KR102550610B1 - Use of Biodegradable Hydrocarbon Fluids in Electric Vehicles - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention has a boiling point range of 200 ° C to 400 ° C; a boiling range of less than 80°C; isoparaffin content higher than 95% by weight; a naphthene content of less than 3% by weight; a biocarbon content of at least 95% by weight; It relates to use in electrical vehicles for fluids having an aromatics content of less than 100 ppm by weight.

Description

Use of Biodegradable Hydrocarbon Fluids in Electric Vehicles

The present invention relates to the use of special biodegradable fluids for cooling and/or lubricating motors of electric vehicles as well as various components, in particular drive components. The invention also relates to the use for lubricating these parts of vehicles and transmissions.

Also, the present invention is applied to batteries.

The present invention is applied to electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles.

International standards on the fuel efficiency of automobile engines as well as the reduction of CO ₂ emissions are urging automobile manufacturers to develop alternative solutions to combustion engines.

Research to reduce CO ₂ emissions has led to the development of hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles by many automakers. "Electric vehicle" according to the present invention means a vehicle comprising an electric motor as a unique mode of propulsion. "Hybrid vehicle" according to the present invention means a vehicle including an electric motor combined with other power sources as a propulsion mode. An “electric motor of a vehicle” according to the present invention means an electric motor of a hybrid vehicle or an electric vehicle.

Electric motors generate heat when running. If the amount of heat is greater than what is lost naturally to the environment, some form of active cooling is required. Typically, active cooling is applied to one or more heat-generating and/or heat-sensitive component(s) of the motor to avoid unsafe temperatures.

Traditionally, it is known to cool electric motors by air, usually forced convection. The air-cooling method advantageously does not require the provision of any special coolant. However, since air is unlikely to provide a good cooling capacity, particularly with respect to miniaturization of motors with high power efficiency, this cooling method is not suitable.

Today, it is also known to use water to cool electric motors. Although water has a high specific heat, cooling by direct contact with water cannot be considered because of its electrical conductivity. Thus, cooling pipes must be arranged, which disadvantageously increases the size of the cooling device.

Cooling of electric motors using oil spray has also been proposed.

In the case of an electric vehicle, compared to a hybrid vehicle, oil with improved cooling properties is particularly required because the motor of the electric vehicle is more recommended.

The electric motor is powered by a battery. Lithium-ion batteries are the most common batteries in electric vehicles. Strategies for miniaturizing batteries while maintaining or improving efficiency present thermal management challenges. If the temperature of a lithium ion battery is too high, there is a risk of battery ignition or even explosion. On the other hand, if the temperature is too low, there is also the risk of having to remove the battery prematurely.

EP2520637 discloses a lubricating composition comprising at least an ester or ether compound for cooling electric motors in vehicles and for lubricating gears of motor vehicles. However, it is known that ester compounds are not stable to oxidation. In addition, ester compounds cause compatibility problems with varnishes and joints, resulting in performance degradation. In particular, windings in electric vehicles are coated with varnish. Since the cooling fluid is in direct contact with the windings, this fluid must be inert to the varnish.

JP2012/184360 discloses a lubricating composition for cooling an electric motor comprising at least one synthetic base oil and a fluorine compound. However, fluorine compounds, such as hydrochlorofluorocarbons, are organic gases that negatively affect the ozone layer, and as greenhouse gases, they are much more likely than CO ₂ to increase the greenhouse effect. Accordingly, these compounds are subject to several regulations that strongly limit their use.

None of the prior art solutions provide a biodegradable fluid for cooling and/or lubricating electric motors. Accordingly, there is a need for a fluid capable of cooling and/or lubricating electric motors of vehicles, thereby solving the problems of the prior art.

An object of the present invention is to provide a fluid for cooling and/or lubricating an electric motor of a vehicle.

In particular, the object of the present invention is to provide a fluid for cooling power electronic parts and/or stators and/or rotors and for lubricating gearboxes of electric motors of vehicles.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluid for cooling the battery of an electric vehicle.

The present invention provides the use of a fluid having a boiling point in the range of 200°C to 400°C and a boiling range of less than 80°C in an electric or hybrid vehicle, the fluid having an isoparaffin content of greater than 95% by weight. high, the naphthenic content is less than 3% by weight, the biocarbon content is greater than 95% by weight, and the aromatics content is less than 100 ppm by weight.

As fully understood by those skilled in the art, a boiling range of less than 80°C means that the difference between the final boiling point and the initial boiling point is less than 80°C.

In one embodiment, the use of the present invention is in an electric vehicle.

In various embodiments, the present invention relates to the use of:

- Motor cooling.

- Cooling of the motor's power electronics and/or rotor and/or stator.

- Battery cooling.

- Provide lubrication to the motor.

- Provides lubrication to bearings and/or reducers between the motor's rotor and stator.

- Provides lubrication to the transmission.

- Provides motor cooling and lubrication.

- Cools the motor and provides lubrication to the transmission.

In one embodiment, the fluid has a boiling point ranging from 220°C to 340°C, preferably from 250°C to 340°C.

In one embodiment, the boiling range is 240°C-275°C or 250°C-295°C or 285°C-335°C.

In one embodiment, the fluid comprises a feed comprising greater than 95% by weight of a hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feedstock or a feedstock derived from synthesis gas by weight of 95%. feeds containing greater than %; Preferably, a feed comprising greater than 98%, preferably greater than 99%, of a hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feedstock, more preferably a hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feed. The feed consisting of raw materials is subjected to a temperature of 80 to 180° C., a pressure of 50 to 160 bar, a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.2 to 5 hr ⁻¹ and a maximum of 200 Nm ³ /ton per ton of feed. obtainable by a process comprising catalytic hydrogenation at hydrotreating rates, in particular the biomass being a vegetable oil and its esters or triglycerides and the feed being more preferably an HVO feed, in particular NEXBTL, or The feed comprises greater than 98%, preferably greater than 99%, of feedstock originating from syngas, more preferably from recycled syngas.

According to one variant of this embodiment, a fractionating step is performed either before the hydrogenation step or after the hydrogenation step, or at both times.

In one embodiment, the fluid comprises less than 50 ppm by weight of aromatic compounds, preferably less than 20 ppm.

In one embodiment, the fluid comprises less than 1% by weight of naphthenes, preferably less than 500 ppm, advantageously less than 50 ppm.

In one embodiment, the fluid contains less than 5 ppm sulfur, even less than 3 ppm, preferably less than 0.5 ppm sulfur.

In one embodiment, the fluid has a biodegradability at 28 days of greater than 60%, preferably greater than 70%, more preferably greater than 75%, as measured according to the OECD 306 standard, advantageously It is more than 80%.

Fluids with improved properties of both these cooling and lubricating properties will find many uses in various parts of electric vehicles, especially automobiles. Vehicles, especially automobiles, may be fully electric or hybrid.

In use, the improved fluids of the present invention may also include any additives known in the art, as discussed below.

The improved fluid according to the present invention may be used for cooling purposes by any method known in the art. As an example of a cooling method, this may be cooling by direct spraying under pressure, by gravity spraying, or by mist formation from a reformed fluid, especially on the windings of the rotor and/or stator.

Improved fluids provide health and environmental benefits. In addition, the improved fluid lowers the risk of deterioration of the seals and varnishes present on the motor and can prevent any contact of water with the motor or motor parts such as windings.

