KR100558058B1 - Method for refining of high-nickel alloy of AOD - Google Patents

Abstract

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for refining a high nickel alloy using AOD having high dephosphorization and desulfurization efficiency and improved productivity by performing dephosphorization and desulfurization refining of the high nickel alloy in AOD.

Accordingly, the present invention provides a decarburization and delineation step of decarburizing and delinching molten steel in AOD with a basicity of 3 to 4, calcium oxide concentration of 40 to 45% in slag, and iron oxide concentration of 23 to 32%; A slag discharging step of tapping the decarburized and dephosphorized molten steel in the decarburization and dephosphorization step on a ladle and discharging slag and then reloading the molten steel in the AOD; After completion of the exclusion step, the molten steel reloaded in the AOD was heated up, and the target temperature of the molten steel was 1730 ° C., and 6 to 7 kg of aluminum per 1 ton of high nickel alloy molten steel was added as a heating agent, and 0.2 to 1 ton of the high nickel alloy molten steel. Supplying oxygen at a flow rate of 0.6 Nm 3 / min, and injecting argon at a flow rate equal to that of oxygen for 10 minutes to 30 minutes by heating the high nickel alloy molten steel to raise the molten steel; It provides a refining method of the high nickel alloy using AOD comprising the desulfurization step of desulfurizing the molten steel heated up in the molten steel heating step.

Decarburization, Tallinn, Desulfurization, AOD

Description

Method for refining of high-nickel alloy of AOD

1 is a graph showing the effect of basicity on Tallinn (P).

2 is a graph showing the effect of iron oxide concentration in the slag on the Tallinn (P)

3 is a graph showing the effect of quicklime input on the Tallinn (P) reaction through the air induction experiment

4 is a graph showing the relationship between the calculated sulfur (S) concentration in equilibrium with molten steel oxygen concentration at various temperatures.

5 is a graph calculating the desulfurization (S) limit according to the amount of slag.

Explanation of symbols on the main parts of the drawings

The present invention relates to a method for refining high nickel alloys containing at least 30% by weight of nickel (Ni), and more particularly, AOD for refining high nickel alloys using Argon Oxygen Decarburization (hereinafter referred to as AOD). It is about refining method of high nickel alloy used.

In general, high-nickel alloy is used as a material for high-tech electronic parts such as precision measuring equipment and bimeltal because thermal expansion hardly occurs, and high added value used for transporting liquefied natural gas with excellent strength, impact toughness, processability, and weldability even at cryogenic temperatures. Alloy with

In addition, residual elements such as phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), chromium (Cr), and aluminum (Al) in these high nickel alloys are factors that raise the coefficient of thermal expansion and adversely affect the quality.

In addition, if the impurity element is higher than the allowable value in the high nickel alloy, the manufacturing cost increases because the hot workability is lowered to lower the error rate.

Such high nickel alloys are usually manufactured in a dedicated facility for refining stainless steel, that is, in a vacuum refining facility such as Vacuum Oxygen Decarburization (VOD).

It is also known that it can be produced by reflux degassing facilities such as BOF (basic Oxygen Furnace) and RH.

Phosphorus (P), one of the impurity elements of the high nickel alloy, is inevitably incorporated from raw materials and deposits in the reaction vessel, so it is not easy to lower the final target to 50 ppm or less.

Therefore, when molten iron is used as a raw material, it is common to employ a method of transferring molten iron to a molten iron preliminary treatment facility to blow a preparation material such as soda ash, quicklime or sintered ore into the molten iron and to remove it.

However, in this case, since it is very difficult to lower the phosphorus to 150ppm or less, there is a disadvantage in the process of de-lining again in subsequent processes such as BOF or VOD.

On the other hand, in the case of manufacturing high nickel alloy using an electric furnace, it is common to perform dephosphorization treatment during the operation of the electric furnace.

The method of dephosphorization is electrically performed by mixing Fe-Ni and raw materials with low phosphorus content such as general steel scrap, dissolving them, excluding slag, adding preparations such as quicklime and fluorite, and blowing oxygen to carry out deoxidation.

However, this method also decreases productivity because the refining process must be repeated several times to stop the refining during the operation of the electric furnace and to remove the Tallinn slag.

