about 800ppm, about 400ppm to about 750ppm, about 400ppm to about 700ppm, about 400ppm to about 650ppm, about 400ppm to about 600ppm, about 400ppm to about 550ppm, about 400ppm to about 500ppm, about 400ppm to about 450ppm, about 450ppm to about 1700ppm, about 500ppm to about 1700ppm, about 550ppm to about 1700ppm, about 600ppm to about 1700ppm, about 650ppm to about 1700ppm, about 700ppm to about 1700ppm, about 750ppm to about 1700ppm, about 800ppm to about 1700ppm, about 850ppm to about 1700ppm, about 900ppm to about 1700ppm, about 950ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1000ppm to about 1700ppm about 1050ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1100ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1150ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1200ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1250ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1300ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1350ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1400ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1450ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1500ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1550ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1600ppm to about 1700ppm, about 1650ppm to about 1700ppm, about 500ppm to about 1600ppm, about 500ppm to about 1550ppm, about 500ppm to about 1500ppm, about 500ppm to about 1450ppm, about 500ppm to about 1400ppm, about 500ppm to about 1350ppm, about 500ppm to about 1300ppm, about 500ppm to about 1250ppm, about 500ppm to about 1700ppm, from about 500ppm to about 1200ppm, from about 500ppm to about 1150ppm, from about 500ppm to about 1100ppm, from about 500ppm to about 1050ppm, from about 500ppm to about 1000ppm, from about 500ppm to about 950ppm, from about 500ppm to about 900ppm, from about 500ppm to about 850ppm, from about 500ppm to about 800ppm, from about 500ppm to about 750ppm, from about 500ppm to about 700ppm, from about 500ppm to about 650ppm, from about 500ppm to about 600ppm, from about 500ppm to about 550ppm, from about 550ppm to about 1600ppm, from about 600ppm to about 1600ppm, from about 650ppm to about 1600ppm, from about 700ppm to about 1600ppm, from about 750ppm to about 1600ppm, from about 800ppm to about 1600ppm, from about 850ppm to about 1600ppm, from about 900ppm to about 1600ppm about 950ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1000ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1050ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1100ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1150ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1200ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1250ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1300ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1350ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1400ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1450ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1500ppm to about 1600ppm, about 1550ppm to about 1600ppm, about 600ppm to about 1500ppm, about 600ppm to about 1450ppm, about 600ppm to about 1400ppm, about 600ppm to about 1350ppm, about 600ppm to about 1300ppm, about 600ppm to about 1250ppm, about 600ppm to about 1200ppm, about 600ppm to about 1150ppm about 600ppm to about 1100ppm, about 600ppm to about 1050ppm, about 600ppm to about 1000ppm, about 600ppm to about 950ppm, about 600ppm to about 900ppm, about 600ppm to about 850ppm, about 600ppm to about 800ppm, about 600ppm to about 750ppm, about 600ppm to about 700ppm, about 600ppm to about 650ppm, about 650ppm to about 1500ppm, about 700ppm to about 1500ppm, about 750ppm to about 1500ppm, about 800ppm to about 1500ppm, about 850ppm to about 1500ppm, about 900ppm to about 1500ppm, about 950ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1000ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1050ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1100ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1150ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1200ppm to about 1500ppm about 1250ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1300ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1350ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1400ppm to about 1500ppm, about 1450ppm to about 1500ppm, about 700ppm to about 1400ppm, about 700ppm to about 1350ppm, about 700ppm to about 1300ppm, about 700ppm to about 1250ppm, about 700ppm to about 1200ppm, about 700ppm to about 1150ppm, about 700ppm to about 1100ppm, about 700ppm to about 1050ppm, about 700ppm to about 1000ppm, about 700ppm to about 950ppm, about 700ppm to about 900ppm, about 700ppm to about 850ppm, about 700ppm to about 800ppm, about 700ppm to about 750ppm, about 750ppm to about 1400ppm, about 800ppm to about 1400ppm, about, about 850ppm to about 1400ppm, about 900ppm