1 schematically illustrates an electric powertrain.
2 is a graph showing test results of measuring the heat transfer coefficient of a fluid at a current of 40 kW and an oil jet pressure of 6 bar.
3 is a graph showing test results obtained by measuring the heat transfer coefficient of a fluid at a current of 40 kW and an oil jet pressure of 10 bar.

A process for the preparation of the improved fluid used in the present invention.

The present invention provides a feedstock containing greater than 95% by weight of a hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feedstock or greater than 95% by weight of a feedstock derived from syngas at a temperature of 80 to 180° C. obtainable by a process comprising catalytic hydrogenation at a temperature of 50 to 160 bar pressure, a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.2 to 5 hr ⁻¹ and a hydrogen treatment rate per ton of feed of up to 200 Nm ³ /ton; An improved fluid having a boiling point in the range of 200 to 400° C., containing greater than 95% isoparaffins, and less than 100 ppm by weight of aromatics is used.

In a first variant, the feed comprises greater than 98%, preferably greater than 99%, of a hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feedstock, more preferably a hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feedstock. Consists of mass feedstock. In one embodiment, the biomass is a vegetable oil, or an ester or triglyceride thereof. In one embodiment, the feed is a NEXBTL feed.

In a second variant, the feed comprises greater than 98%, preferably greater than 99%, of feedstock originating from syngas. In one embodiment, the feedstock originates from renewable syngas.

In one embodiment, the hydrogenation conditions of the method are as follows:

- pressure: 80 to 150 bar, preferably 90 to 120 bar;

- temperature 120 to 160 ° C preferably 150 to 160 ° C;

- liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV): 0.4 to 3, preferably 0.5 to 0.8 hr ^-1 ;

- Hydrogen treatment rate per ton of feed up to 200 Nm ³ /ton.

In one embodiment, the fractionation step is performed before the hydrogenation step or after the hydrogenation step, or both; In one embodiment, the process performs three hydrogenation steps, preferably in three separate reactors.

Accordingly, the present invention discloses a fluid having a boiling point in the range of 200 to 400°C and a boiling range of less than 80°C, the fluid comprising greater than 95% by weight of isoparaffins and less than 3% by weight of naphthenes; , When measured according to the OECD 306 standard, the 28-day biodegradability is 60% or more, the content of biocarbon is 95% by weight or more, and the content of aromatic compounds is less than 100 ppm by weight, preferably expressed as CH ₃ sat contains less than 30% carbon.

In one embodiment, the fluid has a boiling point in the range of 220 to 340 °C, advantageously in the range of greater than 240 °C and up to 340 °C.

Boiling point can be measured according to methods well known to those skilled in the art. For example, boiling point can be measured according to the ASTM D86 standard.

In one embodiment, the fluid has a boiling range of less than 80°C, preferably less than 60°C, more preferably from 35 to 50°C, advantageously from 40 to 50°C.

In one embodiment, the fluid comprises less than 50 pm by weight of aromatic compounds, preferably less than 20 ppm by weight.

In one embodiment, the fluid comprises less than 1% by weight of naphthenes, preferably less than 500 ppm, advantageously less than 50 ppm.

In one embodiment, the fluid contains less than 5 ppm sulfur, even less than 3 ppm, preferably less than 0.5 ppm sulfur.

In one embodiment, the fluid comprises greater than 98% isoparaffins by weight.

In one embodiment, the fluid has an isoparaffin:n-paraffin ratio of at least 20:1.

In one embodiment, the fluid comprises greater than 95% by weight of molecules having 14-18 carbon atoms as isoparaffins, preferably C15 isoparaffins, C16 isoparaffins, C17 isoparaffins, C18 isoparaffins and two of these. 60 to 95% by weight of isoparaffin selected from the group consisting of the above mixtures, more preferably 80 to 98% by weight.

In one embodiment, the fluid comprises the following components:

- C15 isoparaffins and C16 isoparaffins with a total content of 80 to 98%; or

- C16 isoparaffins, C17 isoparaffins and C18 isoparaffins with a total content of 80 to 98%; or

- C17 isoparaffins and C18 isoparaffins with a total content of 80 to 98%.

In one embodiment, the fluid is characterized by one or more of the following characteristics, preferably all of them:

- the fluid contains less than 3%, preferably less than 1%, more preferably about 0% carbon, expressed as Cquat;

- the fluid contains less than 20%, preferably less than 18%, more preferably less than 15% carbon expressed as CH sat;

- the fluid contains more than 40%, preferably more than 50%, more preferably more than 60% of carbon expressed as CH ₂ sat;

- the fluid contains less than 30%, preferably less than 28%, more preferably less than 25% carbon expressed as CH ₃ sat;

- the fluid contains less than 20%, preferably less than 18%, more preferably less than 15% carbon represented by CH ₃ long chains;

- the fluid contains less than 15%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 9% carbon represented by short CH ₃ chains.

The content of isoparaffins, naphthenes and/or aromatics can be determined according to any method known to those skilled in the art. Among these methods gas chromatography may be mentioned.

In one embodiment, the fluid has a 28 day biodegradability of at least 60%, preferably at least 70%, more preferably at least 75%, advantageously at least 80%, as measured according to the OECD 306 standard.

In one embodiment, the fluid has a biocarbon content of at least 95% by weight, preferably at least 97%, more preferably at least 98%, and even more preferably about 100%.

The feedstock will be described first, followed by the hydrogenation step and associated fractionation step, and finally the improved fluid.

feedstock.

The feedstock or simply the feed, according to a first variant, may be a feed resulting from a hydrodeoxygenation and subsequent isomerization process, described below as “HDO/ISO”, as is practiced on biomass. .

This HDO/ISO process is applied to biological raw materials, which are biomass selected from the group consisting of vegetable oils, animal fats, fish oils and mixtures thereof, preferably vegetable oils. Suitable vegetable raw materials include rapeseed oil, canola oil, colza oil, tall oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, hemp oil, olive oil, linseed oil, mustard oil, palm oil, peanut oil, castor oil, coconut oil, Animal fats such as suet, tallow, blubber, recycled alimentary fat, starting materials produced by genetic engineering, and by microorganisms such as algae and bacteria and biological starting materials produced. In addition, condensation products, esters or other derivatives obtained from biological raw materials may also be used as starting materials. Particularly preferred plant raw materials are esters or triglyceride derivatives. These materials undergo structural decomposition of biological ester or triglyceride constituents, hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) for hydrogenation of olefin bonds with simultaneous removal of oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur compounds (or oxygen, phosphorus and sulfur portions of compounds). After passing through the step, the hydrocarbon chain is branched through isomerization of the obtained product, thereby improving the low-temperature properties of the obtained feedstock.

In the HDO stage, hydrogen gas and biological constituents pass through the HDO catalyst bed in a countercurrent or concurrent fashion. In the HDO stage, pressure and temperature are typically in the range of 20 to 150 bar and 200 to 500 °C, respectively. In the HDO stage, known hydrodeoxygenation catalysts can be used. Prior to the HDO step, the biosource material may optionally be subjected to pre-hydrogenation under mild conditions to prevent side reactions of double bonds. After the HDO step, the product is subjected to an isomerization step in which hydrogen gas, the biological constituents to be hydrogenated, and optionally a mixture of n-paraffins are passed through an isomerization catalyst bed in co- or counter-current mode. In the isomerization step, the pressure and temperature are typically in the range of 20 to 150 bar and 200 to 500 °C, respectively. In the isomerization step, such known isomerization catalysts can typically be used.