In addition, sulfur, which is an impurity element to be removed from the high nickel alloy, is inevitably mixed with the raw material, so it is not easy to lower the final target value below 10 ppm.

Therefore, in the case of using molten iron as a raw material, it is common to employ a method of transferring molten iron to a molten iron preliminary treatment facility and blowing a preparation material such as soda ash, quicklime or sintered ore into the molten iron and desulfurizing it.

However, in this case, it is very difficult to lower sulfur (S) to 30 ppm or less, and further desulfurization is very difficult in a subsequent process such as BOF or RH in an oxidizing atmosphere.

In the case of desulfurization of high nickel alloy molten steel in LF (Ladle Furnace), sulfur can be lowered to less than 10ppm relatively easily, but since sulfur is generated during the oxygen refining in the subsequent VOD operation, strong deoxidation is performed after VOD operation. It has a process weakness that requires desulfurization again by inputting preparations and solvents.

In addition, since the high nickel alloy target of aluminum is 50 ppm, it is very difficult to hit the composition of aluminum input for heating and deoxidation.

If the aluminum component exceeds the upper limit, the aluminum should be oxidized and removed by oxygen injection.However, when oxygen is injected, desulfurization is difficult due to the increase of dissolved oxygen in molten steel, so the vicious cycle of deoxidation and oxygen injection is repeated. Refinement time will be longer.

In addition, as the refining time increases, pickup of harmful components such as carbon or chromium may occur.

Therefore, the object of the present invention is to transfer the high nickel alloy molten steel with low phosphorus content produced in the electric furnace to the AOD facility, to inject oxygen and argon gas through the tire and lance to oxidize phosphorus, and to induce dephosphorization by inputting an appropriate preparation. By removing the phosphorus of the high nickel alloy molten steel in a short time effectively to the target level, and reloading the high nickel alloy molten steel, which has undergone proper decarburization and dephosphorization treatment from the AOD, into the AOD without transferring to other facilities such as VOD, Increasing the temperature increaser such as aluminum and aluminum, blowing oxygen through the oxygen lance to secure a favorable temperature for desulfurization, and desulfurizing treatment by adding an appropriate preparation in the state of low oxygen potential to achieve sulfur of high nickel alloy molten steel. To provide a method of refining high nickel alloy using AOD to remove within a short time.

The present invention is a decarburization and delineation step of decarburizing and delineating molten steel in AOD with a basicity of 3 to 4, calcium oxide concentration of 40 to 45% in slag, and iron oxide concentration of 23 to 32%; A slag discharging step of tapping the decarburized and dephosphorized molten steel in the decarburization and dephosphorization step on a ladle and discharging slag and then reloading the molten steel in the AOD; After completion of the exclusion step, the molten steel reloaded in the AOD was heated up, and the target temperature of the molten steel was 1730 ° C., and 6 to 7 kg of aluminum per 1 ton of high nickel alloy molten steel was added as a heating agent, and 0.2 to 1 ton of the high nickel alloy molten steel. Supplying oxygen at a flow rate of 0.6 Nm 3 / min, and injecting argon at a flow rate equal to that of oxygen for 10 minutes to 30 minutes by heating the high nickel alloy molten steel to raise the molten steel; It provides a refining method of the high nickel alloy using AOD comprising the desulfurization step of desulfurizing the molten steel heated up in the molten steel heating step.

First, in the decarburization and dephosphorization step, the high nickel alloy molten steel is dissolved in an electric furnace capable of selecting high-quality raw materials containing few impurities.

In addition, since the high nickel alloy molten steel must minimize the content of impurities, it is necessary to suppress the incorporation of impurities from the step of loading the main raw material into the electric furnace.

In addition, since high nickel alloy molten steel contains a large amount of expensive nickel, the ratio of raw material cost to manufacturing cost is very high.

Well-known quantitative analytical methods, such as linear programming, are used to formulate raw materials that meet these component and minimum cost requirements.

At the end of the furnace, Fe-Ni and ordinary steel scraps are properly blended to meet the conditions of [P] ≤0.02%, [S] ≤0.008%, and [C] ≤0.1% In the AOD refining process, the tapping temperature of the electric furnace is determined at 1600 ± 20 ℃ considering the drop in temperature after tapping.

