KR20150045166A - Toothpaste composition for using pumping type container - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a toothpaste composition used in a pumping type container, comprising liquid polyol and sugar alcohol, which resolves the problem that the pumping type container is strongly touched with air, when the toothpaste composition is used in the pumping type container, thereby enabling the toothpaste composition to become hard or the viscosity of the toothpaste composition to increase quickly and having difficulty in discharging the toothpaste composition, and accordingly has an outstanding feeling taste .

Description

[0001] The present invention relates to a toothpaste composition for use in a pumping-

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a dentifrice composition for use in a pump-type container, and more particularly to a dentifrice composition capable of preventing a hardening phenomenon in a pump-type container.

Originally developed in Colgate, USA, paste toothpastes were sold in aluminum tubes and were still in use by the 1970s. The development of the paste-like dentifrice containers made of aluminum as a laminated film material as in modern times can be said to be the development of the polymer and polymer processing technology. However, in the case of such a tubular toothpaste, there is a real inconvenience in use due to the remaining amount of the tube and the viscosity of the pasty product. In order to improve the releasing property of such toothpaste, a liquid toothpaste product having a characteristic of flowing in a plastic container has been released. However, when the toothpaste flows too well, it is difficult to effectively deliver the drug to teeth and gums in the toothpaste product. In order to enhance the convenience of users, there has been an attempt to apply a vacuum pump type plastic container so as to discharge a paste having a high viscosity. Some of the products are on the market, but there is a problem of cost, These weak characteristics are still present.

In general, sorbitol is used as the humectant and humectant used in the paste preparation. In case of sorbitol, it is used in the form of 70% solution, but when water is dried, it is converted into solid. For this reason, we have tried to improve convenience for consumers by using dip pumps (dispenser pumps, pumping type containers) used in shampoos and bodywashes, but in the case of dip pumps, Due to the drying of the contents, the viscosity of the composition is increased and the problem of not discharging and the problem of hardening have occurred.

In the case of liquid polyols which can solve the problem of hardening, there is a problem in that it is not preferable to consumers emotionally because of bitter taste. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop a technology for a dentifrice composition which can be used in a dip pump while solving emotional uncomfortable feeling by mixing a solid polyol which is relatively inexpensive and sweet and a liquid polyol which can impart a non-solidifying property.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems and to provide a liquid dental composition having excellent viscosity retention.

Further, the present invention is intended to improve the convenience of use by allowing the dentifrice composition to be used without hardening due to changes in viscosity or the like.

The present invention is to provide a dentifrice composition which can be pumped without a sudden increase in viscosity and stagnation phenomenon even though sugar alcohol such as a dip pump is used as a ventilating agent, and can reliably remove bitterness and the like emotionally.

In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides a dentifrice composition for use in a pumping-type container, which comprises both a sugar alcohol and a liquid polyol, preferably a sugar alcohol and a liquid polyol in a pump- To provide a dentifrice composition capable of maintaining the viscosity and improving the drying phenomenon.

The inventors of the present invention have found that when the dentifrice composition is in direct contact with the outside air such as a pump-type container, the dentifrice composition hardens easily and can not serve as a toothpaste.

In particular, the sugar alcohol used as the moisturizing component of the dentifrice composition may have a moisturizing effect, but it has been found that the dentifrice composition hardens easily when the contacted water evaporates.

In order to solve the above problems, the inventors of the present invention have attempted to prevent the liquid polyol from surrounding the sugar alcohol and exposing the sugar alcohol by reacting and encapsulating the sugar alcohol and the liquid polyol contained in the dentifrice composition with each other.

The reason why the liquid polyol can exist in the structure surrounding the sugar alcohol as described above is that the hydroxyl group or the ether group of the liquid polyol and the hydroxyl group of the sugar alcohol can form a hydrogen bond with each other Because.

