KR102091928B1 - Separated composite excavation method in plhbm - Google Patents

Abstract

A linear large-diameter segmented composite drilling method is provided. Depending on the properties of the rock around the tunnel, the linear large-diameter splitting and excavation method is used to reduce the vibration of the tunnel excavation section applied to the shear or upper half-section using the linear large-diameter hole into the primary lower section and the secondary upper section. Divided to determine the excavation method, make the fracture direction of the excavation fracture hole of the secondary upper excavation surface downward in a good working condition, and reduce the risk of rockfall when excavating the secondary upper area after excavation of the primary lower area In the center of the excavation surface of the primary lower section, in which the center of the primary and secondary excavation interfaces is raised to the center, the height of the first hole around the large diameter is less than 1.6 m from the floor, and the left and right sides The height of the outermost hole is minimum from 0.4m to 1.2m below the floor, and the pentagonal shape generated from the first large-diameter hole or the foot from two or more large-diameter holes It is a method of making the hexagonal shapes to be the minimum excavation cross-section, boring 1 large bore hole, and when it is more than 2 holes, the distance between the center of one large bore hole and the center of the adjacent large bore is 0.8 m to 1.3 m. The primary sectional area with the minimum cross-section of the pentagonal or hexagonal shape performs special control blasting with large diameter while minimizing the amount of balls per hole as the resistance line and the ball spacing are reduced, and the secondary upper area is created after puncturing with various sizes. The rock is excavated using a mechanical excavation equipment through the machined auxiliary drilling hole.

Description

Line large-diameter split composite drilling method {SEPARATED COMPOSITE EXCAVATION METHOD IN PLHBM}

The present invention relates to an excavation method, and more specifically, a linear large-diameter control blasting, mechanical excavation by mechanical excavation equipment such as GNR, BIGGER, a jogging wedge grafted to a fork lane, a burecar, 3 free surface induction blasting, armed pharmacy , It relates to a linear large-diameter segmented composite excavation method (aka SE PM or SE PM) to reduce vibration by adjusting the number of delays, and to reduce vibration through line cracking (SEPARATED COMPOSITE EXCAVATION METHOD IN PLHBM; aka SE PM).

According to the development of industrial society, tunnel works are mostly accompanied in the construction of various railroads, road networks, electric power lines and waterways, underground joints, etc. Most of the blasting and control blasting work or TBM work is performed for excavating NATM tunnels, but in some sections It has been constructed by excavating machines that perform vibration-free destruction (spreading) by the chucky system equipment, such as GNR, BIGGER, and chucky wedges and burekas that are grafted onto the fork lane. Depending on the surrounding environment and workability, blasting methods or mechanical excavation have been selected, but the blasting operation is mostly dominated because the workability considering the process or construction cost is greatly advanced.

Selected 1 to 4 holes at hundreds of Km tunnel sites applied over the past 20 years by patent registration No. 10-110178 (invention name: tunnel excavation method: aka plhbm, line large diameter method; pore diameter φ250mm to φ1000mm) Large diameter (usually φ362mm diameter is used in consideration of working time) After boring, it has been applied to the blasting operation for excavation, and now the tunnel excavation method (aka plhbm) has passed the patent period, so anyone can construct it regardless of patent, and continue to advance The construction method is under construction. In order to minimize vibration in tunnel blasting, allowable values can be used because the allowance is too small at the distance, by setting the allowance in the vibration estimation formula that is usually applied in the field and looking at the estimated formula calculation table as shown in Table 6 calculated according to the distance of the dose. If there is no, it occurs. Then, in general, the resistance line (W), the hole spacing (S), the mill plant, the amount of sugar per shot, and the amount per shot are reduced, but if the solution of blasting is less than 70 ~ 80g, it is difficult to stabilize the structural excavation around the tunnel. For this, the tunnel excavation section, which is excavation of the upper and lower sections or the front end, is reduced to W and S by primary (lower), secondary (upper), etc. again, thereby reducing the amount of coordination. If there is still no answer, the construction cost per unit volume (㎥) is relatively expensive due to the process, etc., than the above (previous paragraph). However, in the machine excavation, the primary (lower) deep hole, bottom hole, corner hole, and excavation hole of φ76mm or more in mechanical excavation and crushing auxiliary work requires more drilling and crushing work time due to the greater number of man-hours than the φ45mm blasting hole and the greater the diameter. Is done.

FIG. 1 is a pictorial drawing for quick understanding of the names of parts in the tunnel for explanation of the construction method. FIG. 2 is a sinusoidal graph for explaining the frequency and amplitude (vibration) of the vibration, and is different from the blasting vibration from the present method, and when blasting, the vibration suddenly disappears (usually 5 ms to 25 ms or less). It is not a sinusoidal vibration. FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the principle that two vibrations increase and decrease according to the ms time interval, and the left side is 5 ms (frequency 1 cycle interval is 9 ms) and the right side is 10 ms (assuming the same frequency as the previous one). Fig. 3 for explaining the principle that the same two vibrations, which are the intervals, are amplified under the influence of the previous time, and the right side is reduced on the contrary. It shows the magnitude of the frequency and amplitude and the two vibration values are different depending on the frequency.

FIG. 4 shows that the blasting vibration generated in the second hole has an amplitude as shown in the figure and the time to disappear in a short time is 25 ms, so that the vibration of the second hole entering thereafter has little or no increase or decrease due to the previous blasting. It's a virtual wave that actually makes you know. FIG. 5 is for understanding the principle that when there are many free surfaces in the blasting operation, a small amount per unit volume is consumed, and the types of free surfaces are generally divided into 1 to 6 free surfaces, which emphasizes the importance of free surfaces in control blasting. It is a drawing to do. 6 is a standard deviation from ms 2 (40 ms) to ms 10 (200 ms) based on pamphlet data from the release of a new (HiDETO Plus) primer from an old (HiDETO) primer in a Korean powder in Korea. It is very important as it is a data to be applied. MS primers are prepared up to 380ms at 20ms intervals (including Hanwha No. 0) (up to 475ms at 25ms intervals for Korean medicine). There is an average deviation of 4% to 5%, and the longer the initial time, the greater the deviation, so that it cannot produce a primer with an interval of 20 to 25ms from 6 to 7 seconds. Therefore, LP primers separately make LP 1 (100 ms) to 10 (1000 ms) intervals at 100 ms intervals before 1,000 ms, and LP 11 (1200 ms) to 200 ms intervals before LP 15 (2000 ms). LP 15 times (2,000ms) is produced, after which it is usually manufactured up to LP 23 times (6,000ms) at 500ms intervals (based on Korean gunpowder), and custom-made from 6,500ms to 8,000ms. Since the manufacturing error of electric primers is around 4 ~ 5% internationally, the domestic manufacturing technology level is of high quality. Therefore, if you set it as one foot by one shot, the number of blasts per shot is about 40 steps (up to MS20 steps + LP30 steps / 6000ms), so connect the LP primer rather than the MS primer with an electric multi-stage blaster, or a non-electric connection primer (TLD, SL, The company has worked with increasing the number of blasting once by using the company's name only), but it also has the limit of increasing the number of blasting once (usually 130 to 180 balls depending on the site conditions) by reducing the amount of balls per shot. .

Fig. 7 should be 100 ° greater than 90 (Crater Test, slight exaggeration breakdown) at the blast hole 1m standard test blasting in the volume review of 2, 3, and 4 free surfaces according to Daw's theory = 2.4m). Excluding the deep hole in the tunnel excavation section, mainly 2 to 4 free surfaces are applicable, so this is a schematic diagram of the blasting volume after assumptions about 2, 3 and 4 free surfaces. Fig. 8 is a schematic diagram of destruction that simulates a form in which blasting occurs in a similar shape, although it is not a free surface form that is accurately distinguished during the blasting process of the blasting membrane. It is a schematic diagram that simulates the shape of 2, 3, and 4 free surfaces occurring in. As shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 8, since 2, 3, and 4 free surfaces are mixed by Jung-gu heating, the magnitude of vibration generated by each ball is shown differently even at the same dose. This is a schematic diagram to explain the importance of each part's dose, W, S relationship, and primer arrangement. These data show that as few as 4 free planes are possible in tunnel excavation, 2 free planes are defined as one zone, and the rest are all 3 free planes, so that the primer arrangement is simple and even vibration value increases, and the proper amount of gunpowder is easy to select. This is because it can contribute to the reduction of vibration and noise by the maximum blasting effect with the minimum explosive. 9, after narrowing W and S in the blasting of the heart and the periphery of the pericardium in the tunnel, 1 to 2 holes were inflated to the bottom of the center (1 to 2 free surfaces) of FIG. 9, and then 1 of the upper center, as shown in FIG. It is a schematic diagram designed for primer array education that all of the arc-shaped destruction patterns that blast into the neighborhood and spread to the neighbors in the 12 and 23 areas are all 3 free surfaces.

Fig. 8 is not a completely divided free surface form, but is a schematic diagram of destruction that simulates the form of blasting in a similar shape during the process of tunnel blasting, and generally emphasizes the importance of the free surface to occur in a charging method or a primer arrangement. It is a schematic diagram that simulates the shape of 2, 3 and 4 free surfaces. As shown in the schematic diagram of FIG. 8, since 2, 3, and 4 free surfaces are mixed and mixed in a central heating, the magnitude of vibration generated in each ball is different even at the same dose. This is a schematic diagram to explain the weight of each part, the relationship between W and S, and the importance of primer arrangement. Fig. 9 shows that there are as few as four free faces possible in tunnel excavation, and two free faces are defined as one zone for easy management (arrangement), and the rest are all 3 free faces (mostly) to 4 free faces (array phase SB). This is because the arrangement of the primer is simple and even the vibration value increases, and it is easy to select an appropriate amount of gunpowder, and it can also contribute to vibration and noise reduction by the maximum blasting effect with the minimum explosive. 9, after narrowing W and S in the blasting of the heart and the periphery of the pericardium in the tunnel, 1 to 2 holes were inflated to the bottom hole in the central lower part (1 free surface to 2 free surfaces) of FIG. It is a schematic diagram designed to help understand the arrangement of primers that all of the arc-shaped fracture patterns that blast into the neighborhood and spread to the neighbors in the same number singular in sections 12 and 23 are all 3 free surfaces.

Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of the stress (kgf / ㎠) and the duration [ ㎲ = 1 / million seconds] of the intestinal cavity wall, which is the theory of Ito Sasa, etc. The person in charge must be fully aware of this, and it can be used for the importance of color transfer when charging, and the delayed airlifting of the excavation hole (SB). Fig. 11 is an indication of the plastic zones of zones 1 to 4 and the elastic zones of zone 5 due to the explosion of explosives, the adjoining explosives of which are the melt zone, the powder crushing zone, the tensile fracture and crack zone, and then the vibration zone of the elastic zone. It is an elastic region that propagates but recovers mostly. 12 and 13 are both schematic diagrams for explaining the tensile fracture between the ball and the ball, which is small due to the explosive force of the exploding moment (several tens of ㎲ ), even when there is no outside air of the explosive. It is used to cut. In other words, if the blasting of the excavation line (SB) is tightly blasted with explosives such as an enlarged hole, the amount of excavation on the excavation surface, which is the original ground, increases and the safety rate of collapse, etc. decreases rapidly, which is very useful in tunnel blasting, It is a drawing used for understanding. The right side of FIG. 10 is stress (force, stress) applied to the vacant wall of the excavation hole, and the left side of FIG. 10 is the stress received on the vacant wall of the enlarged hole. Is an important data to be aware of.

Figure 14 is a sample of the amplitude (wave) duration of 5 seconds (5,000ms), the first long hole trigger level (0.05 ~ 00mm / second is set to detect more than the specified time vibration is automatically measured criteria ) It is the actual data which measured the cycle time of the wavelength (vibration wave) of the vibration value measured around the security object for 5 seconds while the amplification was automatically detected by the setting, and the amplitude was different although the same dose was used. Is appearing. The end of the arrow in FIG. 14 may be large or small, or the amplitude (vibration) values may be 2, 3, or 4 free surface estimates, the charge of the previous charge (heat) is slow, the amount per delay is large, or the initial error Depending on the nature of the rock, the maximum vibration (amplitude) may be indicated according to the excitation within 8 ms. This is also a standard data to be applied a lot in the importance of the arrangement method. FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view of a control blasting hole of a conventional method of a relatively large number of 191 balls on a railway double track. The average distribution interval for each circuit is 100 ms for multi-stage blasting or non-electrical Bunch connector (17, 25, 42, 67 ms) of 9 times. (100) = 12ms is a drawing designed with an electric multi-stage circuit, and when using TLD (SL), a non-electrical Bunch connector, the delay time is fixed to 8 ~ 9 ~ 17 ~ 25ms. It represents 8 ms in small size and 25 ms in large size, and if detonation time is considered to be scattered at the time of manufacturing, it is highly likely that the number of primers before a single number (heat transfer) will be detonated first, as shown in FIG. . This is similar for the 7 circuit. This is because the non-electric Bunch connector, the connection delay delay start time, is fixed at 17ms, 25ms, 42ms, 67ms, and 109ms. In other words, in the primer after 2,000 ms, the dispersion of errors greatly exceeds the initial connection between circuits, so the meaning of multi-stage blasting divided into many circuits or control blasting by bunch connectors becomes faint (fading, insignificant effect). For example, designing as shown in Table 4 showing the detonation time in FIG. 15 is detonated with a separation time of 17 ms to 8 ms in calculation, but may be less than 8 ms due to the initial dispersion manufacturing error (around 4 to 5%). In addition, it is difficult to control the vibrations as the heat-transfer hole is also detonated before the heat-transfer hole.

FIG. 16 is a blasting cross-section of 00 site of a two-lane one-way road tunnel, boring a large diameter in the vicinity of a deep hole in the civil complaint area, and dividing the upper part into five areas to blast five times (five times) using a relatively accurate MS primer. to be. Due to the disadvantages of the previous blasting, the next blasting hole may be blocked, the previous blasting has a high risk of falling rocks, and the blasting time after blasting takes too much time. to be. FIG. 16 is 89 holes on the cross-section and is 116 holes even with 30% additional premium 27 holes, and this blasting number is 4 and 5 circuit blasting in circuit blasting using multi-stage blasting or non-electric bunch connectors (TLD, SL) 1 It is a drawing of a karate that can be blasted safely into the society. If vibration and noise are really a problem, you can think of some ways to narrow the W and S, and to minimize the dose per ball, that is, if there are extremely difficult sites that require more than 200 to 300 holes, divide it 5 times, but most of them are It is a construction method avoided by processes. FIG. 17 shows that the upper part of the upper part (top), which is applied with large-diameter light, is applied to the safety and efficient construction of early closing at the bottom of the site by applying the large-diameter hole to the civil service area, which is generally limited by vibration at the 00 site of the one-lane single-line railway tunnel. Depending on the length of the work, first excavation, then again, the second (lower) blasting cross-section, horizontal boring of the large diameter near the deep-hole in the first (upper) operation, and the upper part of 100ms into 4 areas (0ms, 25ms, 42ms, 67ms) This is a four-break circuit, and it is a method of blasting once using 20 or less MS primers, which are relatively accurate, in four circuits. The reason why MS primers are connected to 4 circuits by 0 ms (connected) is that the first primer detonation number in 1 circuit (0 ms) is Ms primer end number delay start + end zone connection circuit delay start time (initialization-based start time 380 ms + 67 ms = 447 ms) It is not possible to cut off if the primer is sequentially started from 5 (500 ms), a primer after 447 ms.

