KR100500057B1 - The furniture fancy plywood manufacture method and the furniture fancy plywood - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a decorative plate for furniture to have a function of improving the physical properties of the surface and a decorative plate for the furniture produced therefrom, and in detail, a melamine series, which is a kind of thermosetting resin on the front surface of the PAPER sheet, which is quite light in weight. Based on the resin, the silicone-based releasing agent and the fluoride carbide-based resin were forced to penetrate and dried for a certain period of time. Then, tourmaline having far-infrared radiation effect by the emission of titanium and anion of fine particles was 6 to 4 ratio. After mixing the coated resin solution is passed through the back of the PAPER sheet in a separate steel roll and forced penetration coating treatment to obtain a PAPER sheet integrated with the coating resin liquid, and then forming an adhesive layer on one or both sides of the decorative plate After adhering the PAPER sheet to obtain a decorative plate for furniture by hot pressing The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a decorative plate for furniture, and a decorative plate for furniture produced therefrom, which has characteristics, chemical resistance, scratch resistance, wear resistance of the surface layer, and environmentally friendly anion infrared emission.

Description

The furniture fancy plywood manufacture method and the furniture fancy plywood}

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a decorative plate for furniture to have a function of improving the physical properties of the surface and to a decorative plate for furniture produced therefrom, in particular a fairly light PAPER sheet (for example 35 g / ㎡ ~ 80 g / ㎡ PAPER, which has a considerably light weight, has a melamine resin, which is a kind of thermosetting resin, and the silicone-based release agent and fluoride carbide-based resin are infiltrated into the surface and coated and then dried for a predetermined time. Coated resin liquid formed by mixing fine particles (eg 10,000 mash) of titanium and tourmaline having a far infrared ray emission effect by anion emission in a 6: 4 ratio is passed through the back of the PAPER sheet on a separate steel roll and forced to be coated. After obtaining the PAPER sheet integrated with the coating solution, the adhesive layer is formed on one side or both sides of the decorative plate during the PAPER Method of manufacturing a decorative plate for furniture and the furniture produced therefrom having a chemical resistance, chemical resistance, scratch resistance, abrasion resistance of the surface layer, and an environmentally friendly anion infrared emission function by obtaining a decorative plate for furniture by hot pressing. It is about a makeup board.

Fancy plywood (Decorative plywood, also known as decorative plywood) refers to a thin multi-plate (cut board), mainly a slide end plate attached to the surface of the plywood for the purpose of a cosmetic effect. These days, melamine resin or diaryl phthalate It is used in the concept including the resin-coated overlay paper, the cosmetic paper, or the plywood which adhered the cosmetic vinyl printing resin film on the surface.

Commonly known decorative plates or cosmetic overlay plywood is a thermoplastic resin decorative plate obtained by printing or coloring a pattern on a polyvinyl chloride resin film or a polyester film and pasting these films onto plywood and a hard fiber board; Cosmetic overlay plywood.

Thus, in the case of a cosmetic plate using a vinyl sheet such as a film of various shapes or patterns printed or colored, EVA thermoplastic adhesive is used to bond the film layer and the paper layer to the upper surface of the film. It is obtained by using a coating, etc., the decorative plate obtained in this way has the advantages of flexibility and free processing, while lacking surface hardness, heat resistance and chemical resistance, and thin shape paper by cold pressure Since the coating layer is formed after bonding the film coating layer and the film is very weak in water permeation phenomenon, there is a problem that the adhesive layer is opened even when a small amount of water infiltration, and the vulnerability such as discoloration easily in the sunlight has been found.

In addition to the above decorative boards, sheets of colored or printed patterns or fabrics are coated with melamine resin, benzoguanamine resin, phenol resin or unsaturated polyester resin several times, or at the same time, co-condensation of these resins. A method of curing a sheet integrally with a substrate after preparing a thermosetting resin decorative plate or a coating sheet of the same paper or fabric produced by a method comprising coating the product several times and then curing the coating sheet. Thermosetting resin board | plate, Overlay board | plate etc. which were manufactured by this are mentioned.

Among the thermosetting resin decorative plates, the most popular decorative plates are LPM (Low presure melamin) bonded by heat-melting a melamine sheet (Melamin sheet). When briefly describing the manufacturing process of the LPM, rolls are rolled. After the printed printed pattern or fabric sheet is coated in the urea resin tank, the coated product is again coated in the melamine resin tank and dried to form a product obtained by hot pressing at a temperature of 180 ° C. and 20 kg / cm 2 for 40 seconds on one surface of the plywood.