In addition, there may be secondary process steps (eg intermediate pooling, scavenging traps, etc.).

The product resulting from the HDO/ISO step can be, for example, fractionated to obtain the desired fraction.

Various HDO/ISO processes are disclosed in the literature. WO2014/033762 discloses a process comprising a pre-hydrogenation step, a hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) step and an isomerization step, operating in countercurrent mode. EP1728844 discloses a method for preparing hydrocarbon components from mixtures of plant or animal origin. The method involves pretreatment of the mixture of plant origin to remove contaminants, eg alkali metal salts, followed by hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) and isomerization steps. EP2084245 relates to biological oils comprising fatty acid esters, which may contain fractions of free fatty acids, such as vegetable oils such as, for example, sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, palm oil or fatty oils contained in the pulp of pine trees (tall oil). A process for preparing a hydrocarbon mixture that can be used as a diesel fuel or diesel component is disclosed by subjecting the original mixture to hydrodeoxygenation followed by hydroisomerization over a specific catalyst. EP2368967 discloses such a process and the products thus obtained.

The company Neste Oy has developed a special HDO/ISO process, and the product thus obtained is currently on the market under the trade name NexBTL® (diesel, aviation fuel, naphtha, isoalkanes). This NexBTL® is a suitable feed for use in the present invention. NEXBTL supplies are further described at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEXBTL and/or neste oy website.

The feedstock or simply the feed, in a second variant, may be a feed that is the result of a process for converting synthesis gas into hydrocarbons suitable for further processing as feedstock. Syngas typically contains hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and possibly small amounts of other components such as carbon dioxide. A preferred syngas used in the present invention is a renewable syngas, i.e. a syngas derived from renewable sources (including renewable energy sources).

Representative possible syngas-based feedstocks include gas to liquids (GTL) feedstock, biomass to liquids (BTL) feedstock, renewable methanol to liquid (MTL) feedstock, and regeneration stream reforming. renewable steam reforming and waste-to-energy gasification, as well as newer methods using renewable energy (solar energy, wind energy) to convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into synthesis gas. An example of the latter method is the audi® e-diesel feedstock process. The term syngas also extends to all sources of materials that can be used in the Fischer Tropsch process, such as methane-rich gases (which can use syngas as an intermediate).

The syngas to liquids (STL) process is an oil refining process that converts gaseous hydrocarbons into long-chain hydrocarbons such as gasoline or diesel fuel. Renewable methane-rich gas can be obtained either through direct conversion or as an intermediate via syngas, for example to methanol to gasoline process (MTG) or syngas to gasoline+ process (STG+) using the Fischer Tropsch method, converted to liquid synthetic fuel. In the Fischer-Tropscher process, the resulting effluent is Fischer-Tropscher origin.

"Fischer-Tropsch derived" means that the hydrocarbon composition is a synthetic product of, or is derived from, a Fischer-Tropsch condensation process. The Fischer-Tropsch reaction converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen (syngas) into long-chain, usually paraffinic hydrocarbons. The overall reaction scheme is typically carried out under a suitable catalyst, at elevated temperature (e.g., 125 to 300° C., preferably 175 to 250° C.), and/or pressure (e.g., 5 to 100 bar, preferably 12 to 50 bar). It's simple (hidden mechanistic complexity):

n(CO + 2H ₂ ) = (-CH ₂ -)n + nH ₂ O + heat.

Where appropriate, ratios other than the 2:1 hydrogen:carbon monoxide ratio may be used. Carbon monoxide and hydrogen may themselves be derived from organic or inorganic, natural or synthetic sources, typically from natural gas or organically derived methane. For example, it can also be derived from biomass or coal.

The collected hydrocarbon composition containing the continuous iso-paraffinic series as described above is preferably obtained by hydroisomerization of the paraffin wax and preferably subsequent dewaxing, such as solvent or catalytic dewaxing. can The paraffin wax is preferably a Fischer Trofscher derived wax.

The hydrocarbon cut is obtained directly from the Fischer-Tropscher reaction, or indirectly, for example through fractionation of the Fischer-Tropscher synthesis product, or preferably from a hydrotreated Fischer-Tropscher synthesis product. can do.

Hydrotreating is preferably followed by hydrocracking to titrate the boiling range (eg GB-B-2077289 and EP-A-0147873) and/or hydroisomerization, which is the proportion of branched paraffins. By increasing the low temperature fluidity (cold flow property) can be improved. EP-A-0583836 discloses that a Fischer-Tropscher synthesis product is first hydroconverted under conditions in which isomerization or hydrocracking (hydrogenation of an olefin-containing component and an oxygen-containing component) is not substantially carried out, and then the product produced A two-step hydrotreating process has been disclosed wherein at least a portion of the hydrogen is converted to hydrogen under conditions in which hydrocracking and isomerization occur to produce a substantially paraffinic hydrocarbon fuel. It is also possible to adapt the isomerization process in order to obtain predominantly isoparaffins with the required carbon distribution. Syngas-based feedstocks are isoparaffinic in nature, as they contain greater than 90% isoparaffins.

Other processes, such as polymerization, alkylation, distillation, cracking-decarboxylation, isomerization and hydroreforming, as disclosed for example in US-A-4125566 and US-A-4478955. Post-synthesis treatments can be applied to modify the properties of the Fischer-Tropscher condensation product. Examples of Fischer-Tropscher processes that can be used, for example, to produce the aforementioned Fischer-Tropscher derived collected hydrocarbon compositions include the so-called commercial Slurry Phase Distillate technology of Sasol, Shell These are the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis and the "AGC-21" Exxon Mobil process. These and other processes are described in more detail in, for example, EP-A-776959, EP-A-668342, US-A-4943672, US-A-5059299, WO-A-9934917 and WO-A-9920720. there is.

The desired fraction(s) can then be isolated, for example by distillation.

The feedstock typically contains less than 15 ppm, preferably less than 8 ppm, more preferably less than 5 ppm and especially less than 1 ppm sulfur, measured according to EN ISO 20846. Typically, the feedstock will not contain sulfur, which is a biosourced product.

Before entering the hydrogenation unit, a pre-fractionation step may be performed. The narrower the boiling range at the inlet to the unit, the narrower the boiling range at the outlet. The actual typical boiling point of the pre-fractionated fractions is in the range of 220 to 330 °C, while the fractions that have not undergone the pre-fractionation step typically have a boiling point in the range of 150 to 360 °C.

hydrogenation step.

The feedstock generated from HDO/ISO or syngas is then hydrotreated. The feedstock may optionally be pre-fractionated.

The hydrogen used in the hydrogenation unit is typically high purity hydrogen, eg greater than 99% pure, although other grades may be used.

Hydrogenation takes place in one or more reactors. The reactor may include one or more catalyst beds. The catalyst bed is usually a fixed bed.

Hydrogenation is accomplished using a catalyst. Typical hydrogenation catalysts include, but are not limited to, nickel, platinum, palladium, rhenium, rhodium, nickel tungstate, nickel molybdate, molybdenum, cobalt molybdate, nickel molybdate supported on a silica and/or alumina support or zeolite, and the like. there is A preferred catalyst is Ni-based, supported on an alumina carrier, and has a specific surface area of 100 to 200 m ² /g per gram of catalyst.

