KR101866626B1 - Melamine coating finishing foil having an improved durability ablation and environment friendly and the manufacturing method thereof - Google Patents
Melamine coating finishing foil having an improved durability ablation and environment friendly and the manufacturing method thereof Download PDFInfo
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- KR101866626B1 KR101866626B1 KR1020160006033A KR20160006033A KR101866626B1 KR 101866626 B1 KR101866626 B1 KR 101866626B1 KR 1020160006033 A KR1020160006033 A KR 1020160006033A KR 20160006033 A KR20160006033 A KR 20160006033A KR 101866626 B1 KR101866626 B1 KR 101866626B1
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- foil
- melamine
- melamine resin
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- roll
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
- B32B37/24—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with at least one layer not being coherent before laminating, e.g. made up from granular material sprinkled onto a substrate
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
- B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
- B32B27/10—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of paper or cardboard
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
- B32B38/0036—Heat treatment
- B32B38/004—Heat treatment by physically contacting the layers, e.g. by the use of heated platens or rollers
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
- B32B38/14—Printing or colouring
- B32B38/145—Printing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
- B32B38/16—Drying; Softening; Cleaning
- B32B38/164—Drying
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
- B32B37/24—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with at least one layer not being coherent before laminating, e.g. made up from granular material sprinkled onto a substrate
- B32B2037/243—Coating
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/554—Wear resistance
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2319/00—Synthetic rubber
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a melamine-coated finish foil reinforced with eco-friendliness and abrasion resistance, a method for producing the same, and an architectural interior material using the same. In the method for manufacturing a melamine- A method for producing a continuous finishing foil by sequentially applying printing and melamine resin on a paper substrate, drying and molding the same, wherein the manufacturing method comprises a step of printing coating 1 degree, 2 degree and 3 degree pattern through gravure printing ; Coating the pattern with a melamine resin at 4, 5, 6, and 7 degrees through gravure printing after printing the pattern; Drying the melamine resin coated foil on a continuously moving roll; And winding the dried foil through a heat-hardening heating roll and a forming roll, and then winding the dried foil on a winding roll.
The melamine coated finishing foil of the present invention having enhanced environmental friendliness and abrasion resistance of the present invention and the method of manufacturing the same have the following drawbacks. That is, the finishing foil is produced by coating a melamine resin on a surface paper by a specific process through gravure printing, It is possible to remarkably increase the productivity and to reduce the raw material cost while maintaining the excellent abrasion resistance without requiring the impregnation and press process, which is a useful invention for solving the conventional problems.
Description
The present invention relates to a melamine-coated finish foil having enhanced environmental friendliness and abrasion resistance, a method for producing the same, and an architectural interior material using the same. More specifically, the present invention relates to a melamine resin composition which is coated on paper or paper by gravure printing, It is remarkably strengthened with abrasion resistance and environmental friendliness, so it can be produced with high productivity while reducing cost compared to conventional low pressure melamine impregnated paper (LPM) when used as a surface material for building materials, thereby being environmentally friendly and abrasion resistant And a method for manufacturing the same, and an architectural interior material using the same.
In general, instead of expensive timber as building interior materials, various kinds of materials such as plywood, medium density fiberboard (MDF), hardboard, particle board as well as so-called wood base materials are used, Such a material is poor in roughness, strength and aesthetics of the surface thereof, and the surface thereof may be subjected to surface treatment such as paper (paper), a thermoplastic resin sheet, a thermosetting resin impregnation So-called so-called decorative sheet, which is composed of a sheet of paper, paper, paper, and the like.
In this way, various types of finishing foils have been used for surface decorating or finishing of architectural interior materials. For example, high-pressure laminate (HPL) , Low pressure laminate (LPL), low pressure melamine (LPM), PVC (polyvinylchloride), and PC (polycarbonate).
Among the above-mentioned finish foils, PVC, which is capable of printing various patterns, is mainly used by mass production. Particularly, such a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resin has high hardness so as to replace metal, glass, wood, It has been used extensively because of its light characteristics. However, its use has caused a worldwide problem due to the problem of dioxin generation and the carcinogenicity of the added plasticizer in incineration by containing chlorine in the molecule and disposal after use, The use of low pressure melamine (LPM) finish foil as a finish foil is rapidly and increasingly used.