18 is a cross-sectional view for vertical blasting at the site of a two-lane one-way road tunnel 00, a large bore horizontal boring in the vicinity of the upper deep cardiac hole in a civil complaint area subject to vibration restrictions, and divided into five blasting zones by dividing the upper part five times. As described in FIG. 16, some blasting holes may be blocked in the next 2 to 5 times due to the previous blasting, and the safety due to the fear of rockfall is reduced by the previous blasting, and the time of blasting is too long due to dust removal time after blasting. It is a method that is not welcome in the field because it has a disadvantage that it takes a lot. FIG. 19 is a perforated cross-section for blasting and dividing the top of the tunnel at the site of 00 of the two-lane one-way road tunnel as shown in FIG. 18, horizontally boring a large diameter in the vicinity of the deep cardiac hole in the civil complaint area subject to vibration limitation, and the upper end part 2 It is divided into two blasting zones. As described in the preceding paragraph, the blasting of the next 2nd car may be blocked due to the blasting of the previous time, and the blasting time is greatly reduced due to the fear of falling rocks due to the blasting of the previous time, and the blasting time is large due to the dust removal time after blasting. The disadvantage is that it is superior to FIG. 18, but this is also a method avoided in the field for process or safety reasons.

20 is a vertical blasting sectional view of the 00 site of the one-way one-way railroad tunnel as shown in FIG. 17. As in the first half (lower) of the half-section, horizontal boring of a large diameter near the deep-hole, blasting the first (lower) of the upper part, and 100ms of the second (upper) into 4 areas (0ms, 25ms, 42ms, 67ms) It is a way of blasting. It is a view where the control of vibration is needed more than in FIG. 17, but if vibration control is difficult in the secondary (upper) blasting zone of the upper half, the machine must be excavated in the secondary (upper) of the upper half, or that narrowing of W and S Should be added. In the primary (lower) blasting zone, even if the center is hard, the height of the primary blasting hole of the outermost (SB) hole at the bottom of the bottom is the minimum height (about 0.7 m or less) that can be a downward hole as in the construction method according to the present invention. Only by doing so can the safety of work and vibration reduction effect during the primary (lower) blasting can be expected. In other words, when the upper and lower secondary (top) zones are controlled and blasted, the primary (lower) and secondary (upper) upper and lower boundary planes are horizontal straight lines, so the primary rock should remain intact (loading and detonating), so the existing square type The safety factor falls to the excavation interface. Therefore, as shown in Figs. 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, etc., which are not horizontal, the pentagonal (large-diameter 1 hole) to hexagonal (larger-diameter 2 holes or more) similar areas are set in which the outermost holes on both sides of the excavation surface go down and the center of the center rises. This improves safety and makes the entire section of the secondary blasting hole a downward hole, making it easier to work during machine drilling or control blasting.

FIG. 21 shows the position error up to 30 cm of large diameter hole, rather than changing the primer number of the entire drawing, gradually focusing on the large diameter ball near the heart, until the resistance line of the corresponding vibration and destruction condition gradually as in the spiral-cut described later. This is a drawing of vertical and horizontal directions for a method of distributing air to the vicinity of the heart, considering that the sequential arrangement of the primer is difficult when the position of the large bore is more than about 30 cm, and the vibration reduction, which is the original purpose, is diluted. It is a picture to emphasize that the position of the deep-diameter borehole is very important, so the horizontality should be good, and equipment with large errors should shorten the excavation length. FIG. 22 is a cross-section of a two-lane one-way road tunnel 00 drilled through the φ76mm diameter for mechanical excavation (wedge, roof, GNR, bureka, etc.) of the entire site. Security objects subject to vibration (including civil complaint areas). At work, boring large bore holes for the free surface at the top and bottom of the upper center, and inclining perforation around 200mm × 400mm for free surface expansion (sitting) is required. It is a drawing that requires a lot of drilling work of about 200mm × 400mm in 2 rows. For 1 m drilling, a drilling depth of 1.4 m is required, and it takes a lot of time to drill φ 76 mm, which has a cross-sectional area ratio of 2.8 times larger than the φ45 mm diameter, which is usually used. Work) Time is spent in deep hole and bottom corner and excavation hole. Although the cost of construction is expensive, the process is also late in the fresh rock, and the process is also late, so it is possible to force it on the site with sufficient air, but there is a greater difficulty at the site where the process is chased, not the expense. FIG. 23 is a cross-sectional view of the entire upper and lower ends of a one-lane, single-rail railway tunnel 00 drilled by a diameter of φ76mm for mechanical excavation (super-gage), as shown in FIG. 22. Boring of large boreholes and circumferential boring should be performed around 200mm × 400mm for free surface expansion (positioning) around them. This is a drawing you should do. It takes a lot of time to drill φ76mm, which requires 1.4m of drilling depth for 1m drilling and 2.8 times the cross-sectional area ratio is 2.8 times larger than the typical φ45mm, and the time of the secondary work after rock drilling (rock crushing work) is severe. It takes a lot of time at the corner of the ball and at the bottom and at the digging hole. Although the cost of construction is high, the process is also slow in fresh rocks, which are usually more than rock, so it is possible to force it on sites with ample air, but more difficulties exist at sites where the process is being pursued.

Patent Registration No. 10-110178 {Registration Date: January 07, 1997}

The present invention has been devised in order to meet the above-mentioned requirements, and according to conditions suitable for vibration reduction (reduction) level by blasting a new method for reducing the process, reducing construction cost, and increasing safety, the line diameter control method and several The purpose is to provide a selective linear large-diameter segmented composite drilling method by applying the basic principle of branch blasting.

According to the present invention, the line large-diameter segmented composite excavation method is a primary sub-zone and 2 again due to the need to reduce the vibration of the tunnel excavation section applied to the front or upper half-section using the large-diameter bore according to the physical properties of the rock around the tunnel. Divided into the upper section of the car to determine the method of excavation, and the direction of destruction of the excavation fracture hole in the secondary upper excavation surface is made downward in a favorable working condition, and after the excavation of the primary lower section, the excavation of the secondary upper section In the center of the excavation surface of the primary lower section, in which the center of the primary and secondary excavation surfaces is abundantly raised to reduce the risk of falling rock, the height of the first hole around the large diameter is 1.6 from the bottom to reduce the work load. m or less, and the height of the outermost hole on the left and right sides is set to a minimum of 0.4 m to 1.2 m or less from the bottom, and a pentagonal shape generated from a line 1 It is a method to make the hexagonal shapes generated from two or more lines of large diameter become the minimum excavation cross section, boring one line of large diameter holes, and in the case of two or more holes, the distance between the center of one large diameter hole and the center of the adjacent large diameter is 0.8 The primary lower section having a pentagonal or hexagonal shape with a range of m to 1.3 m is a large-diameter special control blasting using a large-diameter hole while minimizing the amount of balls per hole as the resistance line and the ball gap are reduced, and the secondary upper portion The zone is characterized by excavating the rock using a mechanical drilling rig through a mechanical drilling auxiliary drilling hole created after perforation in various sizes.

When performing the large-diameter special control blasting of the primary lower zone, the secondary upper zone is subjected to special control blasting rather than mechanical excavation, and the entire secondary upper zone has 2 free surfaces where vibration is much less. As a free surface and a uniform downward expansion hole, the first detonation zone that is the fastest detonated among the same number of primers in the central circuit which is the control blasting zone of the secondary upper zone, the second free surface downward expansion hole is detonated first. Afterwards, the rest of the circuits except the central circuit in the secondary upper zone are 3 free-face downward magnifiers, and they are detonated by delay delays in the order of each circuit, even in the same primer number. As it is detonated sequentially, the entire blasters arrange the primers in the same way, and it is the latest detonator in the singular. The start time of the end circuit area should be 8ms to 25ms or more before the start time of the next stage, the fastest start time of the primer, which is not the start of vibration, and the 2 free and 3 free surface holes are the same condition in the dose setting. The dose of is applied, and the two free face balls have a relatively large vibration because the angle of destruction is less than that of the three free face balls. You can add pharmacy.

When performing the large-diameter special control blasting of the secondary upper section, when blasting from 5 to 10 times based on 500 ms, a primer having a 500 ms interval is selectively used, and 1,000 ms considering initial error in manufacturing a detonated primer Two delayed primers after 1400 ms or 2,000 ms are set as one delayed ball considering the initial deviation (error), or delayed primers after 4,500 ms are delayed by 2 to 3 delayed balls considering a large number of primers Can be set as a ball. The distance between the excavation holes is reduced to 0.3 m to 0.5 m with a small diameter for control blasting the outermost mechanical excavation holes in the secondary upper zone, and the mill plant increases by 15% from the expected excavation, and the charging method is 1 When selecting explosives of φ25mm / 125g and φ32mm / 250g per piece, the minimum base explosive that the fine explosive of φ17mm / 100g per one with a small pore size used for columnar charging can be net bombed is 60g to 250g. In the outer hole primer arrangement method, a plurality of balls are grouped by the same number using an initial primer having a fast detonation delay, and then the sequential detonation is performed first, followed by mechanical excavation of the second upper excavation with an increased free surface.

The space between the outermost holes of the secondary upper section is reduced to 0.3m to 0.5m, and the fabric factory increases 10% more than the outermost hole, and selects explosives of φ25mm / 125g and φ32mm / 250g per piece. In case, the minimum base explosive that can be 1 to 2 precision explosives with a diameter of φ17mm / 100g per one with a small pore size used for columnar charging is used from 60g to 125g, and the method of arranging the outermost hole is delayed Line crack blasting, which is a method of performing large-diameter special control blasting on the secondary upper part except for the outermost hole, can be used by bundling a number of balls with the same number by using a starter primer that is faster than a magnification or a deep hole. . The line large diameter hole has a diameter of φ300mm to φ500mm, the height to the center of the line large diameter hole includes a range of 1.3m from the bottom of the excavation surface, and the height to the first charge hole of the large diameter ball ranges from 1.7m to the bottom Including, the mechanical excavation equipment may include a wedge-type jockey used in conjunction with a fork lane, and a bureka.

In the present invention having such a configuration, in dividing the tunnel excavation section into the primary (lower) and secondary (upper) sections again and again due to the surrounding security items rather than the structural stability of the tunnel, the primary (lower) excavation cross-section is workability. In addition to the very difficult deep hole, the horizontal expansion hole, the upward expansion hole, and the floor hole increase the number of man-hours to reduce vibration or during machine excavation. Since the working conditions are much more difficult than the uniform downhole in the secondary (upper) zone, anyway, the secondary direction of the secondary (upper) excavation surface, including the blasting hole and the mechanical excavation auxiliary hole, becomes the downward direction, while the secondary direction is also downward. Upper part) In the case of the control and blasting of the first row during the blasting operation, the center is slightly raised, and the left and right sides of the excavation section are taken into consideration in consideration of safety such as height and collapse that can facilitate the work without using a cumbersome truck. The side came up with something that had to go down. When the primary (lower) excavation surface is minimized, the secondary (upper) excavation area is large, but the entire secondary (upper) is a downward hole assisted by the law of gravity, and also the first explosive blast hole or mechanical excavation part. There are only 2 free-face downholes, but since the neighboring balls are destroyed by using the area, there will be no difficulty because the neighboring balls are 3-free surfaces that are easier to work than the 2 free surfaces. Even in the second (upper) control blasting, the breakers in the two free-faced zones, which are aggregated into one zone (mainly in the present ① zone), can be added as an armed defensive ball or by reducing the W and S, which are the principle of intensive charging. As in the description of the above, if a dose such as a downward hole of a 3 free face, which is about 70% of the 2 free face, is employed, the vibration is reduced.

According to the present invention, the splitting and excavation method for a large-diameter diameter is a primary (lower) zone and a secondary (upper) section as shown in FIGS. It is divided into zones, and the digging boundary of the primary (lower) zone and secondary (upper) zone is not horizontal, and the drilling of the primary (lower) zone is centered with 1 to 3 boreholes. When the height from the center bottom to the center of the large borehole is 0.8m to 1.2m horizontally, and if there are two or more boreholes, the horizontal distance from the center of the large borehole to the center is 0.8m to 1.3m. The location of the first square or the first circular hole of the light hole is the one with the least difficulty in workability. Put the first charge hole below the forehead height, and the corner and left and right digging hole parts are controlled blasting holes or machine excavation during secondary (upper) work. Ball ha Large diameter with the smallest cross section by narrowing the resistance line and the space distance while the maximum outer charge (SB) ball height, including the bottom corner hole and the armed hole, ranges from 0.4 to 1.0 m or less from the floor so that the minimum height can be the ball Performing special control blasting, the secondary (upper) excavation zone is a method of excavating rock using mechanical excavation equipment through a mechanical excavation auxiliary perforation hole created after predrilling in various sizes, or W × the upper secondary zone Control blasting using the principle of 2, 3 free surface or concentrated charging by reducing S, or circuit blasting and setting of delayed balls based on 200MS and 500MS considering the scattering of primers, addition of armed weakness (including line drill balls), line It is characterized by controlling blasting by appropriately combining it with crack blasting according to site conditions.

When performing the large-diameter special control blasting, the control blasting central circuit region of the secondary (upper) region as a uniform down stoping ball from the control blasting to the secondary (upper) region is the same number of primers After freely arranging the 2 free-face downward expansion holes, the remaining areas except the central circuit area of the secondary (upper) area are delayed from the same singular primer delay start to the delay delay per circuit, resulting in sequential left and right 3 free surfaces. Arrange the detonator to have a downward expansion hole. The 2 and 3 free face holes are applied in the same amount of the same condition, and the vibration is concentrated or charged because the 2 free faces have a smaller breaking angle (the velocity is larger than that of the 3 free faces) and the vibration is relatively large. Depending on the degree of reduction of, armed pharmacists can add 1 to 2 balls suitable for the target rock near the 2 free face balls.

When performing the large-diameter special control blasting, the secondary (upper) section uses the primers 100 s intervals, 200 MS intervals, or 500 MS intervals, sequentially using all the blasting blasts as the number of blasting increases. The circuit is divided into 100ms as shown in Table 4 described on the back, but this method uses 500ms divided into circuits as shown in Table 5, using an optional primer, and after 1,000ms considering the initial error of manufacturing the detonated primer Delayed primers after 1,400 ms or 2,000 ms are set as 1 delayer, or primers after 4,500 ms are increased by one or more blasts by allowing 2 to 3 delayed balls to be considered as 1 delayed ball considering the scattering of primers. can do.

When carrying out the special control blasting of the large-diameter, the spacing of the excavation holes in the secondary (upper) area is reduced by about 2/3 of the existing 50cm to 60cm, and the drilling depth is increased by 10% compared to the excavation line heating hole, and is currently produced. This is the most common base explosive (emulsion system, one φ32mm is 250g, φ252mm is 250g), while the smallest dose is 80 to 125g, 185g per hole. Combining line crack blasting according to the site by using two or more balls with the same number by using a starter detonator whose initial detonation is faster than that of an enlarged or deep hole, and then exploding the line after the detonation. can do.