The molten steel is rolled into the ladle and the slag is thoroughly removed.In order to optimize the slag basicity in the subsequent AOD Talling process, Fe-Si, an alloy iron, is added to the high nickel alloy molten steel to make [Si] of 0.3 to 0.35%. Adjust to.

After charging high nickel alloy molten steel inside AOD, decarburization and dephosphorization are started by blowing argon at the same flow rate as oxygen at a flow rate of 0.2 to 0.6 Nm3 / min per ton of high nickel alloy molten steel through a squeeze tire.

Here, the phosphate produced by gaseous oxygen and iron oxide is thermodynamically unstable at the steelmaking temperature, so it is necessary to lower the activity by fixing the phosphate in a stable form with a basic substance in the slag in order to prevent the double phosphorus reaction.

For this purpose, lime is added to the inside of the AOD at the beginning of refining.

At this time, if the basicity that can be expressed as (CaO) / (SiO2) is too low or too high, the delinquency ability is lowered.

Therefore, with the addition of quicklime, an appropriate amount of fluorite is added as a solvent for lowering the viscosity of slag and improving reactivity of molten steel and slag.

In addition, a useful index for analyzing the behavior of phosphorus and the reaction of molten metal-slag during refining is the distribution ratio of phosphorus.

Here, the distribution ratio of phosphorus is a value obtained by dividing the concentration of phosphorus in slag by the concentration of phosphorus in the molten alloy, and the larger this value is, the more it can be interpreted that the better the Tallinn.

FIG. 1 is a graph showing the effect of basicity on Tallinn and shows a maximum value at basicity 3 to 4, and when the basicity is higher, the distribution ratio is lowered.

This is because the higher the CaO concentration in the slag, the lower the iron oxide concentration is, so that the delineation effect by the iron oxide is reduced.

Figure 2 is a graph showing the effect of iron oxide concentration in the slag on the Tallinn showing a maximum value in the vicinity of iron oxide concentration of 20%, the distribution ratio is slightly lower when the iron oxide concentration is higher.

This is because the higher the concentration of iron oxide in the slag, the lower the effect of lowering the activity of the phosphate by CaO.

Therefore, as shown in FIG. 2, the most favorable slag condition for Tallinn is 3 to 4 bases, 40 to 45% CaO concentration in slag, and 18 to 25% iron oxide concentration. The proper dose of fluorspar is 15-20% of the quicklime input.

3 is a graph showing the effect of quicklime input on the Tallinn reaction through an air induction experiment, and the distribution ratio increases as the quicklime input increases.

As shown in FIG. 3, when a 20 kg quicklime was added per ton of high nickel molten alloy, a phosphorus distribution ratio of about 30 was increased to 100 when 40 Kg was added per ton of high nickel molten alloy.

In other words, the higher the raw material of quicklime, the more metallurgically advantageous, but the quick lime input amount is 35-40g / kg because of concern about cost increase or refractory damage.

Summarizing decarburization and decarburization of high nickel alloy molten steel in the AOD, the Fe- alloy, which is iron-alloy to satisfy the conditions of [P] ≤0.02%, [S] ≤0.008%, and [C] ≤0.1% at the end of the furnace Properly mix Ni with ordinary steel, perform normal electric furnace operation, melt to the end temperature of electric furnace to 1650 ± 20 ℃, and tap on ladle.

Thereafter, after slag is thoroughly removed, Fe-Si is added to the high nickel alloy molten steel to adjust the [Si] of the molten steel to 0.3 to 0.35%.

In addition, after charging molten steel of high nickel alloy into AOD, refining is started while blowing argon at the same flow rate as oxygen of 0.2 to 0.6 Nm3 / min flow rate per ton of high nickel alloy molten steel through a transverse take-up fuel.

At the same time as the start of refining, 30 to 40 kg / ton of quicklime and 15 to 20% by weight of fluorspar are added to the AOD, and the basicity is 3 to 4, the CaO concentration in slag is 40 to 45%, and the iron oxide concentration is 23 to 32%. Refining is carried out.

On the other hand, the temperature is measured during refining so that the temperature is not excessively lowered, and molten steel samples are taken to analyze [P] and [C] so that the AOD end point targets of [C] ≤0.015% and [P] ≤0.005% cannot be reached. If not, continue blowing with oxygen and stop blowing when the target is reached.