to about 1400ppm, about 950ppm to about 1400ppm, about 1000ppm to about 1400ppm, about 1050ppm to about 1400ppm, about 1100ppm to about 1400ppm, about 1150ppm to about 1400ppm, about 1200ppm to about 1400ppm, about 1250ppm to about 1400ppm, about 1300ppm to about 1400ppm, about 1350ppm to about 1400ppm, about 800ppm to about 1300ppm, 800ppm to about 1250ppm, 800ppm to about 1200ppm, 800ppm to about 1150ppm, 800ppm to about 1100ppm, 800ppm to about 1050ppm, 800ppm to about 1000ppm, 800ppm to about 950ppm, 800ppm to about 900ppm, 800ppm to about 850ppm, 850 to about 1300ppm, 900ppm to about 1300ppm, 950ppm to about 1300ppm 1000ppm to about 1300ppm, 1050ppm to about 1300ppm, 1100ppm to about 1300ppm, 1150ppm to about 1300ppm, 1200ppm to about 1300ppm, 1250ppm to about 1300ppm, 900ppm to about 1200ppm, 900ppm to about 1150ppm, 900ppm to about 1100ppm, 900ppm to about 1050ppm, 900ppm to about 1000ppm, 900ppm to about 950ppm, 950ppm to about 1200ppm, 1000ppm to about 1200ppm, 1050ppm to about 1200ppm, 1100ppm to about 1200ppm, 1150ppm to about 1200ppm, 900ppm to about 1100ppm, 900ppm to about 1050ppm, 900ppm to about 1000ppm, 900ppm to about 950ppm, 950ppm to about 1100ppm, 1000ppm to about 1100ppm, 1050ppm to about 1100ppm of the visual cue agent is applied to the pesticide treated material. In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments, the pesticide-treated material includes about 100, about 110, about 120, about 130, about 140, about 150, about 160, about 170, about 180, about 190, about 200, about 210, about 220, about 230, about 240, about 250, about 260, about 270, about 280, about 290, about 300, about 310, about 320, about 330, about 340, about 350, about 360, about 370, about 380, about 390, about 400, about 410, about 420, about 430, about 440, about 450, about 460, about 470, about 480, about 490, about 500, about 510, about 520, about 530, about 540, about 550, about 560, about 570, about 580, about 590, about 600, about 610, about 620, about 630, about 640, about 650, about 660, about 670, about 680, about 690, about 700, about 710, about 720, about 730, about 740, about 750, about 760, about 770, about 780, about 800, about 810, about 820, about 830, about 840, about 870, about 890, about 900, about 890, about 860, about 890, about 900, about 80. About 950, about 960, about 970, about 980, about 990, about 1000, about 1010, about 1020, about 1030, about 1040, about 1050, about 1060, about 1070, about 1080, about 1090, about 1100, about 1110, about 1120, about 1130, about 1140, about 1150, about 1160, about 1170, about 1180, about 1190, about 1200, about 1210, about 1220, about 1230, about 1240, about 1250, about 1260, about 1270, about 1280, about 1290, about 1300, about 1310, about 1320, about 1330, about 1340, about 1350, about about 1360, about 1370, about 1380, about 1390, about 1400, about 1410, about 1420, about 1430, about 1440, about 1450, about 1460, about 1470, about 1480, about 1490, about 1500, about 1510, about 1520, about 1530, about 1540, about 1550, about 1560, about 1570, about 1580, about 1590, about 1600, about 1610, about 1620, about 1630, about 1640, about 1650, about 1660, about 1670, about 1680, about 1690, about 1700, about 1710, about 1720, about 1730, about 1740, about, about 1750, about 1760, about 1770, about 1780, about 1790, about 1800, about 1810, about 1820, about 1830, about 1840, about 1850, about 1860, about 1870, about 1880, about 1890, about 1900, about 1910, about 1920, about 1930, about 1940, about 1950, about 1960, about 1970, about 1980, about 1990, or about 2000.
In some embodiments, the ratio of visual cue agent to bird repellent composition applied to the pesticide-treated substance may be from about 0.1:1 to about 10:1. In some embodiments of the present invention, in some embodiments, the ratio of visual cue agent to bird repellent applied to the pesticide-treated material may be about 0.1:1, about 0.2:1, about 0.3:1, about 0.4:1, about 0.5:1, about 0.6:1, about 0.7:1, about 0.8:1, about 0.9:1, about 1:1, about 1.1:1, about 1.2:1, about 1.3:1, about 1.4:1, about 1.5:1, about 1.6:1, about 1.7:1, about 1.8:1, about 1.9:1, about 2:1:1: about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3.0:1, about 3.1:1, about 3.2:1, about 3.3:1, about 3.4:1, about 3.5:1, about 3.6:1, about 3.7:1, about 3.8:1, about 3.9:1, about 4:1, about 4.1:1, about 4.2:1, about 4.3:1, about 4.4:1, about 4.5:1, about 4.6:1, about 4.7:1 about 2.2:1, about 2.3:1, about 2.4:1, about 2.5:1, about 2.6:1, about 2.7:1, about 2.8:1, about 2.9:1, about 3.0:1, about 3.1:1, about 3.2:1, about 3.3:1, about 3.4:1, about 2.7:1, about 3.8:1, about 3.0:1, about 3.1:1, about 3.2:1, about 3.4:1 about 3.5:1, about 3.6:1, about 3.7:1, about 3.8:1, about 3.9:1, about 4:1, about 4.1:1, about 4.2:1, about 4.3:1, about 4.4:1, about 4.5:1, about 4.6:1, about 4.7:1, about 4.1.