The inventor of the present invention has completed the present invention by solving the problem of discharge due to hardening and rapid viscosity change due to the hydrogen bonding as described above.

As used herein, the term 'pumping, dip pump or dispenser pump' refers to a structure capable of simply discharging contents stored in a container through a discharge port through a pumping operation using a pressing portion of the container. Specifically, it means that the dentifrice composition inside the container is discharged to the outside of the container through the pumping action of the piston. That is, by the piston pumped into the container by the pumping action, Can be discharged.

Referring to FIG. 1, the present invention will be described by taking sorbitol as an example.

When sorbitol is in contact with water, six sorbitol molecules are hydrogen bonded to one sorbitol molecule to form a crystalline water, and when some or all of the formed crystals are evaporated And exhibits a crystal type solidifying property.

Therefore, for the dip pump, one or more of the six hydroxy groups covalently bonded to the six carbon atoms contained in one molecule of sorbitol are hydrogenated to form a hydrogen bond with the liquid polyol so as to reduce the hardening or abrupt change in viscosity.

The sugar alcohol may be a solid polyol or a solidifying polyol, and erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, sorbitol, mannitol, galactitol, maltitol, lactitol or a mixture thereof may be used. In view of the above, sorbitol can be preferably used, and there is no limitation in the form of sorbitol, amorphous sorbitol, crystalline sorbitol and the like.

The sugar alcohol may be contained in an amount of 1 to 70% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

When the content is less than 1 wt%, the sensory quality is not improved even when the sugar alcohol is used, and when the content is more than 70 wt%, the dentifrice composition may be hardened.

The liquid polyol refers to a polyol that is present in a liquid state at room temperature, such as sugar alcohol, which does not exhibit wetting characteristics when dissolved in water.

The liquid polyol prevents the drying phenomenon that may occur when the liquid toothpaste comes into contact with air, thereby keeping the viscosity of the liquid toothpaste constant and thus preventing the hardening of the contents.

The liquid polyol may be polyethylene glycol 200 to 600, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, or a mixture thereof. Preferably, the liquid polyol is glycerol, polyethylene glycol 300 Mixtures of these may be used.

The liquid polyol may be contained in an amount of 10 to 85 wt% based on the total weight of the composition, and the molar ratio of the hydroxyl group or ether group of the liquid polyol to be hydrogen-bonded to the hydroxyl group of the sugar alcohol may be 0.2 or more.

When the liquid polyol is contained in an amount of more than 85% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, there is a problem that the formulation is not carried out. When the amount of the liquid polyol is less than 10% by weight or less than 0.2% The composition may be hardened or the viscosity may increase sharply.

When the liquid polyol has a high content ratio of hydroxyl group to carbon, such as glycerin or propylene glycol, but the molecular weight is low, the sugar alcohol and the liquid polyol have strong hydrogen bonding ability. However, since there is a problem that re-separation and rearrangement due to vapor pressure can easily occur, the problem of hardening of the dentifrice composition and the rapid viscosity change can be solved at the above ratios.

When the liquid polyol has a high molecular weight such as polyethylene glycol, the liquid polyol having a high molecular weight and the sugar alcohol are hydrogenated to encapsulate the sugar alcohol, and the hydroxyl group of the sugar alcohol and the hydroxyl group or ether group of the liquid polyol When the molar ratio is at least 1: 0.2, it is possible to suppress the hardening or sudden change in viscosity.

The liquid dentifrice composition of the present invention further comprises a liquid polyol in addition to the above abrasive.

The dentifrice composition of the present invention may contain, in addition to the sugar alcohol and the liquid polyol, the dentifrice composition of the present invention as a common ingredient depending on the formulation and purpose of use, such as an abrasive, a flavoring agent, a sweetener, a pharmacological agent, a pH adjusting agent, , A brightener, and the like.

The abrasive may include any one selected from the group consisting of calcium monohydrogenphosphate, precipitated silica, fumed silica, colloidal silica, zeolite, calcium carbonate, hydrated alumina, kaolin, cellulose, and mixtures thereof.