Hydrogenation conditions are typically:

- pressure: 50 to 160 bar, preferably 80 to 150 bar, most preferably 90 to 120 bar or 100 to 150 bar;

- temperature: 80 to 180 ° C, preferably 120 to 160 ° C, most preferably 150 to 160 ° C;

- liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV): 0.2 to 5 hr ^-1 , preferably 0.4 to 3, most preferably 0.5 to 0.8;

- Hydrogen treatment rate: suitable for the above conditions, and may be 200 Nm ³ /ton or less per ton of feed.

The temperature in the reactor may typically be about 150-160° C., the pressure may typically be about 100 bar, the liquid hourly space velocity may typically be about 0.6 h ⁻¹ , and the throughput rate may be 1 It is adjusted according to the secondary processing parameters.

The hydrogenation process of the present invention can be carried out in several stages. It may be two stages or three stages, preferably three stages, preferably three stages in three separate reactors. The first step will achieve sulfur trapping, hydrogenation of substantially all unsaturated compounds, and hydrogenation of up to about 90% of aromatics. The stream exiting the first reactor is substantially free of sulfur. In the second step, the hydrogenation of the aromatics continues, with up to 99% of the aromatics being hydrogenated. The third step is a finishing step, which can reduce the content of aromatic compounds, even in high boiling products, to very low levels, such as 100 ppm by weight or even less than 50 ppm, more preferably less than 20 ppm.

The catalyst can be present in substantially the same amount or in varying amounts in each reactor, for example, 0.05-0.5/0.10-0.70/0.25-0.85, preferably 0.07-0.25/0.15-0.35 by weight in three reactors. /0.4-0.78, most preferably 0.10-0.20/0.20-0.32/0.48-0.70.

It is also possible to use one or two hydrogenation reactors instead of three reactors.

In addition, the first reactor may be composed of twin reactors that are alternately operated in a swing mode. This can be useful for catalyst loading and draining: since the first reactor contains catalyst that is poisoned first (substantially all of the sulfur is trapped in and/or on the catalyst), it must be replaced frequently.

A single reactor equipped with two, three or more catalyst beds may be used.

It may be necessary to insert a quench in the recycle to cool the effluent between the reactors or catalyst beds to control the reaction temperature and ultimately achieve hydrothermal equilibrium of the hydrogenation reaction. In a preferred embodiment, no such intermediate cooling or quenching is required.

If 2 or 3 reactors are used in the process, the first reactor will act as a sulfur trap. The first reactor will thus capture substantially all of the sulfur. Thus, the catalyst will saturate very quickly and may need occasional regeneration. If regeneration or rejuvenation is not possible for such a saturated catalyst, the first reactor is considered a sacrificial reactor, both its size and catalyst content dependent on the frequency of catalyst regeneration.

In one embodiment, at least a portion of the produced products and/or separated gases is recycled to the inlet of the hydrogenation step. Such dilution, if necessary, helps to keep the exotherm of the reaction within controlled limits, especially in the first stage. Recirculation also allows heat-exchange prior to reaction and also allows for good temperature control.

The stream exiting the hydrogenation unit contains hydrogenation products and hydrogen. Using a flash separator, the effluent is separated into a gas containing mainly hydrogen and a liquid mainly hydrogenated hydrocarbons. This process can be carried out using three flash separators, each high pressure, medium pressure and low pressure very close to atmospheric pressure.

The hydrogen gas collected at the top of the flash separator is either recycled to the inlet of the hydrogenation unit or recycled at different levels to the hydrogenation unit between the reactors.

Since the final separated product is at approximately atmospheric pressure, it can be fed directly to the fractionation step, which is preferably carried out under a vacuum pressure of about 10 to 50 mbar, preferably about 30 mbar.

In the fractionation step, the various hydrocarbon fluids are simultaneously withdrawn from the fractionation column; It can be operated so that their boiling range can be determined in advance.

Thus, fractionation can occur before hydrogenation, after hydrogenation, or both.

The hydrogenation reactor, separator and fractionation unit can thus be directly connected without intermediate tanks. By adjusting the feed, particularly the feed's initial and final boiling points, it is possible to directly produce end products with desirable initial and final boiling points without the use of intermediate storage tanks. In addition, by integrating hydrogenation and fractionation, it is possible to achieve optimized thermal integration as well as reducing the number of equipment and saving energy.

Fluids used in the present invention.

The fluids used in the present invention, hereinafter simply referred to as "improved fluids", have good properties, molecular weight, vapor pressure, viscosity, defined evaporation conditions for systems where drying is important, and defined surface tension.

The improved fluid is primarily isoparaffinic and contains greater than 95% isoparaffins, preferably greater than 98% isoparaffins.

The improved fluid typically contains less than 3% by weight of naphthenes, preferably less than 1% by weight, advantageously less than 500 ppm by weight, even less than 50 ppm.

Typically, the modified fluid contains 6-30, preferably 8-24, most preferably 9-20 carbon atoms. This fluid contains a significant proportion of molecules having 14 to 18 carbon atoms as isoparaffins, in particular higher than 90% by weight. Preferred improved fluids contain 60 to 95%, preferably 80 to 98%, by weight of isoparaffins selected from the group consisting of C15 isoparaffins, C16 isoparaffins, C17 isoparaffins, C18 isoparaffins and mixtures of the two. It is a fluid containing

Preferred improved fluids include:

- C15 isoparaffins and C16 isoparaffins with a total content of 80 to 98%; or

- C16 isoparaffins, C17 isoparaffins and C18 isoparaffins with a total content of 80 to 98%; or

- C17 isoparaffins and C18 isoparaffins with a total content of 80 to 98%.

Examples of preferred improved fluids are fluids comprising:

- 30 to 70% C15 isoparaffins and 30 to 70% C16 isoparaffins, preferably 40 to 60% C15 isoparaffins and 35 to 55% C16 isoparaffins;

- 5 to 25% C15 isoparaffins, 30 to 70% C16 isoparaffins and 10 to 40% C17 isoparaffins, preferably 8 to 15% C15 isoparaffins, 40 to 60% C16 isoparaffins and 15 to 25% C17 isoparaffins;

- 5 to 30% C17 isoparaffins and 70 to 95% C18 isoparaffins, preferably 10 to 25% C17 isoparaffins and 70 to 90% C18 isoparaffins.

The improved fluid exhibits a specific branching distribution.

The branching rate and carbon distribution of isoparaffins were determined using NMR methods (as well as GC-MS) and measurements of each type of carbon (hydrogen-free, with 1, 2 or 3 hydrogens). Measure. C quat sat refers to saturated quaternary carbon, CH sat refers to carbon saturated with 1 hydrogen, CH ₂ sat refers to carbon saturated with 2 carbons, CH ₃ sat refers to carbon saturated with 3 hydrogens, CH ₃ long chain and CH ₃ short chain refer to the CH ₃ groups on the long and short chains, respectively, where the short chain is one methyl group and the long chain is a chain with two or more carbons. CH ₃ long chain and CH ₃ short chain together are CH ₃ sat.

The improved fluid typically contains less than 3%, preferably less than 1%, and more preferably about 0% carbon, expressed as Cquat.

The improved fluid typically contains less than 20%, preferably less than 18%, more preferably less than 15% carbon, expressed as CH sat.

The improved fluid typically contains greater than 40%, preferably greater than 50%, more preferably greater than 60% carbon, expressed as CH ₂ sat.