In some embodiments, the bird may be, for example, a woody bird from the order of the sparrow (Passeriformes), such as large mouth bird (sapayoa), kitchen nest bird, ant bird, ground ant bird, mosquito bird, antpatas, tail rat bird (tapacuos), king (tyrant flycatchers), tityras, contigas, dwarf bird, spiny beak bird, bureau bird, rhododendron, pine, crow (crows), magpie, crow (ravens), larks (larks), larks (bird's nest, purple clits (martins), peacock (chickadses), northern mountain sparks (titm), climbing sparks, cluster sparks (bushits), five-seed sparks, spiny peaches, 40554, american food bird, river bird, night bird, chinquail, golden crown 40554, willow, old bird's mouth (Old World warblers), warrior, black pears, peaches (cops) doracolus, grass warrior, old world tyrant (Old World flycatchers), 26891, mexican, frown, jetshell, jetspecies , threshers, rock pipit, , pipit, taiping bird, silk (silk-fluoro-joints), palmchats, olive, iron claw , linying, tang Na, sparrow, red eye sparrow, jungle, red eye, pine, european crow (blackbirds), north american grassland, north american cow, american black feather, 26891-line sparrow (grackles), golden bird (oriole), bird (finches), old world sparrow (Old World sparrows), favers, estrildid finches, or vicdary birds (wwechs).
Pesticide-treated substances include any substance treated with any pesticide, particularly at pesticide levels that are lethal to ingested birds. Some examples include, but are not limited to, crops, seeds, seedlings, orchards, vineyards, livestock feeds, fertilizers, and animal or insect baits. Seeds include, but are not limited to, plant seeds such as seeds of corn, fruit, grain, grass, legumes, lettuce, millet, oats, rice, row crops (row crops), sorghum, sunflower, tree nuts, turf, vegetables, or wheat.
The compositions of the present application comprising a bird repellent and a visual cue agent may be applied to the pesticide-treated material by any method known to those skilled in the art. For example, bird repellents and/or visual cues may be applied to pesticide-treated substances by: the composition is sprayed onto the pesticide-treated material or the pesticide-treated material is immersed in a liquid dispersion of bird repellents and/or visual cues or a liquid solution of their precursors. In some embodiments, the method of coating pesticide-treated materials, particularly pesticide-treated seeds, includes using a "seed box" in which the seeds are agitated while a liquid coating containing a bird repellent/visual cue composition or a precursor thereof is sprayed. Fine droplets of the treatment dispersion may be sprayed at a rate that keeps the seeds free flowing. The treatment materials may also be sprayed onto the pesticide-treated material while they are fluidized in air. Bird repellents and/or visual cues and their precursors may be applied in this manner. In some embodiments, the pesticide-treated material may also be applied by dipping into the treatment solution, noting that the method involves high intensity drying. No further coating thickness is required as long as the coating is sufficient to provide an effective amount of the composition comprising the bird repellent and the visual cue agent.
The bird repellent coating may be formulated such that both compositions (i.e., the bird repellent and visual cue agent) are applied to the pesticide-treated substance simultaneously, or the coating may be applied in steps, with the bird repellent or visual cue agent being applied to the pesticide-treated substance first, followed by the other component. The order of the bird repellent or visual cue is not particularly important if applied alone, so long as the resulting coated pesticide-treated material prevents birds from taking up their lethal dose. In addition, if the bird repellent and visual cue agent are applied separately, it may be allowed to partially or completely dry the initial coating (i.e., bird repellent or visual cue agent) and then be coated with another component. In some embodiments, the second coating may be prepared quickly after the initial coating, wherein the initial coating is not dried.
The pesticide-treated plant seeds of the present application comprising a deterrent level of the bird repellent composition may be planted by any known method. For example, in some embodiments, the seeds are sown directly into or spread over the soil. Direct seeding may be achieved by, for example, broadcasting (random broadcasting over the target area), line planting (measuring the distance between seed lines), or seeding (e.g., manual seeding or open field seeding). Due to the deterrent properties of the coated seeds, the present method may accept spilled or scattered seeds, as such spilled or scattered seeds may deter birds from ingesting the seeds.