Next, in the slag excretion step, if deoxidation is performed without removing dephosphorous slag after the end of the blow, the oxygen potential is lowered and the abdominal P is actively progressed.

At this time, it is preferable to reflow the molten steel, and to exclude the slag so that the amount of slag per tonne of molten steel is 1 Kg or less.

Next, the molten steel heating step and the desulfurization step must be satisfied after decarburizing and desulfurization refining in the AOD and then [S] ≤0.008% and molten steel temperature ≥1650 ° C for subsequent de-S treatment.

Therefore, the dissolved oxygen may be high after the AOD decarburization and dephosphorization treatment, but about 1000 ppm level is appropriate.

On the other hand, when the molten steel is reloaded into the AOD, the temperature drop is 150 to 200 ° C, so the molten steel temperature after reloading is 1450 to 1500 ° C.

Therefore, the temperature must be increased before desulfurization of high nickel alloy molten steel in AOD, for subsequent processing such as performance or ingot, and to secure favorable conditions for desulfurization.

In the present invention, when 1% of the weight of molten steel is oxidized, aluminum having excellent temperature raising ability is increased as a main heat increasing agent such that the temperature rises to 250 ° C., and silicon (Si) is used as an auxiliary heat increasing agent for slag basicity optimization.

The desulfurization behavior of high nickel alloy molten steel is very similar to that of ordinary carbon steel, but the effect of nickel and sulfur on the mutual activity is very small. However, in order to reduce sulfur to 0.001% or less, the conditions for desulfurization, namely slag composition, molten oxygen concentration, and reaction It is necessary to examine the temperature and the like. First, the desulfurization reaction of molten iron is as follows.

[S] + (O2-) = (S2-) + [O]

In addition, CS, which is a sulfur capacity indicating the desulfurization ability of slag, can be defined as follows.

CS = (S) .aO / aS

Where aO and aS are the activities of expressing oxygen and sulfur in mass% of high nickel alloy molten steel, respectively, and the infinite lean solution of Fe-O and Fe-S system is used as a standard of activity. Concentration.

From this equation, the higher the activity of CaO, O2- in slag, the smaller the activity of CaS, S2-, the smaller the activity of oxygen and the higher activity of sulfur in molten steel, the more likely the deS reaction is to occur. To the side.

In other words, the slag has a high basicity, a high solubility of sulfur in the slag, and a reducing atmosphere having a low oxygen potential of the system.

In the present invention, which intends to desulfurize high nickel alloy molten steel from VOD, aluminum and silicon (Si) are used as a heat-reducing agent and quicklime is used as a preparation material, so that the desulfurization ability of CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary slag is determined by using known thermodynamic data. Table 1 shows the results of calculating, comparing and examining sulfur capacity according to slag composition and basicity.

Table 1

As can be seen in Table 1 above, the higher the slag content of Al2O3, the lower the absolute value of sulfur capacity.

For example, in the case of 20% Al2O3 and 35%, the log CS value is about 0.4 different at the same basicity.

In other words, increasing the content of Al 2 O 3 decreases sulfur capacity and consequently adversely affects de-S.

However, the increase of Al2O3 content lowers the slag and improves fluidity, thereby improving reactivity with sulfur in molten steel. Therefore, it is good to ensure the optimum Al2O3 content advantageous for the overall desulfurization reaction.

The optimum slag composition calculated in Table 1 is 65 to 73% of (CaO), 10 to 12% of (SiO2), 15 to 22% of (Al2O3), and basicity of 5.5 to 6.5.

Figure 4 is a graph showing the relationship between the calculated sulfur concentration in equilibrium with the molten steel oxygen concentration at various temperatures.

As the temperature increases, the sulfur concentration in the molten steel decreases, and based on the oxygen concentration of 20 ppm, the concentration of S shows about 20 ppm at 1550 ° C. and about 10 ppm at 1700 ° C., so that the higher the temperature, the more favorable the desulfurization reaction.

However, if the temperature is too high, problems such as refractory loss occurs, the steelmaking temperature is more than 1620 ℃.

5 is a graph for calculating the desulfurization limit according to the amount of slag, the slag when slag (CaO) is 65%, (SiO2) is 10%, (Al2O3) is 25% desulfurized molten steel with an initial sulfur concentration of 80ppm The larger the amount, the more advantageous it is, but problems such as refractory loss and manufacturing cost are expected, so slag of about 55 to 60 kg / ts per ton of high-Ni molten steel is suitable.