Various methods for improving the properties and imparting additional properties to such low-pressure melamine (LPM) have been studied and proposed. For example, Korean Patent Application No. 2012-0053438 discloses "flame retardant low- The present invention provides a low-pressure melamine sheet having no whitening phenomenon caused by preprocessed urea resin and melamine resin, and having transparency and flame retardancy, and a process for producing the same, wherein a phosphoric acid flame retardant is added to the urea resin and the melamine resin, A pre-treatment step of forming an urea resin impregnation solution and a melamine resin coating solution by stirring; Impregnating the urea resin impregnating solution with impregnating and drying kraft paper or kraft paper; And a coating step of coating and drying a melamine resin coating solution on a shape paper or a clad paper after the impregnation step, wherein the urea resin impregnating solution is prepared by mixing 10 to 30 parts by weight of a phosphate type flame retardant, 1 to 3 parts by weight of a glycol type emulsifier is added to 100 parts by weight of a melamine resin, and 10 to 30 parts by weight of a phosphate type flame retardant and 1 to 3 parts by weight of a glycol type emulsifier are added to 55 parts by weight of a melamine resin coating solution (5-Ethyl-2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl) methyl dimethyl phosphonate P-oxide 65 to 75 wt%, Bis [ 2-methyl-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl) methyl] methyl phosphonate P, P'-dioxide in an amount of 20 to 30 wt% and the balance of water in an amount of 100 wt% For example, in Korean Patent Application No. 2012-0063457, " Under the name of method for producing a surface member LPM ", the method comprising impregnating the first component resin to paper (S1); (S2) drying the impregnated paper first; (S3) secondarily impregnating the nano-yellow soil solution, the additive and the melamine resin mixture onto the primary dried paper; (S4) secondary drying the second impregnated paper; And cooling the dried paper (S5). ≪ IMAGE > Korean Patent Registration No. 10-1355525 discloses a method for producing a composite board of a melamine faced composite board in which a crude oil extraction solution and an oil mixture are added, Extracting the untransformed tree extract solution and the untransformed tree oil; mixing the untransformed tree extract solution and the untransformed tree oil in a ratio of 20: 1 to 100 parts by weight of melamine resin; Adding 0.9 to 1 part by weight to the melamine resin, impregnating the melamine resin with a printing paper or a monochrome paper to impregnate the melamine resin so as to permeate the melamine resin, drying the melamine resin after the impregnation step to form a melamine sheet, Characterized in that the sheet is attached to the inside and the outside surface of the furniture and used as a finishing material. &Quot; discloses a method for producing a composite board of a melamine faced sheet to which a mixed liquid is added.
However, at a time when demand creation for finished foil is greatly increased in recent years, a method of producing a conventional low-pressure melamine product as well as a low-pressure melamine product disclosed in the above-mentioned patent documents, And then the impregnated paper is melamine resin impregnated with the melamine resin, and the paper is produced by press molding and drying. In the case of manufacturing through the above-mentioned conventional impregnation and pressing process, the productivity is low and it can not cope with rapidly increasing demand. There are various problems such as an increase in cost, and a solution has been demanded.
The inventors of the present invention have made intensive studies to solve the problems in the prior art, and have found that they are excellent in abrasion resistance and are environmentally friendly without going through impregnation and pressing processes, which are indispensably required in the above- The present invention can provide a finish foil for environmentally friendly furniture surface material which is excellent in both water resistance and stain resistance and can be used immediately after production to reduce costs and dramatically increase productivity, It was completed.
Accordingly, the present invention has been made in view of the above problems of the prior art, and it is a main object of the present invention to provide a process for producing low-pressure melamine, which is superior to the impregnation and pressing process, which is a process indispensably required in the prior art, And a method of manufacturing a finished foil of a melamine-coated finish which can reduce a raw material cost.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a finished foil of a melamine-coated melamine, which can be produced environmentally friendly with excellent productivity and is excellent in both water resistance and stain resistance and can be used immediately after production.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a finishing foil having the above-mentioned excellent characteristics and having enhanced environmental friendliness and abrasion resistance, and an architectural interior material using the same.
