KR20170084181A - Electrolytes and metal hydride batteries - Google Patents

Abstract

The metal hydride battery is selected from the group consisting of a protic acid, a protic ammonium compound, a protic oxonium compound, an aprotic ammonium compound, an aprotic oxonium compound, an aprotic phosphonium compound and an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt Selected ionic compound; Or an ionic compound and an organic solvent selected from the group consisting of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides and alkali metal or alkaline earth metal alkoxides; Or one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, water, and organic solvents, additional ionic compounds and additives; Or an electrolyte composition comprising an ionic compound selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid. Ionic compounds include ionic liquids and salts. A metal hydride battery comprising a particular electrolyte composition has a nominal open-circuit voltage of about 1.5 V to about 5.0 V.

Description

[0001] ELECTROLYTE AND METAL HYDRIDE BATTERIES [0002]

The present invention is directed to metal hydride (MH) batteries containing certain electrolyte compositions.

Many advances have been made in optimizing the electrochemical performance and cycle life of metal hydride batteries through electrode optimization. The electrolyte of the metal hydride battery is currently 30 wt% aqueous KOH. The aqueous KOH electrolyte is corrosive to some electrode materials. The aqueous electrolyte is also limited by the potential for hydrogen and oxygen release of water. The present invention focuses on improved electrolytes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [

Disclosed herein is a metal hydride battery (battery) comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein

The electrolyte composition comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of a protic magnetic acid, a protic ammonium compound, a protic magnetic oxonium compound, an aprotic ammonium compound, an aprotic oxonium compound, an aprotic phosphonium compound, and an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt. Or more species of ionic compounds.

Also disclosed is a metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein

The electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides and alkoxides, and an organic solvent.

Also disclosed is a metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein

The electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, water, and at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of organic solvents, further ionic compounds and additives.

Also disclosed is a metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein

The electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid.

Also disclosed is a metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein

The battery exhibits a nominal open-circuit voltage of about 1.5 to about 5.0 volts.

The subject of the present invention is also a metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein the electrolyte composition has a pH of about 7 or less.

The object of the present invention is also a metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are arranged, and an electrolyte composition, wherein when applying potential across the battery, / Discharge electrochemical reaction is as follows.

<Detailed Description>

The electrolyte composition is useful for metal hydride batteries (metal hydride batteries). The metal hydride battery includes at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition in contact with the electrode.

The active material (anode material) of the negative electrode comprises an AB _x type alloy capable of storing hydrogen with x of about 0.5 to about 5. [ A is a hydride forming element and B is a weak or non-hydride forming element. The alloy can reversibly absorb and desorb hydrogen.

AB _x type alloy, for example, Category has a (including a simple example): AB (HfNi, TiFe, TiNi), AB 2 (Mn 2 Zr, TiFe 2), A 2 B (Hf 2 Fe, Mg 2 Ni ), AB ₃ (NdCo ₃ , GdFe ₃ ), A ₂ B ₇ (Pr ₂ , Ni ₇ , Ce ₂ Co ₇ ) and AB ₅ (LaNi ₅ , CeNi ₅ ).

For example, the anode active material may include Zr, Mn, V, Fe, and Ni; Zr, Mn, V, Co, and Ni; Ti, V and Ni; La and Ni; At least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Zr, Ni, Cr and Al, Si, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Nb, Ag and Pd; Zr, Mo, and Ni; Or a lanthanide metal and at least one metal selected from Ni and Co.

The anode material includes at least one host element selected from the group consisting of V, Zr, Nb, La, Si, Ca, Sc, Mg, Ti and Y and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Cu, Mn, C, Fe, Ni, , And at least one modifier element selected from the group consisting of Ti, Li, and Re. The host element is generally a hydride former. For example, the host matrix may include at least one of Ti, Mg, and V, and the modifier may include at least one of Ni, Cu, Fe, and Al. Such disordered materials are taught in U.S. Patent No. 4,623,597.

Wherein the anode material comprises at least one modifier element selected from the group consisting of V, Ti, Zr and Ni or V, Ti, Zr, Ni and Cr and at least one modifier element selected from the group consisting of Al, Mn, Mo, Cu, W, , Multi-phase alloys. Such multi-phase materials are taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,096,667.

The anode material may comprise a disorder material comprising a (base alloy) _a Co _b Mn _c Fe _d Sn _e wherein the base alloy comprises 0.1 to 60 atomic percent Ti, 0.1 to 40 at% Zr, 0 To 60 at% V, 0.1 to 57 at% Ni, and 0 to 56 at% Cr; b is 0 to 7.5 at%, c is 13 to 17 at%, d is 0 to 3.5 at% and e is 0 to 1.5 at%, wherein a, b, c, same. Such an alloy is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,536,591.

The anode active material is, for example, a LaNi ₅ type alloy, a modified LaNi ₅ type alloy, a TiNi type alloy or a modified TiNi type alloy. For example, the anode active material may include at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, and Zr and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Mo, Nb, Fe, Al, Mg, Cu, Sn, Or at least one element selected from the group consisting of: Or the anode active material is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm and Mm and at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ni, Cr, Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, Sn, And at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mo, V, Nb, Ta, Zn, Zr, Ti, Hf and W. Such an alloy may further include at least one glass-forming element selected from the group consisting of Al, B, C, Si, P, S, Bi, In and Sb. These materials are advantageously random, multicomponent materials having a density of hydrogen storage sites of greater than 1.2 E23 / cc or greater than 1.5 E23 / cc. Such materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,840,440.

The anode material may comprise a modified Ti-V-Zr-Ni-Mn-Cr alloy comprising (a base alloy) _a Co _b Fe _c Al _d Sn _e wherein the base alloy comprises 0.1 to 60 at% Ti, 0.1 to 40 at% Zr, 0 to 60 at% V, 0.1 to 57 at% Ni, 5 to 22 at% Mn and 0 to 56 at% Cr, b is 0.1 to 10 at%, c is 0 To 3.5 at%, d is 0.1 to 10 at%, and e is 0.1 to 3 at%. Suitable materials are taught in U.S. Patent No. 6,270,719.

Suitable anodic materials include: 2 to 5 at% Zr, 26 to 33 at% Ti, 7 to 13 at% V, 8 to 20 at% Cr, 36 to 42 at% Mn, and 1 to 6 at% Ni, may include TiMn ₂ alloy of AB ₂ type alloy such as modified to include one or more of Fe and 0.1 at% to 2 at% Al. The alloy may further contain Mm of 1 at% or less. For example Zr _{3 . 63 Ti 29 .8 V 8. 82 Cr} 9. ₈₅ Mn _{39 . 5} Ni _{2 . 0} Fe _{5 . 0} Al _{1 . 0} Mm _{0 .4;} Zr _3.6 Ti _29.0 V _8.9 Cr _10.1 Mn _40.1 Ni _2.0 Fe _5.1 Al _1.2 ; Zr _{3 . 6} Ti _{28 .3} V _{8 .8} Cr _{10 . 0} Mn _{40 . 7} Ni _{1 . 9} Fe _{5 . 1 1 .6} Al and _{Zr 1 Ti 33 V 12.54 Cr 15} Mn 36 Fe 2.25 Al 0.21. Such an alloy is disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,536,487.

Suitable anodic materials may include alloys wherein the A ₅ B ₁₉ type structure has the formula La _a R _{1 -a b} Mg _b Ni _{c -de} where 0? A? 0.5 at%, 0.1? B? 0.2 at %, 3.7? C? 3.9 at%, 0.1? D? 0.3 and 0? D? 0.2). Such alloys are taught in U.S. Patent No. 7,829,220.

The anode material may comprise hydrogen-absorbing alloy particles containing at least Ni and rare earths. The particles may have a surface layer and an interior, wherein the surface layer has a nickel content greater than the nickel content therein and nickel particles having a size from 10 nm to 50 nm are present in the surface layer. Material alloy _{Ln 1 - x Mg x Ni a} -b- c Al b Z c may include, in which Ln is a rare earth element is one or more, Z is Zr, V, Bn, Ta, Cr, Mo, Mn , 0.05? X? 0.3 at%, 2.8? A? 3.9 at%, 0.05? B? 0.25 at% and at least one of Fe, Co, Ga, Zn, Sn, In, Cu, 0.01? C? 0.25. Such materials are taught, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 8,053,114.

The anode material may comprise a crystalline structure having at least an A ₂ B ₇ type structure and an A ₅ B ₁₉ type structure and a multiphase crystalline structure and a surface layer having a nickel content greater than the nickel content of the bulk. Alloy has the general formula Ln _{1 -} and _{x Mg x Ni y -a- b Al} a M b may have, and wherein Ln is at least one rare earth including Y, M is at least one of Co, Mn and Zn, wherein 0.1? X? 0.2 at%, 3.5? Y? 3.9 at%, 0.1? A? 0.3 at% and 0? B? 0.2. Such materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 8,124,281.

Anode materials of the formula Ln _{1 -} of _{x Mg x (Ni 1-y} T y) can comprise a hydrogen storage alloy of _z, wherein Ln is lanthanide element, Ca, Sr, Sc, Y , Ti, Zr and Hf T is at least one element selected from V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Al, Ga, Zn, Sn, In, Cu, Si, P and B, x? 1 at%, 0? y? 0.5 at%, and 2.5? z? 4.5 at%. Suitable alloys are taught in U.S. Patent No. 8,257,862.

The anode material may include La, Nd, Mg, Ni and Al as taught in U.S. Patent No. 8,409,753; La, Nd, Mg, Ni, Al and Co; La, Pr, Nd, Mg, Ni and Al or La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Ni, Al, Co and Mn. The alloys are produced by mixing the elements, heating them under argon in a high frequency induction furnace, melting them, and cooling them to form ingots.

The anode material may comprise a multi-phase alloy comprising an AB ₂ type column phase and a second phase. The material is reformed with modifier elements. For example, alloys include Ti, Zr, B, Ni and modifiers. The modifier may be a light rare earth, such as Y. The alloy may have the formula Ti _A Zr _BX Y _X V _C Ni _D M _E where A, B, C and D are each greater than 0 and 50 at% or less, X is greater than 0 and less than 4 at% M is at least one metal selected from Co, Cr, Sn, Al and Mn, and E is 0 to 30 at%. Such materials are taught in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2013/0277607.

The anode material may comprise a modified A ₂ B ₇ type hydrogen storage alloy. For example A contains at least one rare earth element and also contains Mg; A _x B _y alloy wherein B comprises at least Ni and the atomic ratio X to Y is 1: 2 to 1: 5, for example from 1: 3 to 1: 4. The alloy may be modified by at least one element selected from the group consisting of B, Co, Cu, Fe, Cr and Mn. The atomic ratio of Ni to modifier (s) may be from 50: 1 to 200: 1. The rare earths include La, Ce, Nd, Pr and Mm. The atomic ratio of rare earth to Mg may be from 5: 1 to 6: 1. The element B may further comprise Al wherein the atomic ratio of Ni to Al may be from 30: 1 to 40: 1. The surface of the alloy may comprise a catalytic metallic region supported on a porous oxide support matrix. The catalytic metallic region may be Ni or a Ni alloy.

The anode material can be AB x high capacity hydrogen storage alloy with x ranging from about 0.5 to about 5 and it has a discharge capacity of ≥ 400 mAh / g, ≥ 425 mAh / g, ≥ 450 mAh / g or ≥ 475 mAh / g.

The anode material is, for example, a high capacity MH alloy containing magnesium (Mg), for example AB, AB ₂ or A ₂ B type alloys containing Mg and Ni. For example, the present anode material is MgNi, MgNi ₂ or Mg ₂ Ni. Such Mg and Ni-containing alloys may be modified by at least one element selected from the group consisting of rare-earth elements and transition metals. For example, the anode material containing Mg and Ni may be selected from the group consisting of Co, Mn, Al, Fe, Cu, Mo, W, Cr, V, Ti, Zr, Sn, Th, Si, Zn, Li, Cd, And at least one element selected from the group consisting of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Mm, Pd, Pt, Nb, Sc and Ca.

For example, suitable anode materials include Mg and Ni and optionally Co, Mn, Al, Fe, Cu, Mo, W, Cr, V, Ti, Zr, Sn, Th, Si, Zn, Li, Cd, Na, And at least one element selected from the group consisting of Pb, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Mm, Pd, Pt, Nb, Sc and Ca.

Mm is "Misch metal". Misumetal is a mixture of rare earth elements. For example, Mm is a mixture containing, for example, Ce, La, Nd and Pr, containing La, Nd and Pr.

Magnesium-containing MH alloys are particularly susceptible to corrosion in 30 weight percent (wt%) KOH electrolytes.

For example, a suitable alloy MH is MgNi, Mg _{0. 8} Ti _{0 . 2} Ni, Mg _{0 . 7} Ti _{0 . 3} Ni, Mg _{0 . 9} Ti _{0 . 1} Ni, Mg _0.8 Zr _0.2 Ni, Mg _{0 . 7} Ti _{0 . 225} La _{0 . 075} Ni, Mg _{0 . 8} Al _{0 . 2} Ni, Mg _{0 . 9} Ti _{0 . 1} Ni, Mg _{0 . 9} Ti _{0 . 1} NiAl _{0 .05} , Mg _0.08 Pd _0.2 Ni, Mg _{0 . 09} Ti _{0 . 1} NiAl _{0 .05,} Mg _{0. 09} Ti _{0 . 1} NiAl _{0 . 05 Pd 0 .1, Mg 50 Ni} 45 Pd 5, Mg 0. ₈₅ Ti _{0 . 15 Ni 1 .0, Mg 0.95 Ti} 0.15 Ni 0.9, Mg 2 Ni, Mg 2. ₀ Ni _{0 . 6 0 .4} Co, Mg ₂ Ni _{0. 6 0 .4} Mn, Mg ₂ Ni _{0. 7} Cu _{0 .3,} Mg _{0. 8} La _{0 . 2} Ni, Mg _2.0 Co _0.1 Ni, Mg _{2 . 1} Cr _{0 . 1} Ni, Mg _{2 . 0} Nb _{0 . 1} Ni, Mg _{2 . 0} Ti _{0 . 1 Ni, Mg 2 .0 V 0.} 1 Ni, Mg 1. ₃ Al _{0 . 7} Ni, Mg _1.5 Ti _0.5 Ni, Mg _1.5 Ti _0.3 Zr _0.1 Al _0.1 Ni, Mg _1.75 Al _0.25 Ni and (MgAl) ₂ Ni, Mg _1.70 Al _0.3 Ni.

For example, the anode material is an alloy of Mg and Ni having atomic ratios of about 1: 2 to about 2: 1, which is an alloy of Co, Mn, Al, Fe, Cu, Mo, W, Cr, V, Ti, Zr, Can be modified by at least one element selected from the group consisting of Sn, Th, Si, Zn, Li, Cd, Na, Pb, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Mm, Pd, Pt, Nb, Sc and Ca . The reforming element or elements may comprise from about 0.1 to about 30 atomic percent (at%) or from about 0.25 to about 15 at% or about 0.5, about 1, about 2, about 3, about 4, or about 5 at% To about 15 at%. The atomic ratio of Mg and Ni is, for example, about 1: 1.

