KR20090035471A - Multi-junction solar cells and methods and apparatuses for forming the same - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to solar cells and methods and apparatuses for forming the same. More particularly, embodiments of the present invention relate to thin film multi-junction solar cells and methods and apparatuses for forming the same. Embodiments of the present invention also include an improved thin film silicon solar cell, and methods and apparatus for forming the same, where one or more of the layers in the solar cell comprises at least one amorphous silicon layer that has improved electrical characteristics and mechanical properties, and is capable of being deposited at rates many times faster than conventional amorphous silicon deposition processes.

Description

MULTI-JUNCTION SOLAR CELLS AND METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR FORMING THE SAME

Embodiments of the present invention generally relate to solar cells and methods and apparatuses for forming the same. In particular, embodiments of the present invention relate to multi-junction solar cells and methods and apparatuses for forming the same.

Solar cells convert sunlight and other light into usable electrical energy. Energy conversion occurs as a result of the photovoltaic effect. Solar cells can be formed from crystalline materials or amorphous or microcrystalline materials. In general, there are two main types of solar cells that are produced in large quantities today: crystalline silicon solar cells and thin film solar cells. Crystalline silicon solar cells typically use either single crystal substrates (ie single-crystal substrates of pure silicon) or poly-crystalline silicon substrates (ie polycrystalline or polysilicon). Additional film layers are deposited on silicon substrates to improve light capture, form electrical circuits, and protect devices. Thin film solar cells use a thin layer of materials deposited on substrates suitable for forming one or more p-n junctions. Suitable substrates include glass, metal and polymer substrates. Upon exposure to light, it has been found that the properties of thin film solar cells degrade with time, which can lead to lower device stability than desired. Typical solar cell characteristics that can be degraded are fill factor (FF), short circuit current, and open circuit voltage (Voc).

Problems with current thin film solar cells include low efficiency and high cost. Thus, there is a need for methods and apparatus for forming the same in improved thin film solar cells and factory environments. There is also a need for a process to fabricate high stability p-i-n solar cells with high charge factor, high short circuit current, high open circuit voltage and good device stability.

Embodiments of the present invention relate to thin film multi-junction solar cells and methods and apparatuses for forming the same. In one embodiment, a method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell over a substrate includes forming a first p-i-n junction and forming a second p-i-n junction over the first p-i-n junction. Forming the first pin junction comprises: forming a p-type amorphous silicon layer, forming an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer on the p-type amorphous silicon layer, and an n-type microcrystal on the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer forming a microcrystalline silicon layer. Forming the second pin junction comprises: forming a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, forming an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer over the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, and n over the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer. Forming a amorphous silicon layer. In one embodiment, an apparatus for forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell, at least one first system configured to form a first pin junction, at least one configured to form a second pin junction over the first pin junction Of the second system. The first system may include a plurality of i / n-chambers each configured to deposit a single p-chamber and an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer configured to deposit a p-type amorphous silicon layer. have. The second system can include a single p-chamber configured to deposit the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, and a plurality of i / n-chambers configured to deposit the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer and the n-type amorphous silicon layer. .

Embodiments of the present invention may further provide a method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell over a substrate, the method comprising forming a first photovoltaic junction on a substrate, and on top of the first photovoltaic junction Forming a second photovoltaic junction, wherein forming the second photovoltaic junction comprises: forming a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer on top of the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer Forming an n-type amorphous silicon layer over the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, wherein at least two within the thickness of the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer when the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer is formed; One or more process variables are adjusted to control the crystalline fraction at the points.

Embodiments of the present invention may further provide a method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell over a substrate, the method comprising forming a first photovoltaic junction on a substrate, and on top of the first photovoltaic junction Forming a second photovoltaic junction, wherein forming the first photovoltaic junction comprises: forming a p-type amorphous silicon layer, forming an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer on top of the p-type amorphous silicon layer -Forming the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer comprising a pi buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and a bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer; and forming an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer on top of the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, The forming of the second photovoltaic junction may include forming a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, and intrinsic microcrystalline silicon on the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer. For a step, and forming a binary n- type amorphous silicon layer on the intrinsic type microcrystalline silicon layer to be formed.

Embodiments of the present invention may further provide a series connected photovoltaic device, which device is formed by a second photovoltaic junction, a multi-step deposition process comprising a first photovoltaic junction and a p-doped microcrystalline silicon layer. Intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, each deposition step having a gas mixture with different hydrogen to silane ratios to form different film crystal fragments in each deposition step; An adjacent n-doped amorphous silicon layer. In one embodiment, different hydrogen to silane ratios control the crystal fragments to form uniformly over the entire thickness of the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer.

In a manner in which the above discussed features of the present invention can be understood in detail, a more detailed description of the invention briefly summarized above will be obtained with reference to the embodiments, some embodiments of which are set forth in the accompanying drawings.

1 is a schematic of certain embodiments of a multi-junction solar cell oriented towards light or sunlight.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of the multi-junction solar cell of FIG. 1 further including an n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer. FIG.

3 is a schematic diagram of the multi-junction solar cell of FIG. 1 further comprising a p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer.

4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber in which one or more films of a solar cell may be deposited.

5 is a top schematic view of one embodiment of a process system having multiple process chambers.

6 shows deposition parameters set to form a tandem p-i-n junction solar cell.

Figure 7 shows the characteristics of the solar cell of one embodiment of the present invention.

8A-C show schematic diagrams of different embodiments of single junction solar cells.

9 shows a schematic of different embodiments of single junction solar cells.

10 is a schematic diagram of a single junction solar cell according to one embodiment of the invention.

It is to be noted, however, that the appended drawings merely illustrate exemplary embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered limiting of its scope, for the invention may admit to other equally effective embodiments.

In order to facilitate understanding, the same reference numerals have been used where possible to refer to the same elements common to the figures.

Embodiments of the present invention include an improved thin film multi-junction solar cell and methods and apparatuses for forming the same. 1 is a schematic diagram of a particular embodiment of a multi-junction solar cell 100 oriented towards light or sunlight 101. Solar cell 100 includes a substrate 102, such as a glass substrate, a polymer substrate, a metal substrate, or other suitable substrate, on which thin films are formed. The solar cell 100 includes a first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer 110 formed on the substrate 102, a first pin junction 120 and a first pin junction 120 formed on the first TCO layer 110. A second pin junction 130 formed on the second pin junction 130, a second TCO layer 140 formed on the second pin junction 130, and a metal back layer 150 formed on the second TCO layer 140. It includes more. In order to improve light absorption by improving light trapping, the substrate and / or one or more thin films formed thereon can be selectively textured by moisture, plasma, ions, and / or mechanical processes. . For example, in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the first TCO layer 10 will be textured and subsequent thin films deposited thereon will generally follow the topography of the surface below it.

The first TCO layer 110 and the second TCO layer 140 may each comprise tin oxide, zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, cadmium stannate, mixtures thereof or other suitable materials. TCO materials may further include additional dopants and components. For example, the zinc oxide may further comprise aluminum, gallium, boron, and other suitable dopants. The zinc oxide preferably comprises up to 5 atomic% dopants, more preferably up to 2.5 atomic% aluminum. In certain embodiments, substrate 102 may be provided with a first TCO layer 110 previously provided by glass manufacturers.

The first pin junction 120 is formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 122, the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 122, and the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124. n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 125 may be included. In certain embodiments, the p-type amorphous silicon layer 122 may be formed to a thickness of about 60 GPa to about 300 GPa. In certain embodiments, intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 may be formed to a thickness of about 1,500 kPa to about 3,500 kPa. In certain embodiments, n-type microcrystalline semiconductor layer 126 may be formed to a thickness of about 100 GPa to about 400 GPa.

The second pin junction 130 includes a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 132, an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 134 formed on the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 132, and an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 134. ) May include an n-type amorphous silicon layer 136 formed thereon. In certain embodiments, the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 132 may be formed to a thickness of about 100 GPa to about 400 GPa. In certain embodiments, intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 134 may be formed to a thickness of about 10,000 GPa to about 30,000 GPa. In certain embodiments, n-type amorphous silicon layer 136 may be formed to a thickness of about 100 GPa to about 500 GPa.

The metal back layer 150 may include, but is not limited to, a material selected from the group consisting of Al, Ag, Ti, Cr, Au, Cu, Pt, their alloys, or combinations thereof. Other processes, such as laser etching processes, may be performed to form the solar cell 100. Other films, materials, substrates and / or packaging may be provided over the metal back layer 150 to complete the solar cell. Solar cells may be interconnected to form modules that may be alternately connected to form arrays.

Sunlight 101 is absorbed by the intrinsic layers of p-i-n junctions 120, 130, but converted to electron-hole pairs. An electric field generated between the p-type layer and the n-type layer that extends over the intrinsic layer causes electrons to flow toward the n-type layers and holes to flow toward the p-type layers that generate current. The first pin junction 120 includes an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124, and the second pin junction 130 includes an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 134, which includes bibcrystalline silicon and microcrystalline silicon. This is because it absorbs different wavelengths of sunlight 101. Therefore, the solar cell 100 is more efficient because it captures a large portion of the solar spectrum. Since the intrinsic layer of amorphous silicon and the intrinsic layer of microcrystalline have a larger bandgap than amorphous silicon, sunlight 101 first collides with the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 and then intrinsic formation. It is deposited in a manner that collides with the microcrystalline silicon layer 134. Sunlight not absorbed by the first p-i-n junction 120 continues to the second p-i-n junction 130. Surprisingly, it has been found that the thicknesses of the p-i-n layers of the first p-i-n junction 120 and the second p-i-n junction 130 shown herein provide solar cells with improved efficiency and reduced cost to manufacture the same. It is assumed that it is not theoretically limited unless explicitly stated in the claims, on the one hand a thicker intrinsic layer 124, 134 is beneficial to absorb larger amounts of the solar spectrum, on the other hand, an intrinsic layer It is believed that the 124, 134 and / or pin junctions 120, 130 are too thick for the electrons to interfere with the flow of penetrating electrons.

In one aspect, the solar cell 100 does not need to use a metal tunnel layer between the first p-i-n junction 120 and the second p-i-n junction 130. The n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 126 and the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 132 of the first pin junction 120 allow electrons to flow from the first pin junction 120 to the second pin junction 130. It has sufficient conductivity to provide the tunnel junction.

In one aspect, the n-type amorphous silicon layer 136 of the second p-i-n junction 130 provides increased cell efficiency because it is more resistant to attack from oxygen, such as oxygen in the air. Oxygen may attack the silicon films and thus form impurities that lower the ability of the films to participate in penetrating electron / hole transport. The lowered electrical resistivity of the crystalline silicon layer to the amorphous silicon layer of the formed solar cell structure / device results in improved electrical properties due to the reduced effects of unwanted parallel paths of power generation of the formed second pin junction 130. Can have. In general, parallel paths extending vertically through the formed p-i-n layers degrade solar cell performance by shorting local side regions of the formed solar cell device. Therefore, since the side resistance (ie, parallel to the vertical direction) of the amorphous n-type layer is much larger than that of the crystalline layer, the effect on the rest of the solar cell in which the parallel type defect is formed is lowered. The reduction in the effects of parallel type defects will improve the device performance of the solar cell.