Thus obtained LPM is obtained by heat-curing the melamine sheet and the like as described above, the cosmetic plate obtained therefrom exhibits excellent effects in heat resistance and chemical resistance, and mechanical and physical properties such as surface hardness. However, the problem is that the price of the product is expensive and lacks flexibility.

On the other hand, there is a decorative plate manufactured using melamine resin, and in this case, when it is cured under optimum conditions in the process of foaming, it shows some improvement in gloss, water resistance, and chemical resistance, but hardening proceeds further. It was found that there is a disadvantage that the crack resistance is reduced.

In addition, in the case of a low-cost vinyl sheet produced in the case of the decorative sheet to which the vinyl sheet (vinyl sheet) bonded is very weak to moisture, and even a small amount of water penetration of the adhesive layer is a phenomenon that the vinyl sheet is peeled off the decorative plate. There is a problem that occurs.

Therefore, in order to solve the above problems and the like, a relatively inexpensive makeup plate is applied by 10-2002-35355 (method of manufacturing an overlay cosmetic board for furniture and an overlay cosmetic board for furniture manufactured therefrom) filed by the Korean Patent Office. It provides a considerable surface hardness and strength while preventing the occurrence of easily scratching of the surface layer of the decorative plate even in the event of impact or contact from the outside, prolonging the service life of furniture materials, gloss, flexibility, light resistance, water resistance, chemical resistance. We provide overlay decorative plates for furniture that are excellent in chemical and crack resistance.

However, in the case of the patent application previously filed by the applicant of the present application as well as the conventional cosmetic plate, it is very difficult to bond with the cosmetic plate by a sheet (PAPER) having a very thin thickness, and even if the adhesion is made to a thin paper sheet The coating plate coated with paint was very weak to moisture and could not solve problems such as discoloration due to sunlight.

In addition, when coating resins such as melamine series on a fairly thin PAPER sheet, if the thickness is thin, the coating effect cannot be obtained properly. Accordingly, the surface strength, abrasion resistance, scratching, chemical resistance, and resistance of the surface layer of PAPER can be obtained. There is a problem that cannot be used as a product due to the deterioration of chemical properties.

That is, in the case of the PAPER sheet adhered to one or both sides of the decorative plate according to the prior art, in order to achieve the above effect by the coating treatment, the effect can only be achieved by the PAPER sheet having a thickness of a certain degree or more. There is a problem that acts as a factor that increases the production price of the product due to the increase in the cost of purchasing the sheet.

Accordingly, the present invention has been made in order to solve the above problems, and the silicone series based on melamine resin, which is a kind of thermosetting resin, on a relatively fairly thin paper sheet of 35 g / m 2 to 80 g / m 2 printed with various patterns or shapes. The release agent and the fluorine carbide-based resin of the resin are forced to penetrate into the PAPER sheet and are subjected to a forced coating process, and the contrast of the surface of the plate material generated when the thin-walled PAPER sheet is adhered to a high-density compression-reinforced wood, etc. High-density compression-reinforced wood using PAPER sheet having a thin thickness, so that the mixed resin liquid mixed with titanium and tourmaline in a constant mixture is forced to penetrate the PAPER sheet so as to prevent color discoloration of the PAPER sheet. The purpose is to achieve a series of pattern sheet effect even if the adhesive treatment on the back surface.

Another object of the present invention is to achieve a surface strength of the surface of the PAPER sheet, abrasion resistance, chemical resistance, chemical resistance, moisture permeation, and a separation preventing effect between the PAPER sheet and the like by scratching.

In addition, the present invention is to generate a natural anion and an antibacterial and bactericidal effect from the PAPER sheet in order to exclude the harmful effects on the human body, such as induced odor and vomiting by formalin contained in the conventional material There is another purpose.

