KR100642554B1 - 풍력 발전 플랜트의 운전 방법 - Google Patents

풍력 발전 플랜트의 운전 방법 Download PDF

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KR100642554B1
KR100642554B1 KR1020037013275A KR20037013275A KR100642554B1 KR 100642554 B1 KR100642554 B1 KR 100642554B1 KR 1020037013275 A KR1020037013275 A KR 1020037013275A KR 20037013275 A KR20037013275 A KR 20037013275A KR 100642554 B1 KR100642554 B1 KR 100642554B1
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알로이즈 우벤
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/028—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power
    • F03D7/0284—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor controlling wind motor output power in relation to the state of the electric grid
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D7/00—Controlling wind motors 
    • F03D7/02—Controlling wind motors  the wind motors having rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor
    • F03D7/04—Automatic control; Regulation
    • F03D7/042—Automatic control; Regulation by means of an electrical or electronic controller
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D9/00—Adaptations of wind motors for special use; Combinations of wind motors with apparatus driven thereby; Wind motors specially adapted for installation in particular locations
    • F03D9/20—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus
    • F03D9/25—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator
    • F03D9/255—Wind motors characterised by the driven apparatus the apparatus being an electrical generator connected to electrical distribution networks; Arrangements therefor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/103—Purpose of the control system to affect the output of the engine
    • F05B2270/1033—Power (if explicitly mentioned)
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/10—Purpose of the control system
    • F05B2270/107—Purpose of the control system to cope with emergencies
    • F05B2270/1071—Purpose of the control system to cope with emergencies in particular sudden load loss
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2270/00—Control
    • F05B2270/30—Control parameters, e.g. input parameters
    • F05B2270/337—Electrical grid status parameters, e.g. voltage, frequency or power demand
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Control Of Eletrric Generators (AREA)
  • Supply And Distribution Of Alternating Current (AREA)
  • Wind Motors (AREA)
  • Connection Of Motors, Electrical Generators, Mechanical Devices, And The Like (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)

Abstract

본 발명은 로터에 의해 구동 가능하고 발전기를 구비한 풍력 터빈을 동작시키는 방법에 관한 것으로, 전기 부하 특히 배전 망에 전기 전력을 공급하기 위한 방법에 관한 것이다. 망에서의 오르내림을 가능한 보상하기 위해서, 발전기에 의해 부하에 전달되는 전력은 부하에 출력되는 전류에 대응해서 조정되도록 시스템이 구성된다.
풍력 발전, 로터, 망.