The improved fluid typically contains less than 30%, preferably less than 28%, more preferably less than 25% carbon expressed as CH ₃ sat.

The improved fluid typically contains less than 20%, preferably less than 18%, more preferably less than 15% carbon represented by long CH ₃ chains.

The improved fluid typically contains less than 15%, preferably less than 10%, more preferably less than 9% carbon represented by short CH ₃ chains.

The improved fluid has a boiling point in the range of 200 to 400° C. and also exhibits increased safety due to the very low aromatics content.

The improved fluid typically contains less than 100 ppm, more preferably less than 50 ppm, and advantageously less than 20 ppm aromatics (as measured by the UV method). This makes it suitable for use as a fluid in electric vehicles. This is particularly useful for products with high boiling points, typically in the range of 300-400°C, preferably 320-380°C.

The boiling range of the improved fluid is preferably 80°C or less, preferably 70°C or less, more preferably 60°C or less, even more preferably 35 to 50°C, advantageously 40 to 50°C.

The improved fluids also have very low sulfur content, typically less than 5 ppm, even less than 3 ppm, preferably less than 0.5 ppm, at levels so low as to be undetectable by common low-sulphur analyzers. have

The range from Initial Boiling Point (IBP) to Final Boiling Point (FBP) is selected according to the specific application and composition. An initial boiling point higher than 250 °C can be classified as VOC (volatile organic compound) free according to Directive 2004/42/CE.

Biodegradation of organic compounds refers to a decrease in the complexity of compounds through the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Microorganisms, under aerobic conditions, convert organic substances into carbon dioxide, water and biomass. The OECD 306 method is available to assess the biodegradability of individual substances in seawater. OECD Method 306 can be performed with either the shake flask or the Closed Bottle method, and the only microorganisms added are those in the test seawater to which the test substance is added. In order to evaluate biodegradation in seawater, a biodegradability test capable of measuring biodegradability in seawater was performed. Biodegradability was measured in a closed bottle test performed according to the OECD 306 test guidelines. Biodegradability of improved fluids is measured according to OECD Method 306.

OECD Method 306 is as follows:

The closed bottle method consists of dissolving a test substance in a test medium in a predetermined amount, usually at a concentration of 2-10 mg/l, optionally more than one concentration is used. The solution is stored under dark conditions in a filled closed bottle in a controlled enclosure or constant temperature bath in the range of 15-20°C. Decomposition is tracked by oxygen analysis over 28 days. 24 bottles are used (8 for test substance, 8 for reference compound and 8 for sweater + nutriment). All assays are performed in duplicate in bottles. Dissolved oxygen is measured by chemical or electrochemical methods at least four times (day 0, 5, 15 and 28).

The results are expressed as % degradability at 28 days. The improved fluid has a 28 day biodegradability of at least 60%, preferably at least 70% by weight, more preferably at least 75% and advantageously at least 80%, as measured according to the OECD 306 standard.

The present invention uses products of natural origin as starting products. Carbon in biomaterials is produced by plant photosynthesis, ie from atmospheric CO ₂ . The decomposition of these CO ₂ substances (decomposition also understood as end-of-life burning/incineration) does not increase the carbon emitted in the atmosphere and therefore does not contribute to warming. The CO ₂ rating of the biomaterial is obviously better and contributes to reducing the print carbon of the product obtained (only manufacturing energy has to be taken into account). Conversely, materials of fossil origin that also decompose into CO ₂ will contribute to an increase in the proportion of CO ₂ and thus contribute to climate warming. Thus, an improved fluid according to the present invention will have a better print carbon than compounds obtained starting from fossil sources.

Thus, the present invention also improves the ecological assessment during manufacture of the improved fluid. The term "bio-carbon" means that the carbon is of natural origin and originates from a biomaterial as described below. The content of biocarbon and the content of biomaterial are expressions representing the same value.

A renewable origin material or biomaterial is an organic material in which carbon is derived from CO ₂ recently fixed (on a human basis) starting from the atmosphere via photosynthesis. On the ground, this CO ₂ is collected or fixed by plants. In the ocean, CO ₂ is collected or fixed by microscopic bacteria or plants or algae that carry out photosynthesis. ^{The 14} C / ¹² C isotope ratio of biomaterials (100% carbon of natural origin) is higher than 10 ^-12 , typically about 1.2 x 10 ^-12 , whereas the ratio of fossil materials is null. In fact, the isotope ¹⁴ C is created in the atmosphere and then integrated by photosynthesis over a time period of up to several decades. The half-life of ¹⁴ C is 5730 years. Therefore, substances produced photosynthetically in the usual way, mainly by plants, necessarily contain the isotope ¹⁴ C in a maximum content.

The biocarbon content and the biomaterial content are determined according to standards ASTM D 6866-12, method B (ASTM D 6866-06) and ASTM D 7026 (ASTM D 7026-04). Standard ASTM D 6866 is for "Determination of the Bio-derived Content of Materials in the Natural Category Using Radiocarbon and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometric Analysis" and Standard ASTM D 7026 is for "Determination of the Bio-derived Content of Materials by Carbon Isotope Analysis" Sampling and reporting of results for The second standard refers to the first standard above in the first paragraph.

The first standard describes a test that measures ^{the 14} C / ¹² C ratio of a sample and compares it to the ¹⁴ C / ¹² C ratio of a reference sample of renewable origin of 100% origin, to determine the relative C % of the renewable origin in the sample. to provide. The standard is based on the same concept as dating using ¹⁴ C, but does not apply a dating formula. Therefore, the calculated ratio is expressed as "pMC" (percent Modem Carbon). If the material to be analyzed is a mixture of biomaterial and fossil material (no radioactive isotope), the obtained pMC has a direct correlation with the amount of biomaterial present in the sample. The reference value used for ¹⁴ C dating dates back to 1950. This year was chosen because there were atmospheric nuclear tests after this time, which released large amounts of isotopes into the atmosphere. Criterion 1950 corresponds to pMC 100. Taking into account the thermonuclear test, the current content is approximately 107.5 (corresponding to a correction factor of 0.93). That is, the current plant's radiocarbon signature is 107.5. Thus, the signatures 54 pMC and 99 pMC correspond to 50% and 93% of the biomaterial in the sample, respectively.

The compounds according to the present invention are at least partly derived from biomaterials and therefore have a biomaterial content of at least 95%. This content is advantageously higher, particularly higher than 98%, more preferably higher than 99% and advantageously about 100%. The compounds according to the invention may thus be biocarbon of 100% biological origin or, conversely, may be produced from a mixture with a fossil origin. In one embodiment, the isotopic ratio of ¹⁴ C/ ¹² C is between 1.15 and 1.2 x 10 ^-12 .

All percentages and ppm are by weight unless otherwise specified. The singular and plural are used interchangeably to refer to the fluid(s).

lubricating composition.

The improved fluid, when used as a lubricant, is present in the lubricating composition and can be included from 1 to 100 weight percent of the total weight of the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the lubricating composition comprises 50 to 99%, preferably 70 to 99%, preferably 80 to 99% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition; This embodiment may correspond to the use of the fluid of the present invention as a majority or sole base oil in a lubricating composition.

In another embodiment, the lubricating composition may account for 1 to 40%, preferably 5 to 30%, more preferably 10 to 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the lubricating composition; This embodiment may be an example of using the fluid of the present invention as an additional base oil (or co-base oil) in a lubricating composition. The main base oil is a standard material and may be of mineral or renewable origin, in particular selected from base oils of groups I - V according to the API classification.