The zone setting of the large-diameter special control blasting for the primary (lower) zone is the minimum at which the charging hole of the secondary (upper) zone or the mechanical excavator is a downward hole in the tunnel excavation section (upper or front end). As shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, in the hexagonal or pentagon-like shape, the height of both outer digger holes is as small as possible in the range of 0.4 m to 1.2 m (typically 0.7 m) as low as possible from the bottom, and the center is the position height of the large bore Depending on the height of the forehead, the height of the forehead is less than 1.6m, which is less than 1.2m, which is less difficult to work without separate bogies. Since it is a distance range, if the outermost height of Daegu Light Bulb is 1.3m, the center height is 1.5m)

According to the present invention, there is a need to combine them in consideration of a high cost according to the application of various construction methods in the design review, and in the upper secondary excavation section as shown in FIGS. Ms primers of the first line of about 20 holes do not temporarily charge with a long stick or paper, and when blasting LP primers first and second zones are arranged and charged first, first (lower) blasting In the case of the second (upper) blasting later, the first line of the secondary (upper) blasting zone temporarily blocked with a rod, etc., Ms and LP (may not be used, even if there are several), the blasting height is good to work with Since it is high, it is quickly and after the second charge (upper) control blasting, and the boundary between the primary (lower) and secondary (upper) zones is not horizontal, reducing the risk of falling rocks causing accidents. (Upper part) Angle of blasting ball It will improve cutting or clogging. Therefore, the new method of reducing the process and reducing the construction cost than the existing one is applied according to conditions suitable for the level of vibration reduction (reduction) of the blasting. It was made by a public method. The excavation section using a large borehole is divided into a primary (lower) secondary (upper) zone, as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, and the center of the primary (lower) zone is a coarse borehole 1 to multiple holes from the central lower portion When the center of the borehole is horizontally bored at a position of 0.8 m to 1.3 m from the bottom, and if there are two or more boreholes, the horizontal distance between the center and the center of the borehole is 0.8 m to 1.3 m. The location of the ball is less than 1.6m (height of the forehead of a person), which is the height of the worker, and the maximum height of the corner and excavation line (SB) holes is the control blast hole or machine during the second (upper) work. A large-diameter special having a minimum cross-section of the primary (lower) area by narrowing the distance between the resistance wire and the space while setting the range from 0.4 to 1.2 m (around 0.7 m) below the floor so that the drilling aid is the minimum height that can be a downward hole. Control blasting, and secondary ( Auxiliary) Method of excavating the rock by mechanical excavation using the machine excavation hole, which is pre-drilled in various sizes suitable for the site conditions, or by reducing the W × in the secondary upper area by reducing the W ×, the principle of 2, 3 free surface or concentrated charging Control blasting using or blasting and considering the scattering of primers, the circuit blasting based on 500MS as shown in Table 5, rather than 100ms, and the setting of the delayed ball, and the addition of an armored ball (including a line drill ball), Controlled blasting can be performed by appropriately combining it with field crack blasting according to site conditions.

1 is a view showing the name according to the position of the blasting hole in the tunnel.
2 is a view showing the up and down motion of the vibration wave constant.
3 is a diagram showing amplification and reduction of vibration values.
4 is a view showing a vibration that is less affected by the previous vibration ball.
5 is a view showing a direction indication of a free surface in an open-air or tunnel to which a cube is added.
6 is a graph showing the initial standard deviation (error) status of detonation of the primer.
7 is a view showing a comparison table of excavation cross sections in 2 to 3 to 4 free surfaces.
8 is a schematic diagram showing an example classified according to the number of free surfaces in which each blasting hole is blasted in general blasting.
9 is a view showing a blasting sequence according to an embodiment of the present invention.
10 is a view showing the relationship between the stress and time of the inner wall of the charge hole of Ito Corporation.
11 is a view showing the firing region and the elastic region during blasting.
12 is a schematic diagram of tensile fracture having a cross section between the ball and the ball due to interaction, because the compression fracture in the excavation hole is weak and cannot be destroyed.
13 is a schematic diagram showing the principle of free splitting as a principle similar to that of FIG. 12.
14 is a measured graph showing a vibration wave.
15 is a blasting cross-sectional view showing a sequence of 9 circuit detonation in Table 4 and 100 ms in a typical tunnel blasting with a relatively high number of airborne when using a non-electric primer as an example of a conventional blasting pattern.
16 is a conventional standard 5-part blasting sectional view.
17 is a blast sectional view of a standard 4 circuit based on the existing 100 ms.
18 is a cross-sectional view of a 5-divided section for conventional blasting.
19 is a two-part division perforation sectional view for conventional blasting.
20 is a conventional two-part blasting sectional view.
21 is a diagram illustrating an arrangement around the heart due to a large-diameter error.
22 is a representative perforated view of the upper half section of the machine excavation perforation in the existing medium-sized tunnel.
23 is a representative perforation diagram of a mechanical drilling perforation shear surface in a conventional small tunnel.
24 is a blasting diagram of nine circuits based on 500 ms as in Table 5 according to an embodiment of the present invention, showing one example of a primer initial arrangement.
25 is a view showing an example of a first line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
26 is a view showing another example of a first line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
27 is a view showing an example of a second line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
28 is a view showing another example of a second line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
29 is a view showing an example of a third line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
30 is a view showing another example of a third line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
31 is a view showing an example of a four-line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
32 is a view showing another example of a 4-line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
33 is a view showing an example of a 5th line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
34 is a view showing another example of the fifth line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
35 is a view showing an example of a six-line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
36 is a view showing another example of a six-line large-diameter divided composite excavation method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
37 is a view showing a composite control blasting of a large-diameter segmentation of a front end line of a railway single-lane and two-lane road tunnel according to an embodiment of the present invention.
38 is a diagram illustrating an example in which a construction method according to an embodiment of the present invention is applied to a four-lane tunnel.
39 is to divide the upper surface of the upper and lower cross-section excavation type into primary (lower) and secondary (upper) again, the center of the boundary surface for dividing and excavating the upper surface of the tunnel of the present invention rises and the outermost hole of both corners Is a schematic diagram of division of a pentagonal to hexagonal method of the present invention rather than a horizontal one.
FIG. 40 shows that the center of the boundary surface for dividing the tunnel into primary (lower) and secondary (upper) tunnels of the present invention in the tunnel excavation of the front surface is raised, and the outermost hole of both corners is not horizontal in dividing the descending excavation area. It is a divisional schematic diagram of a pentagon to a hexagon of the method of the present invention.
41 is a schematic diagram for explaining the direction of destruction of the 2 and 3 free surfaces of the charge hole except the ball near the heart and the horizontal hole and the upward hole.

As a term used in this specification, the description of the section of the tunnel section and the basic terms of blasting are explained in connection with the construction method in the following ①, and in ②, in connection with the construction method, to help the understanding of this construction, vibration and detonation start and delay Sugar-dose concept, basic theory of free surface and fracture angle, relationship between resistance line and de-capping index and excavation hole, primer manufacturing error and 2 delayed hole association, role of armed destruction assistant, selection of large-diameter hole, minimum 1 The method of setting the difference control blasting section, vibration estimation, etc. are discussed, and in Section ③, the problems of the existing method and the description of the method and drawings are described.

① Basic terms and definitions for describing the construction method of the present invention

The term 'blasting' generally refers to the most efficient work that can be safely destroyed by smashing (destruction) satisfactory for the application by loading and detonating the explosives by drilling a charge in the rock. The term 'W (resistance line)' means the minimum distance (burden line of least resistance) from the center of the charge hole to the free surface (breaking surface) in contact with the air. The term 'S (ball spacing)' refers to the distance between the W (resistance wire) of the general charge hole and the adjacent charge charge contractor in the orthogonal direction. The terms' TLD and SL (connected primer) are Bunch connectors, which are different names for each explosives manufacturer. Abbreviation, which is a connection primer for non-electric blasting, is mainly used for blasting non-electrical types, and there are 17ms, 25ms, 42ms, 67ms, and 109ms. The term 'ms' is a millisecond (1 / 1,000 second, 0.001 second), an abbreviation that is often used to denote the delayed or detonated seconds of the primer. The term ‘㎲’ is a millionth of a second, 1 / 1,000ms (microsecond, 1 / millionsecond, 0.000001 second, used in the detonation duration and stress correlation chart). The term 'ms primer' is a detonated primer that has a delay time between 20ms and 25ms in time from the time the blasting switch is pressed to the time after passing the softener and is detonated. When electricity (or gas is ignited) is applied to the detonator. Even if the auxiliary bus is 100m, it takes 0.03ms (300,000km / sec) and ignores it as the same for all primers. In non-electricity, it is gas ignition, so if it is 100m, it takes 200ms (gas delivery speed = 2,000m / sec), but it is Since the same applies, the primer start indication refers to the delay time until the primer detonates past the annual drug when energized (gas is ignited) at the end of each primer line. The steps of the MS primer are 0 (instant, m0) and 20 (25) ms (m1) continuously, 380 (475) ms (m19 / Korean standard), (m0, m1, m2, in this blasting section drawing) m3 ~ m19) These are called MS primers. For each manufacturer, the ms end numbers are 20 ms to 25 ms at intervals of 380 ms (Korea Powder) and 475 ms (Korea Powder).

The term 'LP primer' is a detonated primer that has a delay delay at intervals of 100ms, 200ms, and 500ms from the time the blasting switch is turned on (on), that is, 100ms (LP1) to 1,000ms (less than 1,000ms) LP10), which is 100ms apart, 1,000 ~ 2,000ms, 200ms intervals, LP10 ~ LP15, and 2,000 ~ 7,000ms, 500ms intervals LP 15 ~ LP25 are currently being produced by domestic manufacturing companies. In order to avoid complexity, the blasting cross-sectional drawing for this method was subtracted from LP, and was written in Korean powder standard with Arabic numerals (4, 5, ~ 9, ~ 12, ~ 15 ~ 25). In the manufacture of Goryeo gunpowder, the number with delayed delay x 100 is written as the LP number. The term 'SB' is the outermost hole (Smooth Blasting Ball) and the wall hole (Wall Hole). The term 'Spiral-Cut' originally meant a deep hole technique that horizontally drilled 1 to 3 holes in a hole with a diameter of φ105mm larger than a long hole and gradually increased the resistance line around it, but it was explained in detail in connection with this method If it is, it means that the resistance line with the safety factor on the width or cut surface to the previous blasting hole is gradually increased as shown in Fig. 21 until it becomes a certain (binding force such as a neighboring ball) free surface. It should be utilized in application. The reason for this is that it is necessary to comply with the designed hole of the designed primer in the enlarged hole except the heart part if possible. In other words, it is difficult to change the primer number of peripheral holes in the field because it is difficult to design a sequential arrangement in which the primer arrangement is in harmony with the neighboring balls. This is because it is only easier to modify. If the work method is described as an example, a professional engineer is arranged in the vicinity of the cardiac hole, and if the rest of the area is trained to facilitate the work, it may occur when the primer arrangement is not in harmony with the neighboring hole, but vibration measurement wave If you try to make corrections based on the (wave) data, you will be skilled and will not mind the person in charge. If the surrounding ball is changed immediately in the field immediately, of course, it will be blasted, but it is because there are many places where a peak of vibration occurs. So, if the drilling error of the large diameter hole is more than 30cm of the expected point, it should not be drilled any more.

The term 'crack blasting' is a method in which a destroyed rock cannot be loaded directly with a loading vehicle equipment and has a working process to destroy it to a size that can be used for secondary work using a black car or ceramic lip bar, etc. It means a control blasting operation in which only weak line cracks occur. The term 'pre-splitting' is a controlled blasting term that first cuts the excavation surface prior to this excavation. In this method, the hole spacing of excavation line balls (SB, smooth blasting, outermost, and wall balls) is reduced by about 2/3 of the existing 500 mm to 600 mm, and the drilling depth is increased by 10% than the original, and is currently used For each emulsion, φ25mm is 1250g, φ32mm is 250g explosive, and the minimum amount is 80 to 125g, 185g, and 250gr per hole at 1 ~ 3m in the excavation area. -1 Explosives (1 to multiple) are minimized to an amount that can be net explosive, and the initial detonation is faster than the enlarged or deep hole. It is a system in which balls and magnification balls are sequentially detonated, and this method is mainly applied to a method in which noise is not a problem, reducing vibration or reducing excavation and maintaining a smooth wall surface. The term 'PLHBM (Line Large Diameter Blasting)' is a Pre Large Hole Horizontal Blasting Method, and the range of large diameter holes is φ250mm to φ1000mm. As a work, "Tunnel excavation method; Patent No. 10-11078 ”expired several years ago, making it an applicant's method for anyone to design and construct tunnels. Working in the actual tunnel means a tunnel excavation method that greatly reduces the concept of deep hole by horizontally drilling φ362 mm due to the time delay of horizontal boring.

The term 'large-diameter special control blasting' must be divided into several areas due to the inevitable increase in the number of airspaces due to the inevitable increase in the number of resistance wires (W, B) or ball spacing (S, D) in order to reduce vibration in not only the deep hole but also the enlarged hole. For control, the excavation section is separate from the excavation sections in the region where the structural or rock properties of the excavation section are good, or the excavation sections in areas where the structure or bad rock is poor, depending on the type of support considering the physical properties of the rock around the tunnel. When there is a problem, that is, regardless of the structural conditions around the tunnel, considering the surrounding security, etc., whether the upper half-section or the front-end, divide the excavation section into the primary lower and secondary upper again, and the primary (lower ) In the small cross-section, narrow the W and S, add a large-diameter and armament destruction aid, minimize the amount of sugar, and secondary with de-capping Wealth is to say the task of controlled blasting a minimum cross-section of the blasting operation or a machine or digging the hole so that everyone can be a ball down. That is, the term “large-diameter special control blasting” is one of the main contents of this method, and is often defined in the description of this method for definition. The term 'delayed ball' is a bundle of the same numbered primers, which is affected by the increase in vibration, and appears largely when two are bundled in MS primers of about 400 ms to 500 ms or less (depending on the company). The longer it becomes, the more likely it will be, even if two identical primers are tied (simultaneous detonation with a time of 8 ms or less) (the vibrations are large), gradually weakening, but in 1,400 ms to 2,000 ms or more primers, even if you tie two balls with one shot, please Probability is insignificant (difficult, probabilistically lower than conventional) due to scattering at the beginning. The term 'please' means that two or more charge holes are simultaneously detonated within 0 ~ 10ms (8ms in the area where both the target rock and the path section in the U.S. USBM are Gyeongam). Lengthens along. The term 'full color' refers to the task of filling a hole in a hole with a medicine containing a full explosive, inserting sand or an appropriately mixed crushed stone less than or equal to 10 mm into the bag, and filling it tightly in the hole. The blasting effect is good.

The term 'concentrated charge' is a basic basis that allows the resistance line to be longer than the other two balls that explode at regular intervals (S) if the two balls are detonated with the same number by narrowing the distance (S) between the charge and the charge. It is a theory. In connection with this method, as shown in Fig. 24, the first initiation of the secondary upper part of the excavation cross section is caused by the initiation delay error of two (balls) using the same primer number for the two free-surface balls, which is the circuit # 1, which is the # 1 circuit. . In this case, if the resistance line is shorter than the neighboring hole which is the 3 free surface, confusion of the primer number arrangement with the neighbor may occur, so narrowing the ball spacing (S) instead of placing the same resistance line is slightly less than the 2 free surface hole. It is to help destroy the 2 free-face balls with a free surface dose, and to make the vibration value come out similar to the 3 free-face balls (and in some cases, add an armored ball).