The present invention may also be directed to accomplishing other objects that can be easily derived by those skilled in the art from the overall description of the present specification, other than the above-described and obvious objects.
In order to accomplish the above object, the present invention provides a method for producing a melamine coated finish foil which is enhanced in environmental friendliness and abrasion resistance;
A method for producing a continuous finishing foil by sequentially applying printing and melamine resin on a decorative paper or pattern printed with a pattern and drying and molding the same,
The method comprises: printing and coating 1 degree, 2 degree and 3 degree patterns through gravure printing;
Coating the pattern with a melamine resin at 4, 5, 6, and 7 degrees through gravure printing after printing the pattern;
Drying the melamine resin coated foil on a continuously moving roll; And
Passing the dried foil between a heat-hardening heating roll and a forming roll, and winding the dried foil on a winding roll.
According to another aspect of the present invention, the melamine resin further comprises a curing agent.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the melamine resin is characterized by further comprising one or more of a silicon-based compound or a fluorine-containing compound.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the melamine resin is coated using methanol as a solvent.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the fluorine-containing compound is characterized by using a compound containing a poly (perfluoroalkylene ether).
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the thermosetting heating roll has a diameter of 900 to 1,100 mm, and its surface is coated with Teflon.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the thermosetting heating roll is heated to a temperature of 200 to 300 ° C.
The melamine coated finish foil of the present invention for enhancing the environmental friendliness and abrasion resistance of the present invention for achieving the above other object is characterized in that:
A decorative paper or a pattern printed on a pattern, and printing and melamine resin are sequentially coated on the paper, followed by drying and molding, printing and coating 1 degree, 2 degree and 3 degree patterns through gravure printing; Coating the pattern with a melamine resin at 4, 5, 6, and 7 degrees through gravure printing after printing the pattern; Drying the melamine resin coated foil on a continuously moving roll; And winding the dried foil through a heat-hardening heating roll and a forming roll and then winding the same on a winding roll.
In order to accomplish the above objects, the present invention provides an architectural interior material using a melamine coated finish foil reinforced with eco-friendliness and abrasion resistance;
A decorative paper or a pattern printed on a pattern, and printing and melamine resin are sequentially coated on the paper, followed by drying and molding, printing and coating 1 degree, 2 degree and 3 degree patterns through gravure printing; Coating the pattern with a melamine resin at 4, 5, 6, and 7 degrees through gravure printing after printing the pattern; Drying the melamine resin coated foil on a continuously moving roll; And a step of passing the dried foil between a heat-hardening heating roll and a forming roll, and winding the dried foil on a winding roll, wherein the eco-friendly and abrasion-resistant melamine coated finish foil is used.
The melamine coated finishing foil of the present invention having the above-described environment-friendly and wear-resistant properties, and the method of manufacturing the same, and the construction interior material using the same, can be manufactured by coating a melamine resin on a shape paper by a specific process through gravure printing, It is possible to remarkably increase the productivity and to reduce the raw material cost while maintaining the superior abrasion resistance without impregnating and pressing steps which are essentially required in the prior art, and also the obtained finish foil has the water resistance and stain resistance Of the present invention, it is possible to provide a low-pressure melamine product replacing PVC, which forms a large-scale market, at a more economical and superior productivity, thereby completely eliminating the above-mentioned conventional problems Invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic view schematically showing a manufacturing process of a melamine-coated finish foil in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention, in which the environmentally friendly and abrasion resistance is enhanced.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the preferred embodiments, but it goes without saying that the present invention is not limited to the following embodiments, and various modifications may be made within the scope of the present invention. Furthermore, well-known components, well known operations, and well-known techniques are not specifically described in the detailed description to avoid obscuring the present invention.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. In the present specification, the singular forms include plural forms unless otherwise specified in the specification. Also, components and acts referred to as " comprising (or comprising) " do not exclude the presence or addition of one or more other components and operations.