The abrasive may be contained in an amount of less than 50% by weight, and even if an abrasive is not used, it is expected to remove plaque by a solid part and a toothbrush in the toothpaste, and if it exceeds 50% by weight, tooth damage may be caused.

A flavoring agent and a sweetening agent may be added to the composition of the present invention to suit the taste of the consumer. Flavors remain in the mouth and continue to emit fragrance so that the exhilaration can continue.

Examples of the flavoring agent include mint such as peppermint and spearmint, flavor ingredients such as menthol, eucalyptol, anethole, and thymol which can enhance the feeling of exhilaration, and flavorings such as wintergreen, methyl salicylate, Vanillin and the like can be used.

In general, the flavoring agent may be used in the range of 0.001 to 10% by weight of the total composition weight.

In addition, a sweetening agent may be added to the composition of the present invention to overcome the basic taste that the formulation may have. The sweetener keeps saliva in the oral cavity by continuing to provide taste.

As the sweetening agent, saccharine, sucralose, sugar, xylitol, sorbitol, lactose, mannitol, maltitol, erythritol, aspartame, taurine, saccharin salt and D-tryptophan may be used alone or in combination. Among saccharin salts, saccharin sodium is the most widely used. The amount of the sweetener is generally in the range of 0.001 to 20% by weight based on the total weight of the composition.

Ingredients that can be used for oral hygiene include tooth decay prevention, gum disease prevention, dental plaque prevention, and whitening. Medicinal products for tooth decay include compounds recognized as safe by the US Food and Drug Administration, including fluoride ions. Compounds that can be used as a source of fluoride ions include sodium fluoride, sodium fluorophosphate, tin fluoride, and ammonium fluoride.

Although the content of fluorine may vary depending on the country, it is common to use a mixture of one or more of these sources so as to have a fluoride ion concentration preferably in the range of 850 to 1500 ppm.

Remineralizers may also act as a preventative for cavities. Remineralization plays a role in regenerating and restoring hydroxyapatite, a major component of teeth. The main component of hydroxyapatite consists of divalent calcium cations and phosphate anions. Therefore, if calcium ion or phosphate ion is supplied at the same time, or calcium ion or phosphate anion is contained in the oral cavity to move the hydroxyapatite to the side where the chemical equilibrium is generated, it can be a remineralizing agent. The material providing calcium and phosphorus is selected from the group consisting of hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate dibasic, calcium chloride, casein phosphopeptide, calcium glycerophosphate, sodium phosphate monobasic, sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium monophosphate, potassium monophosphate, Potassium phosphate dibasic, potassium phosphate dibasic and the like. In general, it is preferable to use the resealing agent in the range of 0.001 to 20% by weight of the total composition. If the amount is less than 0.001% by weight, the effect of re-crystallization is deteriorated. If the amount is more than 20% by weight, the properties inherent to the formulation may be lost.

One of the purposes of using oral hygiene products is to prevent gum disease as well as to alleviate gum disease which is progressing through sterilization or anti-inflammatory action of harmful microorganisms in oral cavity which are alive in the oral cavity. For this purpose, it is possible to use isopropylmethylphenol, cyclohexidine, cetylpyridinium chloride, triclosan, xanthorrhizole, and succulent extract, which are known as antimicrobial agents, and for the antiinflammatory action, Centella asiatica fixed amount extract, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate , Vitamins and enzymes, aminocaproic acid, allantoin and derivatives thereof, and the like. The pharmaceutical agent is characterized by containing 0.005 wt% to 5 wt%. When the content of the active agent is less than 0.005, it is difficult to exhibit its effect. When the content exceeds 5% by weight, the taste of the basic base is changed.