Examples
Example 1
The aim is to protect wild birds from crop seeds (e.g. corn, rice, soybean) treated with pesticides such as insecticides or fungicides. Table 1 summarizes in a comparative manner the recommended anthraquinone application rates (fluid ounces per hundred weight of seed) for repelling and preventing wild birds from taking up a certain amount of seed to achieve toxic levels of pesticide in the birds. In the case of the objective of protecting crop seeds from losses by birds (where less than 5% of the crop seeds are lost), the rate of repellency would require a higher dose, which means that the rate of repellency is greater than or equal to 80% in the caged bird test. In contrast, the inhibition is described as a repellency of 60%. Well below the necessary dose to keep birds away but sufficient to prevent accidental poisoning of birds.
TABLE 1
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Claims (27)

1. A method of preventing birds from ingesting a lethal dose of a pesticide-treated substance, the method comprising applying to the pesticide-treated substance a bird-preventing composition comprising:
(a) 100ppm to 600ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; and
(b) 100 ppm to 2000 ppm TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof;
thereby forming a pesticide-treated material that is resistant to birds, wherein the pesticide-treated material has a repellency rate of 60% or less to the birds.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein component (a) of the bird deterring composition comprises anthraquinone.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 160 ppm anthraquinone.
4. A method according to claim 2 or 3, wherein the anthraquinone is 9, 10-anthraquinone.
5. A method according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein component (b) of the bird deterring composition is TiO 2 。
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the TiO 2 Is rutile TiO 2 。
7. The method of claim 5 wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 400 ppm TiO 2 。
8. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein component (b) of the bird deterring composition is CaCO 3 。
9. The method of claim 8, whereinThe pesticide-treated material contained 160 ppm CaCO 3 。
10. A method according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein component (b) of the bird deterring composition is TiO 2 And CaCO (CaCO) 3 。
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 400 ppm TiO 2 。
12. The method of claim 10, wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 160 ppm CaCO 3 。
13. A method according to any one of claims 1-3, the pesticide-treated substance being a pesticide-treated plant seed.
14. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the bird is prevented from ingesting a lethal dose of the bird-deterring, pesticide-treated substance, but is not prevented from ingesting a non-lethal dose of the bird-deterring, pesticide-treated substance.
15. A pesticide-treated substance comprising:
(a) 100 ppm to 600 ppm of anthraquinone, anthrahydroquinone, fluoroamide, benzoquinone, anthranilate, caffeine, cyhalothrin, methyl phenylacetate, ethyl phenylacetate, o-aminoacetophenone, 2-amino-4, 5-dimethyl acetophenone, veratramine, cinnamaldehyde, cinnamic acid, cinnamamide, chitosan, essential oils, or combinations thereof; and
(b) 100 ppm to 2000 ppm TiO 2 、CaCO 3 Or a combination thereof,
wherein the pesticide-treated material has a repellency rate of 60% or less for birds.
16. A pesticide-treated material as set forth in claim 15 wherein component (a) is anthraquinone.
17. The pesticide-treated material of claim 16 wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 160 ppm anthraquinone.
18. A pesticide-treated substance as set forth in claim 16 or 17 wherein the anthraquinone is 9, 10-anthraquinone.
19. The pesticide-treated substance of any one of claims 15-17 wherein component (b) of the pesticide-treated substance is TiO 2 。
20. A pesticide treated material as set forth in claim 19 wherein the TiO 2 Is rutile TiO 2 。
21. The pesticide-treated material of claim 19 wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 400ppm TiO 2 。
22. The pesticide-treated substance of any one of claims 15-17, wherein component (b) of the pesticide-treated substance is CaCO 3 。
23. The pesticide-treated material of claim 22 wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 160 ppm CaCO 3 。
24. The pesticide-treated substance of any one of claims 15-17 wherein component (b) of the pesticide-treated substance is TiO 2 And CaCO (CaCO) 3 。
25. The pesticide-treated material of claim 24 wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 400 ppm TiO 2 。
26. The pesticide-treated material of claim 24 wherein the pesticide-treated material comprises 160 ppm CaCO 3 。
27. The pesticide-treated substance of any one of claims 15-17 wherein the pesticide-treated substance is a pesticide-treated plant seed.
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