Suitable anodic materials may include Mg and Ni in an atomic ratio of from about 1: 2 to about 2: 1 and further comprise Co and / or Mn. Suitable anodic materials are, for example, Mg ₅₂ Ni ₃₉ Co ₆ Mn ₃ and Mg ₅₂ Ni ₃₉ Co ₃ Mn ₆ .

Suitable high capacity anode materials are disclosed, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,616,432 and 5,506,069.

The alloy may be formed through melt spin coagulation and / or mechanical alloying. Other methods include RF sputtering and laser cutting.

The active material (cathode material) of the positive electrode participates in the charge / discharge reaction. The active material is, for example, a nickel hydroxide active material, i.e., nickel hydroxide or modified nickel hydroxide.

The cathode material may comprise a multi-phase disordered nickel hydroxide material having at least one modifier. The at least one modifier is, for example, a metal, a metallic oxide, a metallic oxide alloy, a metal hydride and / or a metal hydride alloy. For example, the modifying agent is Al, Ba, Ca, F, K, Li, Mg, Na, Sr, Bi, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, In, LaH _3, Mn, Ru, Sb, Sn, TiH _2, TiO 2, and Zn. Such materials are taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,348,822.

Suitable cathode materials are selected from the group consisting of F, Li, Na, K, Mg, Ba, Ln, Se, Nd, Pr, Y, Co, Zn, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sc, Sn, Sb, Te, May comprise a disordered multiphase nickel hydroxide matrix comprising at least one modifier selected from Bi, Ru and Pb, for example, three modifiers. Suitable cathode materials are taught, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,637,423.

The cathode material may include one or more Group II elements in solid solution state and nickel hydroxide modified with Co. Such materials are taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,366,831.

The cathode active material may comprise at least one component selected from the group consisting of nickel hydroxide and cobalt, cobalt hydroxide and cobalt oxide and carbon powder. The cathode material is Ca, Sr, Ba, Cu, compounds of Ag or Y, for example, _{Ca (OH) 2, CaO,} CaF 2, CaS, CaSO 4, CaSi 2 O 5, CaC 2 O 4, CaWO 4, SrCO ₃ , Sr (OH) ₂ , BaO, Cu ₂ O, Ag ₂ O, Y ₂ (CO ₃ ) ₃ or Y ₂ O ₃ . Suitable cathode materials are taught, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 5,451,475.

The cathode active material may be at least one oxide selected from the group consisting of metal oxides and oxides of Co, Ca, Ag, Mn, Zn, V, Sb, Cd, Y, Sr, Ba and Ca, Sr, Ba, Sb, . The metal oxides are, for example, nickel oxide and / or manganese oxide. Such active materials are taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,455,125.

The cathode material may contain nickel hydroxide and additional components selected from the group consisting of Y, In, Sb, Ba and Be and Co and / or Ca. Such materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,466,543.

The cathode material reacts with nickel sulfate and ammonium hydroxide to form a nickel ammonium complex; And then reacting the complex with sodium hydroxide to form a nickel hydroxide. The method may provide nickel hydroxides containing at least one of Co, Zn and Cd. Such materials are taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,498,403.

The cathode active material may include nickel hydroxide and cobalt oxyhydroxide as taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,489,314.

The cathode material may include nickel hydroxides, cobalt monoxide and elemental zinc as taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,506,070.

The cathode material may include nickel hydroxide, nickel powder, a second powder, and at least one of cobalt, cobalt hydroxide, and cobalt oxide. The second powder contains at least one of Ca, Sr, Ba, Cu, Ag and Y. Such materials are taught in U.S. Patent No. 5,571,636.

The cathode active material may comprise particles of nickel hydroxide or manganese hydroxide having a conductive material at least partially embedded therein. Conductive materials include, for example, nickel, nickel alloys, copper, copper alloys; Metal oxides, nitrides, carbides, silicides or borides; Or carbon (graphite). Such materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,177,213.

The cathode material includes at least three species selected from the group consisting of Al, Bi, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, In, La, rare earth metals, Mg, Mn, Ru, Sb, Sn, Ti, Ba, Si, &Lt; / RTI &gt; of the nickel hydroxide particles. For example, the nickel hydroxide particles may contain at least four modifiers such as Ca, Co, Mg and Zn. Such materials are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,228,535.

The active cathode material includes, for example, nickel hydroxides and carbon materials such as graphite. The active material may also comprise a polymeric binder. Polymeric binders are, for example, thermoplastic organic polymers and include, for example, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, polybutylene oxide, methylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, (PTFE), fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP), polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) ), Perfluoroalkoxy (PFA), polyvinyl acetate, polyvinylisobutyl ether, polyacrylonitrile, polymethacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polymethyl acrylate, polyethyl methacrylate, allylacetate , Polystyrene, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polyoxymethylene, polyoxy It is selected from ethylene, polycyclic thioethers, polydimethylsiloxane, polyester such as polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and the group consisting of polyamide. Blends and copolymers of the foregoing are also suitable. The polymeric binder may also be an elastomer or a rubber such as a styrene-butadiene copolymer, a styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer, a styrene-isoprene block copolymer, a styrene-isoprene-styrene block copolymer, a styrene- Styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer or styrene-acrylonitrile-butadiene-methyl acrylate copolymer. Suitable active materials are taught, for example, in U.S. Patent No. 6,617,072.

The cathode active material may contain nickel hydroxides and nickel oxyhydroxides as taught in U.S. Patent No. 7,396,379.

Generally, the cathode active material particles are formed of sintered or paste electrodes. The paste electrode can be made by mixing the material with various additives and / or binders and applying the paste to a conductive support. Preferably, at least one cobalt additive is added to the paste electrode. The cobalt additive can include Co and / or CoO to improve conductivity, improve utilization and reduce the electrical resistance of the positive electrode.

Generally, the cathode active material is nickel hydroxide or modified nickel hydroxide. The modified nickel hydroxide may contain one or more modifiers such as Co, Cd, Ag, V, Sb, Ca, Mg, Al, Bi, Cr, Cu, Fe, In, rare earth, Mn, Ru, Si, Sr or Zn. Suitable modified nickel hydroxides are, for example, (Ni, Co, Zn) (OH) ₂ in the form of spherical powders. In modified nickel hydroxides, nickel is generally present at a level of ≥ 80 atomic percent, for example ≥ 90 atomic percent, based on the metal.

For example, the MH battery includes at least one positive electrode comprising at least one negative electrode comprising an AB _x type alloy capable of reversibly storing hydrogen and comprising nickel hydroxide or modified nickel hydroxide active material do.

There may be a separator for separating the negative electrode from the positive electrode. The separator is, for example, a nonwoven web of natural or synthetic fibers. Natural fibers include cotton fabrics. Synthetic fibers include polyamides, polyesters, polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), PP / PE copolymers, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyvinyl chloride and glass.

The ionic compound may be a protic compound selected from the group consisting of Bronsted acid (protic acid) and a protonic ammonium compound or an oxonium compound. Bronsted acid has a pKa of, for example, about 5 or less.

The ionic compound may be an amphoteric compound selected from the group consisting of an ammonium compound, an oxonium compound, a phosphonium compound, and an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compound.

The ionic compound contains cations and anions.

The alkali metal or alkaline earth metal cations include Li ⁺ , Na ⁺ , K ⁺ , Rb ⁺ , Cs ⁺ , Be ⁺⁺ , Mg ⁺⁺ , Ca ⁺⁺ , Sr ⁺⁺ and Ba ⁺⁺ .

Wherein the ammonium ion is a cation of the formula ⁺ NR ₁ R ₂ R ₃ R ₄ wherein R ₁ , R ₂ , R ₃ and R ₄ are selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl or two of R ₁ -R ₄ together form a hydro- Or three of R &lt; _{1 &gt;} -R &lt; ₄ &gt; together are hydrocarbylene. When at least one of R ₁ -R ₄ is hydrogen, the ammonium ion is protic. When all _four of R &lt; _{1 &gt;} -R &lt; ₄ &gt; are hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylene, the ammonium ion is aprotic.

The ammonium ion also comprises a hydrazinium cation of the formula R ₁ R ₂ N ⁺ NR ₃ R ₄ R ₅ wherein R ₁ , R ₂ , R ₃ , R ₄ and R ₅ are selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl Or R ₁ and R ₂ together and / or _two of R ₃ -R ₅ together are hydrocarbylene.

The ammonium ion also comprises a hydroxylammonium cation of the formula HO-N ⁺ R ₁ R ₂ R ₃ , wherein R ₁ , R ₂ and R ₃ are selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl, or two of R ₁ -R ₃ The dog together are hydrocarbylene.

The oxonium ion is a group which is charged in the amount of the formula ⁺ OR ₁ R ₂ R ₃ wherein R ₁ , R ₂ and R ₃ are selected from hydrogen and hydrocarbyl or two of R ₁ -R ₃ together form a hydro- It is carbene. When at least one of R ₁ -R ₃ is hydrogen, the oxonium is protic. When all _three of R &lt; _{1 &gt;} -R &lt; ₃ &gt; are hydrocarbyl or hydrocarbylene, oxonium is aprotic.

The phosphonium ion is a group charged by the formula ⁺ PR ₁ R ₂ R ₃ R ₄ wherein R ₁ , R ₂ , R ₃ and R ₄ are hydrocarbyl or two of R ₁ -R ₄ are taken together Lt; / RTI &gt;

Hydrocarbyl is any hydrocarbon-based group bonded to a cationic nitrogen, oxygen or phosphorus containing carbon atoms. Hydrocarbylene is a ring-forming version of hydrocarbyl.

Is selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy, C ₁ -C ₄ alkoxy, thio, C ₁ -C ₄ alkylthio, amino, alkoxy, C ₁ -C ₄ alkylamino, di-C ₁ -C ₄ alkylamino, nitro, cyano, -COOH and -COO ^- . The hydrocarbyl may also be interrupted by one or more groups selected from the group consisting of -O-, -S-, -NH- and -N (C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl) -. Hydrocarbyl may be substituted by one or more of the above groups as well as by one or more of the above groups. For example, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, or aralkyl may be substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of chloro, hydroxy, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, thio, methylthio, Which may be substituted by 1 to 3 groups selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butylamino, dimethylamino, diethylamino, dipropylamino, dibutylamino, -COOH, -COO-, cyano and nitro, , -S-, -NH- and -N (C ₁ -C ₄ alkyl) may be interrupted by one to three groups selected from the group consisting of.

Hydrocarbyl also includes polyethylene glycol and polypropylene glycols such as R '(OC ₂ H ₄ ) _n - or R' (OC ₃ H ₆ ) _n - wherein R 'is hydrogen or alkyl and n is an integer from 1 to For example from 1 to 40, from 1 to 30, or from 1 to 20, for example from 1 to 10.

When 2 to 3 of R &lt; _{1 &gt;} -R &lt; ₅ &gt; together are hydrocarbylene, this means that they form a heterocyclic ring together with the N, O or P atoms. The ring is, for example, a 5- or 6-membered ring. The heterocyclic ring may contain additional heteroatoms and may be saturated or unsaturated. Hydrocarbylene, for example _{- (CH 2) 4 -,} - (CH 2) 5 -, - (CH 3) N-CH = C (CH 3) -CH =, = CH-CH = CH-CH = _{CH-, = C (CH 3)} -C = CH-CH = CH-, = CC (CH 3) = CH-CH = CH-, = C-CH = C (CH 3) -CH = CH-, - CH = CH-CH = CH-, -CH 2 = CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -, -CH = CH-N = CH-, -CH 2 CH 2 NHCH 2 CH 2 -, -CH 2 -CH 2 - N = CH-, -CH ₂ -CH ₂ -O-CH ₂ -CH ₂ - or = CH- (CH ₂ ) ₃ -. Additional heteroatoms are, for example, N, O or S.

Examples of ammonium ionic rings are piperidinium, pyrrolinium, 2,4-dimethylpyrazolium, pyrrolinium, pyrrolidinium, pyridinium, morpholinium and methylpyridinium. Pyridinium is an example in which three of R ₁ -R ₄ together form a ring. The hydrocarbylene rings may also be fused to form, for example, quinolinium or isoquinolinium.

Alkyl is, for example, from 1 to 25 carbon atoms and is branched or unbranched and is selected from the group consisting of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl, tert- N-hexyl, 1-methylhexyl, n-heptyl, isoheptyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl, 1-methylheptyl Methylheptyl, n-octyl, 2-ethylhexyl, 1,1,3-trimethylhexyl, 1,1,3,3-tetramethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, Hexamethylhexyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl, pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, icosyl and docosyl.

Alkenyl is an unsaturated version of alkyl, such as allyl.

Cycloalkyl includes cyclopentyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclohexyl, dimethylcyclohexyl, trimethylcyclohexyl, tert-butylcyclohexyl, cycloheptyl or cyclooctyl.

Cycloalkenyl is an unsaturated version of cycloalkyl.

Aryl is phenyl, o-, m- or p-methylphenyl, 2,3-dimethylphenyl, 2,4-dimethylphenyl, 2,5-dimethylphenyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, , 5-dimethylphenyl, 2-methyl-6-ethylphenyl, 4-tert-butylphenyl, 2-ethylphenyl or 2,6-diethylphenyl.

Aralkyl includes benzyl, alpha -methylbenzyl, alpha, alpha -dimethylbenzyl and 2-phenylethyl.

Examples of protic ammonium ions include NH ₄ ⁺ (ammonium), methylammonium, ethylammonium, dimethylammonium, diethylammonium, trimethylammonium (NMe ₃ H ⁺ ), triethylammonium, tributylammonium, diethylmethylammonium, And examples thereof include alkylamidoalkylamidoalkylamines such as alkylamidoalkylammonium, alkylamidoammonium, alkylamidoammonium, alkylamidoammonium, alkylamidoammonium, alkylamidoammonium, alkylamidoammonium, alkylamidoammonium, (1-ethylimidazolium, 1-ethylimidazolium, 1- (4-sulfobutyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1-allylimidazolium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, pyrrolinium, pyrrolinium And pyrrolidinium.

Examples of aprotic ammonium ions include tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetra-n-butylammonium, n-butyl-tri-ethylammonium, benzyl-tri-methylammonium, tri- (Trimethylpyrazolium), trimethylhydroxyethylammonium (choline), tri- (hydroxyethyl) methylammonium , Dimethyl-di (polyoxyethylene) ammonium, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, Methylimidazolium, 3-methylimidazolium, 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium, , 1- (cyanomethyl) imidazolium, and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, &Lt; / RTI &gt;

Pyrrolinium is ammonium of pyrrole, pyrrolinium is ammonium of pyrroline, and pyrrolidinium is ammonium of pyrrolidine. The pyrroline can be 1-, 2- or 3-pyrroline and thus includes ammonium cations of 1-, 2- or 3-pyrroline.