2 illustrates an open circuit of the multiple junction solar cell 100 of FIG. 1 further including an n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 125 formed between the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 and the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 126. It is also. In certain embodiments, n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 125 may be formed to a thickness of about 10 GPa to about 200 GPa. The n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 125 assists in bridging the bandgap offsets believed to exist between the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 and the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 126. It is known. Thus, cell performance is believed to be improved due to improved current collection.

FIG. 3 illustrates the multi-junction solar cell 100 of FIG. 1 further comprising a p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer 121 formed between the first TCO layer 110 and the p-type amorphous silicon layer 122. Schematic diagram. In certain embodiments, the p-type microcrystalline silicon contact 121 may be formed to a thickness of about 20 GPa to about 200 GPa. The p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer 121 is believed to help achieve low ohmic contact with the TCO layer. Accordingly, it is believed that the battery efficiency is improved because the current flow between the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 122 and the zinc oxide first TCO layer 100 is improved. The p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer 121 is preferably used with a TCO layer containing a material resistant to hydrogen plasma, such as zinc oxide, because a large amount of hydrogen is used to form the contact layer. Since tin oxide is chemically reduced by hydrogen plasma, it has been found not suitable for use with p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layers. In addition, the solar cell 100 may further include an optional n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer formed between the n-type microcrystalline semiconductor layer 126 and the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 as shown in FIG. 2. It is understood that there is.

4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) chamber 400 in which one or more films of a solar cell, such as solar cell 100 of FIG. 1, 2, or 3, may be deposited. . One suitable plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition chamber is available from Applied Materials, Inc. of Santa Clara, California. Other deposition chambers, including the chambers from other manufacturers, can be used to practice the invention.

Chamber 400 generally includes walls 402, bottom 404, and showerhead 410, and substrate support 430 forming process volume 406. Process volume is gauged through valve 408 such that a substrate, such as substrate 100, can be transported in and out of chamber 400. The substrate support 430 includes a substrate receiving surface 432 for supporting the substrate, and a stem 434 coupled to the elevating system 436 for raising and lowering the substrate support 430. Shadows from 433 may be selectively positioned over the periphery of the substrate 100. Lift pins 438 are movably disposed to substrate receiving surface 432 and through substrate support 430 to move the substrate from the substrate receiving surface. Substrate support 430 may further include heating and / or cooling elements 439 to maintain substrate support 430 at a desired temperature. The substrate support 430 may also further include ground traps 431 to provide RF ground to the periphery of the substrate support 430. Embodiments of ground straps are disclosed in US Pat. No. 6,024,044, issued February 15, 2000 by Law et al., And US Patent Application No. 11 / 613,934, filed Dec. 20, 2006 by Park et al. All contents are incorporated herein by reference to the extent that they are consistent with this specification.

The showerhead 410 is coupled to the backing plate 412 at its periphery by a suspension 41. The showerhead 410 is also coupled to the backing plate by one or more central supports 416 to control the straight / curved portion of the showerhead 410 and / or to help prevent sagging. The gas source 420 is coupled to the backing plate 412 to provide gas to the substrate receiving surface 432 through the backing plate 412 and through the showerhead 410. Vacuum pump 409 is coupled to chamber 400 to control process volume 406 at a desired pressure. The RF power source 422 provides RF power to the showerhead 410 such that an electric field is generated between the road plate support and the showerhead such that a plasma is generated from the gases between the showerhead 410 and the substrate support 430. To the backing plate 412 and / or to the showerhead 410. Various RF frequencies may be used, such as frequencies of about 0.3 MHz to about 200 MHz. In one embodiment, the RF power source is provided at a frequency of 13.56 MHz. Examples of showerheads are described in U.S. Patent No. 6,477,980, issued November 12, 2002 by White et al., U.S. Publication 20050251990, issued November 17, 2006 by Choi et al., And March 23, 2006 by Keller et al. US Publication 2006/0060138, issued on a date, all of which is incorporated herein by reference to the extent that is in accordance with this specification.

Remote plasma source 424, such as inductively coupled remote plasma, may be coupled between the gas source and the backing plate. Between processing the substrates, a cleaning gas may be provided to the remote plasma source 424 to generate a remote plasma and provide for cleaning of plasma components. The cleaning gas may be further excited by the RF power source 422 provided to the showerhead. Suitable cleaning gases include, but are not limited to, NF ₃ , F _2, and SF ₆ . Examples of remote plasma sources are disclosed in US Pat. No. 5,788,778, issued August 4, 1998 to Shan et al., Which references are within the scope of the present invention.

As with one or more silicon layers of the solar cell 100 of FIG. 1, 2, or 3, the deposition method for one or more silicon layers may include the following deposition parameters in the process chamber or other suitable chamber of FIG. 4. have. A substrate is provided in the chamber having a surface area of at least 10,000 cm 2, preferably at least 40,000 cm 2, even more preferably at least 55,000 cm 2. It will be appreciated that after substrate processing, the substrate can be cut to form smaller solar cells.

In one embodiment, the heating and / or cooling elements 439 are about 400 ° C. or less, preferably between about 100 ° C. and about 400 ° C., even more preferably between about 150 ° C. and about 300 ° C., Such as providing a substrate support temperature during deposition of about 200 ° C.

The spacing between the showerhead 410 and the top surface of the substrate positioned on the substrate receiving surface 432 during deposition may be between 400 mils and about 1,200 mils, preferably between 400 mils and about 800 mils.

For deposition of silicon films, silicon-based gas and hydrogen-based gas are provided. Suitable silicon-based gases include, but are not limited to, silane (SiH ₄ ), disilane (Si ₂ H ₆ ), silicon tetrafluoride (SiF ₄ ), silicon tetrachloride (SiCl ₄ ), dichlorosilane (SiH ₂ Cl ₂ ) And combinations thereof. Suitable hydrogen-based gases include, but are not limited to, hydrogen gas (H ₂ ). The p-type dopants of the p-type silicon layers may each contain a group III element, such as boron or aluminum. Preferably, boron is used as the p-type dopant. Examples of boron-containing sources include trimethylboron (TMB (or B (CH ₃ ) ₃ )), diborane (B ₂ H ₆ ), BF ₃ , B (C ₂ H ₅ ) ₃ , and similar compounds. Preferably, TMB is used as the p-type dopant. The n-type dopants of the n-type silicon layer may each contain a group V element, such as phosphorus, arsenic or antimony. Preferably, phosphorus is used as the n-type dopant. Examples of phosphorus-containing sources include phosphine and similar compounds. Dopants are typically provided with a carrier gas such as hydrogen, argon, helium and other suitable compounds. In the process method disclosed in the present invention, the total flow rate of hydrogen gas is provided. Thus, for example, if hydrogen gas is provided as a carrier gas for the dopant, the carrier gas flow rate is subtracted from the total flow rate of hydrogen to determine how much additional hydrogen gas can be provided to the chamber.

Certain methods of depositing a p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer, such as for example the contact layer 121 of FIG. 3, include providing a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of about 200: 1 or more. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 0.8 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 60 sccm / L and about 500 sccm / L. Trimethylboron may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.0002 sccm / L and about 0.0016 sccm / L. In other words, if trimethylboron is provided at 0.5% molar or volume concentration of carrier gas, the dopant / carrier mixture may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.04 sccm / L and about 0.32 sccm / L. In the present invention, the flow rate is expressed in sccm per internal chamber volume. The internal chamber volume is defined as the volume inside the chamber where gas can be occupied. For example, the interior chamber volume of the chamber 400 is a volume defined by the backing plate 412 and the walls 402 and the bottom 404 of the chamber is a showerhead assembly (ie showerhead 410, suspension). 414, including the central support 415, and at a volume occupied therein by the substrate support assembly (ie, the substrate support 430, including the ground straps 431). RF power between about 50 milliWatts / cm 2 and about 700 milliWatts / cm 2 may be provided to the showerhead. The RF powers of the present invention are expressed in Watt supplied to the electrode per substrate area. For example, for an RF power of 10,385 Watts supplied to a showerhead to process a substrate having dimensions of 220 × 260 cm, the RF power is 10,385 Watts / (220 × 260 cm) = 180 milliWatts / cm 2. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 1 Torr and about 100 Torr, preferably between about 3 Torr and about 20 Torr, even more preferably between about 4 Torr and about 12 Torr. The deposition rate of the p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer may be about 10 GPa / min or more. The p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer has a crystal fraction between about 20 percent and about 80 percent, preferably between about 50 percent and about 70 percent.

Certain embodiments of depositing a p-type amorphous silicon layer, such as the silicon layer 122 of FIG. 1, 2 or 3, may provide a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of about 20: 1 or less. Include. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 1 sccm / L and about 10 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 5 sccm / L and about 60 sccm / L. Trimethylboron may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.005 sccm / L and about 0.05 sccm / L. In other words, if trimethylboron is provided in the carrier gas at 0.5% molar or volume concentration, the dopant / carrier gas mixture may be provided at a flow rate between about 1 sccm / L and about 10 sccm / L. Methane may be provided at a flow rate between about 1 sccm / L and about 15 sccm / L. RF power between about 15 milliWatts / cm 2 and about 200 milliWatts / cm 2 may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber is maintained between about 0.1 Torr and 20 Torr, preferably between about 1 Torr and about 4 Torr. The deposition rate of the p-type amorphous silicon layer may be about 100 GPa / min or more. Methane or other carbon containing compounds, such as C ₃ H ₈ , C ₄ H ₁₀ , C ₂ H ₂ , to improve the window properties of the p-type amorphous silicon layer (eg, to lower the absorption of solar radiation). Can be used). Thus, increased amounts of solar radiation can be absorbed through the intrinsic layers, thereby improving cell efficiency. In an embodiment where trimethylboron is used to provide boron dopants in the p-type amorphous silicon layer 122, the boron dopant concentration is maintained between about 1 x 10 ¹⁸ atoms / cm ² and about 1 x 10 ²⁰ atoms / cm ^2. do. In an embodiment used to provide methane gas to form a p-type layer as a silicon carbide layer, the carbon dopant concentration is controlled between about 10 atomic percent and about 20 atomic percent of the layer.

Certain embodiments of depositing an intrinsic type amorphous silicon layer, such as the silicon layer 124 of FIG. 1, FIG. 2, or FIG. 3, may employ a gas of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of about 20: 1 or less. Providing a mixture. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.5 sccm / L and about 7 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 5 sccm / L and 60 sccm / L. RF power between 15 milliWatts / cm ² and about 250 milliWatts / cm ² may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 0.1 Torr and 20 Torr, preferably between about 0.5 Torr and about 5 Torr. The deposition rate of the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer may be about 100 GPa / min or more. In an exemplary embodiment, the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer is deposited at a hydrogen to silane ratio of about 12.5: 1.

In one embodiment, the deposition of an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, such as silicon layer 124 of FIG. 1, 2, or 3, may comprise one or more steps, such as a multi-step deposition process. For example, prior to the bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer deposition process, as shown in FIG. 9A, a p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) 904 may be deposited on the p-type amorphous silicon layer. A detailed description of the PIB layer 904 is described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 9A. The pi buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) and the bulk i-type amorphous silicon layer 124 can be deposited in a single chamber by smoothly changing process parameters during deposition to form layers with different desired film properties. . The p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) is deposited in a manner that uses relatively low RF power to minimize damage to the underlying p-type amorphous silicon layer. Thus, because the underlying p-type amorphous silicon layer and bulk i-type amorphous silicon layer 124 each have different membrane permeability and properties, the buffer i-type amorphous silicon layer has a smoothing of the film properties in each layer. By assisting the transition, significant changes in the optical bandgap (OBG) are minimized, improving open circuit voltages between about 20 meV to 50 meV and providing wider band gaps.