Description

풍력 발전 플랜트의 운전 방법{METHOD FOR OPERATING A WIND ENERGY PLANT}
본 발명은 로터(rotor)에 의해 구동 가능한 전기 발전기(electric generator)를 구비한 풍력 터빈(wind turbine)을 운전하는 방법에 관한 것으로서, 특히 배전망(electric grid)과 같은 전기 부하(electric load)에 전기 전력을 공급하기 위한 방법을 제공한다.
본 발명은 로터와, 전기 부하 특히 배전망에 전기 전력을 공급하기 위한 로터에 연결된 전기 발전기를 구비한 풍력 터빈에 관한 것이다.
풍력 에너지로부터 전기 에너지를 생산하는 풍력 터빈에 있어서, 전기 부하, 즉 종종 배전망을 갖는 발전기가 배전망에 대해 병렬로 연결되어 운전된다. 다시 설명하면, 바람 공급이 충분하면 풍력 터빈은 전기 에너지를 만들어서 망(grid)에 전기 에너지를 제공한다.
그러나, 만일 망(grid)에 고장이 발생하는 경우, 예를 들어서 망에서 단락(short circuit) 사고가 발생하여, 그 결과 망에 장애가 발생하는 경우, 풍력 터빈은 망으로부터 분리되어 정상 작동 상태로 돌아올 때까지 망에 재결합되지 않아야 한다.
이것은 소요 전압 또는 소요 전력에 있어 상당한 오르내림(fluctuation)이 있는 경우, 상기 망 장애 발생 시에 이에 후속하여 특히 절박한 상황에 있는 망에 대한 즉각적인 도움을 제공하는 것이 가능하지 않다.
따라서, 본 발명의 목적은 망(grid)에 있어서, 발생할 수 있는 오르내림(fluctuations)을 보상할 수 있는, 하나 또는 복수 개의 풍력 터빈을 위한 제어 시스템을 제공하는 데 있다. 상기 목적은 본 명세서 서두에서 기술한 종류의 방법으로 달성 가능한데, 발전기에 의해 부하에 공급되는 전력은 부하에 출력되는 전류에 응답하여 조절된다.
앞서 서두에서 기술한 종류의 장치를 통해서, 본 발명의 목적은 부하에 전달되는 전기 전류를 측정하는 전류 센서를 포함하는 제어 장치에 의해 달성되며, 그 결과 발전기가 부하에 전달하는 전력은 전류 센서가 감지하는 전력량에 의해 제어된다.
이와 같이 해서, 망으로부터의 소요 전력량에 오르내림(fluctuation)이 있을 경우에도, 요구되는 만큼의 전력이 생성되어 망에 공급되게 된다. 예를 들어서 망에서의 단락 사고로 인해 망 장애가 발생하는 경우, 풍력 터빈 및/또는 망에 과부하가 걸리는 것을 방지하기 위하여, 망에 전달되는 전류가 선정된 값을 넘지 아니하도록 상기 풍력 터빈이 제어되어야 한다.
본 발명의 양호한 실시예로서, 한편으로는 손상 위험 요소를 배제하고 다른 한편으로는 가능한 망에 전력을 잘 공급하기 위하여, 송출될 수 있는 최대 전류 레벨을 각각의 망 위상(grid phase)에 대해 조절한다.
본 발명의 양호한 실시예로서, 상기 풍력 발전 터빈은 원격 제어부가 원격에서 제어하는 조건에 해당하는 외부 입력에 의해 운전될 수 있다. 이와 같이 해서, 예를 들어 전력 공급 회사는 순간 망을 공급하기 위해 필요한 전류의 양을 풍력 발전 터빈에 송출하도록 요구할 수 있다.
도1은 망에 전력을 공급하는 풍력 발전 터빈의 개략도.
도2는 풍력 터빈을 동작시키기 위한 본 발명에 따른 제어 장치를 나타낸 도면.
도3은 제어 및 조정 구성에서 메인 부품의 블록도.
본 발명에 따른 또 다른 양호한 실시예들이 부속 청구항에 기술된다. 본 발명에 따른 실시예는 도면을 참조하여 상세히 설명된다.
도1에 간략히 도시된 대로, 로터(4)를 구비한 풍력 터빈(2)은, 예를 들어 공중 망(public grid)일 수도 있는 배전망(6)에 연결된다. 다수의 전기 부하(8)가 망에 연결된다.
풍력 터빈(2)의 전기 발전기(도1에는 도시하지 않음)는, 발전기에서 생산되는 교류 전류를 일단 정류해서, 망 주파수에 해당하는 주파수를 지닌 교류 전류로 변환하는 전기 제어 및 조정 장비(electrical control and regulation arrangement; 10)에 결합되어 있다. 망(6) 대신에, 단일 부하가 풍력 터빈(2)에 의한 전기 에너지로 공급받을 수 있다. 제어 및 조정 장비(10)는 본 발명에 따른 조정 장치를 가질 수 있다.
도2는 본 발명에 따른 조정 장치를 나타낸다. 간단한 형태로 나타낸 로터(4)는 풍속 및 풍력에 의존하여 전기 전력량을 공급하는 발전기(12)에 결합한다. 발전기(12)에서 생산되는 교류 전류는 초기에 정류되어서 망 주파수에 대응한 주파수를 갖는 교류 전류로 변환된다.
전류 센서(도시하지 않음)의 도움으로, 망(6)(도1에 도시됨)으로 인입되는 전류량이 검출된다. 상기 전류량은 동시에 선정된 전류값(Imax)과 비교된다.
삭제
망(6)으로 인입되는 전류가 선정된 전류 최대치 Imax를 초과하는 경우, 전체 풍력 터빈(및/또는 발전기)에 의해 생성되는 전력은, 망에 송출되는 전류가 선정된 임계값 Imax를 넘지 않도록 조절 장치에 의해 조정된다.
예를 들어, 단락 발생 시에는 예전보다 망에 전력 출력의 레벨을 낮춰서 송출하고, 예를 들어 덤프 부하(저항)를 위해서는 망에 인입되지 않는 전력을 망 밖에서 사용하거나 또는 캐패시터 또는 기타 임시 저장 장치에 인입되지 않는 전력을 공급함으로써 전력을 망 밖에서 사용하는 풍력 터빈에 의해 달성된다.
망의 전체 이용이 회복되면, 망으로 저장 에너지가 전달되는 것이 회복될 수 있다. 이와 같이 해서, 망에 단락이 발생한 경우에도 단락 발생으로 인해 전류가 선정된 임계값 이상을 초과하는 것을 방지하면서 풍력 터빈은 망에 전력을 공급하고 망을 유지할 수 있게 된다.
도3은 도1에 도시한 제어 및 조정 장치(10)의 요소를 나타낸다. 제어 및 조정 장치(10)는 정류기(16)를 포함하고 있으며, 발전기에 의해 생성되는 교류 전류를 정류한다.
정류기(16)에 연결된 인버터(inverter; 18)는 직류 전류를 망 주파수에 해당하는 주파수의 교류 전류로 변환한다. 이 전류는 삼상 L1, L2, L3으로 망(6)에 공급된다.
상기 인버터(18)는 조정 장치의 일 부분을 형성하는 마이크로콘트롤러(20)의 도움으로 제어된다. 이와 같은 목적에서, 마이크로프로세서(20)는 인버터(18)에 연결된다.
풍력 터빈(2)에 의해 공급되는 전기 전력이 망(6)에 공급되는 전류를 조정하는 입력 변수는 순시 전류 및/또는 순시 전류, 망 주파수, 발전기의 전기 전력 출력 P, 전력률 cos
Figure 112005052108038-pct00001
및 전력 미분치 dP/dt이다.
본 발명에 따라, 망에 송출되는 전류의 조정은 마이크로프로세서(20)로 구현된다. 각각의 위상 L1, L2, L3에서의 전류는 개별적으로 분리해서 검출되며, 각각의 레벨은 본 발명에 따른 조절 설비에 고려된다.
특정 위상의 측정 전류(레벨) Iactual이 선정된 최대 전류치를 초과하면, 인버터(18)가 제어되어서 전류(레벨)가 선정된 전류 최대치 Imax 이하로 떨어지도록 제어되어서, 풍력 에너지로부터 생성되는 전기에너지가 망으로 공급되는 것이 중지되고, 예를 들어 저항(덤프 부하)으로 출력되거나 또는 임시 저장 장치(캐패시터 또는 울트라 캡)에 저장된다.
풍력 터빈을 위한 제어 시스템은 독립적으로 운전될 수 있다. 예를 들어, 개별 망 위상 전압 및/또는 위상 위치를 감시함으로써 망에서의 단락을 검출한다. 만일, 선정된 전압의 임계치 및/또는 위상차가 도달하면, 풍력 터빈은 단락을 감지하고 제공된 알고리즘에 따라 작동하게 된다.
외부 접근(22)에 의해, 예를 들어 풍력 터빈이 연결되어 있는 망에 전력 공급 회사가 접근하여 예를 들어 망에 공급될 전류량을 변화시키거나 전류의 타입(활성 전류, 반응 전류) 및/또는 위상각 및/또는 위상 위치 등을 조절하는 것이 가능하다.
이와 같이 해서, 전력 공급 회사는(전류, 전압, 전기전력)과 같은 수치를 네트워크 오퍼레이터가 요구하는 대로 풍력 터빈에 의해 망에 전달되는 전력에 대해 정확히 조절하는 것이 가능해 진다.