The temperature raising method and the desulfurization step in the AOD in detail as follows.

The molten steel re-incorporated into AOD has initial condition [S] ≤0.008%, molten steel temperature ≥1550 ℃, and after confirming dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature with oxygen concentration battery etc., aiming at 1730 ℃, high nickel alloy molten steel Add 6-7 kg of aluminum per ton. Thereafter, argon at a flow rate equal to 0.2 to 0.6 Nm 3 / min of oxygen per ton of high nickel alloy molten steel is blown through the transverse take-up tire.

The total oxygen injection target is the amount of oxygen subtracted 0.07 Nm3 for every 100 ppm of dissolved oxygen based on 1 ton of molten steel from the sum of oxygen amounts of 0.62 Nm3 / kg per kg of Al and 1.17 Nm3 / kg per kg of Si.

For example, if 500 kg and 250 kg of Al and Si were respectively injected into 80 tons of high-nickel molten steel of 1000 ppm of dissolved oxygen, the amount of injected oxygen was 546.5 Nm 3.

The reason for paying attention to the oxygen balance is to prevent the dissolved oxygen concentration of molten steel sufficiently deoxidized by silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al) to increase again.

At this time, oxygen injection is performed for 10 to 20 minutes, and oxygen injection is terminated when the total oxygen injection amount target value is reached.

After oxygen injection, dissolved oxygen concentration and temperature are measured with an oxygen concentration battery, etc., and aluminum (Al) deoxidation is carried out with a target of 20 ppm of dissolved oxygen concentration. Then, the mixture is stirred for about 5 minutes while blowing argon of 0.2-0.6 Nm3 / min per ton of high nickel alloy molten steel through a transverse taker.

Then, 35 to 45 kg of quicklime is added per ton of high nickel alloy molten steel to adjust the composition of slag to 65 to 73% of (CaO), 10 to 12% of (SiO2), 15 to 22% of (Al2O3), and basicity to 5.5 to 6.5.

Desulfurization through reaction with slag is carried out for 20 to 40 minutes while stirring the molten steel with 0.2 to 0.6 Nm3 / min of argon per ton of high nickel alloy molten steel.

After the desulfurization treatment, the molten steel temperature is measured, the molten steel sample is taken to check the components, and when the components hit the target value, they are pushed out to the ladle.

If you do not remove the slag after tapping, there is a possibility that sulfur may occur. Therefore, exhaust the slag less than 1kg per ton of molten steel.

Example

By applying the Tallinn technology of high nickel alloy molten steel, the Tallinn is actually performed at 90 tons AOD.

Next, 30.9 tons of nickel-plated steel and 54.7 tons of ordinary steel scrap are charged to the electric furnace.

Next, since iron is oxidized about 20% of the slag amount through AOD, the amount of scrap was determined in consideration of iron oxide loss.

After the conventional electric furnace refining, [P] at the end of the furnace was 0.006%, S concentration was 0.010%, C concentration was 0.203%, and tapping temperature was 1570 ° C.

After slag was thoroughly removed after tapping on the ladle, 283 kg of Fe-Si was injected into the high Ni molten steel to adjust the [Si] of the molten steel.

In addition, high Ni molten steel was charged into the AOD, followed by refining by blowing 21 Nm3 / ts of oxygen and 12 Nm3 / ts of argon into the molten steel per ton of high Ni molten steel.

At the start of refining, 4 tons of quicklime and 1 ton of fluorspar were added to the AOD, and decarburization and de-P refining were performed for 40 minutes.

Next, molten steel samples were collected and analyzed after finishing the pulverization. As a result, [P] was 0.001%, [C] was 0.001%, and [S] was 0.01%, and the components after decarburization and P removal were the target values [P] ≤0.005%. , [C] ≤0.015% was satisfied.

In addition, the molten steel temperature at the AOD end point was 1656 ℃, and the dissolved oxygen measurement result of the high nickel alloy molten steel was 976ppm, and the slag was removed from the ladle in the non-deoxidation state and the slag was thoroughly removed. There was no change in the concentration of phosphorus.

On the other hand, the molten steel temperature after tapping was 1605 ℃, which is enough to satisfy the working conditions in the subsequent process.