The term 'circuit blasting (aka; multi-stage blasting / electrical, Bunch Blasting / non-electrical)' refers to the similar MS primer end number detonation as shown in Table 4 in order to use all the low numbers of 100 ms intervals for the MS primer and LP primer for the blasting zone. The following LP primers are used to sequentially use both 100ms interval primers, 200ms interval primers, and 500ms intervals, and divide them into 2 ~ 4 ~ 5 ~ 10 zones using 100ms as a basis to divide the energized current at each Ms interval. Non-electric blasting connection primer (BLD, TLD, SL, Ltd.) is a method of differently dispersing the detonation time to electric multi-stage blasting delay or even non-electrically connected primers even if the primers of the same singular are delayed by different seconds. You can also perform circuit blasting with the name of the star. That is, even the same primer is detonated at a different time per circuit, but the last delayed detonation time at the beginning of the circuit must not exceed the detonation delay at the next stage. Circuit delay time in the neighboring zone = blasting / X circuit, for example, X is usually 4 to 10 circuits, so for 4 circuits, the delay time in the adjacent circuit zone is 100MS / 4 = 25MS, and 10 circuits In one case, 100MS / 10 = 10MS. The term 'circuit blasting based on 100 ms' is the same as the description of the term 'circuit blasting', and the term 'circuit blasting based on 500 ms' is used by selectively using an LP primer with an interval of 500 MS to select the adjacent circuit area. As an increase in the initial time, mainly using the 1600MS primer and the 1800MS primer, as shown in Table 5, the MS primer end number + the delay delay for each circuit is used, LP 900MS, 1400MS, 2000MS primer, and after that, 500MS from the time of manufacture. Since it is produced at intervals, the concept is to use it all. In some cases, if you want to shorten the blasting time, do not use it for the entire circuit (9 to 10 circuits) for each part (9 to 10 circuits), if you use 1 ball at LP 1200MS or less as shown in Table 5. Circuit area), LP 1000MS, 1200MS primer is also used. That is, if a relative comparison is made as in the circuit blasting based on the above 100MS, the circuit delay initiation in the neighboring zone is the blasting air / X circuit, for example, X is usually 4 to 10 circuits, so in the case of 4 circuits, the adjacent circuit The delay time of the zone is 500MS / 4 = 125MS, and in 10 circuits, it is 500MS / 10 = 50MS. Circuit (multi-stage) blasting based on 100MS is an existing method, and circuit (multi-stage) blasting based on 500MS is a new method, and if simple comparison is made, it can be a safety factor of 5 times. The first method was made, and the new method is that the number of delays was two, so even if it was 1/2, it was 2.5 times, not 5 times.

The term 'plastic zone' deforms by an external force, but when the external force disappears, it does not return to its original state. In blasting, it refers to the melt zone, crush zone, fracture zone, and crack zone. The term “elastic region” refers to a region of vibration after fracture and cracking in blasting. Although there is ringing or vibration due to external force, it is a region that returns to its original state when the external force is stopped (see FIG. 11). The term 'machine excavation' does not use explosives when performing rock excavation, but uses a hole after drilling into various sizes (φ76 ~ φ89 ~ φ205) by equipment with bureka, super gji, GNR, BIGGER, etc. Destructive work, which is often cited in the construction method description.

In terms of the section of the tunnel cross section, FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the name of the blast hole location in the tunnel for easy understanding. Excavation holes (SB / Smooth Blasting Holes), deep holes (V-Cut, Cylinder Cut, PLHBM, etc.) and types of Stopping Holes (Up Stoping Holes), Horizontal Stopping Holes (Horizontal Stopping Holes) ), Down Stoping Holes, and even corners. Depending on the law of gravitational force of the gravitational force and the angle of fracture restraint, which is a free surface condition, the vibrations with the same resistance and the resistance wire of the same condition are determined in the order of the highest, even if the same dose and the same resistance wire (W) in the same charge hole are applied. If so, nook hole> 2 free face bottom up hole> 2 free face horizontal magnifier> 3 free face horizontal magnifier> downward 2 free face magnifier> downward 3 free face magnifier> 4 free face magnifier> di-capping excavation It will be the first. These are natural reasons. The application of these idioms was divided into subdivisions to help explain the method.

② Basic blasting required to understand the construction method related to this construction method

②-1 concept of vibration and detonation and the amount per delay

Vibration refers to the up and down movement (± 1 cycle) of up and down movement over time by a certain force. Amplitude indicates the magnitude of the occurrence, amplitude is an indicator of the degree of vibration, the wavelength is 1 cycle (cycle) with the highest and lowest amplitude, and the frequency is expressed by the number of cycles per second, and the wavelength The interval is usually expressed in ms time, and FIG. 2 is a continuous constant sinusoidal vibration, and is utilized to understand amplitude, wavelength, and frequency. Frequency = wavelength / sec (wavelength = 1Hz = 1cycle), that is, the number of cycles per hour, and the unit is expressed in Hz. Hz / sec (seconds), that is, one independent wavelength number occurring in 1 sec (seconds), and the unit is Hz. The blasting vibration is rapidly reduced in a short time of 5ms to 30ms, most of which are not sinusoidal as shown in Fig. 2, and the notation method is expressed in ms, which is the ± amplitude and one cycle time interval from the first vibration at that time. It is an invariable law that the greater the amount of detonation per ball, the greater the vibration, and if the next ball detonates at short ms time intervals, there will be an increase or decrease due to the blasting vibration of the previous (previous charge hole), and after a certain ms time The lessons are spaced with or without minor influence. Fig. 3, plotted to illustrate it (actually a lot of similar areas), shows two balls (1 'and 2' balls) of 180 Hz with the same size of vibration waves at extremely short time intervals of 5.5 ms and 10 ms. It is a wave of the generated vibration (amplitude), and the vibration (amplitude) of the second ball, which is a hatched portion in the left figure, can be amplified, and is a view for understanding the reduction in the combed portion in the right figure. Also, on the right side of FIG. 3, considering that there is little vibration increase or decrease under the influence of the first ball, many balls may be blasted at the same time, and design and construction should be performed at 10ms intervals to suppress the increase of vibration. However, since the frequency is different depending on a number of complex variables such as rock and the distance per ring, (wavelength length time / ms), it cannot be achieved due to scattering in the beginning. Therefore, even in the case of gunpowder makers, the default initial ms primers were made at 20ms to 25ms intervals. If the target rock is large and the rock of the round path observes the fresh rock in a frequency (100 to 200 Hz) wave, it is possible to recognize the U.S. Bureau of U.S. Bureau's (8,8 ms) seconds in at least 15 to 25 ms. If this is the case, most of the sites will be slightly affected by the transfer (1 'ball if based on FIGS. 3 and 4).

It would then be desirable to make the primers at 15ms intervals, but this could not be because the frequency size or spacing varies depending on the site and rock characteristics, and there are also 4 to 5% (accredited) scattering (deviation) manufacturing errors. FIG. 6 is a graph of the experimental chart produced by the release of a new Hydeto Plus primer from the spherical electric primer at 00 gunpowder, and the numerical values were input by the figure (experiment chart of 00). Even if you look at the improved primer, you can see that there is an average of 4% or more scattering variation. The initial scatter by each MS number is 2 = 8.75%, 3 = 6.5%, 4 = 4.875%, 5 = 4.5%, 6 = 3.667, 7 = 3.7875%, 8 = 3.25%, 9 = 3.5%, 10 = 2.9%. The average is 4.64%. These errors in the manufacturing technique of making short ms chokes by the new year's gunpowder are very difficult, and the current domestic manufacturing technology is at the top as the distribution of internationally accepted tolerances (4% range). The term 'dose per delay' is a dose in which two or more charge balls are simultaneously detonated at the same time (usually within 12 to 15 ms). However, even when considering some deviations as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, the charge charges are usually within 0 to 15 ms. It means being detonated. In other words, even though the improved shorter primer, which is an improved Ms primer, has an initial error, and when two primers of 2,000 ms or more, which have a relatively large delayed delay, are simultaneously detonated, the probability that two balls will be simultaneously detonated below 15 ms is extremely low. First you have to be aware. Any gunpowder manufacturer has received such an answer, and many blasting technicians acknowledge it. In other words, you know it, but you can't use it. Considering stochastic detonation deviation stochastically, designing and designating the same number of drugs with the same number of two long holes as one shot can blast more charge holes at once. It is a pity that you do not know and do not apply.

②-2 Basic theory and discussion related to the number of free surfaces and the angle of fracture (restraint)

The free surface is the surface where the rock is in contact with the outer world, such as air or water. As shown in Fig. 5, it is generally divided into 1 to 6 free surfaces, and the more free surfaces, the less the volume per volume that destroys the relative volume, and in the case of 6 free surfaces, even less than 1/4 of the free surface is explosive. The same blasting effect can be obtained. (Mineral resource, general introduction. 1/4 ~ 1/6)

Daw's theory of free surface and 2, 3, 4 free surface

-According to Daw's experiment on the free surface,

, 2 자유면

, 3 자유면

1 free side

, 2 free sides

, 3 free sides

, 5 자유면

, 6 자유면

4 free side

, 5 free sides

, 6 free sides

[Table 1] shows the 2 to 4 free surfaces according to Daw's theory ( related to this method because mainly 2, 3, and 4 free surfaces are excluded in the tunnel section ) , relative volume according to FIG. Indicates. Except for the deep hole in the tunnel, all of them are similar to the 2-4 free surface, so the volume according to the number of 2, 3, 4 free surfaces in Table 1 increases toward 4 free surfaces. The volume difference between 1 and 6 free planes is 1,33㎥ and 8㎥ according to Daw's theory, which is 6 times larger than the 4 times difference in the mineral resource data described above. According to Daw's experiment, the difference between the two free and three free surfaces is also 1.4 times, and even if the explosive amount is reduced by 40%, the volume of the same volume as the two free surfaces can be destroyed (crushed). Application of this is one of the methods. In the tunnel, most of the blasting balls except the deep ball can be roughly divided into 2 to 4 free surfaces as shown in FIG. 8, and in 2 free surface balls, W and S are narrowed to induce blasting with a dose of 3 free surfaces, and 2, 3 Only when the free surface ball is made at a uniform dose, efficient rock excavation can be performed in the tunnel, which can further reduce vibration with the construction of the smallest suitable explosive per ball. Table 1 shows the relative volumes according to the general (W = 1, S = 1.2, H = 1M) free surface, which is the standard crater test for DAW and the hypothetical 2 ~ 3 ~ 4 free surface according to FIG. 7, It is a relative comparison according to the blasting cut area. As a result, in the tunnel operation, as the number of free surfaces increases from 2 to 3 to 4 free surfaces, in order to obtain the same amount of fractured rocks, the more free surfaces, the relatively weaker the amount of the pores is. It can be very useful for direct connection to vibration reduction. This is the same amount of difference from the difference between the amount of excavation in FIG. 7 that simulates DAW and the actual shape. to be.

A schematic diagram of a 2 ~ 3 ~ 4 free surface in a tunnel

8 and 9 are schematic diagrams of detonation sequence numbers for explaining the rations of a free surface (理 致, understanding 理 解), and FIG. 8 is a conventional drawing imagining a general blasting drawing, and except for the vicinity of the heart, 2, 3, 4 The free faces are sporadically distributed, and areas 1, 12, and 23 in FIG. 9 are assumed to be 2 free faces by excluding the 4 free faces and being first detonated in the same column, and the rest are gradually closer to the 3 free faces. Therefore, it is a virtual classification. In the two-lane and double-track railway tunnels, the number of basic blasting increases from 120 to 140 holes to 150 to 300 holes, which is 20 to 150% or more, depending on the vibration value, which is the surrounding civil complaint condition. In 1, the design of the delayed airborne is also difficult, and furthermore, the scattering of the primer manufacturing error makes it difficult to stochastically reduce the vibration expected during construction. And, as shown in Fig. 14, where the actual vibration is measured, the normal-expanded magnification vibration wave is the same charge, but the amplitude (vibration) is large, the small is very small, or the middle-layer vibrations occur in the 2, 3, and 4 free faces. This is partly to prove that the blasting mode. The data in FIG. 14 is relatively good and is much more severe.

2, 3 free planes in the center, left and right 2, 3 free planes of Figures 9, 12, 23, and 41, and 2, 3 free planes are distinctly separated from the existing method in the 0ms circuit area of Figure 24. In the face work, narrow the W or S or add an armed destruction aid to the vibration to match the 3 free faces, exclude the 4 free face holes, and use the 3 free face dose. As described above, since the central balls, which are circuit regions ① of the upper secondary blasting zones of FIGS. 25 to 32, 37, and 38 of the present method, are first detonated in the primer row of the same number, they can be simulated as 2 free surfaces. , The two free-face holes narrow W and S, or arrange armed defensive holes in the vicinity to serve as an auxiliary in case of two free-face holes with a greater breaking pressure (spherical velocity) than the neighbor's three free faces. do. That is, if the resistance line (W) is narrowed in order to exclude the confusion of the weak amount, the primer arrangement is difficult to harmonize with the surrounding holes, so even if it is 2 free planes, narrow the ball spacing (S) with the same dose as the 3 free planes or add an armed weak hole. By choosing a method, the arrangement of the primers is simple, resulting in efficient blasting, resulting in a vibration level similar to that of other neighboring balls, 3 free-plane magnification. In another region where the entire blast is blasted once, as in the upper half section of FIG. 24, when the deep hole is enlarged, the bottom or center of the bottom hole is narrowed by continuously narrowing the resistance line and the gap (W, S) of the other hole, and then detonating continuously. Sequential arc-type enlarged balls Even if they are detonated after a certain point in time, the other bottom hole in turn is detonated to the 3 free surface upward bottom hole, where the 2 free surface upward bottom hole is raised one level for vibration reduction. Of course, even in the case of the same three free-face blasting balls, if the order of vibration is determined in W and S under the same conditions, 2 free-face bottom holes> 3 free-side bottom holes> 3 free-side horizontal holes> 2 free-side downholes> 3 free surfaces Since it is a downward hole, even a free hole or a horizontal hole has a greater vibration than the downward hole in this method, so W and S are designed and constructed less. It will be necessary to adjust W and S, which can use an equal dose for balls other than the proximal ball through test blasting. Considering that the large bore length (mm) horizontal boring length is 50M or more while performing a large bore diameter, the purpose for reducing vibration is faded when the ball position in the deep hole deviates from 1m to 1.2m to 30cm from the original floor. do. It is very difficult for the arrangement numbers of the surrounding magnification balls to be in sequential harmonization with the neighboring balls, so that the vibration rises as much. In other words, even if it is designed for decades on an office table, it is difficult to match the number of each neighboring circuit. Moreover, in the field chased by time, changing the number of each area (circuit) except for the vicinity of the heart, the first thing that needs to be detonated is later detonated (vibration rises) ) Because it is easy to make mistakes. It is inevitable that the order due to the scattering error is changed, but if the primer arrangement is correct in order, the peak of vibration is further reduced. That is, in the existing method, except for the vicinity of the heart of the excavation section of the tunnel, the excavation holes have similar 2, 3, and 4 free surfaces as a central heating, but in this new method, the 4 free surfaces are eliminated as much as possible to facilitate vibration control or excavation efficiency management. (There are some places in the SB hole), but most of them are divided into 2 and 3 free surfaces so that the arrangement is simple as shown in FIG. 41. As a result, 4 free cotton balls with less vibration are exaggerated using 3 free cotton doses, and 2 free cotton balls are weakly charged. One of the methods of this primer is that the vibration level is close to leveling, that is, reducing the lowest and highest values of the vibration and increasing the average value. (As a result of vibration waves appearing in construction or test blasting depending on the rock targeted in the field, the dose and W, S And initializing the arrangement circuit.)