In one embodiment, the pi buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) is less than or equal to about 40: 1, for example less than about 30: 1, for example between about 20: 1 and about 30: 1. It may be deposited by providing a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of 25. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.5 sccm / L and about 5 sccm / L, such as about 2.28 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 5 sccm / L and 80 sccm / L, such as between about 20 sccm / L and about 65 sccm / L, for example about 57 sccm / L. RF power between 15 milliWatts / cm ² and about 250 milliWatts / cm ² , such as between about 30 milliWatts / cm ² , may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 0.1 Torr and 20 Torr, preferably between about 0.5 Torr and about 5 Torr, such as about 3 Torr. The deposition rate of the pi buffered intrinsic amorphous layer (PIB layer) may be about 100 μs / min or more. The thickness of the pi buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) is between about 0 kPa and about 500 kPa, such as between about 0 kPa and about 200 kPa, for example about 100 kPa. Note that the pi buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) and the bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 may be deposited integrally in a single chamber or separately in separate chambers.

As the pi buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) reaches the desired thickness, the gas mixture supplied to the buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 can be changed to deposit the bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124. During the deposition transition of the pi buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) to the bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124, the hydrogen gas supplied to the gas mixture is gradually reduced and the silane gas remains the same or gradually increases. do. In one embodiment, the hydrogen to silane gas ratio in the gas mixture varies between 25: 1 and 12.5: 1 to shift the pi buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) deposition to the deposition of the bulk intrinsic amorphous layer 124. . RF power may be pingeop ram to about 50 milliWatts / cm ² for the intrinsic type amorphous silicon layer deposition binary bulk at about 30 milliWatts / cm ² for the intrinsic type amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) deposition binary pi buffer. The process pressure may remain substantially the same or may be gradually adjusted from about 3 Torr to about 2.5 Torr.

Certain embodiments of depositing an n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer, such as silicon layer 125 of FIG. 2, include providing hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of about 20: 1 or less. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 1 sccm / L and about 10 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate of about 4 sccm / L to about 50 sccm / L. Phosphine may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.0005 sccm / L and about 0.0075 sccm / L. In other words, when phosphine is provided in the carrier gas at 0.5% molar or volume concentration, the dopant / carrier gas mixture may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 1.5 sccm / L. RT power between about 15 milliWatts / cm ² and about 250 milliWatts / cm ² may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 0.1 Torr and 20 Torr, preferably between about 0.5 Torr and about 4 Torr. The deposition rate of the n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer may be about 200 GPa / min or more. In an embodiment in which phosphine is used to provide phosphorus dopants in the n-type amorphous silicon layer, the phosphorus dopant concentration is maintained between about 1 × 10 ¹⁸ atoms / cm ² and about 1 × 10 ²⁰ atoms / cm ² .

Certain embodiments of depositing an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer, such as silicon layer 126 of FIGS. 1, 2 or 3, provide a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of about 100: 1 or greater. It includes. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 0.8 sccm / L, such as about 0.35 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 30 sccm / L and about 250 sccm / L, such as about 71.43 sccm / L. Phosphine may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.0005 sccm / L and about 0.006 sccm / L. In other words, when phosphine is provided at 0.5% molar or volume concentration to the carrier gas, the dopant / carrier gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 1.2 sccm / L. RF power between about 100 milliWatts / cm ² and about 900 milliWatts / cm ² may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 1 Torr and about 100 Torr, preferably between about 3 Torr and about 20 Torr, more preferably between 4 Torr and about 12 Torr. The deposition rate of the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer may be about 50 GPa / min or more. The n-type microcrystalline silicon layer has a crystal fraction between about 20 percent and about 80 percent, preferably between 50 percent and about 70 percent. In an embodiment where phosphine is used to provide the phosphorus dopant in the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer, the phosphorus dopant concentration is maintained between about 1 × 10 ¹⁸ atoms / cm ² and about 1 × 10 ²⁰ atoms / cm ² .

In another embodiment of depositing an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer, such as silicon layer 126 of FIGS. 1, 2, or 3, the deposition process is about 500: 1 or less, such as from about 100: 1 to Providing a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio between about 400: 1, for example, about 304: 1 or about 203: 1. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 0.8 sccm / L, such as between about 0.32 sccm / L and about 0.45 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 30 sccm / L and about 250 sccm / L, such as between about 68 sccm / L and about 142.85 sccm / L. Phosphorus may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.0005 sccm / L and about 0.025 sccm / L, such as between about 0.0025 sccm / L and about 0.015 sccm / L, such as about 0.005 sccm / L. In other words, when phosphine is provided in the carrier gas at 0.5% molar or volume concentration, the dopant / carrier gas is between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 5 sccm / L, such as between about 0.5 sccm / L and about 3 sccm / It may be provided at a flow rate between L, such as between about 0.9 sccm / L and about 1.088 sccm / L. RF power between about 100 milliWatts / cm ² and about 900 milliWatts / cm ² , such as about 370 milliWatts / cm ² , may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber is between about 1 Torr and about 100 Torr, preferably between about 3 Torr and about 20 Torr, even more preferably between 4 Torr and about 12 Torr, for example about 6 Torr or about 9 Torr. Can be maintained. The deposition rate of the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer may be about 150 GPa / min or more.

Certain embodiments of depositing a p-type microcrystalline layer, such as silicon layer 132 of FIG. 1, 2, or 3, may provide a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of about 200: 1 or greater. Include. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 0.8 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 60 sccm / L and about 500 sccm / L. Trimtilborone may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.0002 sccm / L and about 0.0016 sccm / L. In other words, when trimethylboron is provided in the carrier gas at 0.5% molar or volume concentration, the dopant / carrier gas mixture is provided at a flow rate between about 0.04 sccm / L and about 0.32 sccm / L. RF power between about 50 milliWatts / cm ² and about 700 milliWatts / cm ² may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 1 Torr and about 100 Torr, preferably between about 3 Torr and about 20 Torr, more preferably between 4 Torr and about 12 Torr. The deposition rate of the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer may be about 10 GPa / min or more. The p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer has a crystal fraction between about 20 percent and about 80 percent, preferably between 50 percent and about 70 percent. In an embodiment where trimethylboron is used to provide a boron dopant in the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, the boron dopant concentration is maintained between about 1 × 10 ¹⁸ atoms / cm ² and about 1 × 10 ²⁰ atoms / cm ² .

In another embodiment of depositing a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, such as the silicon layer of FIGS. 1, 2, or 3, the deposition process is about 1000: 1 or less, such as about 200: 1 to about 800: 1. Providing a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of, for example, about 601: 1 or about 401: 1. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 0.8 sccm / L, such as between about 0.2 sccm / L and about 0.38 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 60 sccm / L and about 500 sccm / L, such as about 142.85 sccm / L. Trimethylboron may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.0002 sccm / L and about 0.0016 sccm / L, such as about 0.00115 sccm / L. In other words, when trimethylboron is provided in the carrier gas at 0.5% molar or volume concentration, the dopant / carrier gas mixture may be provided between about 0.04 sccm / L and about 0.32 sccm / L, such as between about 0.23 sccm / L. have. RF power between about 50 milliWatts / cm ² and about 700 milliWatts / cm ² , such as between about 290 milliWatts / cm ² and about 440 milliWatts / cm ² , may be provided to the showerhead. The chamber pressure may be maintained between about 1 Torr and about 100 Torr, preferably between about 3 Torr and about 20 Torr, more preferably between 4 Torr and about 12 Torr, such as about 9 Torr or about 7 Torr. The deposition rate of the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer may be 143 kW / min or more.

Certain embodiments of depositing an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, such as the silicon layer 134 of FIGS. 1, 2 or 3, may employ a gas mixture of silane gas to hydrogen gas in a ratio between 1:20 and 1: 200. Providing a step. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.5 sccm / L and about 5 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 40 sccm / L and about 400 sccm / L. In certain embodiments, the silane flow rate may be ramped up from the first flow rate to the second flow rate during deposition. In certain embodiments, the hydrogen gas flow rate can be ramped down from the first flow rate to the second flow rate during deposition. An RF power of at least about 300 milliWatts / cm ² , preferably at least 600 milliWatts / cm ^2, may be provided to the showerhead. In certain embodiments, the power density may be ramped down from the first power density to the second power density during deposition. The pressure in the chamber is maintained between about 1 Torr and about 100 Torr, preferably between about 3 Torr and about 20 Torr, even more preferably between about 4 Torr and about 12 Torr. The deposition rate of the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer may be about 200 mW / min or more, preferably 500 mW / min. Methods and apparatuses for deposited microcrystalline intrinsic layers are disclosed in US patent application Ser. No. 11 / 426,127, filed Jun. 23, 2006 entitled "Method and Apparatus for Deposition of Microcrystalline Silicon Films for Photovoltaic Devices". The foregoing references are referred to in categories that do not conflict with the present invention. The microcrystalline silicon intrinsic layer has a crystal fraction between about 20 percent and about 80 percent, preferably between 55 percent and about 75 percent. Surprisingly, it has been found that microcrystalline silicon intrinsic layers with crystal fractions of about 70% or less provide an increase in open circuit voltage and lead to higher cell efficiency.

In another embodiment of depositing an intrinsic microsilicon layer, such as silicon layer 134 of FIG. 1, the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer may be deposited by one or more steps, for example, by multistep deposition. Since the crystal fraction can vary with increasing thickness of the deposited film, the gas ratio supplied during deposition can be varied to maintain the crystal fraction of the overall intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer. Thus, deposition may be performed in multiple steps using different process parameters or process variables such that different crystal fractions are formed in the final film. Multistage deposition enables the formation of an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer as a gradient film with different film properties desired at different thickness levels in the film. In one embodiment, process parameters or process variables that may vary in each deposition step include RF power, deposition time, hydrogen to silane gas ratio supplied to the gas mixture, gas species supplied to the gas mixture, process pressure, gas flow rate. , Spacing, RF frequency, and / or other suitable process parameters. In one embodiment, process variables, process pressure, RF power, or deposition time of the hydrogen gas to silane gas ratio may be varied to control the fraction of crystals formed in different portions of the formed intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer. In yet another embodiment, the process parameters of the hydrogen to silane gas ratio are varied at each deposition step to control the fraction of crystals formed in different portions of the formed intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer.

In one embodiment, the number of steps performed in the deposition process may be determined according to the desired thickness of the intrinsic microsilicon layer. For example, if an intrinsic microsilicon layer is required to be deposited with a relatively large thickness of 5000 microns or more, the overall process can be broken down into more steps to maintain a uniform crystal fraction of the film. Conversely, if it is desired for the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer to be deposited to a thinner thickness, the number of steps in the deposition process can be controlled in an appropriate range.