After decarburization and de-P, high Ni molten steel was reloaded into AOD. The initial component of AOD was 0.001% for [P], 0.01% for S, and 0.001% for C. The molten steel was 1450 ℃. After 870 kg of Al was added as a heating agent, argon at the same flow rate as 50 Nm 3 / min oxygen was blown through the transverse take-up tire. The refining time was 11 minutes and the total oxygen uptake was 543 Nm3.

After the blow, the dissolved oxygen concentration was measured using an oxygen concentration battery while maintaining the argon flow rate at 50 Nm3 / min. The dissolved oxygen concentration was 88 ppm and the molten steel temperature was 1720 ° C.

20 kg of aluminum (Al) was added to deoxidize, and the dissolved oxygen was stirred for 5 minutes with argon, and the dissolved oxygen was measured again at 23 ppm.

At this time, 3 tons of quicklime and 750 kg of fluorite were added thereto, followed by 30 minutes of desulfurization while stirring molten steel.

After desulfurization, the molten steel temperature was 1554 ° C. The molten steel and slag samples were collected to confirm the components. The high nickel alloy molten steel was 0.0004% in [S] and 0.002% in [P]. Refining time by process is 40 minutes for AOD decarburization and dephosphorization, 25 minutes for AOD tapping, exclusion and reloading, 45 minutes for AOD heating, deoxidation and desulfurization. It was.

As described above, the high nickel alloy refining method using AOD according to the present invention improves the efficiency of dephosphorization and desulfurization, thereby improving productivity, thereby reducing production costs.

Claims (5)

In the refining method of high nickel alloy using AOD to refine high nickel alloy molten steel containing 30% or more of nickel withdrawn from an electric furnace using AOD, Decarburization and delineation of molten steel in the AOD with a basicity of 3 to 4, a calcium oxide concentration of 40 to 45% in slag, and an iron oxide concentration of 23 to 32%; A slag discharging step of tapping the decarburized and dephosphorized molten steel in the decarburization and dephosphorization step on a ladle and discharging slag and then reloading the molten steel in the AOD; After completion of the exclusion step, the molten steel reloaded in the AOD was heated up, and the target temperature of the molten steel was 1730 ° C., and 6 to 7 kg of aluminum per 1 ton of high nickel alloy molten steel was added as a heating agent, and 0.2 to 1 ton of the high nickel alloy molten steel. Supplying oxygen at a flow rate of 0.6 Nm 3 / min, and injecting argon at a flow rate equal to that of oxygen for 10 minutes to 30 minutes by heating the high nickel alloy molten steel to raise the molten steel; Refining method of high nickel alloy using AOD comprising the desulfurization step of desulfurizing the molten steel heated up in the molten steel heating step. The method of claim 1, In the decarburization and dephosphorization step, [P] ≤0.02%, [S] ≤0.008%, and [C] ≤0.2% at the end of the electric furnace, and a high nickel alloy molten steel having a tapping temperature of 1600 ± 20 ° C is loaded into the AOD. Into the high nickel alloy molten steel charged into the AOD, 0.2 to 0.6 Nm3 / min of oxygen per ton of molten steel and argon at the same flow rate as that of the oxygen are blown through the AOD's interception blower, and at the same time inside the AOD. A method of refining high nickel alloy molten steel using AOD, wherein 30 to 40 kg of quicklime and 15 to 20% by weight of the quicklime are added. The method of claim 1, In the slag exclusion step, the molten steel refined in the preceding decarburization and delineation step is extruded to the ladle, and the slag is excreted so that the amount of slag per ton of molten steel is less than 1 Kg. Method of refining high nickel alloys. The method of claim 1, In the desulfurization step, argon is supplied through a lateral take-up wire at a flow rate of 0.2 to 0.6 Nm 3 / min per ton of high nickel alloy molten steel to stir molten steel, and 35 to 45 kg of quicklime is added to each ton of high nickel alloy molten steel to make slag ( CaO) 65-73%, (SiO2) 10-12%, (Al2O3) 15-22%, basicity of 5.5-6.5, and the slag and molten steel is reacted for 20 to 40 minutes to desulfurize. A method of refining high nickel alloys using AOD, wherein the de-S refining process is performed for 20 to 40 minutes during the reaction. delete

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