2-②-3 Relationship between resistance wire and decoupling index (Di = D _I ) and outermost hole (SB)

The degree of fracture (crushing) or cracking has a resistance line (W) according to the standard type of fracture of the blast hole. In order to reduce vibration, it is necessary to reduce the dose per ball, and in that case, the number of blasting holes must be increased because W must be reduced. The study was conducted by Prof. Jeong-In Lee of Seoul National University, Dr. Il-Jae Shin, and Jong-Hyun Baek (explosives technologist), who were published ten years ago in the Korean Society for Explosives and Blasting Engineering. Summarizing paragraph 2) of “Experimental Research”, after fixing the dose and setting the standard resistance as a reference value, when the 2 free surface resistance is reduced to 2/3, the distance between Samsung muscles is 10 ~ 40m / kg ^1/3 It is found that the blasting vibration is reduced by about 31 to 50% in the range of 10 to 40 m / kg ^1/3 , which is equivalent to the Samsung root, even when the resistance wire is reduced to 1/2 by 13 to 38% in the range. If the resistance line is reduced, the amount of sugar per hole is additionally small, so vibration control is easier. This is also an immutable law. That is, many designs have been made and constructed by citing empirical use as an rationale for the increase in karate. In the tunnel, the hole is usually drilled with a φ45 mm charge hole, and unlike the open-air, the safety resistance is set to be 0.7 m to 1 m, but the higher the tunnel excavation type (usually 1 to 6 types) (the shorter the excavation length), the shorter the resistance line. In the tunnel operation, if the 0.8m resistance wire is lowered to 0.5m for the management of vibration, 100% charge hole should be added in the cross-sectional area ratio, but the actual blasting rate does not increase at the same rate. It is not so because the distance between the decaping (D _I ) charge holes having 25 to 30% of the total number of blasting holes is fixed to 400 to 600 mm in the case of the excavation holes (SB) arranged in the left and right excavation lines of the tunnel. However, as the number of blasting holes increased from 150 to 300 balls per time, the neighboring starting interval between 8 and 9 ms in the design of the non-electrical circuit was calculated by distributing the starting time of 100 ms to 7 to 10 times in order to distribute it into a primer of about 40 steps. Although there is a gap, in practice, multi-stage blasting or non-electric blasting (TLD, SL, which is a blow connector) has been problematic in that it is not possible due to an increase in vibration due to an initial manufacturing error. When designing a site with civil complaints, it is necessary to separately increase the cross-sectional area of W or S (A = W × ㎡) among U.S. vibration blasting depending on the vibration level, because the design of each construction company varies depending on the vibration level. . In the domestic open-air standard blasting method, precision control blasting (0.125kg or less W × S is 0.7 = 0.49m2) or lower (0.49m2 ~ 0.2m2 for each step down, and the number of maneuvers increases by 30% ~ 200%, that is, in this method W × S (0.35 ~ 0.65) × 0.13 ~ 0.45㎡) will be required. In other words, W × S should be adjusted not only in the deep hole, but also in the enlarged or nook and SB balls.

Decapring (Di = D _I ; Decoupling Index) Role of Jang Yak-Kong (Outermost, SB Ball)

Di (di-capping index) = described as perforation / pore, and is the charge index (coefficient) used for the SB (excavation hole) of tunnel blasters. It makes the excavation wall surface smooth and smooth, and is used to increase safety and control the amount of excavation by preventing rockfall at the excavation interface. In the actual field work, the drilling diameter is φ45mm, and for the weak diameter (Finex-1) φ17mm, Di = 45/17 = 2.64, but is usually considered to be 2.5. The outer diameter of the perforated bit is 13 series, and the longer the bit, the narrower the outer diameter of each bit (800, 1600, 2400, 3800 ~) is decreased by 1mm. (Φ45 → φ44 → φ43 → φ42 + Di = 2.5 is suitable considering wear) (11 ~ 12series Beet gyeongeun used for manpower rock drill)

In the case of Di = 2.5 SB balls (Smooth Blasting Holes), FIG. 10 is a graph quoting the theory of 'Ito Sasa', etc. Di = 1.1. The left figure of FIG. 10 is a case where Di = 1.1 in a general charge hole, and it is 5 to 8 ㎲ (0.005 to 0.009 ms) momentarily, with a stress of 3.8 to 6 × 10 ⁴ (gas, explosion, pressure, and force). It is generated apart, and at this time, destruction due to melting zone, compression zone, crushing and cracking, which is greater than plastic fracture having a certain resistance line, is larger than that of FIG. However, relative to the schematic in Figure the right spring dicarboxylic line crack from the charge, the ball 10 of the blasting principle (SB Line / drilling seongong application) Di = 2.5 in case 2.8 ~ 3.8 ³ Stress (㎏f / ㎠) the charges of the ball gongbyeok The plastic fracture is weak as the stress (force, stress) that the force is reduced to 1/10, but it is 20 사다리 (0.02) in the form of a ladder that is relatively longer than the left side of FIGS. ms). This should be applied when designing, because even if the amount per break is the same as that of a general enlarged hole, the vibration value is low, and usually 3 holes of the SB and 1 hole of the downward enlarged hole will be similar. Some of the semi-volume decapping charges are also applied to the first square or circle (1'square or circle) ball of the deep-foot ball, or, in some cases, the second square or circle (2'square or circle) ball, even in the complex control method using the large borehole. In this case, if the theoretical diagram of Ito Sato is cited, the appropriate plastic fracture will also be performed at a force of 7,000 kg / cm2 in the semi-decapring charge hole, and the calculation of the commonly used emulsion explosive criterion by calculating the state equation of Abel Nobel in the next chapter If it is, it is estimated that it will be destroyed by a force of about 10,235 kgf / cm2. In addition, if the de-capping charge given to a 1'square or 1'circle ball around the Daegu light hole is applied, according to the chart in the 'Ito Sasa' theory, the pressure greater than the SB ball (about 3500kgf / ㎠) is at least 7,000kg / ㎠ The force will be generated on the wall, and the total length should be around 300mm. After the last blasting, it will be removed and scraped off, refined with forkren for the next work drilling. This is because the depth of the film surface where the micro cracks, which are the firing areas smelling of the gunpowder, have already occurred, and also because it is a small resistance line of the explosive charge which is also weaker toward the upper part of the charge hole, destruction occurs even if a little more color is applied. We use it a lot, considering the explosives caused by Jones and Hine and the peak pressure ( Pα) when it comes into contact with the initial air interface, the theory of 'Ito Sasa' and the state equation of 'Novel'. SB ball, large-diameter peripheral ball, outermost heat transfer hole, etc. In order to give faith in the application of de-capping and quasi-de-capping in areas sensitive to vibration, through the technical literature, the charge that first contacts the air surface in the state equation of 'Novel' explosion gases generated in gongbyeok pressure (Ps / 85% destruction) detonation pressure generated charges gongbyeok by and Jones, Hine the Finex (呱emulsion explosive which lots used in the tunnel (P _D / destroy 15% of a) (emulsion explosive, NewMITE Plus) exemplifies the symbol according to the formula as follows, calculates the theoretical one and presents it for reference.

/㎠), 일반적으로 파괴에 대한 기여율은 15% P _D ; Detonation pressure (

/ ㎠), generally the contribution rate to destruction is 15%

/㎠), 파괴에 대한 기여율은 85% Ps ; Gas pressure acting on the wall of the charge hole (

/ ㎠), the contribution rate to destruction is 85%

/㎠) Pα ; Explosives and the highest pressure at the air interface (

/ ㎠)

(Shock wave = P , propagation speed = Cα )

, 보통 (1.0/Finex~1.3/에멀젼~1.5)

, Normal (1.0 / Finex ~ 1.3 / Emulsion ~ 1.5)

LoVEX(3400), Finex(4400), 에멀젼(5700),G-dynamite(6500)m/s

LoVEX (3400), Finex (4400), Emulsion (5700), G-dynamite (6500) m / s

공기 중에서 340m/s(보통 기압)

340 m / s in air (normal air pressure)

, ~8260~(제조사 보안임으로 개략적)

, ~ 8260 ~ (Schematic for manufacturer security)

(Decoupling Index), 천공경/약경(밀장약; 1.1간주, SB공;1.5~2.7)

(Decoupling Index), Perforation / Yakkyung (Milk medicine ; 1.1 Ganju , SB engineering ; 1.5 ~ 2.7 )

(코볼륨 계수),

(Covolume coefficient),

-Explosion gas pressure ( Ps ) generated in the charge chamber wall = 'Abel Novel' according to the state equation,

☞

☞

☞

☞

일 경우(SB공) P _S =4400/(2.5)-0.5018=1,020

/㎠ ---(1)

In case of (SB hole) P _S = 4400 / (2.5) -0.5018 = 1,020

/ ㎠ --- (1)

일 경우(확대공) P _S =4400/(2.5)-0.5018=10,235

/㎠ ---(2)

In case of (expansion hole) P _S = 4400 / (2.5) -0.5018 = 10,235

/ ㎠ --- (2)

-Detonation pressure ( P _D ) on the charge chamber wall = 'Jones, Hine',

근사식으로는 P _D

P _D

Approximately P _D

/㎠(조건

) ---(3) P _D = 10,559

/ ㎠ (condition

) --- (3)

-Pα ; Explosives and air pressure

P _D Pα

P _D

/㎠(조건;

,

,

) ---(4) Pα = 1.163

/ Cm 2 ( condition;

,

,

) --- (4)

The above review condition is not a general dynamite (Dynamite), but a low-explosive emulsion explosive (specific gravity = 1.3, width = 5,700 m / s) used in tunnels for realism and Finex (φ17 mm) mainly used in drilling (SB) holes , Specific gravity = 1, width = 4,400m / s), the explosive gas pressure ( Ps ) generated in the charge chamber and the explosion pressure generated in the charge chamber due to 'Hine' in the state equation of 'Novel' with φ44mm applied P _D ) is the theoretical background, and as discussed in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), and (4) above, Pα is approximately 1 / 9,000, and symbolically representing a significant pressure drop is a slight air layer. This existing decaping (D _I ) charge can be useful as a cushioning material for wall protection (SB hole) or control blasting. Comparing the stress applied to the charge wall of the decaping charges at the time of decaping charges [D _I (decaping) = 2.5] and general loadings [D _I (decaping) = 1.1] in the state equations of Abel Nobel of (1) and (2) above. It also shows that it is about 1/10, and this also shows similar comparison values in 'Theory of Ito Sasa, etc.' in FIG. 10. The explosive gas pressure ( Ps ) generated at the charge chamber by the state equation of 'Abel Novel' or the detonation pressure ( P _D ) generated at the charge chamber by 'Hine' is (2), (3). Is coming out similarly. It can be seen that the pressure (force, stress) in a control blasting hole such as an SB ball is much reduced because the air layer is thicker than a normal charging hole, and can be applied in an excavation hole. As discussed above, the stress of the wall of the hole of the excavator, which is used for de-capping, is about 1/10 of the pressure (stress) of the hole of the general intestinal hole, so the number of delays is 2 ~ from the amount per delay of the general expansion hole in terms of vibration control. It is possible to increase the number of delays by 3 times, and when blasting a line crack that is constrained by a small amount, the problem of vibration is negligible, but the effect of noise is large, so the arrangement and construction of the line cracking method is very good in areas where noise is not limited. It is also used in this method that it has results.

②-4 Consideration of the relationship between the manufacturing error of the primer and 2 delayed holes

At present, the difference in the delay time of the delayed delay of Korean gunpowder or Korean gunpowder in Korea differs from that of the MS primer.

Singular number 0 One 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Delay time MS 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 Singular number 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Delay time MS 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380

[Table 2] shows the standard number of delays according to the number and number of MS primer numbers of Korean gunpowder. [Table 3] shows the LP primer initial table and the distribution of errors (some primer numbers are omitted) assuming an error rate of 4%. In this method, which has a lot of charges, the conventional circuit blasting primer arrangement method in 'circuit blasting', which is the basic terminology in the previous paragraph, is a circuit blasting based on 100ms similar to that in Table 4.

Singular number 5 7 9 12 15 16 17 Nominal start (ms) 500 700 900 1400 2000 2500 3000 Error (ms) 20 ms 28 ms 36 ms 56 ms 80 ms 100 ms 120 ms Singular number 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Nominal start (ms) 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 Error (ms) 140 ms 160 ms 180 ms 200ms 220 ms 240 ms 260 ms

However, in this improved method, LP primers of 900ms, 1400ms, and 2000ms with intervals of 500ms or more are selectively used, but not all of the LP primers similar to those in Table 5 when the number of charges is large is less than 2000ms. Since they were manufactured at 500ms intervals at the time of manufacture, they are divided into 7 to 9 circuits based on 500ms, which is a method that is used sequentially, so the adjacent start per circuit area is 5 times the interval than the previous one. It can be seen that the probability is stochastic as shown in the following comparisons in Tables 4 and 5 by FIGS. 15 and 24. This discards low primer numbers (based on LP 800 ms or less, except for MS primers, 1200 ms, 1600 ms, or 1800 ms / Han), and long numbers (1,400 ms is part, 2,000 ms or more) can be used even if two or three balls are used as one shot. Rather than double the safety rate is increased, it is also possible to blast more balls at a time is one of the construction method of primer selection. Table 3, which is the law of scattering errors at the time of initiation of the original primer of the manufacturing company, to explain the background of why 2 to 3 holes are set as the amount per 1 stroke in a primer with a longer start time considering the initial error in this method to be. FIG. 15 is a blasting section of a 9-circuit control blasting section using 100 ms intervals as a delayed airlift of a railroad double-track tunnel, and the initial flow chart is shown in Table 4, and FIG. 24 is a conventional airflow of 1000ms, 1200ms, It does not use a single primer of 800 ms or less (ie, a primer with an interval of 100 ms, 200 ms) without using an LP primer with 1600 ms and 1800 ms, and uses a 500 ms interval that is selectively used as a delay time of 9 times. Is tied to 9 circuits, and optionally starts at 900 ms and uses 500 ms intervals, that is, LP 9 (900 ms), 12 (1400 ms), 15 (2000 ms) consecutive, 16 (2500 ms) excluding MS primer It is a control blasting section in which ~ 25 (7000ms) times (based on Hanwha primer number) are arranged in 9 circuits, and the initial flow chart is shown in Table 5. As shown in Table 3, 80 ms to 260 ms (assuming 4%, the actual number may be more) occurs as the initial detonation (error) of the primer, so this method has a 500 ms interval used when there are many blast holes at a time. 9 circuits in FIG. 15 that divide the existing 100 ms even if two primers after 1,400 to 2,000 ms are used by dividing 500 ms into 7 to 9 circuits by selectively using primers (e.g., Lp9, 12, and 15 to later) Referring to Table 4 and Table 5, rather than 1, the probability of being probable is less than that of the conventional one, which is 0.4% less stochastically. That is, the safety factor at which vibration does not rise is 2.5 times larger. In the upper part of FIGS. 25 to 32 and 37, in the circuit blasting (secondary upper part) of the excavation section, the first number of the circuit section (380 + 394 ms = 774 ms or later) is This is a special control blasting line with a large-diameter diameter that blasts once to start using ms primers, starting with 900 ms of primer LP 9 considering safety factor. The minimum area of the divided primary lower part of this method or the reason that the MS primers were connected to the end circuit (connected with 0 ms in series) in the existing ④ circuit blasting (first lower) is the first primer detonation number of the circuit (0MS). MS Primer End Number Delay Time + Connected Circuit End Circuit Delay Time (1 second per Hanwha, 380ms + 67ms = 447ms) After 447ms, which is a primer after LP 5 (500ms), it is not cut off. In the conventional Fig. 15 where the excavation section is blasted at once, the use and arrangement of the primer that divides 100 ms into 9 circuits is 447 ms, which is the MS primer end number delay start + connection circuit end circuit delay start (hanhan standardized start time 380 ms + 67 ms = 447 ms). In consideration of safety, which is a subsequent primer, it must be performed sequentially from LP5 (500ms) to prevent cut-off (cut-off of electricity or gas circuit connection until the end). In Fig. 24, in which the primer arrangement for blasting the excavation section at one time is improved, a primer having an interval of 500 ms is selectively used as shown in Table 5, and the primer use and arrangement for dividing 500 ms into nine circuits is delayed + connected to MS primer end number delay. Considering the safety of the primer after 841 ms, which is the initial delay of the circuit, 380 ms + 461 ms = 841 ms per second, the cut-off must be done sequentially from LP 9 (900 ms) to cut off (to cut off electricity or to cut off the gas circuit connection) Does not work. The longer the connection circuit start-up between neighboring regions becomes, the less likely it is to be affected by the start-up error. How many circuits will be divided into 100ms, 200ms, and 500ms for a single blasting zone are generally 4 to 5 circuits before and after 100 to 120 holes (based on 100 ms), and 5 to 7 circuits under 130 and 150 holes (based on 200 ms) , 160 ~ 180 balls before and after 7 circuits (500ms basis), 180 holes or more is preferably divided into 9 circuits (500ms basis), it should be divided based on 500ms 1,400ms (some), 2,000ms or more 2 holes , Even if 3 balls are used in the same number at 4,500 ms or more, it is stochastically distributed 2.5 times larger than the previous one. Therefore, even if you increase the number of blasting operations blasting at one time, you can achieve the desired purpose. The values of 475ms to 841ms with minimum delay seconds after the reference connection start time (100ms, 200ms, 500ms) for dividing the circuit using all the MS primers, and 100ms or 200ms, 500ms change according to some circuit reference and connection start time, Since the LP primer must be used in consideration of the safety factor after the delay, the LP7 (for 200 ms distribution) to LP 9 (for 500 ms distribution) will be used.