As described above, the low-pressure melamine product currently used at home and abroad is produced through the press process using the impregnation method, which is advantageous as an eco-friendly material compared to the PVC finish foil, but the productivity is not satisfactory In order to solve this problem, in the present invention, a coating method using gravure printing on a paper or a patterned paper is used. In this case, And a heat roller, a heating roll, and a forming roll, it is possible to provide a low-pressure melamine product that dramatically improves productivity and reduces the amount of melamine resin used as a raw material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 is a schematic view schematically showing a manufacturing process of a melamine-coated finish foil having enhanced environmental friendliness and abrasion resistance according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, with reference to the accompanying drawings, to be.
As shown in FIG. 1, the manufacturing process of the melamine coated finishing foil according to the present invention is a method of coating ink or melamine resin on the surface of paper or paper using conventional gravure printing, (P section in Fig. 1) in which the primary printing liquid obtained by mixing the ink and the polyurethane into the solvent is printed and coated three times (three times in total) at 1 degree, 2 degrees and 3 degrees through gravure printing using a gravure printing machine, The melamine resin is coated four times (four times in total) at 4 degrees, 5 degrees, 6 degrees, and 7 degrees while the foil having the patterns printed thereon is passed through the subsequent sequential gravure printing machine (Section T in FIG. 1) in which the melamine resin-coated foil is continuously moved on a roll; and a step of heating the dried foil to a
As shown in FIG. 1, according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, ink and melamine resin are coated on a paper or a shape paper while passing through each roll (R) of a gravure printing machine. In such gravure printing, A small dryer capable of drying the coated surface immediately after coating is attached between the rolls so that the coated surface can be instantaneously dried instantly by the dryer. The instant drying that is carried out immediately after the coating of each step by the small sized dryer installed in the middle can more reliably perform the coating to enhance the durability and improve the productivity.
When the melamine resin coating is completed in the section M in FIG. 1, the melamine resin coated foil is coated on the continuously moving roll by the large dryer (D) in the section T of FIG. Lt; / RTI > According to a preferred embodiment, the T section to be dried by the large dryer (D) is set to about 15 m, though not limited thereto, may be most effective in enhancing the wear resistance and improving the productivity.
The dried foil is then passed between the
As described above, according to the constitution of the present invention, the finish foil coated with melamine on the surface passes between the
According to another embodiment of the present invention, the
Since the heat-curing heating roll and the forming roll have a relatively thin finish foil passing therethrough and the heat of the thermosetting heating roll is easily transmitted to the entire foil, the Teflon coating is applied to the surface thereof so that adequate heat transfer And the temperature is set to a relatively low temperature of 200 to 300 DEG C, and the passage time can be set to a relatively short 0.1 to 0.5 seconds. As a result, the manufacturing efficiency of the finished foil can be improved.
The finished foil is manufactured according to the process of the present invention as described above. As described above, each process of the present invention progresses sequentially through the in-line process, thereby improving the productivity.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the melamine resin further comprises a curing agent. The curing agent may preferably be a melamine resin: curing agent in a proportion of 93 to 97% by weight: 3 to 7% by weight. At this time, a melamine resin having a solid content of 60% can be used. Most preferably, the curing agent may be mixed in an amount of 5% by weight.
The curing agent used according to the present invention is not limited to a specific one, but a polyurethane resin and a polyisocyanate curing agent can be used.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the melamine resin may further comprise one or more of a silicon-based compound or a fluorine-containing compound.
According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the coating of the melamine resin of the present invention can be composed of 95 kg of a melamine resin having a solid content of 60% and 5 kg of a polyisocyanate curing agent. At this time, the melamine resin may consist of 60% solids and 40% methanol as a solvent.
According to the present invention, a fluorine-containing compound may be added. Such a fluorine-containing compound combines water repellency and oil repellency, and can be imparted with water repellency and oil repellency by coating on the surface of an article. (Perfluoroalkylene ether) can be used as an effective fluorine-containing compound, although not particularly limited thereto. The fluorine-containing compound used in the present invention may be a fluorine- have. Preferably, a urethane acrylate having a poly (perfluoroalkylene ether) chain obtained by reacting a poly (perfluoroalkylene ether) having a hydroxyl group with a monomer having a hydroxyl group and an acyl group is added to the triisocyanate have.