In an exemplary embodiment in which the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer is formed to a thickness of about 17000 GPa, the deposition process may be divided into four deposition steps, in which different hydrogen to silane gas ratios are applied to the gas mixture. . The thickness formed in each step can be controlled to be substantially equal to about 4250 mm 3 (e.g., 17000 mm total thickness / 4 deposition steps = 4250 mm per step) in each step. During the deposition, the gas ratio of hydrogen gas to silane gas is each successive step in order to efficiently maintain the total crystalline portion of the deposited film within a predetermined range to prevent the total crystalline portion of the film from increasing as the total film thickness increases. Gradually decreases from. Low ratios of hydrogen gas to silane gas can be achieved by reducing the amount of hydrogen gas supplied to the gas mixture and / or increasing the amount of silane gas provided to the gas mixture. The ratio presented here is the flow rate ratio (eg, volume ratio) supplied into the process chamber. In one particular embodiment, the gas ratio of hydrogen gas to silane gas is about 100: 1 in the first step of the deposition process, 95: 1 in the second step of the deposition process, and 90: in the third step of the deposition process. 1 and at 85: 1 in the fourth / final stage of the deposition process. It should be noted that the gas ratio of hydrogen gas to silane gas can be adjusted from about 20: 1 to 200: 1 as desired to suit various process schemes. In one embodiment, when adjusting the gas flow during deposition, the silane gas flow can be kept constant while gradually reducing the hydrogen flow supplied to the gas mixture, thereby lowering the hydrogen gas to silane gas ratio in the gas mixture, This reduces the crystalline fraction formed in the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer (and vice versa). Other process parameters such as gas pressure, substrate temperature, RF power, and the like may remain substantially the same during each deposition step.

In one embodiment, the silane gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.1 sccm / L and about 5 sccm / L, such as 0.97 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate between about 10 sccm / L and about 200 sccm / L, such as between about 80 sccm / L and about 105 sccm / L. In an exemplary embodiment where the deposition has multiple steps, such as four steps, the hydrogen gas flow may consist of about 97 sccm / L in the first step, 92 sccm / L, 87.5 sccm respectively in the following process steps. / L, and 82.6 sccm / L. RF power of at least about 300 milliwatts / cm ² , such as about 490 milliwatts / cm ² , may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber is maintained at about 1 Torr to about 100 Torr, such as about 3 Torr to about 20 Torr, such as about 4 Torr to about 12 Torr, such as about 9 Torr. The deposition rate of the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer may be about 200 mW / min or more, such as 400 mW / min.

Some embodiments of a method of depositing an n-type amorphous silicon layer, such as the silicon layer 136 of FIG. 1, 2, or 3, include depositing an optional first n-type amorphous silicon layer at a first silane flow rate, And depositing a second n-type amorphous silicon layer on the first selective n-type amorphous silicon layer at a second silane flow rate slower than the first silane flow rate. The first optional n-type amorphous silicon layer may provide a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to the silane gas at a ratio of about 20: 1 or less, such as about 5: 1: 1. Silane gas may be provided at a flow rate of about 1 sccm / L to about 10 sccm / L, such as about 5.5 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate of about 4 sccm / L to about 40 sccm / L, such as about 27 sccm / L. Phosphine may be provided at a flow rate between about 0.0005 sccm / L and about 0.0015 sccm / L, such as about 0.0095 sccm / L. In other words, if phosphine is provided at 0.5% molar or volume concentration in the carrier gas, the dopant / carrier gas mixture is at a flow rate of about 0.1 sccm / L to about 3 sccm / L, such as about 1.9 sccm / L. Can be provided. RF power from 25 milliwatts / cm ² to about 250 milliwatts / cm ² , such as about 80 milliwatts / cm ² , may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 0.1 Torr and about 20 Torr, preferably between about 0.5 Torr and about 4 Torr, such as about 1.5 Torr. The deposition rate of the first n-type amorphous silicon layer may be about 200 GPa / min or more, such as 561 GPa / min. In an embodiment in which phosphine is used to provide phosphorus dopants in the n-type amorphous silicon layer, the phosphorus dopant concentration is maintained between about 1 × 10 ¹⁸ atoms / cm ² and about 1 × 10 ²⁰ atoms / cm ² .

Deposition of the second n-type amorphous silicon layer may include providing a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of about 20: 1 or less, such as a ratio of about 7.8: 1. The silane gas may be provided at a flow rate of about 0.1 sccm / L to about 5 sccm / L, such as about 0.5 sccm / L to about 3 sccm / L, such as about 1.42 sccm / L. Hydrogen gas may be provided at a flow rate of about 1 sccm / L to about 10 sccm / L, such as about 6.42 sccm / L. Phosphine may be provided at a flow rate of 0.01 sccm / L to about 0.075 sccm / L, such as about 0.015 sccm / L to about 0.03 sccm / L, such as about 0.023 sccm / L. In other words, if phosphine is provided at 0.5% molar or volume concentration in the carrier gas, the dopant / carrier gas mixture may be from about 2 sccm / L to about 15 sccm / L, such as from about 3 sccm / L to about 6 sccm / L Such as about 4.71 sccm / L. RF power of 25 milliwatts / cm ² to about 250 milliwatts / cm ² , such as about 60 milliwatts / cm ² , may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 0.1 Torr and about 20 Torr, preferably between about 0.5 Torr and about 4 Torr, such as about 1.5 Torr. The deposition rate of the second n-type amorphous silicon layer may be about 100 mW / min or more, such as about 300 mW / min. The thickness of the second n-type amorphous silicon layer is about 300 GPa or less, such as 20 GPa to 150 GPa, such as about 80 GPa. The second n-type amorphous silicon layer is heavily doped and has a resistance of about 500 Ohm-cm or less. High concentration (eg, degenerately) n-type doped amorphous silicon provides improved ohmic contact with the TCO layer, such as layer TCO layer 140. Thus, the efficiency of the battery is improved. Optional first n-type amorphous silicon is used to increase the deposition rate for the entire n-type amorphous silicon layer. It is to be understood that the n-type amorphous silicon layer may be formed without selective n-type amorphous silicon, and may be formed mainly of a high concentration (eg, degenerate) doped second n-type amorphous layer.

It should be noted that a selective hydrogen or argon plasma gas treatment process may be performed prior to the deposition of each of the layers comprising n-type, intrinsic, and p-type silicon containing layers. The hydrotreating process may be performed to treat the underlying layer to suppress surface contamination. In addition, the plasma treatment process can improve the electrical properties of the interface because surface defects can be removed during the treatment process. In one embodiment, the plasma treatment process may be performed by supplying hydrogen gas or argon gas into the process chamber. The gas flow for supplying hydrogen gas or argon gas is about 10 sccm / L to about 45 sccm / L, such as about 15 sccm / L to about 40 sccm / L, such as about 20 sccm / L to about 36 sccm / L . In one example, hydrogen gas may be supplied at about 21.42 sccm / L or argon gas may be supplied at about 35.7 sccm / L. The RF power supplied to perform the treatment process can be controlled from about 25 milliwatts / cm ² to about 250 milliwatts / cm ² , such as about 60 milliwatts / cm ² , and 10 milliwatts for showerhead hydrogen treatment. / cm ² to about 250 milliwatts / cm ² , such as about 80 milliwatts / cm ² and about 25 milliwatts / cm ² for argon treatment.

In one embodiment, the argon treatment process is performed prior to the deposition of the p-type amorphous silicon layer. In one embodiment, the hydrogenation process is advantageously performed prior to the deposition of each of the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer, the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, and the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer and other layers, respectively. Can be.

8A-C schematically illustrate various embodiments of a solar cell. Although the embodiments shown in FIGS. 8A-C describe a single junction solar cell, the layers shown may comprise polysilicon, amorphous silicon, microcrystalline silicon, or a combination of the materials formed by the methods described herein. It should be noted, however, that it may be part of a tandem, triple or higher junction solar cell formed using a variety of materials.

8A shows a substrate 102 with a solar cell 850 disposed on the TCO layer 110. The solar cell 850 has a p-type amorphous silicon layer 122, an intrinsic amorphous layer 124, and an n-type amorphous layer 804. Prior to depositing the p-type amorphous silicon layer 122, a preliminary p-type amorphous silicon layer 802 may be formed on the substrate 102. The preliminary p-type amorphous silicon layer 802 is formed by controlling the silane flow rate during the p-type amorphous silicon layer deposition process. During deposition, a first silane flow rate may be provided for depositing the preliminary p-type amorphous silicon layer 802, and the second silane flow rate may be provided over the prep-type amorphous silicon layer 802. 122) may be provided for depositing. The second silane flow rate may be controlled at a flow rate faster than the first silane flow rate.

The resulting preliminary p-type amorphous silicon layer 802 is a high concentration (eg, degenerate) doped p-type amorphous silicon layer and has a resistance of about 10 ⁵ Ohm-cm or less. The heavily doped (eg, degenerate) doped prep-type amorphous silicon layer 802 provides improved ohmic contact with a TCO layer, such as the TCO layer 110. Highly doped preliminary p-type amorphous silicon layer 802 provides a reduced depletion region width (eg, a potential barrier between TCO layer 110 and solar cell 850) to improve current transfer tunneling. . Moreover, the large amount of acceptor type components present in the heavily doped preliminary p-type amorphous silicon layer 802 lowers the potential barrier at the interface of the TCO layer 110 and the solar cell 850. Thus, p-type amorphous silicon layer 122 is used as a wide bandgap layer. Thus, the efficiency of the battery is improved. The p-type amorphous silicon layer 122 is used to increase the deposition rate for the entire p-type silicon formation process. It should be understood that the p-type amorphous silicon layer 122 may be formed of the same highly doped preliminary p-type amorphous silicon 802 material.

The heavily doped prep-type amorphous silicon layer 802 deposition process comprises providing a gas mixture of hydrogen gas to silane gas in a ratio of about 20: 1 or less. The silane gas may be provided at a flow rate of about 0.5 about 0.5 sccm / L to about 5 sccm / L. Hydrogen may be provided at a flow rate between about 1 sccm / L and about 50 sccm / L. Trimethylboron may be provided at a flow rate of 0.0025 sccm / L to about 0.15 sccm / L. In other words, if trimethylboron is provided at 0.5% molar or volumetric concentration in the carrier gas, the dopant / carrier gas mixture may be provided at a flow rate of about 0.5 sccm / L to about 30 sccm / L. RF power of 15 milliwatts / cm ² to about 250 milliwatts / cm ² may be provided to the showerhead. The pressure in the chamber may be maintained between about 0.1 Torr and about 20 Torr, such as between about 0.5 Torr and about 4 Torr. The deposition rate of the preliminary p-type amorphous silicon layer 802 may be about 100 mW / min or more. In one embodiment, heavily doped p-type amorphous silicon layer 802 has a dopant concentration of about 10 ²⁰ atoms per cubic centimeter to 10 ²¹ atoms per cubic centimeter.

In one embodiment, p-type amorphous silicon layer 122 may be formed in a manner similar to that described with reference to FIGS. 1-3.

Similarly, for the n-type amorphous silicon layer 804 deposition process, the process includes a two-step deposition process for depositing the n-type amorphous silicon layer 804 with a heavily doped amorphous silicon layer 806. can do. The two-step deposition process is similar to the deposition process of the n-type amorphous silicon layer 136 described with reference to FIGS. 1-3. Alternatively, the n-type amorphous silicon layer 804 may be formed primarily as a heavily doped n-type amorphous silicon layer 806 to provide improved ohmic contact with the TCO layer, such as the TCO layer 140. have. In one embodiment, heavily doped n-type amorphous silicon layer 806 has a dopant concentration of about 10 ²⁰ atoms per cubic centimeter to about 10 ²¹ atoms per cubic centimeter.