In addition to gum disease, hydrogen peroxide, carbamide peroxide, and calcium peroxide, which exhibit a whitening effect, can be used. Sodium pyrophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium pyrophosphate, sodium metaphosphate and the like are also used to obtain dental deposit inhibition effect. Generally, these pharmacologically active agents are generally used in the range of 0.001 to 10% by weight of the total weight of the composition.

As the pH adjusting agent, phosphoric acid, sodium phosphate, citric acid, sodium citrate, succinic acid, sodium succinate, tartaric acid, sodium tartrate and the like can be used, and the acidity of the composition for oral use is generally 5 to 8.

As the binding agent, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, carbomer, carrageenan, xanthan gum, alginates, etc. may be used alone or in combination of two or more. The amount of such a binder to be used is generally 0.1 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 3% by weight, based on the total weight of the oral composition.

As the preservative, benzoic acid, methylparaben, propylparaben, sodium benzoate and the like can be used.

Examples of the foaming agent include sodium alkylsulfate, sodium laurylsulfate, alkylsulfuric acid, laurylsulfuric acid, cocoyl glutamate sodium salt, myristoyl glunamate sodium salt, cocamidopropyl betaine, sucrose fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester , Polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene copolymer (poloxamer), and the like can be used alone or in combination of two or more.

The amount of the foaming agent to be used is generally 0.2 to 5% by weight, preferably 0.5 to 3.5% by weight, based on the total weight of the oral composition.

The brightener is titanium oxide, suitably used in an amount of 0.1% to 2% by weight.

The method for producing the dentifrice composition of the present invention can be produced according to a method conventionally produced in the art.

The present invention provides a dentifrice composition in which the problem of hardening by contact with the outside atmosphere is improved.

The dentifrice composition of the present invention is improved in the phenomenon of hardening or rapid increase in viscosity when applied to a pumping-type container in which external air can easily flow.

In the meantime, in the industry, the dentifrice composition hardens due to contact with the outside air despite the ease of use of the pumping-type container, and it is difficult to use the dentifrice composition in a pumping-type container. However, Solve problems, and develop convenient formulations.

Accordingly, the present invention has a great advantage in that the cost of manufacturing a product can be reduced by applying a pumping-type container which can be manufactured at low cost and inexpensively, instead of a vacuum pump type in which a large amount of money has been invested in the industry.

In particular, the present invention is an invention which solves the problem of hardening toothpaste while providing a good sensibility quality by reacting a liquid polyol having poor sensory quality with sugar alcohol.

Figure 1 is a diagram showing the mechanism by which glycerin prevents direct contact of sorbitol with water.
FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a mechanism for minimizing direct contact between sugar alcohol and water using polyethylene glycol 300, which is a high molecular weight liquid polyol.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the following examples. However, the embodiments according to the present invention can be modified into various other forms, and the scope of the present invention should not be construed as being limited to the above-described embodiments. The embodiments of the present invention are provided by way of example to facilitate a specific understanding of the present invention.

Example  1 to 5 and Comparative Example  1 to 2

The dentifrice compositions of Examples and Comparative Examples were prepared with the components and composition ratios shown in Table 1 below. The liquid polyol and the solid polyol (or sugar alcohol) are first mixed to induce hydrogen bond formation, and the powder components such as the phar- maceutical agent, xanthan gum, saccharin, preservative and surfactant are completely dispersed in the purified water and perfume solution 2 Then, if necessary, an abrasive such as silica and a medicinal agent were added and mixed under vacuum to prepare a dentifrice composition.

The following content units are by weight.

Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Example 5 Comparative Example 1 Comparative Example 2 Precipitated silica 0.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 0.00 15.00 glycerin 35.00 35.00 30.00 20.00 10.00 5.00 5.00 70% solution of sorbitol 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 45.00 50.00 50.00 Sodium lauryl sulfate 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Sodium saccharin 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Paraoxybenzoic acid ester 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Xanthan gum 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Sodium fluoride 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 Vitamin E 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Spices 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Purified water 15.23 0.23 5.23 15.23 25.23 40.23 25.23

Example  6 to 10 and Comparative Example 3 to  4

The dentifrice compositions of Examples and Comparative Examples were prepared with the components and composition ratios shown in Table 2 below. The liquid polyol and the solid or solidified polyol are first mixed to induce hydrogen bond formation, and the powder components such as the phar- maceutical agent, xanthan gum, saccharin, preservative, and surfactant are completely dispersed in the secondary solution, Next, an abrasive such as silica and a medicinal agent were added and mixed under vacuum to prepare a dentifrice composition.

Example
6 Example
7 Example
8 Example
9 Example
10 Comparative Example
3 Comparative Example
4 Precipitated silica 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 glycerin 20.00 20.00 10.00 5.00 Polyethylene glycol 300 20.00 10.00 5 Propylene glycol 20.00 70% solution of sorbitol 50.00 50.00 40.00 40.00 40.00 60.00 60.00 Erythritol 10.00 Xylitol 10.00 10.00 Sodium lauryl sulfate 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 Sodium saccharin 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Paraoxybenzoic acid ester 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 Xanthan gum 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Sodium fluoride 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 Vitamin E 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Spices 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 Purified water 10.23 10.23 10.23 10.23 10.23 15.23 15.23

Example  And Comparative example Liquid polyol / Of solid (solid) polyol  ratio

The ratio of the liquid polyol to the solid polyol in the examples and comparative examples in Tables 1 and 2 was determined using the number of oxygen contained per each carbon number. For example, the number of oxygen atoms in the hydroxyl group of glycerin was 3 And the number of hydroxyl groups per molecule is 6, and in the case of 70% liquid phase, the mole ratio of oxygen to input is calculated by multiplying 0.7 by the ratio.

Example Example Example Example Example Comparative Example Comparative Example One 2 3 4 5 One 2 Liquid polyol / solid polyol hydroxyl group mole ratio 1.10 1.10 0.94 0.63 0.31 0.14 0.14 Example
6 Example
7 Example
8 Example
9 Example
10 Comparative Example
3 Comparative Example
4 Liquid polyol / solid polyol hydroxyl group mole ratio 0.35 0.46 0.52 0.52 0.29 0.12 0.07

As shown in Table 3, it was confirmed that the molar ratio of the solid polyol (sugar alcohol) to the liquid polyol was 0.2 or more in Examples, and less than 0.2 in Comparative Examples 1 to 4 .

Viscosity change with time

The following experiments were conducted to observe the change in viscosity with time in the examples and comparative examples of Tables 1 to 2 above.

Viscosity measurement

The viscosity of the dentifrice prepared as in Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 of Tables 1 and 2 and immediately after the preparation and in the dip pump after 2 months and 12 months was measured at 25 ° C using a Brookfield viscometer DV- Ⅲ Ultra Rheometer) The viscosity was measured while rotating the rotating speed at a rate of 10 revolutions per minute by using the spindle No. 7 in the RVT type. The results are shown in Table 4 below.

Viscosity (× 1,000 cP) Immediately after manufacture 1 month 12 months Example 1 25.6 34.9 41.5 Example 2 25.1 32.3 42.8 Example 3 25.6 31.1 41.0 Example 4 25.2 34.5 40.2 Example 5 25.7 31.8 43.5 Example 6 25.4 33.2 40.1 Example 7 25.8 32.8 40.6 Example 8 25.3 33.1 40.2 Example 9 25.5 33.0 43.1 Example 10 25.9 34.8 44.0 Comparative Example 1 25.2 54.5 200 or more Comparative Example 2 25.5 54.0 200 or more Comparative Example 3 25.5 53.9 200 or more Comparative Example 4 25.8 54.3 200 or more