In addition, the finishing foil according to the present invention can be used by adding a silicon-based compound to a melamine resin. Such a silicon-based compound is a silicon hydroxide and an oxide of silicon, and fluoroalkylsilane compounds obtainable from a fluoroalkylsilane compound As the organosilicon compound selected from the group consisting of organosilane compounds, the organosilicon compounds that can be used in the present invention include organosilane compounds obtained from alkoxysilane compounds; Polysiloxane modified with at least one compound selected from the group consisting of polyethers, polyesters, and epoxy compounds, and polysiloxane having a molecular terminal modified to at least one selected from the group consisting of carboxylic acid groups, alcohol groups, and hydroxyl groups; And a fluoroalkyl organosilane compound obtained from a fluoroalkylsilane compound may be used.
According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the solvent for the melamine resin of the present invention is not limited to this, but methanol may be used. As described above, methanol used according to the preferred embodiment of the present invention is a transparent colorless and flammable liquid, and stimulates the eyes, mucous membranes and skin. At a high concentration, methanol is used to inhibit the central nervous system.
The finished foil reinforced with the environment-friendliness and abrasion resistance of the present invention having the above-described constitution can be used in the case where no toxic substances such as TBT, TPT, DEHP, lead cadmium and mercury, formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds and toluene are hardly detected, It is used as a finishing foil for building materials and is widely used for flooring, door, ceiling wallpaper, etc. As a finish foil of the present invention, it is used as an environmentally friendly material to be detected, , It is possible to provide eco-friendly products with better productivity and lower manufacturing cost, thereby greatly enhancing the spread of LPM.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples, but it goes without saying that the scope of the present invention is not limited to these Examples.
Example
2, and 3-degree patterns are printed and coated sequentially with melamine resin at 4, 5, 6, and 7, and the melamine resin is coated with melamine resin The dried foil was passed between a thermosetting heating roll and a forming roll and then wound up on a winding roll to prepare a melamine coated finishing foil. During the gravure printing, a small dryer is installed between the rolls to dry the coated surface immediately after coating, so that the coated surface can be instantly dried instantaneously. The thermosetting heating roll had a diameter of 1,000 mm and its surface was coated with Teflon. The pressure between the thermosetting heating roll and the forming roll was 20 kg / cm 2, and the passing time was about 0.3 seconds. And heated to a temperature of about 75 캜. The melamine resin used in the coating was mixed with 95% by weight of a melamine resin having a solid content of 60% and 5% by weight of a polyisocyanate curing agent. The melamine resin was composed of 60% of a solid content and 40% Respectively.
Comparative Example
A low-pressure melamine product was produced by a conventional known method through a process of impregnating a shape paper with a melamine resin and press molding.
Experimental Example
Table 1 shows the results of comparing the resin-saving cost and the productivity of each process in the manufacturing process of the melamine product according to the above Examples and Comparative Examples.
As a result of examining the production results of the finished foil according to the examples and the comparative examples as described above, it was evaluated that the embodiment according to the present invention achieves a cost reduction of about 50% as compared with the comparative example of the conventional method.
While the present invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to exemplary embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. Of course.
11 --- Heat curing heating roll
12 --- forming roll
13 --- Winding Roll
R --- gravure printing machine roll
D, D '--- dryer
Claims (4)
The method includes: printing and coating three patterns of 1 degree, 2 degrees, and 3 degrees through gravure printing;
Coating the pattern with melamine resin four times, four times, five degrees, six degrees, and seven degrees through gravure printing after printing the pattern;
Drying the melamine resin coated foil on a continuously moving roll; And
Passing the dried foil between a thermosetting heating roll and a forming roll, and then winding the dried foil on a winding roll,
Here, the melamine resin may include a curing agent in a proportion of 93 to 97% by weight: 3 to 7% by weight of a melamine resin: curing agent,
Wherein the thermosetting heating roll has a diameter of 900 to 1,100 mm and a surface thereof is coated with Teflon, thereby enhancing the environmental friendliness and wear resistance of the melamine-coated finish foil.
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