In one embodiment, the p-type amorphous silicon layer 122 has a thickness of about 50 GPa to about 200 GPa and the heavily doped p-type amorphous silicon layer 820 has a thickness of about 10 GPa to about 50 GPa. The n-type amorphous silicon layer 804 has a thickness of about 100 kPa to about 400 kPa, and the heavily doped n-type amorphous silicon layer 806 has a thickness of about 50 kPa to about 200 kPa.

8B illustrates another embodiment of a solar cell 852 disposed on a substrate 102. Similar to the solar cell 850 of FIG. 8A, the solar cell 852 includes a heavily doped p-type amorphous silicon layer 802, p-type amorphous silicon layer 122 and intrinsic amorphous silicon shown in FIG. 8A. Layer 124, and in addition, an n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 820 and an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 808. The n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 820 is a layer similar to the buffer layer 125 of FIG. 2, and may be formed between the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 and the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 808. The n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 820 helps bridging bandgap offsets that may occur between the intrinsic silicon layer 124 and the n-type silicon layer 808. Therefore, the efficiency of the cell is improved due to the enhanced current collection. These layers 802, 122, 124, 808 may be formed by any suitable process, such as the processes described above.

8C shows another embodiment of a solar cell 854 disposed on a substrate 102. Similar to the structure of the cells described above, the solar cell 854 has a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 810, an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 812, an n-type amorphous silicon barrier layer 821 and n- A type microcrystalline silicon layer 814 is included. The n-type amorphous silicon barrier layer 821 is used as a barrier layer formed between the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 812 and the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 814. The n-type amorphous silicon barrier layer 821 helps to increase film lateral resistivity and prevent ambient current problems. In one embodiment, n-type amorphous silicon barrier layer 821 may be deposited in a manner similar to the deposition schemes of n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 820 of FIG. 8B and buffer layer 125 of FIG. 2. The n-type amorphous silicon barrier layer 821 may be formed in a manner with membrane components similar to the buffer layers 820, 125. Microcrystalline based silicon films (eg, intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 812 and n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 814) instead of amorphous silicon films in which barrier layer 821 is in contact with buffer layers 820 and 125. Barrier layer 821 helps to increase the film side resistivity and to prevent ambient current problems.

In embodiments where one or more, such as multiple junctions, are suitable, the solar cell 850 of FIG. 8A may be configured as a top cell in contact with a substrate, and the solar cell 854 of FIG. 8C is an upper solar cell 850. It can be configured as a lower cell disposed thereon. Since the top cell is suitable for providing a high bandgap, the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 124 of the solar cell 850 may provide a higher bandgap than the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 812 of the solar cell 854. Can be. Alternatively, the structure of the cells can be configured in any suitable way to achieve the desired cell performance.

9 illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a multi-junction solar cell 900, wherein the solar cell 900 includes interfacial layers disposed within a number of different contact layers, buffer layers, or cells 900. Cell 900 includes a first junction 910 and a second junction 902 disposed on a substrate 102 having a TCO layer 110, wherein the TCO layer 110 is disposed on a substrate 102. do. The interfacial layer 908 can be disposed between the first junction 910 and the second junction 920. Interfacial layer 908 is deposited to improve interface contact resistance and conductivity and provide a wide optical bandgap. Additionally, the material of interfacial layer 908 is selected such that the refractive index (RI) and light absorption of layer 908 can be adjusted to provide various electrical properties and light trapping efficiencies for various device requirements. In one embodiment, suitable materials for forming the interfacial layer 908 include SiON, SiN, SiC, SiO SiOC, SiCN and other suitable carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen containing silicon based materials or silicon alloys. In one embodiment, the interfacial layer 908 is a silicon carbon (SiC), silicon oxide (SiO) or silicon oxynitride (SiON) layer. The refractive index RI of the interfacial layer 908 can be adjusted by varying the gas mixture supplied to deposit the layer 908 during deposition. When the gas mixture supplied for deposition changes, the carbon or nitrogen dopants formed in the deposited interface layer 908 may be different so that the resulting film can have the desired film bandgap, light absorption and crystal fraction. As the membrane bandgap and light absorption are improved, battery conversion efficiency is improved. In addition, the interfacial layer 908 can also be used at any interface where the junction contacts the TCO layer, metal back plate, and / or substrate.

In the embodiment shown in FIG. 9, an interfacial layer 908 is disposed between the first junction 910 and the second junction 920. The first junction is a first upper interfacial layer 902, a p-type amorphous silicon layer 233, a PIB layer 904, an i-type amorphous silicon layer 124, an n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 906 and n -Type microcrystalline silicon layer 126. In one embodiment, the first upper interfacial layer 902 may have film properties similar to the interfacial layer 908 described above. Alternatively, the first upper interfacial layer 902 may comprise a p-type microcrystalline silicon contact layer 121, a high concentration (eg, degenerate) doped prep-type amorphous silicon layer 802, p-type microcrystalline silicon Layer 810, or the p-type amorphous silicon layer described above with reference to FIGS. 1-3 and 8A-C. In other embodiments, the PIB layer 904 may be similar to the p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) described above. The n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer 906 may be similar to the amorphous silicon buffer layers 820 and 821 or the buffer layer 125 described above with reference to FIGS. 8B-C and 2.

The second junction 920 is a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 132, an optional PIB layer 912, an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 914, an n-type amorphous silicon layer 916, and a second lower interface. Layer 918. The second lower interface layer 918 may be similar to the interface layer 908 described above. Alternatively, second lower interfacial layer 918 may be a high concentration (eg, degenerate) doped amorphous silicon layer 806 or n-type microcrystalline silicon layer 814 described above with reference to FIGS. 8B-C or It may be similar to other similar n-type contact layers described above. The p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 132 has been described above with reference to FIGS. 1-3. The optional PIB layer 912 may be similar to the p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (PIB layer) described above. Alternatively, since the PIB layer 912 is in contact with the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer (eg, p-type microcrystalline silicon layer 132), the optional PIB layer 912 is based on the microcrystalline silicon if necessary. Or as an amorphous silicon based material. The deposition process for depositing the selective PIB layer 912 may be deposited because a microcrystalline silicon based or amorphous silicon based material may be selected from any of the intrinsic silicon based deposition processes described above. The intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 914 may be deposited as a single step or multiple steps as described above. In one specific embodiment, intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer 914 gradually tunes the hydrogen to silane ratio in the gas mixture to provide a uniform crystalline fraction formed in the resulting film as described above. And by using a four step process. The n-type amorphous silicon layer 916 may be similar to the n-type amorphous silicon layers 136 and 804 described above with reference to FIGS. 1-3 and 8A.

The second TCO layer 140 and the back electrode layer 150 may be disposed over the second junction 920 to complete the junction formation process.

5 illustrates one embodiment of a process system 500 having multiple process chambers 531-537, such as PECVD chambers, chamber 400 of FIG. 4 or other suitable chambers capable of depositing silicon films. Is a schematic top view. Process system 500 includes a load lock chamber 510 and a transfer chamber 520 coupled to process chambers 531-537. The load lock chamber 510 allows substrates to be transferred between an ambient environment outside the system and a vacuum environment within the transfer chamber 520 and process chambers 531-537. The load lock chamber 510 includes one or more evacuable regions holding one or more substrates. The evacuable regions are pumped down during the input of the substrates into the system 500 and are discharged during the output of the substrates from the system 500. Inside the transfer chamber 520 is at least one vacuum robot 522 suitable for transferring substrates between the load lock chamber 510 and the process chambers 531-537. Seven process chambers are shown in FIG. 5, but the system may have any suitable number of process chambers.

In some embodiments of the present invention, the system 500 is configured to deposit a first p-i-n junction, such as a first p-i-n junction 120, comprising the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (s) of a multi-junction solar cell. One of the process chambers 531-537 is configured to deposit the p-type silicon layer (s) of the first pin junction, while the remaining process chambers 531-537 are each intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (s). ) And n-type silicon layer (s). The n-type silicon layer (s) and the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (s) of the first p-i-n junction may be deposited in the same chamber without any passivation process between deposition steps. Thus, the substrate entered into the system through the load lock chamber 510 is transferred into a dedicated process chamber configured to deposit the p-type silicon layer (s) by the vacuum robot, and the intrinsic silicon layer (s) by the vacuum robot. And into one of the remaining process chambers configured to deposit both the n-type silicon layer (s) and back to the load lock chamber 510 by a vacuum robot. In certain embodiments, the time for processing the substrate into the process chamber to form the p-type silicon layer (s) forms the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (s) and n-type silicon layer (s) in a single chamber. Approximately four times or more faster, such as about six times or more faster than time to do. Therefore, in certain embodiments of a system for depositing a first p-i-n junction, the ratio of p chambers to i / n chambers is 1: 4 or more, preferably 1: 6 or more. The throughput of the system, including the time to provide plasma cleaning of the process chambers, may be about 10 substrates / hour or more, preferably 20 substrates / hour or more.

In certain embodiments of the present invention, one system 500 is configured to deposit a second pin junction comprising intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer (s) of a multiple junction solar cell, such as a second pin junction 130. do. One of the process chambers 531-537 is configured to deposit the p-type silicon layer (s) of the first pin junction and the remaining process chambers 531-537 are intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer (s). And n-type silicon layer (s) respectively. The intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer (s) and n-type silicon layer (s) of the second p-i-n junction may be deposited in the same chamber without any passivation treatment between deposition steps. In certain embodiments, the time for processing the substrate into the process chamber to form the p-type silicon layer (s) may be achieved by integrating the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer (s) and n-type silicon layer (s) in a single chamber. Approximately four times faster than the time to form. Therefore, in certain embodiments of a system for depositing a second p-i-n junction, the ratio of p chambers to i / n chambers is about 1: 4 or more, such as about 1: 6 or more. The throughput of the system, including the time to provide plasma cleaning of the process chambers, may be about 3 substrates / hour or more, such as about 5 substrates / hour or more.

In certain embodiments, the throughput of the system 500 for depositing a first pin junction comprising an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer is such that the thickness of the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer (s) is intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (s). As thicker, it has approximately twice or more throughput of the system 500 for depositing a second pin junction comprising an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer. Therefore, a single system 500 provided for depositing a first pin junction comprising intrinsic amorphous silicon layer (s) may be provided with two or more provided for depositing a second pin junction comprising intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer (s). It may be matched with more systems 500. Once the first p-i-n junction has been formed on one substrate on one system, the substrate may be exposed to the surrounding environment (ie, vacuum breakdown) and transferred to the second system. No wet or dry cleaning of the substrate is required between the first system that deposits the first p-i-n junction and the second p-i-n junction.

Examples

The embodiments disclosed herein are naturally illustrative and do not limit the scope of the invention unless specifically set forth in the claims.