According to the content of sorbitol used as a comparative example, when the sample was allowed to stand at room temperature for 12 months, the viscosity of the toothpaste became hard due to the hardening of the surface of the toothpaste, and a sudden change in viscosity Respectively. However, even when the content of the abrasive increases with the content of the abrasive, the abrasive content does not appear to have a significant effect on the viscosity over time. No significant change in viscosity over time was observed. When the liquid polyol having a low content is contained, the viscosity change with the passage of time is remarkably observed. When the liquid polyol having a low content and the solid polyol are simultaneously contained, the viscosity increases sharply and then a problem of hardening occurs after a long period of time I could confirm. This suggests that the low-content liquid polyol can maintain the discharge characteristics at the initial stage, but it can be confirmed that the discharge is difficult over time. It was also confirmed that the discharge characteristics were not changed when the dip pump was used due to the abrupt viscosity change even when the kind and content of the abrasive and the liquid polyol were used. Therefore, it has been confirmed that the combination of the liquid polyol and the abrasive agent can use the deep pump without sudden viscosity change and hardening phenomenon even in air-permeable containers.

Of dip pump Discharge

The dentifrice compositions prepared by the methods of Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 were applied to a 250-milliliter dipping pump, and the discharging characteristics were evaluated by continuously pumping the remaining amount to 20 grams or less. The results are shown in Table 5.

Discharge characteristic Early 1 month 12 months Example 1 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 2 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 3 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 4 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 5 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 6 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 7 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 8 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 9 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Example 10 Discharge completed Discharge completed Discharge completed Comparative Example 1 Discharge completed 200 milliliters No discharge Comparative Example 2 Discharge completed 200 milliliters No discharge Comparative Example 3 Discharge completed 195 milliliters No discharge Comparative Example 4 Discharge completed 190 milliliters No discharge

When the molar ratio of the hydroxyl group of the solid polyol used as the comparative example to the liquid polyol was less than 0.2, all the contents were discharged after the initial preparation, but the contents did not completely discharge after 1 month, and about 1/5 of the contents remained , And 12 months later, discharge was impossible in all of the comparative examples.

It was confirmed that even if the liquid polyol is contained, when the molar ratio thereof is 0.2 or less, rapid viscosity change and solidification are exhibited.

On the other hand, in the case of the examples, the viscosity was increased by the evaporation of water, but the viscosity was gradually increased due to the hydrogen bonding between the liquid polyol and the hydroxyl group of the solid polyol, but the solidification phenomenon was prevented, It was confirmed that no residual amount remained in all of the dentifrice compositions. The sudden change in viscosity when the solid polyol was used in the present invention indicates that solidification occurs due to the evaporation of water in the solid polyol and exposure to the surface of the pump.

Claims (8)

Lt; RTI ID = 0.0 > polyol < / RTI >
A toothpaste composition for use in a pumping-type container. The dentifrice composition according to claim 1, wherein the sugar alcohol is erythritol, arabitol, xylitol, ribitol, sorbitol, mannitol, galactitol, maltitol, lactitol or a mixture thereof. The dentifrice composition according to claim 1, wherein the liquid polyol is polyethylene glycol 200 to 600, glycerol, propylene glycol, ethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol or a mixture thereof. 4. The dentifrice composition according to claim 3, wherein the liquid polyol is glycerol, polyethylene glycol 300 or a mixture thereof. The dentifrice composition according to claim 1, wherein the sugar alcohol is contained in an amount of 1 to 60% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. The dentifrice composition according to claim 1, wherein at least one hydroxy group of the sugar alcohol is hydrogen bonded to a hydroxy group or an ether group of the liquid polyol. The dentifrice composition according to claim 1, wherein the liquid polyol is contained in an amount of less than 10 to 85% by weight based on the total weight of the composition. The method according to claim 1,
Wherein the number of moles of the hydroxyl group or ether group of the liquid polyol which is hydrogen-bonded to the hydroxy group of the sugar alcohol is at least 0.2 times the hydroxyl group of the sugar alcohol.

Images