An example of a hydrazinium ion is hydrazinium (H ₂ NNH ₃ ⁺ ).

Examples of hydroxylammonium ion is hydroxylammonium (HO-NH ₃ ^+).

Examples of protic oxonium ions include H ₃ O ⁺ (hydronium), H ⁺ O (Et) ₂ , H ₂ EtO ⁺ , H ₂ MeO ⁺ , H ⁺ O (Me) ₂ , -Methyl-THF. &Lt; / RTI &gt;

Examples of aprotic oxonium ions include ⁺ O (Me) ₃ , ⁺ O (Et) ₃ and methylated or ethylated THF or 2-methyl-THF.

Me is methyl, Et is ethyl, nBu is n-butyl, tBu (or t-butyl) is tert-butyl and THF is tetrahydrofuran. Unless otherwise indicated, butyl represents n-butyl.

Examples of the phosphonium ion include methyltriphenylphosphonium, tetraphenylphosphonium, tetrabutylphosphonium, tributylmethylphosphonium, triethylmethylphosphonium, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium, triphenylpropylphosphonium, and tetrakis ( Hydroxymethyl) phosphonium.

Examples of suitable anions include, but are not limited to, hydroxides, nitrates, perchlorates, bifluorides, alkoxides, halides, phosphates, phosphinates, phosphonates, borates, carboxylates, sulfites, sulfates, sulfonates, Nate, imide, aluminate, cyanate, methide, arsenate, silicate and antimonate.

Anionic, cationic and ionic compounds may be, for example, those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,254,797 and U.S. Patent Publication No. 2011/0045359.

Bifluoride is HF ₂ ^- .

The lifting alkoxy R hydrocarbyl the RO ^- is, for example, methoxide, ethoxide, n- propoxide, i- propoxide, n- butoxide, t- butoxide or phenoxide. The alkoxide also includes the case where R is perfluoroalkyl.

Halide is chloride, bromide, iodide or fluoride.

Phosphate dihydrogen phosphate, hydrogen phosphate, alkyl phosphate, dialkyl phosphate, phosphate, PF ₆ ^- (hexafluorophosphate), HPO ₃ F ^- (fluoro-hydrogen phosphate), tris oxalate reyito phosphate (TOP), tetrafluoroethylene with oxalate reyito phosphate (TFOP) and fluoro (perfluoroalkyl) phosphate, for example, _{F 2 P (C 2 F 5} ) 4 -, F 3 P (C 2 F 5) 3 - ( tris (pentafluorophenyl ethyl) trifluoro phosphate or _{FAP), F 4 P (C} 2 F 5) 2 -, F 2 P (C 3 F 7) 4 -, F 3 P (C 3 F 7) 3 -, F 4 P ( C ₃ F ₇ ) ₂ ^- , F ₂ P (C ₄ F ₉ ) ₄ ^- , F ₃ P (C ₄ F ₉ ) ₃ ^- and F ₄ P (C ₄ F ₉ ) ₂ ^- .

The phosphinate is, for example, a hydrogen alkyl alkyl phosphinate, a dialkyl phosphinate, a hydrogene aryl phosphinate or a diaryl phosphinate. For example bis (2,4,4-trimethylphenyl) phosphinate.

The phosphonates are, for example, alkylphosphonates such as methylphosphonate or hydrogenphosphonate (phosphonate).

Borate is ortho borate, tetrahydroxy borate, tetraborate, tetraphenyl _{borate, [B (3,5- (CF 3} ) 2 C 6 H 3) 4] - (BARF), B (C 2 O 4) 2 - (bis (oxalate reyito) borate) (BOB), difluoro (oxalate reyito) borate (dFOB), di (trifluoro acetic tato) oxalate reyito borate (D (Ac), OB), B (C ₆ F _{5) 4} ^- , BF ₄ ^- (tetrafluoroborate).

The carboxylate anion has the formula RCOO ^- , wherein R is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl and includes formate, acetate (ethanoate), propanoate, n-butanoate, i-butanoate, Octanoate, decanoate, benzoate, salicylate, thiosalicylate, 2-, 3- or 4-nitrobenzoate; Citrate, oxalate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, maleate, mandelate, carboxylate of nitrilotriacetic acid, carboxylate of N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -ethylenediaminetriacetic acid, ethylenediamine Carboxylates of tetraacetic acid, carboxylates and haloalkyl carboxylates of diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid, such as fluoroacetate, difluoroacetate, trifluoroacetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate and trichloroacetate do.

Sulfites include sulfites and hydrogensulfites.

Sulfates include hydrogensulfates, sulfates, thiosulfates and alkyl sulfates such as methyl sulfate and ethyl sulfate.

Sulfonates include alkyl, arylsulfonates and perfluoroalkylsulfonates, such as trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate) or methanesulfonate (mesylate) .

The carbonate anions are, for example, carbonates, hydrogen carbonates or alkyl carbonates such as methyl carbonate, ethyl carbonate or butyl carbonate.

Imide anion dish hold imide, N (SO ₂ F) ₂ ^- ((sulfonyl bis-fluoro) imide), bis (alkylsulfonyl perfluoroalkyl) imide, for example, _{[N (SO 2 CF 3)} 2 ] ^- (a beast ripple imide), bis (ethylsulfonyl pentafluorophenyl) imide, and _{N (CF 3 SO 2) (} CF 3 (CF 2) 3 SO 2) - , and (alkylsulfonyl perfluoroalkyl) ( Perfluoroalkylcarboxyl) imide.

Aluminate _{Al (OC (CF 3) 3} ) 4 -, di (trifluoro-acetoxy tato) oxalate reyito aluminate (d (Ac) OAl), tetrachloro-aluminate, tetrafluoroborate aluminates, tetra-iodo aluminate Nate and tetrabromoaluminate.

Cyanates include thiocyanates and cyanates.

The methade includes tris (perfluoroalkylsulfonyl) methide such as tris (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) methide, C (CF ₃ SO ₂ ) ₃ ^- .

Arsenate includes arsenate, hydrogen arsenate, dihydrogen arsenate and AsF ₆ ^- .

The silicate comprises SiF ₆ ^-2 .

The antimonate includes SbF ₆ ^- and Sb (OH) ₆ ^- .

For example, the protic ionic compound is _{H 3 PO 4, NH 4 SO} 3 CF 3, NH 4 BF 4, NH 4 OH, NH 4 Cl, NH 4 Br, NH 4 I, NH 4 F, NH 4 H (NH ₄ ) ₂ SO ₄ , hydrazinium sulphate (N ₂ PO ₄ , (NH ₄ ) ₂ HPO ₄ , methyl ammoniumphosphonate, pyridinium tosylate, pyridinium chloride, anilinium chloride, hydroxylammonium chloride, _{2 H 6 SO 4), (} NH 4) HSO 4, NaHSO 4, NH 4 BF 4, H 2 SO 4, KH 2 PO 4, K 2 HPO 4, NaH 2 PO 4, Na 2 HPO 4, HBF 4, H (OEt ₂₎ a _{BF 4, HPF 6, HAsF 6} , HClO 4, HSO 3 CF 3, H [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] or _{H [N (SO 2 CF 2} CF 3) 2].

Also protic ionic compound and a non-coordinating ion, oxonium ion, for example of an acid (acid BARF) Brook heart (Brookhart), [H (OEt 2) 2] [B [3,5- (CF 3) 2 C ₆ H ₃ ] ₄ ]. Other examples include _{[H (OEt 2) 2]} [B (C 6 F 5) 4] ( oxonium acid) and _{[H (OEt 2) 2]} [Al (OC (CF 3) 3) 4] . In this case the cation is protonated diethyl ether (diethyl ether oxonium). Alternatively, the cation may be another protonated ether, for example, protonated tetrahydrofuran (THF).

The protonic ionic compound is a protonic ionic liquid such as ethylammonium nitrate, diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DEMA TfO), triethylammonium methanesulfonate, 2-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfo Methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-ethylimidazolium nitrate, t-butylammonium nitrate, ethylammonium nitrate, dimethylammonium nitrate, 1-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-ethylimidazolium nitrate, 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, methylethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, , 2-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, t-butylammonium triflate, 2- 1-methylimidazolium chloride, 1, 2-dimethylimidazolium triflate, imidazolium triflate, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-methylimidazolium chloride, -Methylimidazolium triflate, hydronium triflate, methylammonium mesylate, ethylammonium mesylate, butylammonium mesylate, methoxyethylammonium mesylate, dimethylammonium mesylate, dibutylammonium mesylate, triethylammonium mesylate, Ammonium hydrosulfate, methyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, ethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, propyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, n-butyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, t-butyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, Ginsulfate, dimethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, diethyl ammonium hydroxide But are not limited to, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen sulfide, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, diphenyl sulfone, Hydrogensulfate, dibutylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, triethylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, tributylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, hydronium dihydrogenphosphate, methylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ethylammonium dihydrogen Phosphate, propyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, n-butyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, methoxyethyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, dimethyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, dibutyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, methyl butyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate Phosphate, ammonium bifluoride, methylammonium bifluoride, ethylammonium bifluoride or dimethylammonium bifluoride.

Carboxylic acids are protic acid / protic compounds. The carboxylic acid has the formula RCOOH wherein R is hydrogen or hydrocarbyl. The carboxylic acid contains a carboxylate anion.

For example, the carboxylic acid may be derived from formic acid, acetic acid, fluoroacetic acid, difluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, valeric acid, Acid, heptanoic acid, caprylic acid, nonanoic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 2-, 3- or 4-nitrobenzoic acid; From the group consisting of citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, glycolic acid, gluconic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -ethylenediamine triacetic acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and diethyleneamine pentaacetic acid Is selected.

Certain carboxylic acids are included within the definition of an ionic liquid according to the present invention, for example acetic acid.

For example, in an aprotic ionic compound is _{^{NMe 4 + SO 3 CF 3 -}} , NMe 4 OH, NEt 4 + BF 4 -, NMe 4 + Cl -, NEt 4 + Br -, NnBu 4 + I -, NnBu _{^{4 + F -, NEt 4 +}} H 2 PO 4 -, (NMe 4) 2 HPO 4, methyl triphenyl phosphonium iodide, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, tetraphenyl phosphonium bromide, 1- methyl-pyridinium chloride, benzalkonium _{chloride, Me 3 OBF 4, Et 3} OBF 4, NEt 4 PF 6, NMe 4 AsF 6, NMe 4 ClO 4, NEt 4 SO 3 CF 3, NMe 4 [N (SO 2 CF ₃ ) ₂ ] or NEt ₄ [N (SO ₂ CF ₂ CF ₃ ) ₂ ].

The non-protonic ionic compound may also include a high non-coordinating anion such as BARF, such as sodium BARF, Na ⁺ B [3,5- (CF ₃ ) ₂ C ₆ H ₃ ] ₄ ] ^- . Other examples include K ⁺ B (C ₆ F ₅ ) ₄ ^- and K ⁺ Al (OC (CF ₃ ) ₃ ) ₄ ^- .

Non-protonic ionic compounds include non-protonic ionic liquids such as tri-n-butylmethylammonium methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-butyl- 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazole 1-ethyl-3,3-dimethylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1,2,4-trimethylpyrazolium methylsulfate, Methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloro Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-ethyl- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-butylpyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-methyl Imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl carbonate, carboxymethyl- Tributylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxyethyl-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N- Carboxymethyl-trimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxymethyl-methylpyridinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, hexyltrimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide Ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium methyl carbonate, 4-ethyl-4-methylmorpholinium methyl carbonate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium methyl carbonate, -Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methyl carbonate, triethylmethylammonium dibutylphosphate, tributylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, tetrabutylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tetra Butylphosphonium p-toluenesulfonate, tributylmethylphosphonium methyl carbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, tributylmethylammonium methylcarbonate 3-methylimidazolium dibutyl phosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutyl phosphate, 1- (cyanomethyl) -3-methyl- Imidazolium chloride, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium bis (trifluoromethyl) pyridine, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1- (Cyanomethyl) imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imidazolium chloride, Imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro-bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, Ropfe Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, Methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, tributylmethylphosphonium methylsulfate, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, trihexyl Tetradecylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, trihexyltetradecylphosphoniumbis (2,4,4-trimethylphenyl) phosphinate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bromide, trihexyltetradecylphosphine 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfonate or 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfonate, trioctyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide, 3- 1-sulfonic acid tile It could bytes.

Examples of the carboxylate compound include tetramethylammonium benzoate, tetraethylammonium oxalate, tetrabutylammoniumtartrate, sodium tartrate, potassium formate, tetramethylammonium acetate, 1-methylpyridinium chloride, trimethylammonium citrate - basic, tetramethylammonium 2-, 3- or 4-nitrobenzoate, ammonium benzoate, ammonium salicylate, ammonium oxalate, ammonium tartrate, methyltriphenylphosphonium acetate, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) (Hydroxymethyl) phosphonium formate, mono- or di-potassium tartrate, ammonium citrate mono-, di-or tri-basic; Ammonium 2-nitrobenzoate, ammonium 3-nitrobenzoate, ammonium 4-nitrobenzoate, potassium trifluoroacetate and potassium chloroacetate.

In a polybasic carboxylic acid, the ammonium and / or alkali metal and / or alkaline earth metal ions may replace one or any number of acidic hydrogens to form the present carboxylate compound. For example, mono-, di-, and tri-basic ammonium citrate and mono-, di-, and tri-basic sodium citrate.

According to the present invention, the ionic liquid is an ionic compound exhibiting a melting point of? 150 ° C.

Otherwise, the ionic compound is a "salt" having a melting point &gt;

Salts include halide salts such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal halide salts such as NaCl, KCl or KBr as well as other ionic compounds and have a melting point of greater than 150 ° C. Alkali metal and alkaline earth metal salts include, for example, nitrates, perchlorates, bifluorides, halides, phosphates, phosphinates, phosphonates, borates, carboxylates, sulfites, sulfates, sulfonates, Anions selected from the group consisting of imides, aluminates, cyanates, methides, arsnates, silicates and antimonates.

The present ionic compound may contain both a cation and an anion in the same molecule. Thus, zwitterionic compounds (internal salts), such as betaine, are also included. Ammonium or phosphonium ions and zwitterions containing sulphonate or sulfate ions. (Triphenylphosphonio) butane-1-sulfonate, methyl N- (triethylammoniosulfonyl) carbamate (Buzzer) as taught in U.S. Patent No. 3,471,544, (Burgess) reagent) and phosphonium sulfates zwitterions. Sulfamic acid is included.

Advantageously, at least two different ionic compounds are used in the electrolyte composition. For example, the two different ionic compounds may be protic ionic compounds and aprotic ionic compounds, or they may be ionic liquids and salts.

For example, the present electrolyte composition may comprise at least two different ionic liquids. The electrolyte composition may comprise at least one ionic liquid and at least one salt, for example a protic or aprotic ammonium salt or an alkali metal salt, such as an alkali metal halide.