Substrates with a surface area of 4,320 cm ² were processed in an AKT 4300 PECVD system sold by AKT America, Inc. of Santa Clara, California, with an internal chamber volume of 130 liters. Layer 1 was deposited in the first chamber of the PECVD system. Layers 2-4 were deposited in a second chamber of the PECVD system. Layer 5 was deposited in a third chamber of the PECVD system. Layers 6-11 were deposited in the fourth chamber of the PECVD system. The spacing during deposition of layers 1-11 was set to 550 mil and the temperature of the substrate support was set to 200 ° C. Deposition parameters are shown in FIG. 6 to form a series pin junction solar cell. Phosphine was provided as a 0.5% mixture in hydrogen carrier gas. Trimethylboron was provided as a 0.5% mixture in a hydrogen carrier gas. The hydrogen gas flow rates in FIG. 6 show the hydrogen gas flow rates separated from the dopant carrier gas. The solar cell has the following characteristics shown in FIG.

Amorphous deposition processes

One aspect of the invention includes an improved thin film silicon solar cell, methods and apparatus for forming the solar cell, wherein one or more layers of the solar cell have improved electrical and mechanical properties and are conventionally amorphous At least one amorphous silicon layer that can be deposited at many times the speed of silicon deposition processes. The improved deposition rate achieved using the methods described herein can greatly improve substrate throughput through a solar cell substrate processing system. In one embodiment, the processes described herein are used to form an amorphous intrinsic layer in a thin film p-i-n solar cell, and the deposition rate of the amorphous intrinsic layer is higher than about 60 dB / min. In one embodiment, the amorphous intrinsic layer deposition rate is between about 150 mA / min and about 400 mA / min on a substrate of at least 2200 mm × 2600 mm.

The method described herein is believed to have a tendency to reduce ion bombardment on the surface of the growing film by lowering the ion energy and electron temperature in the resulting plasma during the use of high pressures during the amorphous silicon deposition process. It has been surprisingly found to improve the light stability of the cell. In addition, it is believed that when using a high hydrogen gas to silane gas ratio during processing, the generation of higher order silane related chemical species found to degrade the quality of the light stability of the formed solar cell device is suppressed. In general, the following discussion discusses how to form a single junction solar cell, and since this configuration can be used to combine one or more of the processing steps discussed below with one or more of the previously discussed steps, It is not intended that the configuration be limited to the scope of the present invention. In one embodiment, the barrier layer deposition processing step, the intrinsic layer deposition step, the power up step, the temperature stabilization step, and the plasma cleaning step are used in one or more of the steps described above with respect to FIGS.

10 illustrates one embodiment of a solar cell 1000 formed using the processes described herein. Solar cell 1000 includes a glass substrate, a polymer substrate, or other suitable substrate having films formed thereon. The solar cell 1000 is formed on the first transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer 110 formed on the substrate 102, on the pin junction 1020 and the pin junction 1020 formed on the first TCO layer 110. It may further include a second TCO layer 1032 formed, and a metal backing layer 1034 formed on the second TCO layer 1032. As discussed above, to improve light absorption by increasing light trapping, the substrate and / or one or more thin films formed thereon may be selectively woven by moisture, plasma, ions, and / or mechanical treatments. Can be. For example, the first TCO layer 110 of the solar cell 1000 may be woven and subsequent thin films deposited thereon will generally follow the topography of the surface below it. The first TCO layer 110 and the second TCO layer 1032 are tin oxide (Sn _x O _y ), zinc oxide (Zn _x O _y ), indium tin oxide (In _x Sn _y O _z ), and cadmium stannate, respectively. , Combinations thereof, or other suitable materials, and may also include additional dopants and components as described above.

The pin junction 1020 is formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 1022, the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 1024 formed on the p-type amorphous silicon layer 1022, and the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 1024. -Type amorphous silicon layer 1026. In certain embodiments, the p-type amorphous silicon layer 1022 may be formed to a thickness between about 60 ohmslong and about 200 microseconds. In certain embodiments, intrinsic amorphous silicon layer 1024 may be formed with a thickness between about 1,500 ns and about 5,000 ns. In certain embodiments, n-type amorphous semiconductor layer 1026 may be formed with a thickness between about 100 kPa and about 400 kPa. In certain embodiments, as shown in FIG. 10, pin junction 1020 is a degenerate (eg, heavily doped) n ⁺⁺ that can be formed to a thickness between about 50 kPa and about 150 kPa. Type amorphous semiconductor layer 1027.

Metal back layer 1034 includes, but is not limited to, a material selected from the group consisting of Al, Ag, Ti, Cr, Au, Cu, Pt, alloys thereof, or combinations thereof. Other processes, ie laser scribing processes, can be performed to form the solar cell 1000. Other films, materials, substrates, and / or packaging may be provided on the metal backing layer 150 to complete the solar cell.

Referring to FIG. 4, although a single chamber is shown, the system 500 as shown in FIG. 5 may include multiple chambers arranged around the substrate guide robot 522. In the system, one or more amorphous silicon layers may be deposited in one chamber before the substrate is moved to another chamber where additional layers are deposited. Typically, the p-type layers are deposited on the substrate in the first chamber and then the substrate is moved to another chamber where the i-type layer and the n-type layer are deposited on the substrate.

In one embodiment, heating and / or cooling elements 439 may be set to provide a substrate support temperature during deposition of about 250 degrees Celsius or less. In one embodiment, the substrate support is maintained at a temperature between about 150 degrees Celsius and about 250 degrees Celsius. In one embodiment, the substrate support is maintained at a temperature of about 200 degrees Celsius. The spacing during the various deposition steps between the top surface of the substrate 102 and the showerhead 410 (ie, RF electrode) deposited on the substrate receiving surface 432 of the substrate support 430 is 600 mils and about 6,000. It may be between wheat. Typical thicknesses of glass substrates for solar applications are between about 40 mils and 200 mils.

In one embodiment, the p-i-n amorphous silicon solar cell is formed using the following steps. The processing values and examples described below are not intended to limit the scope of the invention described herein, and in some cases are provided in a 60k processing system provided for processing a 2200 mm x 2600 mm substrate having a chamber volume of about 2900 liters. It is about. First, a substrate having a TCO layer 110 deposited on at least one surface is inserted into the PECVD chamber 400 and disposed on the substrate support 430 so that the TCO 110 is included in the pin junction 1020. It can accommodate one or more layers.

In one embodiment, prior to depositing one or more layers on the pin junction 1020, the temperature of the substrate is typically from about 3 to about 3 mm to allow the glass substrate temperature of 3 mm to 5 mm thickness to be raised to a desired temperature, such as about 200 ° C. It is stabilized by a gas flow such as argon, hydrogen or helium through the process chamber for a period between about 5 minutes. In one embodiment, the temperature stabilization step is about to achieve a chamber pressure between about 2.0 and about 2.5 to stabilize the substrate temperature placed about 640 mils from the showerhead 410 at the desired level within about 5 minutes. Providing argon gas at a flow rate of 25.8 sccm / L (eg, 75,000 sccm). In this case the substrate support may be maintained at a temperature of about 200 ° C.

In the next step, or plasma cleaning step, the plasma is treated with a volume of processing 406 while argon, hydrogen or helium gas is delivered through the chamber to clean the surface of the TCO layer 110 and improve the electrical properties of the TCO layer 110. Is generated within). In one embodiment, the gas flow through the processing volume includes argon because hydrogen containing plasmas can actively react with a TCO layer, such as TCO layers containing tin oxide. In one embodiment, it is preferred to perform a plasma cleaning step using a cleaning gas comprising hydrogen gas on a TCO layer comprising zinc oxide.

In the next step, generally after cleaning the surface of the TCO layer 110, a p-type doped amorphous layer is deposited on the TCO surface. In one embodiment, the p-type doped amorphous layer is deposited in two phases and the first phase treatment may use hydrogen in a silane dilution ratio between about 0 and about 6.0. This low hydrogen dilution rate is used to prevent damage to the TCO layer which may occur due to the reaction of the TCO layer and the resulting plasma. In one embodiment, the first p-type doped amorphous layer is equivalent to a layer formed using a TMB: silane precursor gas mixing ratio between about 2: 1 and about 6: 1 at a pressure between about 2 and about 2.5 Torr. Is a degenerate (eg, heavily) doped p ++ type amorphous silicon layer with a doping concentration of. In one embodiment, the first p-type doped amorphous layer is formed with a plasma power between about 45 milliwatts / cm ² (2400 watts) and about 91 milliwatts / cm ² (4800 watts). In one embodiment, the first phase of the p-type amorphous silicon layer, such as the portion of layer 1022 shown in FIG. 10, has a substrate support temperature maintained at about 200 ° C. and a plasma power of about 57 milliwatts / cm ² ( 3287 watts) and from about 2.1 sccm / L (e.g. 6000 sccm) to about 3.1 sccm /, while being controlled at about 2.5 Torr for about 2-10 seconds to form a film of about 10-50 kPa Silane at a flow rate of L (e.g. 9000 sccm), hydrogen gas at any flow rate such that the hydrogen gas to silane gas mixing ratio is about 6.0, doping free at the same flow rate as the 0.5% TMB gas to silane gas mixing ratio of 6: 1 It can be formed by providing a cursor. In this embodiment, the substrate may be placed at about 640 mils from the showerhead 410. Amorphous p-type doped silicon layers formed at this doping concentration are believed to enhance hole transport in silicon solar cells.

After depositing the first p-type doped amorphous layer, a second p-type doped amorphous layer may be deposited. The second p-type doped amorphous layer can have an RR thickness of about 80-150 mm 3, with a TMB: silane precursor mixing ratio of about 1: 1 to about 2: 3, and a hydrogen silane dilution ratio of between about 5 and about 10 It is generally deposited using a doping concentration equivalent to the layer formed using In one embodiment, the second p-type doped amorphous layer is formed at a plasma power of about 45 milliwatts / cm 2 (2400 Watts) to about 91 milliwatts / cm 2 (4800 Watts). Further, in one embodiment, the deposited film is provided by providing a carbon containing precursor gas, such as methane (CH ₄ ), into the processing region during the second amorphous silicon p-type doped layer deposition process to increase the conductivity of the deposited film. It is desirable to provide a certain amount of carbon to the. In one embodiment, the ratio of pure methane to silane varies from about 1: 1 to about 2: 3 (methane: silane), where the silane flow rate is from about 2.1 sccm / L (6000 sccm) to 3.1 sccm / L (9000 sccm). In one embodiment, the second phase of the p-type amorphous silicon layer has a flow rate such that the mixing ratio of hydrogen gas to silane gas and silane at a flow rate between about 2.3 sccm / L (6702 sccm) is about 10.0. A doping precursor at a flow rate equal to 5.8: 1 of hydrogen gas and silane gas at a flow rate equal to 5.8: 1, providing a methane gas at a flow rate such that the methane gas to silane gas ratio is about 1: 1. It can be formed by maintaining the support temperature at about 200 ° C., controlling the plasma power at about 56 milliwatts / cm 2 (3217 Watts), and maintaining the chamber pressure to form 120 kPa for about 21 seconds. In this embodiment, the substrate may be positioned 640 mils from the showerhead 410. Immediately following the first p-type doped amorphous layer, using the second p-type doped amorphous layer is a thin, high concentration doped (eg, degenerately) first p-type layer. It is thought to reduce the optical absorption loss due to the use of and the use of the second p-type amorphous layer material of thick and wide band gap.