In other embodiments, the improved fluid may be used in combination with other lubricating compositions.

The lubricating composition according to the present invention comprises selected friction modifiers, detergents, antiwear additives, extreme pressure additives, viscosity improvers index, dispersing agents, antioxidants, pour point It may further include additives selected from pour point improvers, antifoams, thickeners, and mixtures thereof.

Antiwear additives and extreme pressure agents protect the surface of the protective film adsorbed on the surface by generating rubbing.

A wide variety of antiwear additives exist. Preferably, the antiwear additive is selected from phospho-sulfurized additives such as metal alkylthiophosphates, in particular zinc alkylthiophosphates, more particularly zinc dialkyl dithiophosphates or ZnDTP. Preferred compounds are those of the formula Zn ((SP (S) (OR2) (OR3)) 2 , wherein R2 and R3 are the same or different and independently an alkyl group, preferably an alkyl group having 1-18 carbon atoms.

Phosphate amines are also antiwear additives that can be used in the lubricating compositions according to the present invention. However, the phosphorus provided by these additives can act as a poison to automotive catalyst systems because these additives generate ash. This effect can be minimized by partial substitution of the amine phosphates with additives such as phosphorus-free, eg polysulfides, such as sulfurized olefins.

Advantageously, the lubricating composition according to the present invention contains antiwear additives and extreme pressure agents in an amount of from 0.01 to 6% by weight, preferably from 0.05 to 4% by weight, more preferably from 0.1 to 2% by weight, relative to the total weight of the lubricating composition. can be included with

Advantageously, a lubricating composition according to the present invention may include one or more friction modifiers. The friction modifier may be selected from compounds that provide free compounds of metallic elements and ash. Among the compounds providing a metal element, there are, in part, transition metal complexes such as Mo, Sb, Sn, Fe, Cu, Zn, etc., in which the ligand may be a hydrocarbon compound containing oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur or phosphorus. Ashless friction modifiers are generally organic in origin and include monoesters of fatty acids and polyols, alkoxylated amines, alkoxylated fatty amines, fatty epoxides, borated fatty epoxides; fatty amines or fatty acid glycerol esters. In the present invention, an aliphatic compound (fatty amine) includes one or more hydrocarbon groups having 10-24 carbon atoms.

Advantageously, the lubricating composition of the present invention comprises from 0.01 to 2% or from 0.01 to 5%, preferably from 0.1 to 1.5% or from 0.1 to 2% by weight of the friction modifier relative to the total weight of the lubricating composition. can do.

Advantageously, the lubricating composition according to the present invention may comprise one or more antioxidant additives.

Antioxidant additives are generally used to retard degradation of the lubricating composition during use. Decomposition can in particular lead to sediment formation, sludge formation or an increase in the viscosity of the lubricating composition.

Additives such as antioxidants act as free radical inhibitors or as destructive hydroperoxides. Among the commonly used additives, antioxidants include phenol antioxidant additive type additives, amine type antioxidants, antioxidant additive phosphorosulfur, and the like. Some of these antioxidant additives, for example the antioxidants phosphorosulphur additive, can be ash generators. The additive phenolic antioxidants can be ashless or in the form of neutral or basic metal salts. Antioxidant additives include sterically hindered phenols, sterically hindered phenol ester compounds and sterically hindered phenolic compounds with thioether bridges, diphenylamines, substituted diphenylamines, one or more alkyl groups C1-C12 , N,N'-dialkyl-aryl diamines and mixtures thereof.

Preferably, in the present invention, the sterically hindered phenolic compound is loaded with an alcohol functional group substituted with one or more C1-C10 alkyl groups, preferably C1-C6 alkyl groups, preferably C4 alkyl groups, preferably tert-butyl groups. compounds containing a phenolic group with one or more surrounding carbon atoms.

Amine compounds are another type of antioxidant additive, which may optionally be used in combination with the additive phenolic antioxidant. Examples of amine compounds are aromatic amines, for example R4 is an optionally substituted aliphatic group or an aromatic group; R5 is an optionally substituted aromatic group; R6 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group, an aryl group or a group represented by the formula RS(O)zR8, R7 is an alkylene group or an alkenylene group, R8 is an alkyl group, an alkenyl group or an aryl group, and z is 0, 1 or 2; There are aromatic amines of the formula NR4R5R6.

Sulfated alkyl phenols or alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts thereof may also be used as antioxidant additives.

Another type of antioxidant additive is an antioxidant additive of copper compounds, such as thio- or dithio-phosphates of copper, copper salts or carboxylic acids, dithiocarbamates, sulfonates, phenates, copper acetyl There is acetonate. Copper salts I and II, acid salts or succinic anhydride may also be used.

A lubricating composition according to the invention may contain all types of antioxidant additives known to those skilled in the art.

Advantageously, the lubricating composition includes one or more antioxidant ashless additives.

Also advantageously, the lubricating composition according to the present invention comprises from 0.5 to 2% by weight relative to the total weight of the composition of at least one antioxidant additive.

Lubricating compositions according to the present invention may further comprise one or more detergent additives.

Detergent additives generally prevent the formation of deposits on the surface of metal parts by secondary oxidation and dissolution of combustion products.

Detergent additives used in lubricating compositions according to the present invention are generally known to those skilled in the art. The detergent additive may be an anionic compound comprising a lipophilic long-chain hydrocarbon and a hydrophilic head. The cation to be bound may be a metal cation of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal.

The detergent additive is preferably selected from alkali or alkaline earth metal salts of carboxylic acids, sulfonates, salicylates, naphthenates, phenates and salts. The alkali and alkaline earth metals are preferably calcium, magnesium, sodium or barium.

These metal salts generally contain the metal in stoichiometric content or in excess, ie greater than the stoichiometric content. So the additive is an overbased detergent; The excess metal that characterizes the overbased detergent additive is usually in the form of insoluble metal salts in oil, such as carbonates, hydroxides, oxalates, acetates, glutamates, preferably carbonates.

Advantageously, the lubricating composition of the present invention may comprise from 2 to 4 weight percent detergent additive relative to the total weight of the lubricating composition.

The lubricating compositions of the present invention may also include at least a pour point depressant additive, although this is generally not necessary given the improved pour point of the fluid.

Pour point depressing additives generally improve the temperature behavior of lubricant compositions according to the invention by slowing down the formation of wax crystals.

Examples of additional pour point depressants include alkyl polymethacrylates, polyacrylates, polyarylamides, polyalkylphenols, polyalkylnaphthalenes, alkylated polystyrenes, and the like.

Advantageously, the lubricating composition according to the present invention may also comprise one or more dispersing agents.

The dispersing agent may be selected from Mannich base, succinimide and derivatives thereof.

Also advantageously, the lubricating composition according to the present invention may comprise from 0.2 to 10% by weight of a dispersant relative to the total weight of the lubricating composition.

The lubricating composition of the present invention may further comprise one or more additives that improve the viscosity index. Examples of additives that improve the viscosity index are ester polymers, homopolymers or copolymers, hydrogenated or non-hydrogenated, styrene, butadiene and isoprene, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates (PMA) or olefin copolymers, in particular ethylene/propylene copolymers.

Lubricating compositions of the present invention can be in a variety of forms. A lubricating composition according to the present invention may not be essentially an emulsion, more preferably an anhydrous composition.