The electrolyte composition may contain a mixture of a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid. The electrolyte composition may contain a mixture of a carboxylate-containing ionic liquid and a carboxylic acid. The electrolyte composition may contain two different carboxylic acids.

The electrolyte composition may contain a protonic acid, a protonic ammonium compound or a protonic oxonium compound and an ionic liquid.

When at least two different ionic compounds are present, the weight to weight ratio of the two different ionic compounds is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 From about 95: 5 to about 5:95, from about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, or from about 60:40 To about 40:60.

In two different ionic compounds, the cation or anion may be the same.

The electrolyte composition may contain essentially no unintended water or may contain, for example, ≤1000 ppm by weight, ≤100 ppm by weight, or ≤10 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

The electrolyte composition may advantageously contain a solvent. Alternatively, the electrolyte composition may not contain a solvent. For example, no solvent is required when more than one ionic liquid is used in the electrolyte composition. "Solventless" means that there is no organic solvent and essentially no unintended water.

When the solvent is present in the electrolyte composition, the weight to weight ratio of total ionic compound to solvent is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1: From about 95: 5 to about 5:95, from about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, or from about 60:40 to about 40:60 Lt; / RTI &gt;

The present electrolyte composition may not be limited by the hydrogen and oxygen release potential of water. Thus, the subject of the present invention is also a metal hydride battery exhibiting a nominal open-circuit voltage of > 1.2 V (volts). The present MH battery can supply a nominal open-circuit voltage of about 5.0 V or less. For example, the present MH battery may exhibit a nominal open-circuit voltage of about 1.2 to about 5.0 V, about 1.3 to about 5.0 V, about 1.4 to about 5.0 V, or about 1.5 to about 5.0 V. For example, the MH battery may be about 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.0, Circuit voltage of 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 3.8, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, or about 5.0 volts.

The solvent is water and an organic solvent.

The solvent may consist essentially of water or may consist essentially of an organic solvent. The solvent may contain various ratios of water: organic solvent.

If the solvent is essentially composed of an organic solvent, the water can be present at very low levels, for example, ≤1000 ppm by weight, ≤100 ppm by weight, or ≤10 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition. If the solvent consists essentially of water, the organic solvent may be present at the same low level only.

For example, the solvent may be a water / organic solvent mixture wherein the weight to weight ratio of water to organic solvent is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: About 1:99, from about 95: 5 to about 5:95, from about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, It is about 40:60.

The electrolyte composition may contain an organic solvent and may not contain water. The electrolyte composition may contain water and may not contain an organic solvent.

Suitable organic solvents include, for example, organic solvents such as organic carbonates, ethers, glymes, orthoesters, polyalkylene glycols, esters, lactones, glycols, formates, sulfones, sulfoxides, amides, alcohols, Nitrile solvents, and combinations thereof.

The organic carbonates are cyclic or bicyclic and include ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate (BC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), vinylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate and monofluoroethylene carbonate.

Ethers and glymes are selected from the group consisting of dimethoxymethane (DMM), diethoxymethane, 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether or glyme), diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, ethylene glycol diethyl (DEE), ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran (THF), 2-methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF), 1,3-dioxane, (DIOX), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (4-MeDIOX), 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (2-MeDIOX), 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl ether, Diethyl ether, di-n-butyl ether, di-t-butyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, methyl-t-butyl ether, ethyl-t-butyl ether and t-amyl-methyl ether.

Ortho esters include trimethoxymethane, triethoxymethane, 1,4-dimethyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane and 4-ethyl- Trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane.

The polyalkylene glycol is a sole- or co-oligomer or a sole or copolymer of C ₁ -C ₄ alkylene glycol. For example, polyethylene glycol (PEG) or monomethyl, dimethyl or diethyl (end-capped) polyethylene glycol. The weight average molecular weight (Mw) of the polyalkylene glycols is, for example, from about 200 to about 1200 g / mol, from about 200 to about 1000 g / mol, from about 200 to about 900 g / mol, from about 200 to about 700 g / mol Or from about 200 to about 500 g / mol. 4 monomers and oligomers thereof, such as tetraethylene glycol, fluorinated tetraethylene glycol and tetrapropylene glycol. For example, PEG 200, PEG 300, PEG 400, PEG 500, PEG 600, PEG 700, PEG 800, PEG 900 or PEG 1000.

Esters and lactones can be obtained by reacting a compound represented by the general formula (I) or a salt thereof with a compound selected from the group consisting of? -Butyrolactone (GBL),? -Valerolactone,? -Valerolactone, ethylacetate (EA), 2-methoxyethyl acetate, (EGDA), 3-ethoxyethyl propionate (EEP), methyl butyrate (MB), and the like, in the presence of a base such as ethyl acetate, diethyl ether, , n-amyl acetate (NAAC), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PMA), ethyl butyrate (EB), diethyl malonate, dimethyl malonate and dibasic ester mixture (DBE).

Dibasic ester mixtures include, for example, methyl esters of adipic acid, glutaric acid and succinic acid.

The glycol may be selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol (ethylene glycol butylether, EB) (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol (diethylene glycol butyl ether , DB), propylene glycol butyl ether (PB), propylene glycol methyl ether (PM), triethylene glycol (TEG), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPM), diethylene glycol methyl ether, 1,4-butanediol, perfluoro-1,5-butanediol, fluorinated diethylene glycol methyl ether, fluorinated triethylene glycol, fluorinated triethylene glycol Methyl ether and fluorinated diethylene glycol butyl ether.

The formate includes methyl formate, ethyl formate, isobutyl formate, and tert-butyl formate.

Sulfone and sulfoxide include methylsulfonylmethane (MSM or dimethylsulfone), ethylmethylsulfone, sulfolane and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO).

The amide may be selected from the group consisting of dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), 2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-trimethyleneurea (1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone (DMPU)).

Alcohols include, for example, benzyl alcohol (BA), ethanol, trifluoroethanol (2,2-trifluoroethanol), methanol, isopropanol, t-butanol and n-butanol.

Ketones include, for example, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and methyl-isoamyl ketone (MIAK).

Amines include, for example, triethylamine, tributylamine, diethylenetriamine, ethylenediamine, morpholine, piperidine and pyridine.

Nitro solvents include nitrobenzene, nitromethane and nitroethane.

Nitrile solvents include acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile and adiponitrile.

Advantageously, a mixture of solvents, for example a mixture of organic carbonates or mixtures of one or more organic carbonates and one or more ethers or glymes is used.

Other suitable organic solvents may be used, such as toluene, hexane, heptane, and the like.

Additives may be incorporated into the electrolyte composition of the present invention.

Additives are selected, for example, from the group consisting of corrosion inhibitors, solid electrolyte interface (SEI) improvers, proton emission improvers, self-discharge inhibitors, antistatic agents, viscosity modifiers, cathode protectors, salt stabilizers, conductivity improvers and solvating agents .

The corrosion inhibitor is, for example, a fluorinated oil, sodium stannate, sodium citrate or polyacrylic acid.

The solid electrolyte interface modifier is, for example, a fluoride source intended to fluorinate the surface of a metal hydride. The fluoride source is, for example, HF or KF. The SEI improver also includes an oxide or hydroxide of a rare earth, such as Y, which inhibits the formation of a thick oxide on the cathode electrode. SEI improvers also include metal porphin, which serves to reduce oxidation of the alloy surface. For example Ni or Fe porphin. SEI improvement agents may also include vinylene carbonate, vinylethylene carbonate, methylene ethylene carbonate, and fluoro-ethylene carbonate.

Self-discharge inhibitors include surfactants such as polyglycols, polyglycol alkyl ethers, polyglycol alkyl phosphate esters and polysorbates. Polyethylene glycol (PEG), polypropylene glycol, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40 and polysorbate 80. Advantageously, a mixture of PEG 600 and polysorbate 20 is used together or a mixture of PEG 600 and ZnO is used together.

The anti-gassing additives include phosphate ester-based surfactants, propanesultone and fluoropropanesultone.

Viscosity modifiers include, for example, DMSO.

The additive is used, for example, at a level of from about 0.1% to about 15% by weight, based on the weight of the electrolyte composition.

If the electrolyte composition contains KOH and water then there is also at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of one or more additional components, for example an organic solvent, a further ionic compound and an additive.

For example, the electrolyte composition is an ionic compound, such as NaOH, LiOH, Mg (OH) ₂ and Ca (OH) ₂ the ionic compound of one more or more selected from the group consisting of additional KOH, and one or more .

The weight ratio of KOH to the additional ionic compound is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1:99, from about 95: 5 to about 5: : 95, from about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, or from about 60:40 to about 40:60.

The electrolyte composition containing KOH advantageously contains water and an organic solvent, for example a polyalkylene glycol. Alternatively, the solvent may be an organic solvent alone.

Certain embodiments of the present invention include:

a) a protic acid / water and / or organic solvent,

b) protic ammonium compound / water and / or organic solvent,

c) ionic liquids (protic or non-protic, ammonium or phosphonium compounds),

d) an ionic liquid / water and / or organic solvent,

e) an alkali metal alkoxide / alcohol or glycol or polyalkylene glycol solvent,

f) an alkali metal hydroxide / organic solvent (for example PEG),

g) an alkali metal hydroxide / water and an organic solvent (e.g. PEG),

h) alkali metal carboxylate / carboxylic acid,

i) carboxylic acid / water and / or organic solvent,

j) an alkali metal carboxylate / water and / or organic solvent,

k) ionic compounds of high non-coordinating ions / water and / or organic solvents,

l) a mixture of at least two different ionic liquids,

m) a mixture of an ionic liquid and a protic or non-protic salt and

n) a mixture of an ionic liquid and a carboxylate compound and / or a carboxylic acid

&Lt; / RTI &gt;

The present electrolyte composition is, for example, liquid at room temperature (25 캜). The liquid includes a syrup-type high viscosity liquid. For example, the electrolyte composition has a viscosity of from about 0.2 cP to about 100 cP at 25 占 폚. For example, the electrolyte composition may have a viscosity at 25 캜 of ≤100 cP, ≤90 cP, ≤80 cP, ≤70 cP, ≤50 cP, ≤40 cP, ≤30 cP, ≤20 cP, ≤10 cP, or ≤5 cP .

The viscosity can be measured, for example, with a rotating rheometer or micro-viscometer using a rolling ball in a glass capillary that is timed and calibrated against the control liquid. The viscosity can also be measured with a DVI or DVII Brookfield viscometer, a flat viscometer or a vibration type viscometer.

The object of the present invention is also an electrolyte composition.

In a 30 wt% aqueous KOH electrolyte, the half-cell charge / discharge electrochemical reaction at the anode is as follows (MH is a metal hydride):

Many of the present electrolyte compositions are neutral or acidic, i.e., have a pH of about 7 or less.

The subject of the present invention is also a metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein the electrolyte composition has a pH of about 7 or less.

When using the neutral or acidic electrolyte composition, the half-cell charge / discharge electrochemical reaction at the anode upon application of the potential across the cell is as follows:

Or an object of the present invention is a metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein when applying a potential across the battery, / Discharge electrochemical reactions are as follows:

All values herein, such as voltage, viscosity, pH, pKa, etc., are determined at 25 ° C and atmospheric pressure.

The term "singular representation ", which refers to an element in one embodiment, can mean" one "

The term "about" means, for example, through a typical measurement and handling procedure; Through unintentional errors in this procedure; Through differences in the manufacture, supply, or purity of the components used; The difference in the method used, and the like. The term "about" also includes amounts that differ due to different equilibrium conditions for the resulting composition from a particular initial mixture. The terms and claims, including whether or not modified by the term " about " include equivalents to the recited amounts.

All numerical values in this specification are subject to change by the term "about ", whether expressly stated or not. The term "about" generally refers to a range of numbers that will be considered as equivalents to the recited values (i.e., having the same function and / or result). In many instances, the term " about "may include the approximate significance of a significant number.

The values changed by the term " about " include, of course, certain values. For example, "about 5.0" should include 5.0.

The term "consisting essentially of" means that a composition, method, or structure is a composition, method, or structure wherein the additional components, steps, and / or portions do not materially change the basic and novel features of the claimed composition, , Steps and / or portions thereof.

The US patents, US published patent applications, and U.S. patent applications discussed herein are each incorporated herein by reference.

The following are some embodiments of the present invention.

E1. A metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein

The electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound, wherein

If the electrolyte composition comprises KOH and water, then the composition comprises at least one additional component.

E2. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of a protonic acid, a protonic ammonium compound and a protonic oxonium compound.

E3. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of an amphoteric ammonium compound, an aprotic oxonium compound, an aprotic phosphonium compound, and an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt.

E4. Wherein at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of H ⁺ , an alkali ion, an alkaline earth ion, ammonium, methylammonium, ethylammonium, dimethylammonium, diethylammonium, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, tributylammonium, diethylmethylammonium, But are not limited to, ethylammonium, methoxymethylammonium, dibutylammonium, methylbutylammonium, anilinium, pyridinium, 2-methylpyridinium, imidazolium, 1-methylimidazolium, Pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidinium, pyrrolidin pyridinium, Hydra jinyum, _{^{hydroxylammonium, H 3 O +, H +}} O (Et) 2, H 2 EtO +, H 2 MeO +, H + O (Me) 2, protonated tetrahydrofuran and protonated Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran. &Lt; / RTI &gt;

E5. At least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of H ⁺ , ammonium, diethylmethylammonium, triethylammonium, hydroxyethylammonium, 2-methylpyridinium, 1,2,4-trimethylpyrazolium, Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 1, &lt; / RTI &gt;

E6. At least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetra-n-butylammonium, tri-n-butylmethylammonium, n-butyl- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylpyridinium, Imidazolium, 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-hydroxyethyl-3-methylimidazolium, trimethylhydroxyethylammonium (choline) Ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium, 4-ethyl-4-methylmorphuronium, 1- (cyanomethyl) -methylammonium, tri- (hydroxyethyl) methylammonium, dimethyl- 3-methylimidazolium, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imidazolium, O ⁺ (Me) _3, ⁺ O (Et) _3, tetrahydrofuran ⁺ -Me, -Et ⁺ tetrahydrofuran, 2- methyl tetrahydrofuran -Me ^+, 2- methyl Tra ⁺ -Et tetrahydrofuran, methyl triphenyl phosphonium, tetraphenylphosphonium, tetrabutylphosphonium, tributyl methyl phosphonium, triethyl methyl phosphonium, trihexyl-tetradecyl phosphonium, triphenyl propyl phosphonium and tetrakis Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium. &Lt; / RTI &gt;

E7. Wherein at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, nitrate, perchlorate, bifluoride, alkoxide, halide, phosphate, phosphinate, A battery according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the battery contains an anion selected from the group consisting of carbonate, imide, aluminate, cyanate, methide, arsenate, silicate and antimonate.