The present invention for achieving the above object,

A thermosetting resin is supplied to a first steel roll having a surface layer having an uneven number of irregularities, and a paper sheet or the like is passed through the first steel roll to penetrate the first sheet and the thermosetting resin penetrates to the front surface of the paper sheet. The primary coating process (S1) to be formed, the primary drying process (S2) for temporarily drying the PAPER sheet obtained by the primary coating process (S1) through a drying furnace, and titanium and tourmaline are mixed The coating resin solution is supplied to the second steel roll having an uneven number formed in the surface layer, and the second steel roll passes the PAPER sheet through the first coating treatment step (S1) and the first drying step (S2). A secondary coating process (S3) for coating to form a back coating layer on the side, and a secondary drying process (S4) for temporarily drying the PAPER sheet passed through the secondary coating process (S3) by passing through a drying furnace. Fruit board plywood panel or PB, MDF, HDF, etc. After forming an adhesive layer on one or both sides of the panel of high, medium and low density extruded hardwood, the PAPER sheet is laminated and then temporarily bonded by passing through a roller. Provided is a manufacturing method of a decorative plate for furniture, and a decorative decorative plate obtained therefrom, which comprises a thermopress pressing step (S6) in which the PAPER sheet undergoes a temporary adhesive bonding process in a hot press. Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

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(Example)

According to the present invention, the resin liquid provided in each steel roll is made by passing through a first and second steel roll having a very thin thickness and having various irregularities formed on the surface of a paper sheet printed with various patterns or patterns on one surface thereof. Using the process of forcibly penetrating the PAPER sheet and coating, it adheres to one or both sides of the panel made of general plywood panel, high-medium-low density compression reinforced wood such as PB, MDF, HDF, etc. It's to get a mess.

(1st process-1st coating process; S1)

First, a panel such as general plywood or the above-mentioned high, medium and low density compressed hardened wood on one surface of a fairly thin paper sheet of 30 g / m 2 to 80 g / m 2 having a weight of 30 to 80 g per unit area. The pattern layer 11 is printed on the front surface of the PAPER sheet 10 so that various patterns or shapes may be expressed on the front surface of the PAPER sheet 10 so as to be attached to the 50 with an adhesive or the like. )

As described above, one surface of the thin PAPER sheet 10 on which the pattern layer 11 is formed, that is, the surface of the pattern layer 11 is formed, is coated with a melamine-based resin, which is one of thermosetting resins. 2 to 3% by weight of the silicone-based release agent of the polymer, 5 to 6% by weight of the resin of the fluorocarbon series, and 8 to 10% by weight of the tourmaline powder, which is a mineral belonging to the hexagonal system, The melamine-based resin is coated on the front surface of the PAPER sheet 10, that is, on the front surface on which the pattern layer 11 is printed, by mixing according to the above mixing ratios with respect to 100% of the resin series.

Here, the release agent of the silicone series was mixed and treated to achieve an excellent release effect during processing, and the fluorocarbon resin was mixed and treated to suppress the peeling of the surface strength and the print layer, that is, the pattern layer 11, and tourmaline It was added to achieve the effects of promoting the metabolism in the human body by the generation of friendly anions and the effect of far-infrared radiation, fatigue recovery, and improvement of coldness.

At this time, the melamine-based resin smoothly penetrates into the PAPER sheet and the surface is coated, as shown in FIG. 3, the surface layer is unevenly formed by 21 or embossing to form a mesh rolled first steel roll (steel roll) ( 20) to continuously supply the mixed melamine-based resin as described above, and through the PAPER sheet 10 to the first steel roll 20, the melamine resin penetrates well into the entire surface of the PAPER sheet 10. And to be coated (see FIG. 3).

In order to maximize the coating effect, the PAPER sheet 10 is preferably passed through the first steel roll 20 two times.

As a result of passing the PAPER sheet 10 twice through the unevenness 21 or the first steel roll 20 having an embossed and mesh rolled surface, the coating rate of the PAPER sheet 10 is 60 to 70 It was confirmed that the percentage was reached.

On the other hand, in order to increase the coating rate of the resin, the more closely the processing intervals of the unevenness 21 or the embossing of the first steel roll 20, the higher the coating effect, bar coating efficiency adjustment in the process If necessary, the effect can be achieved by exchanging the first steel roll 20 formed at various intervals as described above.

(2nd process-1st drying process; S2)

This process is a process for primary drying the coated PAPER sheet 10 through the first coating treatment step (S1), by passing through a drying furnace 30 having an internal temperature of 80 ~ 100 ℃ 80 to 85% of the primary coated PAPER sheet 10 is dried (see FIG. 4).

The reason for the temporary drying is to suppress the bubble generation caused by the boiling phenomenon of the resin when providing high heat and pressure to the PAPER sheet 10 in the secondary processing, which is post-processing, and to compensate for the problem that complete curing is impossible. To do that.