Electric motors and components of electric vehicles

1 schematically illustrates electric motorization in an electric or hybrid vehicle.

An electric motor (1) of an electric vehicle and a hybrid vehicle includes power electronics (11) connected to a stator (13) and a rotor (14). The rotational speed of the rotor is very high, which means that a reducer 3 is added between the rotor of the electric motor 10 and the vehicle wheels.

The stator includes several windings, in particular copper windings, which are alternately energized. This induces a rotating magnetic field. The rotor contains self-winding, permanent magnets or the like, so the rotating magnetic field causes the rotation of the rotor.

The power electronics, stator and rotor of an electric motor typically have complex surfaces and structures that generate significant amounts of heat during operation. This makes the aforementioned improved fluid particularly useful for cooling the power electronics and/or the rotor and/or stator of an electric motor.

In a preferred embodiment, the present invention relates to the use of the aforementioned improved fluid for cooling the power electronics, rotor and stator of an electric motor.

Also, a bearing 12 is provided between the rotor and the stator to hold the axis of rotation. These bearings are exposed to high friction shear, causing wear problems and short life problems. For this reason, the improved fluids described above are specifically used to lubricate the bearings of electric motors.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention relates to the use of the aforementioned fluid for lubricating bearings located between the rotor and the stator of an electric motor of a vehicle.

The reducer 3 is intended to make it possible to adjust the speed of the vehicle by reducing the rotational speed at the output of the electric motor and thus adapting the rotational speed transmitted to the wheels. Reducers are exposed to high frictional constraints, so proper lubrication is required to prevent damage. Because of this, the improved fluids described above are particularly used for lubricating transmissions of electric vehicles, in particular gearboxes.

The invention also relates to the use of the improved fluid described above for cooling power electronics and/or rotors and/or stators and for lubricating bearings and/or reducers located between the stator and the rotor of a motor of an electric vehicle. will be.

The electric motor receives electricity from an electric battery (2). Lithium-ion batteries are most common in electric vehicles. The development of increasingly stronger and smaller batteries causes battery cooling problems. When the actual temperature exceeds about 50 to 55° C., the battery presents a significant ignition or even explosion hazard. On the other hand, when the temperature of the battery drops below about 20 to 25° C., a problem of prematurely removing the battery also occurs. Therefore, the temperature of the battery must be maintained at an acceptable temperature level.

The invention also relates to the use of the aforementioned improved fluid for cooling electric motors of vehicles and/or batteries of vehicles.

The vehicle can be purely electric or it can be hybrid, the invention applies equally to both.

The invention also relates to a method of cooling an electric motor of a vehicle comprising at least the step of contacting the aforementioned fluid with mechanical parts of the motor.

The present invention also relates to a method for cooling the power electronics and/or the rotor and/or the stator of a vehicle comprising at least the step of contacting the power electronics and/or the rotor and/or the stator with the improved fluid described above. it's about

The invention also relates to a method of lubricating an electric motor of a vehicle comprising at least the step of contacting mechanical parts of the motor with the improved fluid described above.

The present invention also relates to a method of lubricating a bearing located between a rotor and a stator of a vehicle comprising at least contacting mechanical components of the bearing located between the rotor and stator of the vehicle with the improved fluid described above. .

The present invention also relates to a method of cooling and lubricating an electric motor of a vehicle, comprising at least contacting mechanical parts of the motor with the improved fluid described above.

The present invention also relates to a method for cooling an electric motor and lubricating a transmission of a vehicle comprising at least the step of contacting mechanical parts of the motor and transmission with the improved fluid described above.

Furthermore, the present invention provides a method for contacting parts of the power electronics and/or the stator and/or the rotor and the reducer and/or the bearing with the aforementioned improved fluid between the rotor and the stator of the electric motor of the vehicle. A method for lubricating positioned bearings and/or reducers and cooling power electronics and/or stators and/or rotors.

The present invention also relates to a method of cooling a battery comprising at least contacting the battery with the aforementioned fluid.

The present invention also relates to a method of cooling an electric motor and battery comprising at least the step of contacting the mechanical parts of the motor and the battery with the aforementioned fluid.

The examples below illustrate the invention, but do not limit the invention.

Examples

Example 1

In the process of the present invention, a feedstock is used, namely the NEXBTL feedstock (isoalkanes). The following hydrogenation conditions apply:

the reaction temperature is about 150-160°C; The pressure is about 100 bar, the liquid hourly space velocity is 0.6 h ^-1 ; Processing speed is adjusted. The catalyst used is nickel supported on aluminum.

A fractionation step was performed to obtain three fluids for use in the present invention.

A manufactured product was obtained with the following properties.

The following characteristics were measured using the following standard methods:

Flash point EN ISO 2719

Pour point EN ISO 3016

Density at 15°C EN ISO 1185

Viscosity at 40°C EN ISO 3104

Aniline Point EN ISO 2977

HFRR EN ISO 12156

EP Tester API" - particles recommended in API RP 13

Thermal conductivity ¹ Internal Flash method

Specific heat ² calorimetry

1. Use a special device containing two aluminum tubes, one inner tube and one outer tube. The fluid to be measured is placed in the annular space between these two tubes. An energy pulse (Dirac type) is applied to the inner tube, the temperature is measured in the outer tube, and a thermogram is recorded.

Recognizing the thermal diffusivity, density, and specific heat of two layers of two aluminum tubes as a function of temperature, and knowing the density and specific heat of the fluid to be analyzed, the thermal conductivity Lambda of the fluid as a function of temperature can be inferred.

device calibration.

The device is first calibrated with a reference sample SERIOLA 1510 (heat transfer medium) at different temperatures. Various thermal properties were measured in advance, respectively.

sample preparation.

The sample is mixed and injected (using a syringe) into the annular space between the two tubes. Place the implanted device in a temperature controlled chamber.

measurement protocol.

For each temperature measurement, the following process is performed. Stabilize the sample at a given temperature. A light flash is then applied to the inner surface of the inner tube, and the temperature increase at the outer surface of the outer tube is recorded over time.

Based on the average of the values obtained from three or more measurements at each given temperature, the thermal conductivity is calculated.

2. Determine the specific heat using a DSC calorimeter (DSC NETZSCH 204 Phoenix), complying with standards ISO 113587, ASTM E1269, ASTM E968, ASTM E793, ASTM D3895, ASTM D3417, ASTM D3418, DIN 51004, DIN 51007 and DIN 53765. Measure.