E8. Wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, H ₂ PO ₄ ^- , BF ₄ ^- , dibutyl phosphate, HPO ₃ F ^- , hydrogensulfate, thiocyanate, bifluoride, perchlorate, dicyanamide, Al _{OC (CF 3) 3) 4} -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] - ( a beast ripple imide), bis (ethylsulfonyl pentafluorophenyl) imide, (Triflate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), methanesulfonate (mesylate), tetraphenylborate, [B (3,5- (CF ₃ ) ₂ C ₆ H ₃ ) ^{_{4] -, Al (OC (}} CF 3) 3) 4 -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] -, N (SO 2 F) 2 -, tris (penta Fluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate, B (C ₂ O ₄ ) ₂ ^- , difluoro (oxalato) borate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrafluoroaluminate, tetraiodoaluminate, tetrabromoaluminate ^{_{, AsF 6 -, PF 6 -}} , SbF 6 - The embodiment to contain an anion selected from the group consisting of SiF ₆ ^-2 embodiment 1-6 of the battery according to any one.

E9. At least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of BF ₄ ^- , hydrogensulfate, thiocyanate, perchlorate, dicyanamide, bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide, trifluoromethanesulfonate, tetraphenylborate, [B _{(3,5- (CF 3) 2 C} 6 H 3) 4] -, Al (OC (CF 3) 3) 4 -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2 ] ^- , an anion selected from the group consisting of tetrachloroaluminate, tetrafluoroaluminate, tetraiodoaluminate, tetrabromoaluminate, AsF ₆ ^- and PF ₆ ^- . Battery according to any one.

E10. The at least one ionic compound _{H 3 PO 4, NH 4 SO} 3 CF 3, NH 4 OH, NH 4 BF 4, NH 4 Cl, NH 4 Br, NH 4 I, NH 4 F, NH 4 H 2 PO 4 (NH ₄ ) ₂ SO ₄ , hydrazinium sulfate (N ₂ H ₆ ), (NH ₄ ) ₂ HPO ₄ , methylammonium phosphonate, pyridinium tosylate, pyridinium chloride, anilinium chloride, hydroxylammonium chloride, _{SO 4), (NH 4)} HSO 4, NaHSO 4, NH 4 BF 4, H 2 SO 4, KH 2 PO 4, K 2 HPO 4, NaH 2 PO 4, Na 2 HPO 4, HBF 4, H (OEt _{2) BF 4, HPF 6,} HAsF 6, HClO 4, HSO 3 CF 3, H [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2], H [N (SO 2 CF 2 CF 3) 2], [H (OEt 2 ) ₂ [B (3,5- (CF ₃ ) ₂ C ₆ H ₃ ] ₄ ], [H (OEt ₂ ) ₂ ] [B (C ₆ F ₅ ) ₄ ] (oxonium acid) _{OEt 2) 2] [Al (} OC (CF 3) 3) battery according to the embodiment 1 selected from the group consisting of _4].

E11. The at least one ionic compound _{^{NMe 4 + SO 3 CF 3 -}} , NEt 4 + BF 4 -, NMe 4 + OH -, NMe 4 + Cl -, NEt 4 + Br -, NnBu 4 + I -, NnBu 4 + F ^- , NEt ₄ ⁺ H ₂ PO ₄ ^- , (NMe ₄ ) ₂ HPO ₄ , methyltriphenylphosphonium iodide, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium chloride, tetraphenylphosphonium bromide, pyridinium chloride, Me _3, benzalkonium chloride _{OBF 4, Et 3 OBF 4,} NEt 4 PF 6, NMe 4 AsF 6, NMe 4 ClO 4, NEt 4 SO 3 CF 3, NMe 4 [N (SO 2 CF 3) _{2], NEt 4 [N (} SO 2 CF 2 CF 3) 2], Na + B [3,5- (CF 3) 2 C 6 H 3] 4] -, K + B (C 6 F 5) 4 ^- and _{^{K + Al (OC (CF 3}} ) 3) 4 - a battery according to the embodiment 1 selected from the group consisting of.

E12. A battery according to any one of the claims 1-9, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids.

E13. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of zwitterions.

E14. At least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of ethylammonium nitrate, diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DEMA TfO), triethylammonium methanesulfonate, 2-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, ammonium fluoride, Methylimidazolium chloride, 1-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-ethylimidazolium nitrate, t-butylimidazolium nitrate, t-butylimidazolium nitrate, Butylammonium tetrafluoroborate, butylammonium tetrafluoroborate, hydroxyethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, methylbutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate Amide triflate, imidazolium triflate, imidazolium triflate, 1-methylimidazolium triflate, t-butylammonium triflate, tributylammonium triflate, , Hydronium triflate, methylammonium mesylate, ethylammonium mesylate, butylammonium mesylate, methoxyethylammonium mesylate, dimethylammonium mesylate, dibutylammonium mesylate, triethylammonium mesylate, dimethylethylammonium mesylate , Ammonium hydrogensulfate, ammonium hydrogensulfate, methylammonium hydrogensulfate, ethylammonium hydrogensulfate, propylammonium hydrogensulfate, n-butylammonium hydrogensulfate, t-butylammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethylammonium hydrogensulfate Diethyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate, di-n-butyl ammonium But are not limited to, hydrogensulfate, methylbutylammonium hydrogensulfate, ethylbutylammonium hydrogensulfate, trimethylammonium hydrogensulfate, triethylammonium hydrogensulfate, tributylammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethylethylammonium hydrogensulfate, dibutylammonium fluoro But are not limited to, hydrogen phosphate, triethylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, tributylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, hydronium dihydrogenphosphate, methylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ethylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, propylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, n-butyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, methoxyethyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, dimethyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, dibutyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, methyl butyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium non-fluoride A battery according to claim 1, wherein the battery is selected from the group consisting of methylammoniumbifluoride, ethylammoniumbifluoride, and dimethylammoniumbifluoride.

E15. At least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of tri-n-butylmethylammonium methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-butyl- Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium methylsulfate, 1,2 , 4-trimethylpyrazolium methyl sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-butylpyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate , 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) Imide, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl carbonate, carboxymethyl-tributylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxyethyl-methylpyrrolidinium bis (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxymethyl-trimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxymethyl (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, hexyltrimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tetrabutylphosphonium methanesulfonate, tetrabutylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutyl Phosphonium p-toluenesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, triethylmethylammonium methyl carbonate, tributylmethylammonium methyl carbonate, 1-ethyl- Ethyl-4-methylmorpholinium methyl carbonate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methyl carbonate, triethylmethylammonium dibutylphosphate, tributylmethylammonium di Butylimidazolium dibutylphosphate, 1- (cyanomethyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- (3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate, 3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazole (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imide, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium chloride, 1- (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1,3-bis (3-cyanopropyl) imidazolium chloride, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imidazolium bis (3-cyanopropyl) imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoro Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, Zolium bromide Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, tributylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, tributylmethylphosphonium methylcarbonate, tributylmethylphosphonium methylsulfate (Trimethylsulfonyl) phosphite, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, trihexyltetradecylphosphoniumbis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, trihexyltetradecylphosphoniumbis (2,4,4-trimethylphenyl) Trioctyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bromide, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide, 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfo (Meth) acrylate; and 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfonate tosylate.

E16. The battery according to embodiment 1, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least two different ionic compounds.

E17. The battery according to embodiment 16, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a protonic ionic compound and an aprotic ionic compound.

E18. The battery according to embodiment 16, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different protonic ionic compounds.

E19. The battery according to embodiment 16, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different aprotic ionic compounds.

E20. A battery according to any one of the embodiments 16-19, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different salts.

E21. A battery according to any one of the embodiments 16-19, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different ionic liquids.

E22. The battery according to any one of the embodiments 16-19, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a salt and an ionic liquid, for example a protic or aprotic ammonium salt or an alkali metal salt such as an alkali metal halide.

E23. A battery according to any one of embodiments 16-18, 21 and 22 wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a protonic acid, a protonic ammonium compound or a protonic oxonium compound and an ionic liquid.

E24. 26. A battery according to any one of the embodiments 16-23, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different ionic compounds containing the same cation or the same anion.

E25. The weight ratio of the two different ionic compounds is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1:99, from about 95: 5 to about 5: 95, about 90:10 to about 10:90, about 80:20 to about 20:80, about 70:30 to about 30:70, or about 60:40 to about 40:60. Battery according to.

E26. The battery according to any of the preceding embodiments, wherein the electrolyte composition contains no organic solvent and contains ≤1000 ppm by weight, ≤100 ppm by weight, or ≤10 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

E27. A battery according to any one of the claims 1-25, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a solvent.

E28. The battery according to embodiment 27, wherein the solvent consists essentially of water.

E29. The battery according to embodiment 27, wherein the solvent consists essentially of an organic solvent.

E30. The battery according to embodiment 27, wherein the solvent comprises water and an organic solvent.

E31. The weight ratio of water to organic solvent is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1:99, from about 95: 5 to about 5:95, From about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, or from about 60:40 to about 40:60.

E32. Wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, glymes, orthoesters, polyalkylene glycols, esters, lactones, glycols, formates, sulfones, sulfoxides, amides, alcohols, 29. A battery according to any one of the claims 29-31, wherein the battery comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of:

E33. Wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate (BC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), vinylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, monofluoroethylene carbonate, dimethoxymethane (DMM), diethoxymethane, 1,2 (DME or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether or glyme), diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, ethylene glycol diethyl ether (DEE), ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetra (2-MeTHF), 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane (DIOX), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (4-MeDIOX) , 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (2-MeDIOX), 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, Methyl-t-butyl ether, t-amyl-methyl ether, trimethoxymethane, triethoxymethane, 1,4-butanediol, di- Methyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, polyethylene glycol, dimethylpolyethylene glycol , Diethylpolyethylene glycol, gamma -butyrolactone (GBL), gamma -valerolactone, delta -valerolactone, ethylacetate (EA), 2-methoxyethyl acetate, 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, 2- (EE), 3-ethoxyethyl propionate (EEP), methyl butyrate (E), and the like. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base such as ethyl acetate, diisopropyl ether, MB), n-amyl acetate (NAAC), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PMA), ethyl butyrate (EB), diethyl malonate, But are not limited to, malonates, dibasic ester mixtures (DBE), ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, Butyl ether, EB), 2-phenoxyethanol, 2- benzyloxyethanol, 2- (2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2- ethoxyethoxy) Propylene glycol butyl ether (PB), propylene glycol methyl ether (PM), triethylene glycol (TEG), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPM), diethylene glycol methyl ether , 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, perfluoro-1,4-butanediol, perfluoro-1,5-butanediol, fluorinated diethylene glycol methyl ether, Triethylene glycol, fluorinated triethylene glycol methyl ether, and fluorinated diethylene (Dimethyl sulfone), ethyl methyl sulfone, sulfolane, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethyl formate (dimethyl sulfoxide), dimethyl sulfoxide Amide (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), 2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) Dimethyl-N, N'-trimethylenourea (1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone (DMPU)), benzyl alcohol (BA) Butanol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl-isoamyl ketone (MIAK), triethylamine, tributylamine (TEA) , Diethylenetriamine, ethylenediamine, morpholine, piperidine, pyridine, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitroethane, acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile and adiponitrile A battery according to the embodiment 32 comprises one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of.

E34. gun About 99: 1 to about 1:99, about 95: 5 to about 5:95, and a weight ratio of the ionic compound to the solvent: about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, From about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, or from about 60:40 to about 40:60. battery.

E35. Wherein the electrolyte composition is at least one selected from the group consisting of a corrosion inhibitor, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) improver, a proton emission improver, a self-discharge inhibitor, a gas generation inhibitor, a viscosity modifier, a cathode protection agent, a salt stabilizer, A battery according to any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising an additive.

E36. The metal hydride battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of alkaline metals or alkaline earth metal hydroxides and alkoxides, and an organic solvent.

E37. The battery according to embodiment 36, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides and alkaline earth metal hydroxides.

E38. The battery according to embodiment 36, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal alkoxides and alkaline earth metal alkoxides.

E39. At least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium hydroxides, and sodium, potassium, calcium or magnesium methoxide, ethoxide, n-propoxide, i- -Butoxide, 2-methyl butoxide or phenoxide.

E40. At least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of sodium or potassium hydroxide and sodium or potassium methoxide, ethoxide, n-propoxide, i-propoxide, n-butoxide, t-butoxide, &Lt; / RTI &gt; or phenoxide.

E41. The battery according to embodiment 36, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of potassium hydroxide, potassium methoxide and potassium ethoxide.

E42. The battery according to embodiment 36, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium methoxide and potassium ethoxide.

E43. Wherein the organic solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, glymes, orthoesters, polyalkylene glycols, glycols, alcohols, sulfones, sulfoxides, amides and nitrile solvents A battery according to any one of claims 36-42.

E44. The organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethoxy methane, Ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, Methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, di-t-butyl ether, di-isopropyl Ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2- Ethoxyethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- Butoxyethoxy) ethanol, trimethoxymethane, triethoxymethane, 1,4-dimethyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, 4-ethyl- Propylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, Methyl ether, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, perfluoro-1,4-butanediol, perfluoro-1,5-butanediol, fluorinated diethylene glycol methyl ether, Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol, methanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, n-butanol, isopropanol, Aceto Methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, A battery according to any one of the embodiments 36-42, wherein the battery comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of dinonyl, hexamethylphosphoramide and N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-trimethyleneurea.

E45. Wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, (Methoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl Any of the embodiments 36-42 wherein the solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of ether, benzyl alcohol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methanol, isopropanol, t-butanol and n- Battery according to one.

E46. Wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of KOH, NaOH, KOMe, NaOMe, KOEt and NaOEt and the solvent is selected from the group consisting of 2-methoxyethanol, 2- ethoxyethanol, 2- propoxyethanol, , 2-butoxyethanol, 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-benzyloxyethanol, 2- (2-methoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) Ethoxy) ethanol, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, benzyl alcohol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, methanol, isopropanol, -Butanol. &Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 36. &lt; / RTI &gt;

E47. The weight ratio of total ionic compound to organic solvent is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1:99, from about 95: 5 to about 5: Any of Embodiments 36-46, wherein the composition is from about 90:10 to about 95:95, from about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, or from about 60:40 to about 40:60 Battery according to.

E48. The battery according to any one of the embodiments 36-47, wherein the electrolyte composition contains ≤1000 ppm by weight, ≤100 ppm by weight, or ≤10 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

E49. Wherein the electrolyte composition is at least one selected from the group consisting of a corrosion inhibitor, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) improver, a proton emission improver, a self-discharge inhibitor, a gas generation inhibitor, a viscosity modifier, a cathode protection agent, a salt stabilizer, A battery according to any one of the embodiments 36-48, further comprising an additive.

E50. Wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, water, and at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of organic solvents, additional ionic compounds, and additives. 1 Battery according to.

E51. The battery according to embodiment 50, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises an organic solvent.