During one or more PECVD deposition steps, such as during the p-type layer deposition step, static charge may be made on the substrate. Electrostatic charge can be large enough to cause damage to the substrate when the substrate is forcibly removed from the substrate receiving surface 432 by a mechanical surface lift mechanism. To remove the electrostatic charge, a hydrogen plasma is formed in the chamber while the spacing between the top surface of the substrate and the showerhead is changed. Thus, in one embodiment, some deposition steps used to form the solar cell device (eg, p-type deposition, i-type deposition, n-type deposition) are performed in a different chamber, An optional processing step, or power lift step, is used to help separate the substrate 102 from the substrate support 430 before transferring the substrate from the process chamber. The generated plasma allows the charge collected in the insulating substrate during the previous processing step to be discharged. In this step, a plasma is formed in the processing volume 406 when argon, hydrogen or helium gas passes through the process chamber to form a path to dissipate for charge trapped in the substrate. The substrate support may also be maintained at a desired temperature, such as about 200 ° C. In one embodiment, the power lift step includes multiple steps at different substrate-to-head showerhead separations, such as step 6 at one of the six separations, to completely remove the static charge. In one embodiment, a gas mainly containing hydrogen has a flow rate of about 5.2 sccm / L (15,000 sccm) to about 15.5 sccm / L (45000 sccm), about 38 milliwatts / cm 2 (1000 Watts) to about 76 milliwatts / cm 2 (4000 Watts Is provided through the processing volume at RF power. In one embodiment, the power lift step is about 10.3 sccm / so that the substrate is located about 1400 mils from the showerhead 410 and a chamber pressure of about 2.0 Torr is achieved while RF power of about 57 milliwatts / cm 2 is supplied for about 3 seconds. Providing hydrogen gas at a flow rate of L (30,000 sccm). In another embodiment, the power lift step is about 10.3 sccm / so that the substrate is positioned about 1400 mils from the showerhead 410 and a chamber pressure of about 2.0 Torr is achieved while an RF power of about 57 milliwatts / cm 2 is supplied for about 3 seconds. A first step of providing hydrogen gas at a flow rate of L (30,000 sccm) and a chamber of about 2.0 Torr with a substrate positioned at about 6000 mils from the showerhead 410 and supplied with about 57 milliwatts / cm 2 RF power for about 5 seconds And providing a hydrogen gas at a flow rate of about 10.3 sccm / L (30,000 sccm) such that pressure is achieved.

In the next step, hydrogen gas may optionally be provided through the process chamber for a period of about 20 seconds to stabilize the substrate at a desired temperature, such as about 200 ° C. In some cases, because the substrate on which the p-type material is deposited is believed to not lose a significant amount of temperature when transported in a vacuum environment from one chamber to another in a multi-chamber PECVD system, to complete this step, The time period used may be short. In one embodiment, the temperature stabilization step is about 25.9 sccm / L (75,000 sccm) to achieve a chamber pressure of 2.5 Torr to stabilize the temperature of the substrate located about 640 mils from the showerhead 410 after about 20-60 seconds. Providing argon at a flow rate of. The substrate support may be maintained at a temperature of about 200 ° C.

The next step is a plasma clean step that is typically performed on the substrate once the substrate has been loaded into the second process chamber. In this step, a hydrogen plasma is generated in the processing volume of the second process chamber to adequately clean the surface of the deposited p-type layer prior to the deposition of the next layer of material, such as a barrier layer. Hydrogen plasma treatment can protect the p-type layer, remove any surface bonds that may have formed thereon, and also inhibit carbon and boron contamination that would have diffused into the i-type layer without the hydrogen plasma treatment. In one embodiment, the hydrogen plasma cleaning step obtains a plasma power of 35 milliwatts / cm 2 (2000 Watts) to about 136 milliwatts / cm 2 (7200 Watts) and a chamber pressure of about 2 to about 2.5 Tor for about 0 to about 60 seconds. Providing sufficient hydrogen gas. In one embodiment, the hydrogen plasma cleaning step includes a plasma power of about 52 milliwatts / cm 2 (3000 Watts) and about 10.3 sccm / to obtain a chamber pressure of about 2.5 Torr while the substrate is located about 640 mils from the showerhead 410. Providing hydrogen gas at a flow rate of L (30,000 sccm).

Barrier layer 1023 at the interface between the p-i layers has been known to improve the electrical performance of the solar cell. In one embodiment, barrier layer 1023 is similar to the PIB layer described above. In some embodiments, barrier layer 1023 is from about 38 to about 225 seconds at the same pressure to about 0.5 Torr greater pressure as in the previous i-layer deposition process to form a barrier layer having a thickness of about 50 to 300 GPa. By plasma deposition using a silane precursor diluted with hydrogen at a rate of about 20 to about 50. The barrier layer is thought to provide a wide band gap that can improve the open circuit voltage of the solar cell to about 50 meV. The barrier layer is used to minimize ion bombardment of previously deposited layers because it is located between the previously deposited layer (s) and the next deposited high deposition rate intrinsic layer described below. Can be. In order to minimize ion bombardment of previously deposited layers during the barrier layer deposition step, the deposition step typically uses low RF plasma deposition power. In one embodiment, the barrier layer is a hydrogen-diluted silane gas having a dilution ratio of about 20 to about 50, the same or greater chamber pressure as in the i-layer deposition process, about 23 to a time period of about 18 to about 3600 seconds. intrinsic amorphous material formed on the substrate using milliwatts / cm 2 (1200 Watts) to about 61 milliwatts / cm 2 (3240 Watts). In one configuration the chamber pressure is equal to or 0.5 Torr greater than the i-layer deposition process. In one embodiment, the barrier layer with an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer maintains the substrate support at a temperature of about 200 ° C., a chamber power of about 27 milliwatts / cm 2 (1525 Watts), and a chamber pressure of about 35 seconds. Maintained at 3.0 Torr, the mixing ratio of the sour gas to silane gas is formed by providing hydrogen gas at a flow rate of about 25, silane at a flow rate of about 1.5 sccm / L (4235 sccm). In one configuration, due to the physical properties of the barrier layer film formed using the process described herein, it is contemplated that the barrier layer can be used to help improve blue light absorption in the formed solar cell elements and further improve the efficiency of the solar cell. do. Hydrogen dilution ratios for silanes of about 20 to about 50 and deposition of barrier layers at flow rates above 37.9 sccm / L (110,000 sccm), such as fill factor and improved light stability over conventionally manufactured solar cell devices, It is thought to improve the electrical properties.

In the next step, an intrinsic layer 1024 is deposited on the substrate surface. Following the deposition of the buffer layer, an RF plasma power of about 27 milliwatts / cm 2 (1440 Watts) to about 91 milliwatts / cm 2 (3240 Watts), and a chamber pressure of about 2 to about 3 Torr for a time period of about 300 to about 1800 seconds. Using a hydrogen-diluted silane gas having a dilution ratio of about 8 to about 15, a layer of 2000-3000 mm thick intrinsic amorphous material is formed on the substrate. In one embodiment, a flow rate of about 9000 sccm, while the temperature of the substrate support is maintained at about 200 ° C., the chamber power is controlled at about 55 milliwatts / cm 2 (3168 Watts), and the chamber pressure is maintained at about 2.5 Torr for about 736 seconds. By providing hydrogen gas at a flow rate such that the mixing ratio of silane and hydrogen gas to silane gas is about 12.5, a 2600 Pa intrinsic amorphous layer can be formed.

In the next step, the n-type doped amorphous layer 1026 has a hydrogen to silane dilution ratio of about 5.0 to about 9.0, and about 1: 1 to about 1: 3 dopant: 0.5% phosphine of the silane ratio. (PH ₃ ) doping precursor at a flow rate equivalent to the gas to silane gas mixing ratio, RF plasma power of about 68 milliwatts / cm 2 (3600 Watts) to about 114 milliwatts / cm 2 (6000 Watts), for a time period of about 24 to about 36 seconds. Deposited on i-type intrinsic layer 1024 using a chamber pressure of about 1 to about 3 Torr. In one embodiment, hydrogen gas to silane gas, while the temperature of the substrate support is maintained at about 200 ° C., the chamber power is controlled at about 81 milliwatts / cm 2 (4678 Watts), and the chamber pressure is maintained at about 1.5 Torr for about 25 seconds. Hydrogen gas at a flow rate such that the mixing ratio is about 5.0 and silane at a flow rate of about 1.0 sccm / L (3000 sccm), a 200-300 Å n-type amorphous silicon layer, comprises a 1: 3 0.5% phosphine (PH ₃ ) gas It is formed by providing a doping precursor of flow rate equivalent to the silane gas mixing ratio. In this embodiment, the substrate may be located about 640 mils from the showerhead 410.

In the next step, doping at a flow rate equivalent to a hydrogen to silane dilution ratio of about 5.0 to about 9.0 and a 0.5% phosphine (PH ₃ ) gas to silane mixing ratio of about 1: 2 to about 1: 5 (phosphine: silane ratio) Precursor, from about 68 milliWatts / cm 2 (3600 Watts) to about 113 milliWatts / cm 2 (6000 Watts) RF plasma power, from about 1 to about 3 Torr for about 8 seconds to about 25 seconds to form a 50 to 150 Hz thick layer. At the chamber pressure, a degenerately doped (eg n ⁺⁺ ) n-type doped amorphous layer 1027 is deposited on the n-type layer 1026 surface. In one embodiment, an 80 μs n ⁺⁺ − type amorphous silicon layer is maintained at a temperature of about 200 ° C. of the substrate support, the chamber power is controlled at about 72 milliwatts / cm 2 (4153 Watts), and the chamber pressure is about 10 seconds. Silane at a flow rate of about 0.5 sccm / L (1500 sccm) to about 3.1 sccm / L (6000 sccm) while maintaining a 1.5 Torr, hydrogen gas at a flow rate such that the hydrogen gas to silane gas mixing ratio is about 8.3; It is formed by providing a doping precursor of equivalent flow rate to the phosphine (PH ₃ ) gas to silane gas mixing ratio. In this embodiment, the substrate may be located about 640 mils from the showerhead 410.

After the n and n + layers are formed, a plasma can be generated again in the processing volume to remove the electrostatic charge on the substrate, as described above. In one embodiment, the step includes multiple sub-steps at different substrate-to-head showerhead separations, such as step 6 at different separations, to completely remove the static charge. In one embodiment, the gas flowing through the processing volume includes hydrogen. In one embodiment, the so-called “power lift step” is about 10.3 sccm to achieve a chamber pressure of about 2.0 Torr while the substrate is located about 1400 mils from the showerhead 410 and about 57 milliwatts / cm 2 is provided for about 3 seconds. / L (30,000 sccm) hydrogen gas at a flow rate. In another embodiment, the power lift step is about 10.3 sccm / so that the substrate is positioned about 1400 mils from the showerhead 410 and a chamber pressure of about 2.0 Torr is achieved while an RF power of about 57 milliwatts / cm 2 is supplied for about 3 seconds. A first step of providing hydrogen gas at a flow rate of L (30,000 sccm) and a chamber of about 2.0 Torr with a substrate positioned at about 6000 mils from the showerhead 410 and supplied with about 57 milliwatts / cm 2 RF power for about 5 seconds And providing a hydrogen gas at a flow rate of about 10.3 sccm / L (30,000 sccm) such that pressure is achieved.