characteristic Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Aromatic content (ppm) <20 <20 <20 Sulfur content (ppm) 0.1 0.1 0.11 % isoparaffins (w/w) 98.9 95.1 96.2 % n-paraffin (w/w) 1.1 4.9 3.8 % Naphthenes (w/w) 0 0 0 C15 (Iso) 48.35 11.45 0 C16 (Iso) 42.80 47.89 1.58 C17 (Iso) 2.52 18.57 14.17 C18 (Iso) 0.38 17.07 79.69 C quat sat 0 0 0 CH sat 12.1 10.9 10.2 CH ₂ sat 64.9 67.8 70.7 CH ₃ sat 22.9 21.2 19.1 CH ₃ long chain 14.2 13.3 12 CH ₃ short chain 8.7 8 7.1 Biocarbon content (%) 97 97 98 Initial boiling point (℃) 247.0 259.5 293.6 5% point (℃) 255.7 270.2 296.7 50% point (℃) 258.9 274.5 298.5 95% point (℃) 266.8 286.4 305.3 dry point (℃) 269.0 287.5 324.1 OECD biodegradability (28 days) (%) 80 83 83 Flash point (℃) 115 125 149.5 Density at 15℃ (kg/m3) 776.4 780.3 787.2 Viscosity at 40°C (mm ² /s) 2.495 2.944 3.870 Aniline point (℃) 93.2 95.7 99.5 Coefficient of Friction (HFRR, mm) 0.248 0.232 0.213 Coefficient of friction (EP tester, mm) 0.16 0.15 0.14 Thermal Conductivity Lambda (℃, W/(m.K)) 28/0.130
73/0.125
128/0.124 27/0.135
73/0.128
127/0.126 23/0.138
88/0.137
158/0.127 Specific heat (℃, J/(kg.K)) 30.3/215474.8/2336
129.2/2540 31.3/2202
74.8/2324
129.2/2503 31.3/2185
89.7/2377
158.9/2695

The fluids are also colorless and odorless, have a purity according to the European Pharmacopoeia suitable for food grade, and belong to solvent class A according to CEN/TS 16766.

These results confirm that the improved fluids described herein have improved lubricating properties.

Thermal conductivity values are found to have better conductivity (up to 7%) than one of the standard mineral oils at the same viscosity, and good heat transfer. The specific heat is better than either of the standard mineral oils (up to 11%).

Example 2

Experiments performed to measure the heat transfer coefficients of fluids used in the present invention (Example 3) and comparative compositions (Example 4) are described below. Comparative compositions are poly-α-olefins of fossil origin (PAO 1 and PAO 2) usable as cooling fluids in electric and hybrid vehicles.

The heat transfer coefficient of a fluid measures the thermal properties of the fluid. Fluids with high heat transfer coefficients have good cooling efficiency.

measurement protocol.

The experiment consisted of applying a jet of fluid through a spray nozzle vertically onto a metal plate heated by induction. A thermal camera placed above the heating plate records the temperature profile of the fluid as it is sprayed. The temperature change is measured on a heating plate to determine the heat transfer coefficient of the composition.

Some parameters of the experiment can be changed, in particular (by changing the current) the temperature of the heating plate, the size of the spray nozzle and the pressure of the oil jet. The temperature is measured on a metal plate at different distances from the point of impact of the oil jets and from different directions. Experimental conditions are described in the table below.

characteristic unit Comparative Example 4 Comparative Example 5 temperature ℃ 80 80 enter bar 6 10 electric current kW 40 40 radius m 0-0.016 0-0.016

The temperature value at the point of impact at a given distance is the average of the temperatures measured at several points on a circle centered at the point of impact at a given radius.

Results are shown in Figures 2 and 3.

2 and 3, the Y axis is the temperature measured on the metal plate; The X-axis is the radius, i.e. the distance between the temperature measurement point and the impact point of the oil jet on the metal plate.

Figure 2 compares the results obtained with poly-α-olefins (-◆-; -■-) at a current of 40 kW and an oil jet pressure of 6 bar using the fluid of Example 3 (-●-). It shows the result obtained.

Figure 3 compares the results obtained with poly-α-olefins (-◆-; -■-) at a current of 40 kW and an oil jet pressure of 10 bar using the fluid of Example 3 (-●-). It shows the result obtained.

These graphs show that the temperature measured at the radius of the metal plate >0.01 m, when spraying the fluid (-●-) of Example 3 usable in the present invention, poly-α-olefin (-◆-; -■-) Compared to the temperature measured at the same radius of the metal plate sprayed with the comparative composition, it is shown to be much lower (10 ° C and 20 ° C lower, respectively).

This means that the fluids usable in the present invention cool the heated metal plate more effectively than the poly-α-olefin comparative composition.

Accordingly, the fluids described above are useful for cooling motors of electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles.

Claims (19)

A method of cooling parts of an electric vehicle or hybrid vehicle, comprising:
The method,
using a fluid having a boiling point in the range of 200°C to 400°C and a boiling range less than 80°C;
wherein the fluid has an isoparaffin content of greater than 95% by weight, a naphthene content of less than 3% by weight, a biocarbon content of greater than 95% by weight, and an aromatics content of less than 100 ppm by weight. According to claim 1,
wherein the fluid is used in an electric vehicle. According to claim 1 or 2,
wherein the fluid is used to cool a motor. According to claim 2,
wherein the fluid is used to cool the power electronics and/or rotor and/or stator of the motor. According to claim 1 or 2,
wherein the fluid is used to cool a battery. A method of lubricating parts of an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising:
The method,
using a fluid having a boiling point in the range of 200°C to 400°C and a boiling range less than 80°C;
wherein the fluid has an isoparaffin content of greater than 95% by weight, a naphthene content of less than 3% by weight, a biocarbon content of greater than 95% by weight, and an aromatics content of less than 100 ppm by weight. According to claim 6,
wherein the fluid is used to lubricate bearings and/or reducers between a rotor and a stator of a motor. According to claim 6,
wherein the fluid is used to lubricate a transmission. According to claim 6,
wherein the fluid is used to cool and lubricate a motor. According to claim 6,
wherein the fluid is used to cool a motor and lubricate a transmission. According to claim 1 or 6,
wherein the fluid has a boiling point of 220°C to 340°C or 250°C to 340°C. According to claim 11,
wherein the boiling range is 240°C-275°C or 250°C-295°C or 285°C-335°C. A method of obtaining a fluid for use in an electric or hybrid vehicle, comprising:
the fluid has a boiling point in the range of 200 ° C to 400 ° C and a boiling range less than 80 ° C;
In the fluid, the isoparaffin content is greater than 95% by weight, the naphthene content is less than 3% by weight, the biocarbon content is greater than 95% by weight, and the content of aromatic compounds is less than 100 ppm by weight,
The process comprises a feed comprising greater than 95% by weight of a hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feedstock or greater than 95% by weight of a feedstock derived from syngas. a feed having a temperature of 80 to 180° C., a pressure of 50 to 160 bar, a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.2 to 5 hr ⁻¹ and hydrogen of less than 200 Nm ³ /ton per ton feed catalytically hydrogenating at a throughput rate. According to claim 13,
the feed comprises greater than 98 weight percent or greater than 99 weight percent hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feedstock; or
The feed comprises greater than 98% or greater than 99% by weight of syngas or a feedstock derived from recycled syngas, or
wherein the feed consists of a hydrodeoxygenated isomerized hydrocarbon biomass feedstock;
wherein the biomass is a vegetable oil and its esters or triglycerides and the feed is an HVO feed. According to claim 13 or 14,
wherein a fractionating step is performed either before the hydrogenation step or after the hydrogenation step, or both. According to claim 1 or 6,
wherein the fluid comprises less than 50 ppm or less than 20 ppm by weight of an aromatic compound. According to claim 1 or 6,
wherein the fluid comprises less than 1%, or less than 500 ppm, or less than 50 ppm, by weight, of naphthenes. According to claim 1 or 6,
wherein the fluid comprises less than 5 ppm, or less than 3 ppm, or less than 0.5 ppm sulfur. According to claim 1 or 6,
wherein the fluid has a biodegradability at 28 days of at least 60%, or at least 70%, or at least 75%, or at least 80%, as measured according to the OECD 306 standard.

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