E52. Wherein the organic solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, glymes, orthoesters, polyalkylene glycols, glycols, alcohols, sulfones, sulfoxides, amides and nitrile solvents 51 battery.

E53. The organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, dimethoxy methane, Ethylene glycol diethyl ether, ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, Methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, diethyl ether, di-t-butyl ether, di-isopropyl Ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2- Ethoxyethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- Butoxyethoxy) ethanol, trimethoxymethane, triethoxymethane, 1,4-dimethyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, 4-ethyl- Propylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether, diethylene glycol, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, diethylene glycol monomethyl ether, Methyl ether, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, perfluoro-1,4-butanediol, perfluoro-1,5-butanediol, fluorinated diethylene glycol methyl ether, Ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, benzyl alcohol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol, methanol, isopropanol, t-butanol, n-butanol, isopropanol, Aceto Methylpyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, Wherein the at least one solvent comprises at least one solvent selected from the group consisting of N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-trimethyleneurea, hexamethylphosphoramide and N, N'-dimethyl-N, N'-trimethyleneurea.

E54. The battery according to embodiment 51, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises polyethylene glycol, dimethylpolyethylene glycol or diethylpolyethylene glycol.

E55. The weight ratio of water to organic solvent is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1:99, from about 95: 5 to about 5:95, A battery according to any one of embodiments 51-54, wherein the battery is a battery according to any one of embodiments 51-54, wherein the battery is a battery having a battery life of about 90:10 to about 10:90, about 80:20 to about 20:80, about 70:30 to about 30:70 or about 60:40 to about 40:60. .

E56. The weight ratio of alkali metal hydroxide to organic solvent to water is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1: 99, 5:95, from about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, or from about 60:40 to about 40:60 Battery according to any one.

E57. A battery according to any one of the embodiments 50-56, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one additional ionic compound.

E58. The battery according to embodiment 57, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises KOH and at least one additional ionic compound selected from the group consisting of NaOH, LiOH, Mg (OH) ₂ and Ca (OH) ₂ .

E59. The battery according to embodiment 57, wherein the additional ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of an ionic liquid.

E60. From about 99: 1 to about 1: 99, from about 99: 1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5 by weight of the alkali metal hydroxide to the total additional ionic compound, 5 to about 5:95, from about 90:10 to about 10:90, from about 80:20 to about 20:80, from about 70:30 to about 30:70, or from about 60:40 to about 40:60. -59.

E61. A battery according to any one of the embodiments 50-60, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one additive.

E62. Wherein the electrolyte composition is at least one selected from the group consisting of a corrosion inhibitor, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) improver, a proton emission improver, a self-discharge inhibitor, a gas generation inhibitor, a viscosity modifier, a cathode protection agent, a salt stabilizer, The battery according to embodiment 61, wherein the battery comprises an additive.

E63. The battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid.

E64. The battery according to embodiment 63, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one carboxylate compound.

E65. The battery according to claim 64, wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and an ammonium carboxylate.

E66. The battery according to claim 64, wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal carboxylates.

E67. The battery according to claim 64, wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of ammonium and phosphonium carboxylates.

E68. The 1-carboxylate compound or more species ^{Na +, K +, Ca ++} , Mg ++, NH 4 +, tetramethylammonium, ethyl ammonium, dimethyl ammonium, diethyl ammonium, trimethyl ammonium (NMe ₃ ⁺ H), triethyl And examples thereof include monovalent organic groups such as ammonium, tributylammonium, diethylmethylammonium, hydroxyethylammonium, methoxymethylammonium, dibutylammonium, methylbutylammonium, anilinium, pyridinium, And examples thereof include at least one selected from the group consisting of triazoles, thiols, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium, imidazolinium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, pyrrolinium, pyrrolinium, pyrrolidinium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, Triethylammonium, benzyl-triethylammonium, 1-methylpyridinium, 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium , 1,2,4-trimethylpyrazolium, trimethylhydroxyethylammonium (choline), dimethyldi (polyoxyethylene) ammonium, tri- 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium, Methylimidazolium, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium, 1-ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium, , 3-bis (cyanomethyl) imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, methyltriphenylphosphonium, tetraphenylphosphonium, tetrabutylphosphonium, tributylmethylphosphonium, triethylmethylphosphine The battery according to claim 64, wherein the battery according to Embodiment 64 contains cations selected from the group consisting of trioctyltetradecylphosphonium, triphenylpropylphosphonium, and tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) phosphonium.

E69. Wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of formate, acetate, fluoroacetate, difluoroacetate, trifluoroacetate, chloroacetate, dichloroacetate, trichloroacetate, propanoate, n-butanoate, N-pentanoate, i-pentanoate, octanoate, decanoate, benzoate, salicylate, thiosalicylate, 2-, 3- or 4-nitrobenzoate; Citrate, oxalate, tartrate, glycolate, gluconate, maleate, mandelate, carboxylate of nitrilotriacetic acid, carboxylate of N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -ethylenediaminetriacetic acid, ethylenediamine &Lt; / RTI &gt; a battery according to any one of embodiments 64-68, wherein the battery contains an anion selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate of tetraacetic acid and a carboxylate of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid.

E70. Wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium formate, ethanoate (acetate), propanoate, n-butanoate, i-butanoate, Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; of: &lt; / RTI &gt;

E71. Wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of sodium and potassium formate, ethanoate, propanoate, n-butanoate, i-butanoate, n-pentanoate or i-pentanoate &Lt; / RTI &gt;

E72. Wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of tetramethylammonium benzoate, tetraethylammonium oxalate, tetrabutylammonium tartrate, sodium tartrate, potassium formate, tetramethylammonium acetate, 1-methylpyridinium chloride, trimethylammonium citrate Tetramethylammonium 2-, 3- or 4-nitrobenzoate, ammonium benzoate, ammonium salicylate, ammonium oxalate, ammonium tartrate, methyltriphenylphosphonium acetate, tetrakis (hydroxymethyl) (Hydroxymethyl) phosphonium formate, mono- or di-potassium tartrate, ammonium citrate mono-, di-or tri-basic; A battery according to claim 64, wherein the battery is selected from the group consisting of ammonium 2-nitrobenzoate, ammonium 3-nitrobenzoate, ammonium 4-nitrobenzoate, potassium trifluoroacetate and potassium chloroacetate.

E73. 69. The battery of any of embodiments 64-69, wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids.

E74. Wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of trihexyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate, choline acetate, choline salicylate, 1-butyl- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate, 2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium lactate, 2-hydroxyethyltrimethylammonium acetate, and methyltrioctylammonium thiosalicylate. Battery according to.

E75. The battery according to embodiment 63, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one carboxylic acid.

E76. At least one carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of formic acid, acetic acid, fluoroacetic acid, difluoroacetic acid, trifluoroacetic acid, chloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, valeric acid, , Heptanoic acid, caprylic acid, nonanoic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid, 2-, 3- or 4-nitrobenzoic acid; From the group consisting of citric acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, glycolic acid, gluconic acid, malic acid, mandelic acid, nitrilotriacetic acid, N- (2-hydroxyethyl) -ethylenediamine triacetic acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and diethyleneamine pentaacetic acid Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 75. &Lt; / RTI &gt;

E77. The battery according to claim 75, wherein the at least one carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of acetic acid, propanoic acid, butyric acid, 3-methylbutanoic acid, valeric acid, hexanoic acid, heptanoic acid, caprylic acid and nonanoic acid.

E78. Embodiment 63. The battery according to Embodiment 63, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least two different ionic compounds as defined in any one of Embodiments 63-77.

E79. The battery according to embodiment 78, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a protonic ionic compound and an aprotic ionic compound.

E80. The battery according to embodiment 78, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different protonic ionic compounds.

E81. The battery according to embodiment 78, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different aprotic ionic compounds.

E82. 78. The battery according to any one of embodiments 78-81, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different salts.

E83. 78. The battery according to any one of embodiments 78-81, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different ionic liquids.

E84. The battery according to any one of the embodiments 78-81, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a salt and an ionic liquid.

E85. 78. The battery according to any one of embodiments 78-81, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid.

E86. 78. A battery according to any one of embodiments 78-80, 83 and 85 wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a carboxylic acid and an ionic liquid.

E87. The battery according to any one of the claims 78-86, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different ionic compounds containing the same cation or the same anion.

E88. The weight ratio of the two different ionic compounds is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1:99, from about 95: 5 to about 5: 95, about 90:10 to about 10:90, about 80:20 to about 20:80, about 70:30 to about 30:70, or about 60:40 to about 40:60. Battery according to.

E89. The battery according to any one of the embodiments 63-88, wherein the electrolyte composition contains no organic solvent and contains? 1000 ppm,? 100 ppm? Or? 10 ppm by weight of water based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

E90. A battery according to any one of embodiments 63-88, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a solvent.

E91. The battery according to embodiment 90, wherein the solvent consists essentially of water.

E92. The battery according to embodiment 90, wherein the solvent consists essentially of an organic solvent.

E93. The battery according to embodiment 90, wherein the solvent comprises water and an organic solvent.

E94. Wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, glymes, orthoesters, polyalkylene glycols, esters, lactones, glycols, formates, sulfones, sulfoxides, amides, alcohols, &Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 92- &lt; / RTI &gt;

E95. Wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate (BC), dimethyl carbonate (DMC) (DEC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), vinylene carbonate, difluoroethylene carbonate, monofluoroethylene carbonate, dimethoxymethane (DMM), diethoxymethane, 1,2 (DME or ethylene glycol dimethyl ether or glyme), diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, ethylene glycol diethyl ether (DEE), ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetra (2-MeTHF), 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane (DIOX), 4-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (4-MeDIOX) , 2-methyl-1,3-dioxolane (2-MeDIOX), 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, Methyl-t-butyl ether, t-amyl-methyl ether, trimethoxymethane, triethoxymethane, 1,4-butanediol, di- Methyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, polyethylene glycol, dimethylpolyethylene glycol (EA), 2-methoxyethyl acetate, 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, 2-ethoxyethyl methacrylate, (EE), 3-ethoxyethyl propionate (EEP), methyl butyrate (E), and the like. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base such as ethyl acetate, diisopropyl ether, MB), n-amyl acetate (NAAC), propylene glycol methyl ether acetate (PMA), ethyl butyrate (EB), diethyl malonate, Methylmalonate, dibasic ester mixture (DBE), ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol 2-butoxyethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) Propylene glycol butyl ether (PB), propylene glycol methyl ether (PM), triethylene glycol (TEG), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPM), diethylene glycol methyl Ether, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, perfluoro-1,4-butanediol, perfluoro-1,5-butanediol, fluorinated diethylene glycol methyl ether, fluorine Triethylene glycol, fluorinated triethylene glycol methyl ether, and fluorinated di Dimethylformamide, dimethylformamide, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM or dimethylsulfone), ethylmethylsulfone, sulfolane, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylpolysiloxane (DMF), N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), 2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone (DMI), hexamethylphosphoramide Dimethyl-N, N'-trimethylen urea (1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone (DMPU)), benzyl alcohol (BA) Butanol, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl-isoamyl ketone (MIAK), triethylamine, tributyl (meth) acrylate, Amine, diethylenetriamine, ethylenediamine, morpholine, piperidine, pyridine, nitrobenzene, nitromethane, nitroethane, acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile and adiponitrile A battery according to the embodiment 94 comprises one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of reels.

E96. The weight ratio of water to organic solvent is from about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, from about 99.5: 0.5 to about 0.5: 99.5, from about 99: 1 to about 1:99, from about 95: 5 to about 5:95, A battery according to any one of embodiments 93-95, wherein the battery has a weight ratio of about 90:10 to about 10:90, about 80:20 to about 20:80, about 70:30 to about 30:70, or about 60:40 to about 40:60. .

E97. About 99: 1 to about 1: 99, about 95: 5 to about 5: 95, by weight of the total ionic compound to solvent weight ratio: about 99.9: 0.1 to about 0.1: 99.9, , About 90:10 to about 10:90, about 80:20 to about 20:80, about 70:30 to about 30:70, or about 60:40 to about 40:60. Battery according to.

E98. Wherein the electrolyte composition is at least one selected from the group consisting of a corrosion inhibitor, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) improver, a proton emission improver, a self-discharge inhibitor, a gas generation inhibitor, a viscosity modifier, a cathode protection agent, a salt stabilizer, A battery according to any one of the embodiments 63-97, further comprising an additive.

E99. Wherein the electrolyte composition exhibits a viscosity at 25 캜 of ≤100 cP, ≤90 cP, ≤80 cP, ≤70 cP, ≤50 cP, ≤40 cP, ≤30 cP, ≤20 cP, ≤10 cP or ≤5 cP Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 1, &lt; / RTI &gt;

E100. A battery according to any of the preceding embodiments exhibiting a nominal open-circuit voltage of about 1.2 to about 5.0 V, about 1.3 to about 5.0 V, about 1.4 to about 5.0 V, or about 1.5 to about 5.0 V.

E101. An electrolyte composition as defined in any one of embodiments 1-99.

E102. A metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein the battery exhibits a nominal open-circuit voltage of about 1.5 to about 5.0 volts.

E103. Wherein the electrolyte composition is selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt, a protic acid, a protic ammonium compound, a protic oxonium compound, an aprotic ammonium compound, an aprotic oxonium compound and an aprotic phosphonium compound. A battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the battery comprises more than one species of ionic compound.

E104. Wherein at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, nitrate, perchlorate, bifluoride, alkoxide, halide, phosphate, phosphinate, A battery according to embodiment 103, wherein the battery contains an anion selected from the group consisting of carbonate, imide, aluminate, cyanate, methide, arsenate, silicate and antimonate.

E105. Wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, H ₂ PO ₄ ^- , BF ₄ ^- , dibutyl phosphate, HPO ₃ F ^- , hydrogensulfate, thiocyanate, bifluoride, perchlorate, dicyanamide, Al _{OC (CF 3) 3) 4} -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] - ( a beast ripple imide), bis (ethylsulfonyl pentafluorophenyl) imide, (Triflate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), methanesulfonate (mesylate), tetraphenylborate, [B (3,5- (CF ₃ ) ₂ C ₆ H ₃ ) ^{_{4] -, Al (OC (}} CF 3) 3) 4 -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] -, N (SO 2 F) 2 -, tris (penta Fluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate, B (C ₂ O ₄ ) ₂ ^- , difluoro (oxalato) borate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrafluoroaluminate, tetraiodoaluminate, tetrabromoaluminate ^{_{, AsF 6 -, PF 6 -}} , SbF 6 - Battery according to the embodiments 103 to contain an anion selected from the group consisting of SiF ₆ ^-2.

E106. 104. The battery of any of embodiments 103-105, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of an ionic liquid.