[Table 4] shows 191 holes (neighbor circuit interval; 8 ~ 9 ~ 17ms, average 12.5ms) distributed 9 times based on 100ms. The average distribution interval of 100ms to 9 cycles of the primer arrangement in FIG. 15 is (100) = 12ms. It can be made of electric multi-stage circuit, and when using non-electric TLD (SL), it is fixed delay time, so it shows 8 ~ 9 ~ 17 ~ 25ms, and the interval between neighbors is small (8ms) and large (25ms). Considering the scattering at the beginning, it is highly likely that the number of primers before a singular number (electric heating) is detonated first, which is a factor that causes the peak of vibration to rise. This is the same in 7 circuits (14 ms in electrical). This is because the start time of the non-electric Bunch Connector connection primer is fixed at 17 ms, 25 ms, 42 ms, 67 ms, and 109 ms, that is, the dispersion of errors in the primer after the start time is 2,000 MS or more improves the connection start time between circuits Table 5 It is more than 3 to 5 times larger than that, so the probability of the highest increase in vibration is high.

[Table 5] shows 191 holes (neighbor circuit interval; 42 ~ 67 ~ 109MS / average 62.5MS) distributed 9 times based on 500ms. Table 5 by FIG. 24 compares with Table 4 by the existing method (FIG. 15). As shown in FIG. 24, the charge hole of FIG. 24 is the same as that of FIG. 15, and the detonation delay is obtained by distributing 500 ms, which is used as shown in the drawing, selectively using a primer having an interval of 500 ms in a manner not using LP 13 and 14. The initial distribution interval for each circuit is 55ms, which can be an electric multi-stage circuit. When using TLD (SL), a non-electric batch blasting, it varies from 42 to 67 to 109 ms. Even if 2 balls considering the scattering of the start from ms are set as 1 delayed ball, the probability of being given (less than 15 ms) is applied to 55/11/2 balls even if at least 2 balls are applied relative to the table 4 (Fig. 15). 2.5 times less. However, compared with the blasting by non-electrical connection primer, the safety rate (probability of not being simultaneously fired) of the method is greater than that of the 42/8/2 hole = 2.625 times. If the existing non-electrical type is an improved electric multi-stage, 62.5 / 8/2 holes = 3.9 times the safety rate occurs, and also blasting vibrations or noises that occur again and again after 400 ms (average), which is a relatively long time that occurs irregularly, end blasting. As it occurs relatively evenly, the degree of discomfort on animals or humans is less than the blasting of Fig. 15 (Table 4) in which 100 ms, which is the same method as in Table 4 of the conventional method, is distributed.

②-5 Role of armed pharmacists

The deep hole is a large borehole with a large pore, but the tunnels of FIGS. 25 to 31, 37, and 38 are particularly used for drilling holes, corner holes, and bottom holes between each singular (same number) charge hole and the singular charge hole. In the upper and lower surfaces, the primary and secondary parts of the front end and the lower part of the upper part of the tunnels in FIGS. 33 to 36, a small diameter small-arm armed destruction auxiliary hole of φ45mm can be created to absorb vibrations or blast even a small amount. To assist. We know the principle of such crushing aid, armed pharmacy, but it is less utilized because of the increase in puncture cost. However, compared to drilling a mechanical drilling crushing hole with a larger diameter (φ76mm or more) than a normal charging hole (φ45mm), the drilling ratio does not occur as a big problem. In other words, it is insignificant and should be actively used according to the surrounding conditions of the site.

②-6 Daegu Light hole selection (safety factor consideration)

In the tunnel control blasting, as the number of charges increases once, that is, the order of detonation in the primer array between 100 and 300 holes is usually changed, or the posterior blasting hole is more explosive than the electrothermal blasting hole. If not, the vibration peak vibration value as shown in FIG. 14 breaks the expectation at the initial stage, and since it is based on the value in the occurrence of external complaints, it is necessary to make sure that the primer detonation sequence is complete in all blasting. Human beings cannot be perfect for their work, so they have a safety factor for vibration control. For easier arrangement according to the increase in the number of charges, or due to irregularities in the W, S or back due to irregularities in the membrane, the staggered primer arrangement is frequent due to inexperienced primer arrangement, etc. This is a misconception that there was a scene where there were no differences between balls and balls. Depending on the width of the tunnel or the degree of safety of the surrounding environment, of course, it may occur that a large borehole should be bored 2 to 4 holes. The increase in the safety factor is, of course, bigger if the large borehole increases by 2-3 holes. It is a limited primer, especially for a simple (universal easy) arrangement of the primer when there are many horizontal and upward holes on either side of the bottom. That is, in the case of sticking a large-diameter ball with only one ball, in the case of 7 or 9 circuits, based on the number of similar or greater numbers in Fig. 15, ②, ③ circuit section, ⑧, ⑨ circuit section, the upper ①, ④ ~ ⑦ circuit As the resistance is greater than the downhole of phosphorus, and the number of airspace is increased by reducing the W and S of the horizontal and upward holes, the limited number of primers is that it is difficult to match the sequential arrangement with other neighboring circuit regions. In addition, in general, it is not possible to induce vibration reduction by boring only the large-diameter hole without increasing the number of charges of the enlarged hole as well as the vicinity of the heart. In order to increase the safety for constructability as the degree of increase in the number of charges, such as the number of blasting, vibration conditions, and extent, increases, and for easy (simple) primer arrangement, that is, by arranging the detonation sequence of the primer that increases the safety factor, any part Is that the peak value of In other words, according to the importance, it is necessary to increase the design from the place where there is a need to increase the number of large-diameter balls. In other words, unconditional low-cost construction cost design should not be a priority.

②-7 1st division control The minimum setting method of the blasting section [Based on the charge hole; Background of the corner (Wall, corner) should be less than or equal to 0.7m from the floor, and the center should be less than or equal to 1.65m]

In the tunnel, more than 20 years ago, at many sites, when drilling manpower, 12 series (φ39mm to φ35mm) diameter was used (11 series (φ32mm to φ27mm use) in some cases to drill faster), but the current charge diameter due to the increase in labor cost is equipment Considering the characteristics and explosive diameter, it is common to drill with a diameter of φ45mm (13 series) with jumbo drill drilling equipment.However, it depends on the rock characteristics of the target ground and the amount of explosives and one explosive, but everything is by experience. When coming out, the resistance line when drilling with a diameter of φ45mm is 1.1 ~ 1.4m (W = 25 ~ 40d, d = perforation diameter) in the open-air, which is usually a rock, and 0.9m ~ by adding safety factor by upward, horizontal, and downward magnification in the tunnel. Although it is 1.2m, when control blasting, the resistance line usually goes down to 0.5 ~ 0.8m, of course, the distance S between the ball and the ball is the same as the resistance line W or 1.1 to 1.2 times the distance. The spacing of the landing hole (wall hole, SB hole) usually favors 500 to 600 mm in tunnel blasting, but this also goes down to 400 mm or less in control blasting or line crack blasting. When excavating, 125gr (full explosive) + 100 ~ 200gr (φ17mm is used, but the amount per hole used here does not generate the magnitude of vibration proportional to the amount of the enlarged hole. As (83g ~ 125g) + (100 ~ 200g, φ17mm), i.e., the minimum full width explosive that can be purely explosive in diameter of φ17mm, it is necessary to have sufficient tensile fracture cutting surface as shown in FIG.

으로 양쪽 최외곽 굴착선공(SB)의 최고 높이는 바닥공 및 무장약공 포함한 1내지 다수공을 삽입한 0.7m(보통 0.4m~1.1m) 전후 이하로 설정하고, 1차 하부 구역의 중앙은 대구경공의 위치에 따라 1.1m 내지 보통 사람의 작업하기 부담이 적은 이마 높이인 1.65m 이하로 한다. 즉, 선 대구경 복합 제어 굴착 공법에서 1차로 굴착하는 최소 단면의 좌우측의 벽면 SB공의 최대 높이는 바닥공 및 무장약공 포함한 3~4공을 삽입한 0.4~1.1m전후 이하를 적용(2차 제어 발파 또는 기계 굴착공들이 모두가 하향공이 되도록)하였으며, 1차 굴착면 중앙은 바닥에서의 높이는 대구경공의 높이가 0.8~1.2m임으로 첫째 사각형 혹은 첫째 원호(1’square, or 1’circle) 장약공 까지가 1.65m(보통 사람의 이마 높이) 이하로 하였다. 가능하면 더 낮을수록(1.3m 전후까지) 1회 발파 공수나 W, S가 감소되므로 장약공이 줄어다는 등의 안전성이 향상되며, 대구경 수평 선형도가 30cm의 오차 이내라면 도 21에서처럼 나선형-컷트 등으로 응용할 수 있으나, 대구경 보링 정밀도가 허용 오차가 떨어지는 장비는 1회에 50m 대구경 수평 보링을 감소하여야 하지만, 30cm 정도의 오차 이하라면 그 이상 60m~100m 이상 수평 보링하는 것이 더 경제적이다.The minimum setting of the zone of the large-diameter special control blasting for the lower primary zone is re-divided secondary considering the surrounding security objects in the tunnel front face or upper half face excavation section of FIGS. 25 to 41. In the case of excavation on the upper side), as shown in FIGS. 39 and 40, the primary (lower) zone and secondary (upper), such that the machine excavation assistant or control blasting balls of various sizes are at a minimum height that can be a downward hole. The divided interface is not horizontal (rectangular) for safety reasons.

The maximum height of both outermost excavation bores (SB) is set to be less than or equal to 0.7m (usually 0.4m to 1.1m) with 1 to multiple holes inserted, including a floor hole and an armored hole, and the center of the primary lower section is a large borehole Depending on the location, the height of the forehead is less than 1.65m, which is less than 1.1m to the average person. In other words, the maximum height of the SB holes on the left and right walls of the minimum cross-section excavated first in the linear large-diameter composite control excavation method is applied before and after 0.4 to 1.1 m with 3 or 4 holes including bottom holes and armored holes (secondary control blasting) Or, the machine excavators were all downholes, and the center of the primary excavation surface had a height from the bottom of the large borehole 0.8 ~ 1.2m, so the first square or the first arc (1'square, or 1'circle) charge hole Up to 1.65m (usually the height of a person's forehead) or less. The lower the possible (up to about 1.3m), the greater the safety, such as reducing the number of charges, as the number of blasting once, W, and S is reduced, and if the large-diameter horizontal linearity is within an error of 30cm, spiral-cut, etc. It can be applied as, but equipment with low tolerance for large-diameter boring should reduce 50m large-diameter horizontal boring at a time, but if it is less than 30cm error, it is more economical to horizontally bored more than 60m ~ 100m.

In the secondary zone excavation of FIGS. 25 to 32 and 37 after the first minimum cross-section excavation, the circuit blasters ① can be simulated as two free surfaces as in FIG. 41, and more than circuit ② in other areas except the vicinity of the heart The blasters can be simulated in three free faces as in FIG. 41. To reduce vibration, set the dose per hole with 3 free surface doses, and in the center of circuit # 1, 2 free face holes, or narrow the S or insert an armored (destructive aid) ball to test the site characteristics during actual construction, and then test the site's rock characteristics. You can adjust it to fit.

의 적용②-8 vibration estimation formula

Application of

Here, v : vibration speed (cm / s), D: distance from the width source (m), and W: maximum loading per kg (kg). K = 200, n = -1.60 obtained from actual measurement data of domestic road construction sites are used as the constants suggested in this guideline by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation. (Note: It is only based on the general resistance line)

  ※ The above estimation formula is used for preliminary review in a general environment.

The blasting scale is set by the analysis of the "blasting noise vibration monument influence zone". Although there may be a standard estimation equation for each country's design, or an estimation equation by test blasting, the vibration estimation equation is currently applied to the open blasting of the Korean Ministry of Construction and Transportation in tunnels. Also, in some cases, although a borehole test blasting or construction data of a neighbor is referred to in the vicinity of the site, if the permissible vibration value is calculated according to the Table 6 below, the allowable vibration value is usually set in the estimation formula for the dry bridge, Since the minimum weight of one explosive is 100g, 125g to 250g, cutting of 1/2 or less is usually avoided. For safety in designing after the first review, the trigeminal muscle is applied to the near one and the square root is applied to the relatively distant one. Another method is to perform a ground survey that drilled a borehole during a tunnel survey and to test blast the discarded borehole, or refer to neighboring data in the vicinity of a similar site. W (resistance line), S (hole spacing), rock characteristics, used explosives The conditions of the back are not the same, and since the scattering of the primer is not taken into account, the level of reliability is weak. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the resistance line and the amount of sugar, and to adjust after the test blast at the actual site according to the setting of the delayed airborne considering the scattering of the primer, it is common to design virtually on the design.

를 이용한 거리에 따른 삼승근 및 자승근에 따라서 약량 검토을 나타낸다.[Table 6] shows the vibration estimation formula

According to the distance using the trigonometric and quadrilateral muscles, a dose review is shown.