Claims (16)

  1. 로터(rotor)에 의해 구동되고, 전기 부하에 전기 전력을 공급하거나 배전망(electric grid)에 전기 전력을 공급하기 위한 전기 발전기를 구비한 풍력 터빈을 운전하는 방법에 있어서,
    (a) 상기 전기 부하에 공급되는 전기 전력의 전류를 검출하는 단계; 및
    (b) 상기 검출 전류에 따라 상기 발전기가 상기 전기 부하에 공급하는 전력을 조정(regulate)하는 단계
    를 포함하는 풍력 터빈 운전 방법.
  2. 제1항에 있어서, 망(grid)에 단락 사고가 발생하는 경우, 상기 단계 (b)의 발전기에 의해 공급되는 전기 전력을 조정하는 단계는 상기 전기 부하에 공급되는 전기 전력의 전류가 전류의 선정된 임계값을 넘지 아니하도록 구성됨을 특징으로 하는 풍력 터빈 운전 방법.
  3. 제1항 또는 제2항 중 어느 한 항에 있어서, 상기 전류는 망 주파수에 해당하는 주파수를 지닌 교류 전류임을 특징으로 하는 풍력 터빈 운전 방법.
  4. 삭제
  5. 삭제
  6. 삭제
  7. 삭제
  8. 삭제
  9. 로터와, 상기 로터에 연결되어 전기 배전망에 전기 전력을 송출하는 전기 발전기를 구비하고, 상기 배전망에 공급되는 전기 전류를 검출하는 전류 센서를 구비한 조정 장치를 구비하고, 상기 조정 장치는 상기 전류 센서가 검출하는 전류에 대응해서 발전기가 상기 배전망에 공급할 전기 전력을 조정하는 것을 특징으로 하는 풍력 터빈.
  10. 제9항에 있어서, 상기 조정 장치는 마이크로 프로세서(20)를 지니는 것을 특징으로 하는 풍력 터빈.
  11. 삭제
  12. 제9항에 있어서, 상기 망에 단락을 검출하는 장치를 포함하는 풍력 터빈.
  13. 제12항에 있어서, 상기 망에서 적어도 하나의 위상에서의 전압을 검출하는 전압 감지 장치를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 풍력 터빈.
  14. 삭제
  15. 삭제
  16. 삭제
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