E107. Wherein at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of ethylammonium nitrate, diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, triethylammonium methanesulfonate, 2-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, ammonium fluoride, methylammonium nitrate , Hydroxyethylammonium nitrate, ethylammonium nitrate, dimethylammonium nitrate, 1-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-ethylimidazolium nitrate, t-butylammonium tetrafluoro Methylbutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, Imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, t- Butyl ammonium triflate, 2-fluoropyridinium triflate, hydroxyethylammonium triflate, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium triflate, imidazolium triflate, 1-methylimidazolium triflate, hydronium tri But are not limited to, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, Butyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate, t-butyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, ethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, propyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, n-butyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, Ammonium hydrogensulfate, di-n-butylammonium hydro- But are not limited to, gum sulfates, methylbutyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, ethyl butyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, trimethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, triethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, tributyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethylethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, dibutyl ammonium fluorohydro Triethylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, tributylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, hydronium dihydrogenphosphate, methylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ethylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, propylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, n - butylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, methoxyethylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, dimethylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, dibutylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, methylbutylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ammonium bifluoride, methyl A battery according to claim 103, wherein the battery is selected from the group consisting of ammonium bifluoride, ethylammonium bifluoride, and dimethylammonium bifluoride.

E108. At least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of tri-n-butylmethylammonium methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-butyl- Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium methylsulfate, 1,2 , 4-trimethylpyrazolium methyl sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-butylpyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate , 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) Imide, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl carbonate, carboxymethyl-tributylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxyethyl-methylpyrrolidinium bis (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxymethyl-trimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxymethyl (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, hexyltrimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tetrabutylphosphonium methanesulfonate, tetrabutylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutyl Phosphonium p-toluenesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, triethylmethylammonium methyl carbonate, tributylmethylammonium methyl carbonate, 1-ethyl- Ethyl-4-methylmorpholinium methyl carbonate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methyl carbonate, triethylmethylammonium dibutylphosphate, tributylmethylammonium di Butylimidazolium dibutylphosphate, 1- (cyanomethyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- (3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate, 3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazole (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imide, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium chloride, 1- (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1,3-bis (3-cyanopropyl) imidazolium chloride, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imidazolium bis (3-cyanopropyl) imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoro Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, Zolium bromide Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, tributylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, tributylmethylphosphonium methylcarbonate, tributylmethylphosphonium methylsulfate (Trimethylsulfonyl) phosphite, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, trihexyltetradecylphosphoniumbis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, trihexyltetradecylphosphoniumbis (2,4,4-trimethylphenyl) Trioctyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bromide, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide, 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfo Sulfonic acid tosylate and 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfonate tosylate.

E109. 104. The battery of embodiment 103, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least two different ionic compounds.

E110. 109. The battery of embodiment 109, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different salts.

E111. 109. The battery of embodiment 109, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different ionic liquids.

E112. 109. The battery of embodiment 109, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises an ionic liquid and a salt.

E113. The battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one salt selected from the group consisting of an ionic liquid and a protonic or non-protonic ammonium salt and an alkali metal salt.

E114. The battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises an ionic liquid and a protonic acid, a proton magnetic ammonium compound or a protonic oxonium compound.

E115. The battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different ionic compounds containing the same cation or the same anion.

E116. The battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the electrolyte composition contains no organic solvent and contains &lt; = 1000 ppm by weight of water based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

E117. A battery according to any one of embodiments 102-116, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a solvent.

E118. 117. The battery of embodiment 117, wherein the solvent is essentially water.

E119. 117. The battery of embodiment 117, wherein the solvent consists essentially of an organic solvent.

E120. 117. The battery of embodiment 117, wherein the solvent comprises water and an organic solvent.

E121. Wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, glymes, orthoesters, polyalkylene glycols, esters, lactones, glycols, formates, sulfones, sulfoxides, amides, alcohols, &Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 117 &lt; / RTI &gt;

E122. The solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate Dimethoxyethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl- Butyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, di- t-butyl ether, ethyl-t-butyl ether, t-amyl-methyl ether, trimethoxymethane, Trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, 4-ethyl-1-methyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, 2-methoxyethylacetate, 2-ethoxyethylacetate, 2-methoxyethylacetate, 2-methoxyethylacetate, 2-methoxyethylacetate, 2-methoxyethylacetate, Ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol diacetate, 3-ethoxyethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, n-amyl acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethyl butyrate, Diethyl malonate, dimethyl malonate, dibasic ester mixture, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol , 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-benzyloxyethanol, 2- (2- Methoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether , Diethylene glycol methyl ether, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, perfluoro-1,4-butanediol, perfluoro-1,5-butanediol, Methyl ethyl ether, glycol methyl ether, fluorinated triethylene glycol, fluorinated triethylene glycol methyl ether and fluorinated diethylene glycol butyl ether, methyl formate, ethyl formate, isobutyl formate, tert-butyl formate, methylsulfonyl methane, Dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, hexamethylphosphoramide, N, N '-Dimethyl-N, N'-trimethyleneurea (1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone), benzyl alcohol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol (2,2-trifluoroethanol) Isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol, t-butanol, n-butanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl-isoamyl ketone, triethylamine, tributylamine, diethylenetriamine, ethylenediamine, morpholine, piperidine, pyridine, nitrobenzene, , At least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of nitroethane, acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile and adiponitrile.

E125. The battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of alkaline metals or alkaline earth metal hydroxides and alkoxides, and an organic solvent.

E126. Wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, water, and at least one additional component selected from the group consisting of organic solvents, additional ionic compounds, and additives. Battery according to 102.

E127. 126. The battery of embodiment 126, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises an organic solvent.

E128. 126. The battery of embodiment 126, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises one or more additional ionic compounds.

E129. The battery according to embodiment 128, wherein the at least one additional ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of an ionic liquid.

E130. 126. The battery of embodiment 126, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one additive.

E131. The battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid.

E132. The battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylate compounds.

E133. 132. The battery of embodiment 132, wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and ammonium carboxylates.

E134. The battery according to embodiment 102, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids.

E135. The battery according to embodiment 131, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid.

E136. The battery according to embodiment 131, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a solvent.

E137. The battery according to embodiment 136, wherein the solvent consists essentially of water.

E138. The battery according to embodiment 136, wherein the solvent consists essentially of an organic solvent.

E139. The battery according to embodiment 136, wherein the solvent comprises water and an organic solvent.

E140. A battery according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the half-cell charge / discharge electrochemical reaction at the anode in application of the potential across the cell is as follows.

E141. A battery according to any one of the preceding embodiments wherein the pH of the electrolyte composition is about 7 or less.

E142. A metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein the half-cell charge / discharge electrochemical reaction at the anode upon application of a potential across the battery is Lt; / RTI &gt;

E143. A battery comprising: at least one negative electrode; at least one positive electrode; a casing in which the electrodes are disposed; and an electrolyte composition, wherein the electrolyte composition has a pH of about 7 or less.

E144. Wherein the electrolyte composition is selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt, a protic acid, a protic ammonium compound, a protic oxonium compound, an aprotic ammonium compound, an aprotic oxonium compound and an aprotic phosphonium compound. &Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 143 &lt; / RTI &gt;

E145. Wherein at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of hydroxide, nitrate, perchlorate, bifluoride, alkoxide, halide, phosphate, phosphinate, The battery of embodiment 144, wherein the battery contains an anion selected from the group consisting of carbonate, imide, aluminate, cyanate, methide, arsenate, silicate, and antimonate.

E146. Wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, H ₂ PO ₄ ^- , BF ₄ ^- , dibutyl phosphate, HPO ₃ F ^- , hydrogensulfate, thiocyanate, bifluoride, perchlorate, dicyanamide, Al _{OC (CF 3) 3) 4} -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] - ( a beast ripple imide), bis (ethylsulfonyl pentafluorophenyl) imide, (Triflate), p-toluenesulfonate (tosylate), methanesulfonate (mesylate), tetraphenylborate, [B (3,5- (CF ₃ ) ₂ C ₆ H ₃ ) ^{_{4] -, Al (OC (}} CF 3) 3) 4 -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] -, N (SO 2 F) 2 -, tris (penta Fluoroethyl) trifluorophosphate, B (C ₂ O ₄ ) ₂ ^- , difluoro (oxalato) borate, tetrachloroaluminate, tetrafluoroaluminate, tetraiodoaluminate, tetrabromoaluminate ^{_{, AsF 6 -, PF 6 -}} , SbF 6 - Battery according to the embodiments 144 to contain an anion selected from the group consisting of SiF ₆ ^-2.

E147. A battery according to any one of embodiments 144-146, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids.

E148. Wherein at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of ethylammonium nitrate, diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, triethylammonium methanesulfonate, 2-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, ammonium fluoride, methylammonium nitrate , Hydroxyethylammonium nitrate, ethylammonium nitrate, dimethylammonium nitrate, 1-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-ethylimidazolium nitrate, t-butylammonium tetrafluoro Methylbutylammonium tetrafluoroborate, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, Imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, t- Butyl ammonium triflate, 2-fluoropyridinium triflate, hydroxyethylammonium triflate, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium triflate, imidazolium triflate, 1-methylimidazolium triflate, hydronium tri But are not limited to, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, methyltrimethylammonium acetate, Butyl ammonium hydrogen sulphate, t-butyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, ethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, propyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, n-butyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, Ammonium hydrogensulfate, di-n-butylammonium hydro- But are not limited to, gum sulfates, methylbutyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, ethyl butyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, trimethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, triethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, tributyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethylethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, dibutyl ammonium fluorohydro Triethylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, tributylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, hydronium dihydrogenphosphate, methylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ethylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, propylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, n - butylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, methoxyethylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, dimethylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, dibutylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, methylbutylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ammonium bifluoride, methyl A battery according to embodiment 144, wherein said battery is selected from the group consisting of ammonium bifluoride, ethylammonium bifluoride, and dimethylammonium bifluoride.

E149. At least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of tri-n-butylmethylammonium methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-butyl- Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,2,3-trimethylimidazolium methylsulfate, 1,2 , 4-trimethylpyrazolium methyl sulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-butylpyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate , 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) Imide, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl carbonate, carboxymethyl-tributylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxyethyl-methylpyrrolidinium bis (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxymethyl-trimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxymethyl (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, hexyltrimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tetrabutylphosphonium methanesulfonate, tetrabutylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutyl Phosphonium p-toluenesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, triethylmethylammonium methyl carbonate, tributylmethylammonium methyl carbonate, 1-ethyl- Ethyl-4-methylmorpholinium methyl carbonate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium methyl carbonate, triethylmethylammonium dibutylphosphate, tributylmethylammonium di Butylimidazolium dibutylphosphate, 1- (cyanomethyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- (3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate, 3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazole (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imide, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium chloride, 1- (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1,3-bis (3-cyanopropyl) imidazolium chloride, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imidazolium bis (3-cyanopropyl) imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoro Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, Zolium bromide Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, tributylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, tributylmethylphosphonium methylcarbonate, tributylmethylphosphonium methylsulfate (Trimethylsulfonyl) phosphite, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, trihexyltetradecylphosphoniumbis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, trihexyltetradecylphosphoniumbis (2,4,4-trimethylphenyl) Trioctyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bromide, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium dicyanamide, 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfo Naphthoquinone, and 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfonate tosylate.

E150. The battery according to embodiment 144, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid.

E151. The battery according to embodiment 144, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylate compounds.

E152. The battery according to embodiment 151, wherein the at least one carboxylate compound is selected from the group consisting of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, and an ammonium carboxylate.

E153. The battery according to embodiment 144, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acids.

E154. The battery according to embodiment 150, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid.

E155. A battery according to any one of embodiments 144-154, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least two different ionic compounds.

E156. 155. The battery of embodiment 155, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different salts.

E157. 155. The battery of embodiment 155, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different ionic liquids.

E158. 155. The battery of embodiment 155, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises an ionic liquid and a salt.

E159. The battery of embodiment 144, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one salt selected from the group consisting of an ionic liquid and a protonic or aprotic ammonium salt and an alkali metal salt.

E160. The battery according to embodiment 144, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises an ionic liquid and a protic acid, a protic ammonium compound or a protic oxonium compound.

E161. Embodiment 144. The battery according to Embodiment 144, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises two different ionic compounds containing the same cation or the same anion.

E162. The battery according to embodiment 144, wherein the electrolyte composition contains no organic solvent and contains &lt; = 1000 ppm by weight of water based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

E163. The battery according to embodiment 144, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a solvent.

E164. The battery according to embodiment 163, wherein the solvent consists essentially of water.

E165. The battery according to embodiment 163, wherein the solvent consists essentially of an organic solvent.

E166. The battery according to embodiment 163, wherein the solvent comprises water and an organic solvent.

E167. Wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, glymes, orthoesters, polyalkylene glycols, esters, lactones, glycols, formates, sulfones, sulfoxides, amides, alcohols, Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 163 &lt; / RTI &gt;

E168. The solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, trimethylene carbonate, 1,2-butylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, vinylene carbonate Dimethoxyethane, diglyme, triglyme, tetraglyme, ethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, dipropylene glycol monobutyl ether, Ethylene glycol dibutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dioxolane, 4-methyl- Butyl ether, di-isopropyl ether, methyl-1,3-dioxolane, 1,4-dioxane, dimethyl ether, ethyl methyl ether, diethyl ether, di- t-butyl ether, ethyl-t-butyl ether, t-amyl-methyl ether, trimethoxymethane, Trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, 4-ethyl-1-methyl-3,5,8-trioxabicyclo [2.2.2] octane, 2-methoxyethylacetate, 2-ethoxyethylacetate, 2-methoxyethylacetate, 2-methoxyethylacetate, 2-methoxyethylacetate, 2-methoxyethylacetate, Ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol diacetate, 3-ethoxyethyl propionate, methyl butyrate, n-amyl acetate, propylene glycol methyl ether acetate, ethyl butyrate, Diethyl malonate, dimethyl malonate, dibasic ester mixture, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-ethoxyethanol, 2-propoxyethanol, 2-isopropoxyethanol, 2-butoxyethanol , 2-phenoxyethanol, 2-benzyloxyethanol, 2- (2- Methoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-ethoxyethoxy) ethanol, 2- (2-butoxyethoxy) ethanol, propylene glycol butyl ether, propylene glycol methyl ether, triethylene glycol, dipropylene glycol methyl ether , Diethylene glycol methyl ether, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, perfluoro-1,4-butanediol, perfluoro-1,5-butanediol, Methyl ethyl ether, glycol methyl ether, fluorinated triethylene glycol, fluorinated triethylene glycol methyl ether and fluorinated diethylene glycol butyl ether, methyl formate, ethyl formate, isobutyl formate, tert-butyl formate, methylsulfonyl methane, Dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-pyrrolidone, 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazolidinone, hexamethylphosphoramide, N, N '-Dimethyl-N, N'-trimethyleneurea (1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2 (1H) -pyrimidinone), benzyl alcohol, ethanol, trifluoroethanol (2,2-trifluoroethanol) Isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol, t-butanol, n-butanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl-isoamyl ketone, triethylamine, tributylamine, diethylenetriamine, ethylenediamine, morpholine, piperidine, pyridine, nitrobenzene, , At least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of nitroethane, acetonitrile, propionitrile, butyronitrile and adiponitrile.