③ Comparison of existing construction methods, problems, and explanation of drawings

(시험 발파 등의 도로 교통부 표준 추정식이 바뀌면 또한 그것을 적용)에서 진동허용치를 정하여 거리에 따른 약량을 산출 추정하고, 허용 약량으로 설계를 하는 것이 보통이지만, 진동 추정식에서 최소한의 약량으로 그 답을 찾지 못할 때는 도 22 및 도 23에서와 같이 상반, 혹은 상하단면 전체를 기계 굴착으로 설계 및 시공을 한다. 이러한 기계 굴착 현장에서의 문제점은 일반 장약공(φ45mm)보다 큰 공경으로(φ76mm 이상) 일반 굴진장의 25% 이상을 천공(1.1m ⇒ 1.4m로)하고, 더불어 굴착 단면의 전체 공수를 복합 제어 발파보다도 50% 이상(보통의 발파보다는 200% 이상) 증가 천공해야 되며, 2차 작업 모든 공에서 각공의 기계 파쇄보조구멍에 부레카 혹 파쇄(벌리기) 작업에 따른 공사의 지연이나 공사비 상승이 크게 대두 되어 왔다. 특히 자리내기(자유면, 파괴할 방향의 공간 확보나 구속력의 완화)를 위한 중앙 하단의 심발부와 구석공을 포함한 바닥공에서 많은 시간을 소모한다. 또한 장비에 부착하는 파쇄 장비는 보통의 기사로서는 숙달될 때까지의 1~2주 정도의 시일도 고려해야 할 사항이며, 특히 기계 굴착으로 설계했으나 시공성 등으로 본 공법과 유사한 쪽 발파 등으로 시공하여 기계 굴착비를 챙기는 등 부조리한 이윤을 획득하는 현장 책임자들의 구속 등으로 물의를 일으키는 00 현장들이 있으므로, 그러한 부조리를 제거하기 위한 하나의 공법이 절실히 필요하게 되었다.16, 18 to 20, as commonly used in the field where vibration is a problem, "side blasting" or splitting blasting about 5 or 2 times. Among these problems, it takes a lot of time to prepare for blasting and remove dust after blasting for each blasting, and it is not preferred because of safety, as there is a greater risk of falling due to clogging or cracking of the upper charge hole due to the previous blasting. When the distance from the top of the tunnel to the security object comes out in the field where sensitive vibration restrictions are required from animals or major security objects near the distance, the vibration estimation formula applied by the Ministry of Road and Transportation described in ②-8

(If the standard estimation formula of the road and transportation, such as test blasting, is changed, it is also applied.) It is common to calculate and estimate the dose according to the distance by setting the vibration allowance, but it is common to design the allowable dose, but find the answer with the minimum dose in the vibration estimation formula. When it is not possible, as shown in FIGS. 22 and 23, the entire upper or lower section is designed and constructed by mechanical excavation. The problem in the field of excavation of this machine is to drill 25% or more of the general excavation (1.1 m ⇒ 1.4 m) with a larger bore diameter (φ76 mm or more) than a general charge hole (φ45 mm), and also control and blast the entire number of digging sections. More than 50% (200% more than normal blasting) should be drilled, and in all secondary works, delays in construction or increase in construction costs due to burke or crushing (spreading) in each machine's mechanical crushing auxiliary hole are raised. It has been. In particular, it spends a lot of time in the bottom hole, including the core part and the corner hole at the bottom of the center for locating (free surface, securing space in the direction to be destroyed or alleviating the binding force). In addition, the crushing equipment attached to the equipment should be considered as a regular article for a period of about 1 to 2 weeks until mastery, and especially designed by mechanical excavation, but is constructed by blasting on the side similar to this method due to its workability. Since there are 00 sites that cause disputes due to the restraint of site managers who obtain unreasonable profits, such as getting an excavation fee, a construction method to remove such absurdity is urgently needed.

Figure 22 is a two-lane road or double-track railroad cross-section similar to the mechanical excavation drawings (super-ji; mainly used) designed in the field and the comparison of the drilling specifications of the composite method of Figure 33 is similar to Table 7 below, 23 is a mechanical excavation drawing designed in the field of a small cross-section similar to a single-line railway (super-ji; mainly used) and a comparison table of drilling specifications of this composite method of FIG. 33 is similar to the following Table 8.

Because the time of drilling in the tunnel = [working and preparation time + (1 hole drilling and positioning by moving the next ball + drilling time) × total number of tunnel sections), the drilling time is not proportional to the size of the drilling hole, but still drilling Depending on the size of the diameter (φ45mm to φ76mm), it greatly contributes to time consuming. Estimated consumption of [1600mm / 11series, diameter reduction ratio of about 0.67 (1.5 times)] instead of φ38mm (1600mm / 12 series) by a man-made drilling machine at the site of small electric power tunnel 00 (before and after control blasting 70 holes) 20 years ago. In the results of direct import and use, the experience including the time to move the car (work) differs from 2.5 to 3 hours, which reduces the drilling time by 1 hour to 2.5 to 3 hours. Although the reduction ratio is about 0.35, that is, 2.85 times the difference, more than twice the time requires more drilling time for drilling the machine. As shown in the typical schematic comparison table, it takes a lot of drilling time, but in addition, the rock crushing (spreading) operation in which the rock is secondly crushed using the ball requires more time than the control blasting, so the overall process or cost is reduced. It is also seen from the general analogy that the improved linear large-diameter composite control drilling method will be reduced by at least 20-50%.

Hereinafter, a line-to-large diameter divided-composite drilling method according to an embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail. FIG. 24 is a view showing an example of a primer start arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention, and the cross-section of the excavation and the intestinal hole are the same as in FIG. 15 for comparison; When 20 or less MS primers are connected to the ⑨ circuit by 0ms (connected) ① The first primer detonation number of the circuit (0ms) is the MS primer end number delay start + connected circuit delay start time (Korean standardized ms end number start 380ms + 461ms = 841ms) After 841ms, the safety factor, which is a primer, was considered, and the cutoff was not performed only from the 9th (900ms), and 1,400ms, 2,000ms ~ 2,500ms ~~ 6,000ms with 500ms interval of the subsequent primers were used. A primer with a 500 ms interval is selectively used within 2,000 ms as shown in the drawing or Table 5, and the starting width is divided into 9 circuits of 500 ms, and the average distribution interval for each circuit is 55 ms, which can be an electric multi-stage circuit. It is also possible to use TLD (SL), a non-electric bunch connector. In the non-aircraft, the delay delay for each circuit is fixed to 17, 25, 42, 67, 109MS, considering the deviation of the detonation initial, and the delay delay is set to 2 holes, considering the scattering of the initial after 1,400 ~ 2,000MS detonation. Even if the probability of simultaneous detonation (approximately 12 MS or less) is less than that of FIG. 15 (see Table 4, which is the flow of the neighboring super-interval), the probability of recurrence is 55/11/2 balls applied = 2.5 times less.

) 형상의 0.7m~1.6m(보통 1.4m 전후)로 하여, 재분할된 2차 굴착시의 제어발파 방법이나, 기계 굴착 시의 중력의 법칙을 최대로 활용하는 하향 파괴공임으로 안전율이 기존보다는 향상되며, 공사비와 공정 또한 기존보다 상대적으로 적어도 20% 내지 50% 이상 향상시킬 수 있다. 그러나 발파가 전혀 곤란한 특별한 지역에서는 기계 굴착해야 하지만, 굳이 상부 반단면 혹은 전단면을 기계 굴착하지 않는 현장도 많을 것을 대비한 선 대구경 분할복합 굴착공법이다. 도 22는 상단부만 기계굴착으로 설계되었어나, 도 23에서는 터널 하단부 까지 기계 굴착으로 설계한 현장들도 있는데 도 26, 도 28, 도 30, 도 32, 도 34, 도 36에서와 같이 1차 하부 발파 구역은 공수를 증가시키고 공당 약량과 W, S를 좁히어 장약공 증가가 보통의 중소형 터널 이하에서 많아야 100여 공 이하가 됨으로, 그것은 회로 발파를 사용하는 비전기나, 전기뇌관을 사용해서 비교적 양호한 4~5 회로 1 지발공으로 뇌관 배열 설계가 되므로, 굳이 기계 굴착을 하지 않는 것이 일반적이다. 이 또한 전혀 발파를 할 수 없는 현장에서는 기계 굴착을 피할 수 없겠으나, 많은 현장에서 공정이 상대적으로 빠르고 공사비가 고가인 기계 굴착을 부분 또는 전체적으로 배제하는 공법이다. 또한 터널 굴진 타입에서 1~3 타입은 보통 전단면 굴진이며, 4~6 타입에서는 상부 반단면 굴진 후 다시 하단면 굴착을 한다. 전단면 1~3 타입이지만 진동 제어가 필요한 경우 굴진장 축소해서도 답이 없을 경우 상단 작업 후 하단 작업으로 분리 설계 및 시공하는 곳도 있다. 이를 배제하기 위하여 전단면 전체를 도 25 및 도 26의 상단부의 1, 2차 발파 형태와 같은 방법인 도 37에서처럼 2~3 분할로 작업 할 수 있는 공법이다. 도 37은 상하 전단면 굴착에서의 대표적인 도면이고, 도 25 내지 도 36에서 처럼 다양한 공법을 추가할 수 있다. 다만 2차 발파공이 너무 많을 경우 문제가 있을 시에는 도 40의 분할 구역도(하)에서처럼 2차 상부 구역을 제어 정도에 따라서 도 38의 CD 굴착 및 호(곡선) 내지는 직선(현장에서 시공 등으로 선택)으로 3(다수)회 이상 분할 할 수도 있는 것으로 하였다. 진동 저감 위해서는 굴진장이나 저항선 및 공 간격를 감소하거나 파괴 방향과 2, 3 자유면, 초시 오차 등을 고려해서 검토를 해야 하는데, 발파 추정식에서 무조건 1 지발 약량으로 설정하는 것은 보수적인 잘못된 발상이며, 저항선(W)이나 공 간격(S)을 감소하면 보통의 추정식과는 다른 추정식이 됨으로 진동에 제한받는 지역에서는 공수 증가시켜서 그에 따른 진동 추정식이 나올 것이다. 그러면 실지 현장에서 작업 초기에 시험 발파 후 공당 약량 조정이나 저항선 및 공 간격, 배열 방법 등을 설정하여 현장마다 특성 있는 각개의 적합한 패턴을 만들어 시공하면 된다. 도 25 및 도 26은 도 22 및 도 23의 상단부의 전단면 기계 굴착을 주변 보안 물이 요구하는 진동 및 소음을 허용치 이하로 제어할 수 있는 고안된 선 대구경공을 이용한 분할복합굴착제어공법을 설명한 도면이다.However, the safety ratio is relatively 2.625 times greater than that of the conventional blasting by non-electric linking primer, which is less likely to be simultaneously detonated. If the existing non-electrical type is an improved electric multi-stage, 62.5 / 8/2 holes = 3.9 times, the safety factor is relatively better, and also, 400 ms (average), which is a relatively long time that occurs irregularly, causes breakage vibration or noise again. Evenly, until the end of blasting, the degree of discomfort to the animal or human body is lower than that of Fig. 15, in which 100 ms of the conventional method is distributed. This has a similar pattern in the 7 circuit. The neighboring circuit region has at least 5 times more adjacent focusing than in the conventional FIG. 15 as shown in Table 5. For example, in the tunnel cross-sectional drawings, the primer number, circuit area, and dimensions are indicated as 'blasting cross-sections', and the dimension, perforation location, and dimensioning drawings are indicated as 'perforated cross-sections'. As illustrated in FIGS. 25 to 38, which is an example of a blasting cross-section, CTC 0.8 to 1.2m large diameter 1 transversely within the primary fracture zone of the deep hole according to the safety factor of the site, in the vicinity of 0.8 to 1.2 m from the bottom center of the tunnel excavation cross section Selected as ~ 3 holes, and the drawings exemplified here are mainly small holes 1 and 2 holes, but only 3 holes are exemplified. In more detail, the location of the large borehole is preferably 0.8 to 1 m at the center of the excavation section, but it is around 1.2 m due to the smooth operation and the characteristics of the equipment. (W) and ball spacing (S) was around 0.65m, but in this method, it is reduced to 0.65m to 0.35m suitable for each site, and the amount of space per hole of the enlarged hole is minimum (for example, per one Emulsion widths of φ25mm / 125g and φ32mm / 250g are approximately 80-125g / 0.5 ~ 1/3, and low-explosive explosives are relatively increased) as shown in FIGS. 25 to 38. The height of the first square or the first arc (1'square, or 1'circle), which is the position of the primary (lower) blasting ball that has been subdivided up and down into the secondary (upper), is 1.65m from the floor (usually the forehead height of a person) It was set as follows, and the arming destruction auxiliary ball may be added so that the drill line ball in the vicinity of the left and right corner holes is within an allowable vibration value. Therefore, the excavation cross-section excavation line as shown in FIGS. 25 to 38, which are blasting cross-sections illustrating the heights of the outermost excavation excavation holes on the left and right sides to minimize W and S, so that all the balls become downward holes upon destruction of the secondary upper portion Permanent control blasting by making a blast hole or a machine digger in the second upper part re-divided by drilling with a linear large-diameter composite control blasting method with a minimum blasting cross section of less than 0.7m (0.4 to 1.1m) from the bottom of the corner. The next operation (secondary top), which is an arrangement or machine excavation, was made easy. In addition, where noise is not a problem and vibration is a problem, it is possible to reduce the number of mechanical excavations using line cracking or mechanical drilling after blasting in line, depending on the site conditions. Hexagonal to pentagonal shape with high center and low left and right sides as shown in Figs.

) With the shape of 0.7m ~ 1.6m (usually around 1.4m), the safety factor is improved by the control blasting method for re-segmented secondary excavation or the downward fracture process that makes full use of the law of gravity when excavating machinery. In addition, the construction cost and process can also be improved by at least 20% to 50% or more relative to the existing one. However, in special areas where blasting is difficult at all, it is necessary to excavate the machine, but this is a large-diameter split-composite excavation method in preparation for many sites that do not mechanically excavate the upper half-section or shear surface. Although only the upper part is designed by mechanical excavation in FIG. 22, there are also sites designed by mechanical excavation up to the lower part of the tunnel in FIG. 23, as shown in FIGS. 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, and 36. The blasting zone increases airborne and narrows the dose and W, S of the ball, so that the increase in charge charge is less than 100 balls at most under normal small and medium-sized tunnels, so it is relatively good to use non-electric or blasting circuit blasting. Since the primer arrangement is designed with 4 ~ 5 circuits 1 starter, it is common not to excavate mechanically. This also cannot avoid mechanical excavation at sites where blasting is not possible at all, but it is a method that excludes partly or entirely of mechanical excavation where the process is relatively fast and expensive at many sites. In addition, in the tunnel excavation type, the 1 ~ 3 type is usually a shear surface excavation, and in the 4 ~ 6 type, the upper half section is excavated and then the lower surface excavation is performed again. In the case of 1 ~ 3 types of shear, but if vibration control is necessary, if there is no answer even if the tunnel is reduced, there are some places where separate design and construction work are performed with the upper work and the lower work. In order to exclude this, the entire shear surface is a method capable of working in 2 to 3 divisions as in FIG. 37, which is the same method as the primary and secondary blasting modes of the upper ends of FIGS. 25 and 26. FIG. 37 is a typical view in excavation of the upper and lower shear surfaces, and various construction methods may be added as in FIGS. 25 to 36. However, if there is a problem with too many secondary blasting holes, CD excavation and arc (curve) or straight line (construction in the field, etc.) of the CD in FIG. Optionally, it can be divided into 3 (multiple) times or more. In order to reduce vibration, it is necessary to reduce the excavation field, resistance line, and ball spacing, or consider the fracture direction, 2, 3 free surface, and the initial error. If (W) or the ball spacing (S) is reduced, it becomes a different estimation equation from the normal estimation equation. Then, at the actual site, after the blasting of the test at the beginning of the work, you can create and construct individual suitable patterns for each site by setting the dose per hole, setting the resistance wire and hole spacing, and arrangement method. 25 and 26 are views explaining a method for dividing and complex digging control using a large-diameter bore designed to control the vibration and noise required by the surrounding security water below the allowable level of the excavation of the front end of FIGS. 22 and 23. to be.

First, dividing the excavation section (top half section, or front end) using a large borehole into a first lower section and a second upper section, and the center of the lower primary section is a line of 1 to 3 large diameter holes before and after φ362 mm. The number of blasts per shot is determined according to the conditions of the safety factor of the site that should increase as the number of charges increases, and the location of the large bore hole is 0,8m to 1.2m from the center floor, and in the case of 2 to 3 holes, the distance of the large bore hole (CTC) is With 0.8m to 1.2m horizontal boring first, and within the range of 1.65m or less, which is the location of the first square or first circular (1'square or 1'circle) hole in the large bore, Control blasting during secondary upper work, including armed blasting, so that the maximum height of the charging hole is 0.4 at the bottom, as shown in Figs. 25 and 26 (Figs. 27 to 37), so that the breaking hole or the machine excavation breaking hole is the minimum height to be the downhole. It is a drawing of the primary blasting zone with a minimum range of 1 m or less, and the breaking pressure increases from the center to the corner. It is a large-diameter special control blasting.