While embodiments of the present invention have been described above, other or additional embodiments of the present invention can be inferred without departing from the basic spirit thereof, and the scope of the present invention should be determined by the claims. For example, the process chamber of FIG. 4 is shown in a horizontal position. In other embodiments of the invention the process chamber may be in a non-horizontal direction such as vertical. For example, embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to the multi-process chamber cluster tool of FIG. It should be understood that embodiments of the present invention may also be performed on in-line systems and hybrid in-line / cluster systems. For example, embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to a first system configured to form a first p-i-n junction and a second p-i-n junction. In other embodiments of the invention, it should be understood that the first p-i-n junction and the second p-i-n junction may be formed in a single system. For example, embodiments of the present invention have been described with reference to a process chamber suitable for depositing both intrinsic and n-type layers. In other embodiments of the invention, individual chambers may be adapted to deposit intrinsic and n-type layers. In another embodiment of the present invention, the process chamber may be adapted to deposit both the p-type layer and the intrinsic layer.

Claims (46)

A method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell on a substrate, Forming a first photovoltaic junction on the substrate; And Forming a second photovoltaic junction on the first photovoltaic junction Including, Forming the second photovoltaic junction, forming a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer; Forming an intrinsic type microcrystalline silicon layer on the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer; And Forming an n-type amorphous silicon layer over the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, wherein at least two points within the thickness of the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer when the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer is formed One or more process variables are adjusted to control the crystalline fraction, A method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell. The method of claim 1, Forming the first photovoltaic junction, forming a p-type amorphous silicon layer; Forming an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer on the p-type amorphous silicon layer; And And forming an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer over the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer. The method of claim 2, And forming a p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer between the p-type amorphous silicon layer and the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer. The method of claim 2, Forming an n-type amorphous silicon buffer layer between the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer. The method of claim 3, wherein Wherein the p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer is deposited by a gas mixture having a hydrogen gas to silane gas ratio of about 20: 1 to about 30: 1. The method of claim 1, Forming the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, Adjusting the ratio between the first gas and the silane gas during formation of the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, wherein the first gas comprises hydrogen. The method of claim 6, Wherein the ratio of the first gas to the silane gas is controlled from about 20: 1 to about 200: 1. The method of claim 7, wherein Wherein the gas flow of hydrogen gas is reduced during deposition. The method of claim 2, Forming the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer, Supplying a gas mixture having a hydrogen to silane gas ratio of about 100: 1 to about 400: 1 to deposit the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer. Forming method. The method of claim 1, Forming the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, Supplying a gas mixture having a hydrogen to silane gas ratio of about 200: 1 to about 800: 1 to deposit the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer. Forming method. The method of claim 1, Forming a highly doped n-type amorphous silicon layer over the n-type amorphous silicon layer of the second photovoltaic cell. The method of claim 11, And wherein said heavily doped n-type amorphous silicon layer has a thickness of less than about 300 microns. The method of claim 1, Performing a hydrotreating process on the substrate prior to forming the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, Wherein said hydrotreating process includes transferring a gas comprising hydrogen toward a surface of said substrate to generate an RF plasma over the surface of said substrate. The method of claim 1, Performing a hydrotreating process on the substrate prior to forming the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, The hydrogenation process includes transferring a gas containing hydrogen toward the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer disposed on the surface of the substrate to generate an RF plasma over the surface of the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer. A method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell, comprising. The method of claim 2, Performing an argon treatment process prior to the deposition of the p-type amorphous silicon layer, And the argon treatment process comprises transferring an argon-containing gas towards the surface of the substrate to generate an RF plasma over the surface of the substrate. The method of claim 1, And forming an interfacial layer between said first photovoltaic junction and said second photovoltaic junction. The method of claim 16, The interfacial layer is a thin film multi-junction solar cell, characterized in that it is selected from at least one of SiON, SiN, SiC, SiO, SiOC, SiCN, and other suitable carbon, oxygen or nitrogen containing silicon substrate materials or silicon alloys. Method of formation. The method of claim 2, Forming a first upper interfacial layer between the substrate and the p-type amorphous silicon layer. The method of claim 18, The first upper interfacial layer is a highly doped p-type amorphous silicon layer, p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, p-type amorphous silicon layer, SiON, SiN, SiC, SiO, SiOC, SiCN, and other suitable carbon, oxygen Or a nitrogen-containing silicon substrate or at least one of silicon alloys. The method of claim 1, Wherein said p-type microcrystalline silicon layer has a boron concentration of about 1 × 10 ¹⁸ atoms / cm ² to about 1 × 10 ²⁰ atoms / cm ² . The method of claim 1, Forming the n-type amorphous silicon layer, Transferring silane gas to a surface of the substrate at a first flow rate; Delivering a hydrogen containing gas at a hydrogen to silane dilution ratio of about 5.0 to about 9.0; Conveying the doped precursor gas at a flow rate at a doping precursor gas to silane gas mixing ratio of about 1: 1 to about 1: 3; And Controlling the pressure of a processing volume adjacent the surface of the substrate to about 1 Torr to about 3 Torr. The method of claim 1, Generating an RF plasma over the surface of the substrate after forming the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, wherein formation of the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer and generation of the RF plasma are performed in a first process chamber; And Transferring the substrate to a second process chamber, and then forming the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer and the n-type amorphous silicon layer The method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell further comprising. A method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell on a substrate, Forming a first photovoltaic junction on the substrate; And Forming a second photovoltaic junction on the first photovoltaic junction Including, Forming the first photovoltaic junction, forming a p-type amorphous silicon layer; Forming an intrinsic amorphous silicon layer on the p-type amorphous silicon layer, wherein the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer comprises a p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and a bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer; And Forming an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer over the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, Forming the second photovoltaic junction, forming a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer; Forming an intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer on the p-type microcrystalline silicon layer; And Forming an n-type amorphous silicon layer over the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, A method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell. The method of claim 23, Forming the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, Adjusting the gas mixture supplied to deposit the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, wherein the gas mixture comprises at least silane gas and hydrogen gas. The method of claim 24, Reducing the flow of hydrogen gas used to deposit the bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer. The method of claim 24, Adjusting the gas mixture further comprises controlling a ratio of hydrogen to silane gas from about 25: 1 to about 12.5: 1. The method of claim 23, And forming an interfacial layer between the first photovoltaic junction and the second photovoltaic junction. The method of claim 27, The interfacial layer is a thin film multi-junction solar cell, characterized in that it is selected from at least one of SiON, SiN, SiC, SiO, SiOC, SiCN, and other suitable carbon, oxygen or nitrogen containing silicon substrate materials or silicon alloys. Method of formation. The method of claim 23, Forming the bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, Transferring silane gas at a first flow rate to a processing volume adjacent to a surface of the substrate; Delivering a hydrogen containing gas to said processing volume such that said hydrogen to silane dilution ratio is between about 8 and about 15; And Controlling the pressure of the processing volume to a first pressure, The method includes forming the p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer prior to forming the bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, wherein forming the p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer comprises: Conveying silane gas at a second flow rate to the processing volume; Transferring the hydrogen containing gas to the processing volume such that the ratio of the flow rate of hydrogen containing gas to the second flow rate is about 20 to about 50; And And controlling the pressure of the processing volume to a pressure equal to or greater than the first pressure. The method of claim 23, Generating an RF plasma over the surface of the substrate after forming the p-type amorphous silicon layer, wherein forming the p-type amorphous silicon layer and generating the RF plasma are performed in a first process chamber. -; And Transferring the substrate to a second process chamber, and then forming the intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and the n-type microcrystalline silicon layer The method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell further comprising. As a tandem photovoltaic device, A first photovoltaic junction and a second photovoltaic junction, The first photovoltaic cell junction, p-type amorphous silicon layer; p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer; Bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer; And an n-type microcrystalline silicon layer, The second photovoltaic cell junction portion, p-doped microcrystalline silicon layer; Intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer; And Comprising an n-doped amorphous silicon layer adjacent to the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, Tandem photovoltaic devices. The method of claim 31, wherein And further comprising an interfacial layer disposed between the first photovoltaic junction and the second photovoltaic junction. The method of claim 31, wherein And a first upper interface layer disposed between the first photovoltaic junction and the substrate. The method of claim 33, wherein The first upper interfacial layer comprises a highly doped p-type amorphous silicon layer, a p-type microcrystalline silicon layer, a p-type amorphous silicon layer, SiON, SiN, SiO, SiC, SiOC, SiCN, and any suitable carbon, And at least one of silicon alloys or materials of an oxygen or nitrogen containing silicon substrate. The method of claim 33, wherein And a second lower interface layer disposed over said second photovoltaic junction to contact said n-doped amorphous silicon layer adjacent said intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer. 36. The method of claim 35 wherein The second lower interfacial layer is a highly doped n-type amorphous silicon layer, n-type microcrystalline silicon layer, n-type amorphous silicon layer, SiON, SiN, SiC, SiO, SiOC, SiCN, and other suitable carbon, oxygen Or at least one of materials of a nitrogen-containing silicon substrate or silicon alloys. The method of claim 31, wherein Wherein said intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer is formed by a multi-step deposition process, each deposition step having a different hydrogen to silane gas ratio. The method of claim 37, wherein And wherein the hydrogen to silane gas ratio is reduced in each successive deposition step used to deposit the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer. The method of claim 31, wherein And wherein said p-i buffered intrinsic amorphous silicon layer and said bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer are deposited in a single process chamber by varying the hydrogen to silane gas ratio. The method of claim 23, Performing a hydrogen treatment process on the substrate prior to the deposition of the p-type amorphous silicon layer, And wherein said hydrotreating process includes transferring a gas comprising hydrogen towards the surface of said substrate to generate an RF plasma over the surface of said substrate. The method of claim 23, Performing a hydrotreating process on the substrate prior to the deposition of the bulk intrinsic amorphous silicon layer, The hydrotreating process includes transferring a gas comprising hydrogen towards the p-type amorphous silicon layer disposed on the surface of the substrate to generate an RF plasma over the p-type amorphous silicon layer. A method of forming a thin film multi-junction solar cell, characterized by the above-mentioned. As a tandem photovoltaic device, A first photovoltaic junction and a second photovoltaic junction, The second photovoltaic cell junction portion, p-doped microcrystalline silicon layer; Intrinsic Microcrystalline Silicon Layer-The intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer is formed by a multi-step deposition process, each deposition step having a different hydrogen to silane ratio to form different film crystal fractions in each deposition step. Having a mixture-; And Comprising an n-doped amorphous silicon layer adjacent to the intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer, Tandem photovoltaic devices. The method of claim 42, And the hydrogen to silane gas ratio supplied to the gas mixture is from about 20: 1 to about 200: 1. The method of claim 42, Wherein the hydrogen to silane gas ratio supplied to the gas mixture is reduced in each deposition step. The method of claim 42, The intrinsic microcrystalline silicon layer is formed by a multi-step deposition process, wherein the hydrogen to silane ratios supplied during the deposition steps are about 100: 1, 95: 1, 90: 1 and 85: 1. Type photovoltaic device. The method of claim 42, An interfacial layer disposed between the first photovoltaic junction and the second photovoltaic junction, wherein the interfacial layer is formed of SiON, SiN, SiC, SiO, SiOC, SiCN, and other suitable carbon, oxygen, or nitrogen containing silicon substrates. In-line junction photovoltaic device, characterized in that it is at least one of materials or silicon alloys.

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