E169. Wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one additive selected from the group consisting of corrosion inhibitors, solid electrolyte interface modifiers, proton emission improvers, self-discharge inhibitors, antistatic agents, viscosity modifiers, cathode protectors, salt stabilizers, conductivity improvers and solvating agents Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 144 &lt; / RTI &gt;

E170. Wherein the electrolyte composition exhibits a viscosity at 25 캜 of ≤100 cP, ≤90 cP, ≤80 cP, ≤70 cP, ≤50 cP, ≤40 cP, ≤30 cP, ≤20 cP, ≤10 cP or ≤5 cP Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 &gt; 144-169. &Lt; / RTI &gt;

E171. A battery according to any one of embodiments 144-170, wherein the battery exhibits a nominal open-circuit voltage of about 1.2 to about 5.0 V, about 1.3 to about 5.0 V, about 1.4 to about 5.0 V, or about 1.5 to about 5.0 V.

Example 1

A 1 mol / L electrolyte composition of HN (Me) ₃ BF ₄ in propylene carbonate was prepared. The electrolyte composition was used in batteries comprising a rare earth nickel based AB ₅ hydrogen storage material, a paste nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a polypropylene / polyethylene grafted nonwoven separator as negative electrode.

Alternatively, the NH ₄ BF ₄ can be H ₃ PO ₄ , NH ₄ CF ₃ SO ₃ , N ₂ H ₆ SO ₄ , HN (Me) ₃ Cl, NH ₄ H ₂ PO ₄ , KH ₂ PO _4, or pyridinium Chloride.

Alternatively, the propylene carbonate (PC) may be ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), DMF, DMSO, dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate DMC, EC / DEC, EC / EMC, EC / DMC / DEC or EC / DMC / EA.

Example  2

Example 1 was repeated, replacing the electrolyte composition with pure diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethane sulfonate, triethylammonium methanesulfonate or 2-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate. Alternatively, a 80:20 weight: weight mixture of diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, triethylammonium methanesulfonate or 2-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate: glyme was used.

Example  3

The electrolyte composition was used in a battery comprising a rare earth nickel based AB ₅ hydrogen storage material, a paste nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a polypropylene / polyethylene grafted nonwoven separator as a negative electrode. The electrolyte composition was pure 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide. Alternatively, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate was used. Alternatively, an 80:20 weight: weight mixture of tetrabutylphosphonium methanesulfonate: glyme was used.

Example  4

The electrolyte composition was used in a battery comprising a rare earth nickel based AB ₅ hydrogen storage material, a paste nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a polypropylene / polyethylene grafted nonwoven separator as a negative electrode. The electrolyte composition was 30 wt% potassium ethoxide in trifluoroethanol. Alternatively, a 30% by weight mixture of sodium methoxide in methanol, a 30% by weight mixture of potassium ethoxide in ethylene glycol or a 30% by weight mixture of potassium ethoxide in ethanol was used.

Example  5

The electrolyte composition was used in a battery comprising a rare earth nickel based AB ₅ hydrogen storage material, a paste nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a polypropylene / polyethylene grafted nonwoven separator as a negative electrode. The electrolyte composition was 25 wt% potassium hydroxide in propylene carbonate.

Example  6

The electrolyte composition was used in a battery comprising a rare earth nickel based AB ₅ hydrogen storage material, a paste nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a polypropylene / polyethylene grafted nonwoven separator as a negative electrode. The electrolyte composition was 25 wt% KOH in a 1: 1 weight mixture of water and polyethylene glycol (PEG 600). The examples were repeated, replacing the electrolyte composition with a 30 wt% mixture of KOH in PEG 300.

Example  7

The electrolyte composition was used in a battery comprising a rare earth nickel based AB ₅ hydrogen storage material, a paste nickel hydroxide positive electrode and a polypropylene / polyethylene grafted nonwoven separator as a negative electrode. The electrolyte composition was 30 wt% potassium acetate in acetic acid. Alternatively, the electrolyte composition was 30 wt.% Caprylic acid in glyme or 30 wt.% Potassium acetate in glime or 30 wt.% Sodium acetate in butyric acid.

Example  8

A 1 mol / L electrolyte composition of triethylammonium 2-nitrobenzoate in propylene carbonate was prepared. The composition was used in a cell according to Example 1.

Example  9

A 6 mol / L electrolyte composition of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate in glacial acetic acid was prepared. The composition was used in a cell according to Example 1.

Example  10

An electrolyte mixture of diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DEMA TfO, ionic liquid) and trimethylammonium chloride (salt) was prepared. The ionic liquid: salt mixture was prepared at a weight: weight level of 1: 5, 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: . Alternatively, salt tetraethylammonium bromide or diethylmethylammonium chloride was used as the salt in the mixture. Alternatively, a sodium or potassium salt such as NaCl or KCl was used as the salt. Alternatively, the carboxylate salt was used as the salt. The mixture was used in a cell according to Example 1.

Example  11

An electrolyte mixture of diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate (DEMA TfO, ionic liquid) and ethylammonium nitrate was prepared. The ionic liquid mixtures were prepared at weight: weight levels of 1: 5, 1: 4, 1: 3, 1: 2, 1: 1, 2: 1, 3: 1, 4: 1 and 5: The mixture was used in a cell as in Example 1. Alternatively, the ionic liquid can be reacted with an organic solvent such as triethylammonium methanesulfonate, 2-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, tri-n-butylmethylammonium methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-2,3- 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate. &Lt; / RTI &gt;

Claims (15)

A metal hydride battery comprising at least one negative electrode, at least one positive electrode, a casing in which the electrodes are disposed, and an electrolyte composition, wherein
The electrolyte composition comprises a compound selected from the group consisting of a protic magnetic acid, a protic ammonium compound, a protic magnetic oxonium compound, an aprotic ammonium compound, an aprotic oxonium compound, an aprotic phosphonium compound, and an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salt. At least one ionic compound;
Wherein the electrolyte composition further comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of an organic solvent, a further ionic compound and an additive, when the electrolyte composition contains KOH and water. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of H ⁺ , an alkali ion, an alkaline earth ion, ammonium, methylammonium, ethylammonium, dimethylammonium, diethylammonium, trimethylammonium, triethylammonium, tributylammonium, di Dimethylimidazolium, 1-methylimidazolium, 1, 2-dimethylpyridine, 1-methylimidazolium, 1-methylimidazolium, 1-methylimidazolium, 1-methylimidazolium, Imidazolium, imidazolinium, 1-ethylimidazolium, 1- (4-sulfobutyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1-allylimidazolium, quinolinium, isoquinolinium, titanium, pyrrolidin ninyum, pyrrolidin pyridinium, Hydra jinyum, _{^{hydroxylammonium, H 3 O +, H +}} O (Et) 2, H 2 EtO +, H 2 MeO +, H + O (Me) 2, protonated Tetrahydrofuran, protonated 2-methyl-tetrahydrofuran, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetra-n-butylammonium, tri- Triethylammonium, benzyl-tri-ethylammonium, 1-methylpyridinium, 1-butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium, 1,2,3-trimethyl Imidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, Dimethyl-di (polyoxyethylene) ammonium, 1-ethyl-1-methylpiperazin-1-ylmethylimidazolium, triethylhydroxyethylammonium (choline) (Cyanomethyl) -3-methylimidazolium, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium, 1,3-bis ) _{^{imidazolium, + O (Me) 3,}} + O (Et) 3, tetrahydrofuran ⁺ -Me, -Et ⁺ tetrahydrofuran, 2- methyl tetrahydrofuran -Me ^+, 2- methyl-tetrahydrofuran- Et ⁺ , methyltriphenylphosphonium, tetraphenylphosphonium, tetrabutylphosphonium, tributylmethylphosphine Wherein the positive electrode contains a cation selected from the group consisting of sodium, potassium, sodium, potassium, sodium, potassium, sodium, potassium, sodium, potassium, 3. The composition of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of a hydroxide, a nitrate, a perchlorate, a bifluoride, an alkoxide, a halide, a phosphate, a phosphinate, a phosphonate, , Anions selected from the group consisting of sulfites, sulfates, sulfonates, carbonates, imides, aluminates, cyanates, methides, arsenates, silicates and antimonates. 3. The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one ionic compound is selected from the group consisting of chloride, bromide, H ₂ PO ₄ ^- , BF ₄ ^- , dibutyl phosphate, HPO ₃ F ^- , hydrogensulfate, thiocyanate, fluoride, perchlorate, DC hold _{imide, Al (OC (CF 3)} 3) 4 -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] - ( a beast ripple imide), bis ( Toluenesulfonate (tosylate), methanesulfonate (mesylate), tetraphenylborate, [B (3,5-diethoxyphenylsulfonyl) imide] _{(CF 3) 2 C 6 H} 3) 4] -, Al (OC (CF 3) 3) 4 -, B (C 6 F 5) 4 -, [N (SO 2 CF 3) 2] -, N ( SO ₂ F) ₂ ^-, tris (pentafluoroethyl) trifluoro _{phosphate, B (C 2 O 4)} 2 - by, difluoro (oxalate reyito) borate, tetrachloro aluminate, tetrafluoroborate aluminate, tetra Iodoaluminate, tetrabromoaluminate And anions selected from the group consisting of AsF ₆ ^- , PF ₆ ^- , SbF ₆ ^- and SiF ₆ ^-2 . The battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte composition contains at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of ionic liquids. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte composition is selected from the group consisting of ethylammonium nitrate, diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate, triethylammonium methanesulfonate, 2-methylpyridinium trifluoromethanesulfonate, ammonium fluoride, methylammonium Methylimidazolium chloride, 1-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-ethylimidazolium nitrate, t-butylammonium nitrate, ethylammonium nitrate, dimethylammonium nitrate, Hydroxyethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, methylethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, triethylammonium tetrafluoroborate, imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1- Methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate Amide triflate, t-butylammonium triflate, 2-fluoropyridinium triflate, hydroxyethylammonium triflate, 1,2-dimethylimidazolium triflate, imidazolium triflate, 1-methylimidazolium triflate , Hydronium triflate, methylammonium mesylate, ethylammonium mesylate, butylammonium mesylate, methoxyethylammonium mesylate, dimethylammonium mesylate, dibutylammonium mesylate, triethylammonium mesylate, dimethylethylammonium mesylate , Ammonium hydrogensulfate, ammonium hydrogensulfate, methylammonium hydrogensulfate, ethylammonium hydrogensulfate, propylammonium hydrogensulfate, n-butylammonium hydrogensulfate, t-butylammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, Phosphate, diethyl ammonium hydrogensulfate, di-n-butylammonium But are not limited to, dodecylsulfate, dodecylsulfate, dichlorosulfate, methylbutylammonium hydrogensulfate, ethylbutylammonium hydrogensulfate, trimethylammonium hydrogensulfate, triethylammonium hydrogensulfate, tributylammonium hydrogensulfate, dimethylethylammonium hydrogensulfate, dibutylammonium fluoro But are not limited to, hydrogen phosphate, triethylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, tributylammonium fluorohydrogenphosphate, hydronium dihydrogenphosphate, methylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, ethylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, propylammonium dihydrogenphosphate, n-butyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, methoxyethyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, dimethyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, dibutyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, methyl butyl ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium bifluoride, Butylammonium methylsulfate, 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium ethylsulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate, ethylammoniumbifluoride, dimethylammoniumbifluoride, Butylimidazolium thiocyanate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate, 1-butyl- Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogensulfate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1,2,3- Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate, Methylimidazolium methanesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrachloroaluminate, 1-ethyl-3-methyl Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate, 1-butylpyridinium chloride, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrofluoroborate, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, 1 Butyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium bromide, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-ethyl- Ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium methyl carbonate, carboxymethyl-tributylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethyl) imidazolium bis (pentafluoroethylsulfonyl) imide, (Methylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxyethyl-methylpyrrolidinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, N-carboxymethyl- Carboxymethyl-methylpyridinium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, hexyltrimethylammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, tetraammonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, Butylphosphonium methanesulfonate, tetrabutylphosphonium tetrafluoroborate, tetrabutylphosphonium p-toluenesulfonate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogencarbonate, triethylmethylammonium methyl carbonate , Tributylmethylammonium methylcarbonate, 1-ethyl-1-methylpiperidinium methylcarbonate, 4-ethyl-4-methylmorpholinium methylcarbonate, 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium Methyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutyl phosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutyl phosphate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dibutylphosphate, - (Cyanome Methylimidazolium chloride, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium chloride, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) -3-methylimidazolium bis (trifluoromethyl 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium chloride, 1- (3-cyanopropyl) pyridinium chloride, 1- (Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imidazolium chloride, 1,3-bis (cyanomethyl) imidazolium bis Imidazolium chloride, 1,3-bis (3-cyanopropyl) imidazolium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, 1-butyl- Methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethyl- Zolium chloride, 1- 3-methylimidazolium bromide, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, tributylmethylphosphonium dibutylphosphate, triethylmethylphosphonium dibutyl Phosphate, tributyl methylphosphonium methyl carbonate, tributyl methyl phosphonium methyl sulfate, triethyl methyl phosphonium dibutyl phosphate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide, trihexyl Tetradecylphosphonium bis (2,4,4-trimethylphenyl) phosphinate, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium bromide, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium decanoate, trihexyltetradecylphosphine (Triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfonate and 3- (triphenylphosphonio) propane-1-sulfonate tosylate. Of those containing a selected one of two or more compounds from ion battery. The battery according to any one of claims 1, 2, 5, and 6, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least two different ionic compounds. The battery according to any one of claims 1, 2, 5, and 6, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises an ionic liquid and a salt or comprises two different ionic liquids. The electrolyte composition according to any one of claims 1, 2, 5 and 6, wherein the electrolyte composition contains no organic solvent and contains &lt; = 1000 ppm by weight of water based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition battery. 7. The electrolyte composition according to any one of claims 1, 2, 5, and 6, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of water and an organic solvent and exhibits a viscosity of &lt; battery. The process of any one of claims 1, 2, 5, and 6 wherein the electrolyte composition is selected from the group consisting of organic carbonates, ethers, glymes, orthoesters, polyalkylene glycols, esters, lactones, glycols, Wherein the battery comprises at least one organic solvent selected from the group consisting of mates, sulfones, sulfoxides, amides, alcohols, amines, ketones, nitro solvents and nitrile solvents. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxides and alkoxides, and an organic solvent. The battery of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises at least one ionic compound selected from the group consisting of a carboxylate compound and a carboxylic acid. The method of claim 1, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises one or more ionic compounds selected from the group consisting of alkali metal hydroxides, water, and one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of an organic solvent, Includes a battery. 15. The metal hydride battery of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the metal hydride battery exhibits a nominal open-circuit voltage of about 1.5 V to about 5.0 V.