The second is an array of primers that separates the 2 free and 3 free surfaces when a control blast is formed without mechanically excavating the secondary upper zone, and the secondary upper section of the tunnel is uniformly down-stopped. ) As the ball, the center of the secondary upper section ① the 2 free surface downward expansion holes of the circuit area are first detonated, and then the left and right sides having the 3 free surface downward expansion holes of the remaining circuit areas, ie ② ~ ⑦ ~ ⑨ areas In this case, 2, 3 free face holes are applied in the same amount of the same condition, but vibration is a little concentrated charge or arming that narrows the S (ball spacing) to correct this because the 2 free faces have a high degree of constraint as the fracture angle is small. This is a drawing in which 1 to 2 holes suitable for the target rock are added to the vicinity of the 2 free face holes. That is, the confusion due to the mixed use of the deep-hole, nook-hole, horizontal and upward-downward expansion holes is excluded, and a method of designing and constructing a primer arrangement or a dose in an easy-to-manage method is presented. 32 and FIG. 37 The circuit areas (② to ⑦ to ⑨) of all the free circuit areas except the central circuit area ① and the central circuit area ① of the secondary upper area are divided into 3 free surface areas (2 free surface holes are By using the principle of the addition of destructive assisted armaments or narrowing S, the same 3 free plane downhole doses are used in the upper 2 ~ 3 free plane downholes to make it easier to manage the primer arrangement or dose. This leads to less breakdown and less amplitude of vibration than conventional ones.

Third, the secondary upper section uses 500 ms divided into circuits due to the increase in the number of blasting cycles (circuit blasting can increase the number of blasting cycles more than once, and 1400 ms after 1,000 ms, considering the initial error in manufacturing detonation primers, or Even if the delayed primers after 2,000 ms are set as 1 delayer or the primers after 4,500 ms are tied into 2 delayers considering the primer arrangement, there is a probability that the probability of being probable is twice as high as the safety factor.)

In section ②-4, the detonation of the detonator is dissipated 80 ~ 260ms (assuming 4%, there may be more) as shown in Table 3, so to use the singular detonator at 500ms intervals to increase the neighborhood circuit area and starter Multi-circuit blasting dividing 500 ms into circuits (including blasting using non-electrical connecting primers), even after 1,400 ms using 5 to 9 circuits, even if the number of primers is grouped by two with the same number, please (15 ms or less / from the U.S. The probability that it will be less than 8ms) can be recurred (within 15ms) from a stochastic concept rather than a 1-ball of 5 ~ 9 circuits dividing the existing 100ms (approximately 1 / 2.5 (2.5 times)). Even if it increases by 100% to 100%, blasting can be applied at one time. Also, even if the number of delays of the excavation hole (SB) is tied to 2 to 5, the stress on the wall of the decaping charge hole is about 1/10 lower than that of the normal charge hole. Considering even a lot of errors, the distance between the ball and the ball was relatively narrower than that of a normal SB ball, so it was possible to do a lot of 2 to 5 balls in the control blasting even if the safety factor was considered rather than the delayed ball of a general charge ball. At the lower end of the tunnel section of the vibration control section, the resistance wire is narrowed to suit the site conditions, and the charge hole is arranged.

Fourth, as shown in FIGS. 28, 29, 34, and 35, the spacing of the excavation bores (SB) of the secondary upper excavation surface is reduced by about 2/3 of the existing 50-60 cm, and the drilling depth is 10% higher than the original. Increase, and make the minimum amount of φ17mm explosives with a small pore size of 80g to 125g per hole with the base explosives of φ25mm / 125g and φ32mm / 250g per one currently produced. It may be, but usually, the initial detonation is faster than that of a magnification hole or a deep hole.By using the initial detonator, a ball of 2 to 5 holes is tied to the same number, and after the line detonation, the detonation of the cardiac and an enlarged balls is performed by sequentially detonating the line crack. Is to do.

27 and 28 are the same as the descriptions of FIGS. 25 and 26 of the preceding paragraph, but what is added is a number of free medicinal holes (destructive aids) at the top of the heart and two free surface areas of the secondary upper blasting area (① the upper part of the circuit section) In the center part, only a number of armored medicinal plants were planted, whereas this figure shows the part of the bottom hole which is the primary zone at the top of the tunnel and the corner of the tunnel or the top of the tunnel, This is a method inducing the optimal blasting with the minimum charge while placing a safety factor to relatively reduce vibration and noise by inserting an armed medicament hole at the boundary of the second divided blasting zone.

29 and 30 are substantially the same as those of FIGS. 25 and 26, but this drawing shows the outermost hole as a singular number that amplifies the outermost hole before the general enlargement hole or the excavation line heating hole. This is a drawing that considers the vibration or destruction effect that the excavation heating hole adds 1 free surface when blasting the upper and upper expansion holes.

FIGS. 31 and 32 are the same as the descriptions of FIGS. 25 and 26, but additionally, this drawing is a method of applying to a site where the rock is a strong rock over a normal rock or where vibration is to be further controlled. As a method used in a rocky area where the blasting effect is less even when the resistance line is narrowed, a large number of armed pharmacists (secondary crushers) are inserted as shown in FIGS. 27 and 28 as shown in FIGS. 31 and 32 to relatively reduce vibration and noise. It is a method that induces optimal blasting that considers security items with a minimum charge while minimizing.

33 and 34 is an improved view that can control the vibration and noise required by the surrounding security objects below the allowable value by dividing the upper and lower ends of the mechanical excavation method of FIGS. 23 and 24 above the tunnel. The center of the lower primary zone, which is the primary control blasting section area among the excavation surfaces, is within the range of about 1.65 m or less from the bottom, and is the corner hole and the left and right sides so that the breaking hole of the secondary upper machine excavation becomes the minimum height to be the downward hole. The height of the outer wall hole part is the maximum height of the filling hole before and after 3 holes, including the bottom corner hole and the armed hole, is set to about 0.7 m or less from the bottom of the corner, and the breaking pressure increases from the center to the corner. It is first blasted with a large-diameter special control blasting characterized by narrowing down, and then the secondary zone of the upper part of the tunnel excavates the existing machine in the event that control blasting is difficult ( A method that a buffer? If) and combinations thereof.

35 and 36 are the same as those of FIGS. 33 and 34 of the preceding paragraph, but do not perform pre-crack blasting only in the control blasting zone, but also reduce the vibration and smooth the wall surface through line crack blasting the outermost hole with a relatively large number of inclined holes for mechanical excavation. Not only that, it reduces the number of digging machines, and adds 1 free surface of the cutting surface to make the digging easier, which can also be used in tunnel areas of vibration control areas where noise is not a problem.

The blasting section (top) (bottom) of the front section in FIG. 37 is a sectional view of railway lane and road one-way secondary blasting. After the construction of large-diameter special control blasting with 4 blasting, the upper secondary zone, the secondary blasting zone of the upper part, was divided into 2 ~ 3 free surfaces while all were downholes, and the ① circuit (0ms / delay delay) Reduce the S, set the amount of balls per hole to the 3 free face downhole, i.e. 2 free face balls apply the intensive charge and reduce the S (the gap between the charge ball and the charge hole) while adding an armed destruction aid with safety factor to add 3 free face dose It is a line-to-diameter split-composite drilling method designed to be sufficiently blasted and applied by making 2 delayed holes as 1 delayed dose according to the manufacturing error of the primer. In other words, the secondary zone is divided into 2 free surfaces and 3 free surfaces to make it easier to manage the primer arrangement and dosage. This is a method for explaining that vibration can be further controlled by a method in which blasting is induced with a dose of 3 free surfaces. 25 to 25, which were reviewed in the drawings of the upper half section of the tunnel excavation 4 ~ 5 type of the road construction lane 00 and the upper and lower surfaces of the tunnel excavation 4 ~ 5 type at the 00 site of the railway disconnection described above. As shown in FIG. 36, even if the entire cross-section of FIG. 37 is divided into the divisions of FIG. 40, the same method as in FIGS. 25 to 38 is included. 37 is a representative view of the front face.

FIG. 38 is a review drawing of the 00 site of the 4 lane tunnel of the road. In the drawing, the lower part is a very small resistance line, and the large diameter is a special control blasting, and the upper part is a machine excavation. The lower large cross section is a very small resistance line. As a special control blasting, the upper part is a downward hole, so it is a representative drawing for controlling blasting twice with 7 to 8 circuits using 2 and 3 free surfaces.

Fig. 39 is a section (top) of the upper section of this figure, divided into sections in a tunnel that separates the top and bottom surfaces of the 4-6 types in a small tunnel based on a railway single line or a one-lane road. Special control blasting, 2nd is a schematic diagram of this method of excavating machines according to complex control blasting or site conditions, and the divided section diagram (bottom) is 4-6 type in a small tunnel based on a railway double track or a two-lane road. This method is for dividing the section in the tunnel separating the top and bottom surfaces of the top surface, making the first lowermost section a large-diameter special control blasting, and the second one using a complex control blasting or excavating machines according to site conditions. It is a schematic diagram of the upper and lower balls of H ₁ = 0.4M to 1.2M or less in the upper and lower divisions of FIG. 39, and H = the center height of the large bore is 0.8 to 1.2M due to the characteristics of the equipment. It should be in the range of 1.65m to 1.1m, the location of the first square or the first circle (1'square or 1'circle).

Fig. 40 is a section (top) of the upper section of this figure, divided into sections 2 to 3 in a tunnel excavating 1 to 3 types of shear surfaces in a small tunnel based on a railway single line or a lane 1 The car is a large-diameter special control blasting, the second is a schematic diagram of this method of complex control blasting or mechanical excavation, and the divisional chart (bottom) is based on 2-4 lane roads, and is 1 ~ 3 type in a large tunnel. In the tunnel excavating at the shear surface, the division is divided according to the degree of control, and the primary bottom surface is performed with a large-diameter special control blasting, and the second (up to the third with many balls) is a composite control blasting, or this method of mechanical excavation. inde schematic view of upper and lower partition section also H ₁ = 0.4m ~ 1.1m and causes the ball to all down the upper end of the ball below the front and rear, H = the center of gravity of cod light industry because it is the nature 0.8 ~ 1.2m in the first rectangle in the light industry equipment cod or Second round (1'square or 1'circle) will be in the range of 1.65m ~ 1.2m hole locations.

The front end control blasting (top) of FIG. 41 is the upper half-section of the tunnel excavation 4 ~ 5 type of the 00 site of the road construction lane 2, and the upper center in FIG. 24 ① circuit area (0MS / delay at the beginning) is downward Although it is a ball, it can be assumed to be 2 free surfaces, and in the rest of the area except for the deep-foot ball (including 1 ~ 2 balls), the free holes in the 3 free surfaces are extended on both sides, 3 free surfaces, and 3 free surfaces. It is a diagram showing the direction of destruction for easier understanding with the floor bottom enlargement hole, and the front surface control blasting (lower) in FIG. 41 is 1 in the upper half section of the tunnel excavation 4 ~ 5 type of the 00 site of the roadway 2 lane. It is shown that the fracture direction of the 2 and 3 free surfaces can be clearly classified according to the positions of the blasters to which the linear large-diameter composite control blasting method as shown in FIGS. 25, 27, 29, and 31 divided into 2nd order is applied. .

Claims (6)

Depending on the physical properties of the rock around the tunnel, the excavation method is determined by dividing the tunnel excavation section applied to the front end section or the upper half section using a large borehole into the first lower section and the second upper section again to reduce vibration. The primary and secondary for reducing the risk of falling rock when excavating the secondary upper zone after excavation of the primary lower zone, making the fracture direction of the secondary fracture zone of the secondary upper excavation surface to be a good working condition. The center of the excavation surface of the primary lower section that makes the center of the car excavation rise up to the center is 1.6 m or less from the bottom, and the height of the outermost hole on the left and right is the height of the first hole around the large diameter so that the work load is small. The minimum is 0.4 m to 1.2 m or less at the bottom, and a pentagonal shape generated from a large bore hole 1 or a hexagonal shape generated from a large bore 2 or more hole This is a method of making the minimum excavation cross-section, and boring one hole of the line large diameter hole, and in the case of two or more holes, the interval between the center of one large diameter hole and the center of the adjacent large diameter hole is in the range of 0.8 m to 1.3 m, pentagonal or hexagonal The primary sub-section of the minimum cross-section of the shape performs special control blasting using large-diameter pores while minimizing the amount of balls per hole by reducing the resistance line and the hole spacing,
The secondary upper section excavates the rock using a mechanical drilling rig through a mechanical drilling auxiliary drilling hole created after pre-drilling in various sizes,
When performing the large-diameter special control blasting of the primary lower zone, the secondary upper zone is subjected to special control blasting rather than mechanical excavation, and the entire secondary upper zone has 2 free surfaces where vibration is much less. As a free surface and a uniform downward expansion hole, the first detonation zone that is the fastest detonated among the same number of primers in the central circuit which is the control blasting zone of the secondary upper zone, the second free surface downward expansion hole is detonated first. Afterwards, the rest of the circuits except the central circuit of the secondary upper zone are 3 free-face downward magnifiers, and they make the same primer number detonate while sequentially delaying in the order of each circuit. As it is detonated sequentially, the entire blasters arrange the primers in the same way, and the detonator is the slowest. The start time of the end circuit area should be 8ms to 25ms or more before the start time of the next stage, the fastest start time of the primer, which is not the start of vibration, and the 2 free and 3 free surface holes are the same condition in the dose setting. The dose of is applied, and the two free face balls have a relatively large vibration because the angle of destruction is less than that of the three free face balls. A line large-diameter split-composite method that adds a weak hole. delete According to claim 1, When performing a large-diameter special control blasting of the secondary upper zone, when blasting 5 to 10 times based on 500ms, a primer having a 500ms interval is selectively used, and the production of detonated primer 2 delayed primers of 1400ms or 2,000ms after considering the initial error are set as 1 delayed hole considering the initial deviation (error), or delayed primers after 4,500ms are considered when the number of primers is large. set 3 1 Ji Ji ball into a ball and have a large diameter split line combined drilling method. According to claim 1, The outermost machine excavation auxiliary hole of the secondary upper zone is reduced to 0.3m to 0.5m interval of the excavation hole with a small diameter for control blasting, the mill plant increases by 15% than expected In the case of the charge method, when the explosives of φ25mm / 125g and φ32mm / 250g per piece are selected, the minimum base explosive that the fine explosive of φ17mm / 100g per piece with a small pore diameter used for columnar charging can be net bombed is 60g to 250g Using the outermost hole primer arrangement method, a plurality of balls are grouped by the same number using a starter primer having a fast detonation delay, and then sequentially sequential detonation, followed by mechanical excavation of the secondary upper excavation with 1 free surface increased. Line large-diameter split composite drilling method. According to claim 1, The distance between the outermost hole of the second upper zone, the drill hole is reduced to 0.3m to 0.5m, the fabric factory is increased by 10% than the outermost heating hole, φ25mm / 125g and φ32mm / per piece When the explosive of 250g is selected, the minimum base explosive of which 1 to 2 fine explosives of φ17mm / 100g per one having a small pore size used for columnar charging can be net bombed is 60g to 125g, and the outermost hole The primer arrangement method is a method of performing large-diameter special control blasting of the secondary upper part except the outermost hole by first detonating the multiple balls with the same number by using a starter primer whose detonation delay is faster than that of an enlarged or deep hole. Split large-diameter composite drilling method using crack blasting. The method according to any one of claims 1, 3 to 5, wherein the large diameter of the line has a diameter of φ300mm to φ500mm, and the height to the center of the large diameter hole includes a range of 1.3m from the bottom of the excavation surface. And, the height to the first charge hole of the large-diameter ball includes a range of 1.7m from the bottom, the mechanical excavation equipment is a line large-diameter split-composite construction method including wedge-shaped jacky used for grafting onto a fork lane, and bureka.

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