(3rd process-2nd coating process; S3) This process is a process for carrying out the 2nd coating process of the PAPER sheet | seat 10 which was temporarily dried again through the 1st drying process (S2) as mentioned above, and PAPER When the coated resin solution, which is a mixture of titanium and tourmaline on the back side of the sheet 10, is forcibly penetrated and coated, the PAPER sheet 10 having a relatively thin thickness is adhered to one surface of a panel or panel 50 such as compressed hardened wood. It is a process for completely preventing the discoloration phenomenon such as the color change of the PAPER sheet 10 caused by the phenomenon inherent in the surface of the panel 50 is transmitted through the PAPER sheet 10.

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In order to obtain the resin for the secondary coating treatment on the PAPER sheet 10 to obtain such properties, the present invention is pure silver and white metal is malleable and flexible and can be annealed by heating. , strength, and corrosion resistance (耐腐蝕性) is large and therefore, light aircraft and ships, as well as a number of structural (構造用) used in a material corrosion-resistant container material in chemical industry also has titanium (Titan) and negative ions and far-infrared radiation effect in use A coating resin solution is obtained by mixing tourmaline , a mineral belonging to an excellent hexagonal system, to obtain titanium and tourmaline having a very fine particle (for example, about 10,000 mesh) at a ratio of 6: 4. Mixing treatment to obtain a coating resin solution.

The coating resin thus obtained is continuously supplied to the second steel roll 40 having the same configuration as the first steel roll 20 described above, and the PAPER sheet having undergone the above process between the second steel rolls 40. (10) is passed through the PAPER sheet (10) to the back side, the coating resin liquid mixed with titanium and tourmaline is forced to be mechanically penetrated and coated.

At this time, in order to increase the coating effect on the back surface of the PAPER sheet 10, the second steel roll 40 was passed twice in the same manner as in the first coating treatment step S1 (see FIG. 5).

(4th process-2nd drying process; S4)

This process has the same conditions as the primary drying process (S2) of the PAPER sheet (10) through which the mixed coating resin liquid of titanium and tourmaline is mechanically forced to penetrate through the secondary coating process (S3). Through the drying furnace 30 of the internal temperature 80 ~ 100 ℃ to be temporarily dried.

In this case, as in the first drying step (S2), the drying rate of the PAPER sheet 10 may be caused by high temperature and pressure in the temporary bonding step (S5) and the hot pressing process (S6), which will be described later. In order to prevent the phenomenon of not completely curing, the PAPER sheet 10 is also preferably dried at a drying rate of 80 to 85% in this process.

(Fifth Step-Temporary Bonding Process between Panel and Paper Sheet; S5)

Each process (S1 ~ S4) described the manufacturing process of the PAPER sheet 10 to be attached to one surface of the high-density compression-reinforced wood or general plywood panel 50, the PAPER sheet 10 produced by the above process In the present step, the step is to apply temporary adhesive to one or both surfaces of the panel 50 to form an adhesive layer 51 and then temporarily attach the adhesive.

In this case, it is desirable to maintain the adhesive strength, water resistance, heat resistance, cold resistance, etc. in the long-term use in consideration of the characteristics of the furniture, and in order to have such characteristics, the urea resin series (UREA series) It is preferable to use an adhesive agent.

In addition, it is possible to bond between the PAPER sheet 10 and the panel 50 by using an adhesive in which a titanium-based filler is mixed in addition to the above-described adhesive, and when the adhesive and the PAPER sheet 10 are adhered, the PAPER sheet 10 Penetration while filling the micro-pores of the tissue can be exerted a beautiful texture effect of the decorative plate to the surface layer of the PAPER sheet (10).

Therefore, first, the above-described characteristics on one or both surfaces of the panel 50 or the general plywood panel 50 of PB, HDF, MDF, etc., which are cut and cut to a predetermined length or width, etc. The adhesive layer 51 is formed by using and applying an adhesive, and the PAPER sheet 10 obtained by the above step is laminated on the upper surface of the adhesive layer 51 formed as described above and temporarily bonded.

Then, the panel 50 is passed through a roller 60 having a proper temperature and pressure, that is, a temperature of 80 to 100 ° C. and a pressure of 20 to 25 kg / cm 2, thereby temporarily attaching the panel 50 to the PAPER sheet 10. The process is completed (see FIG. 7).

(Sixth Step-Hot Pressing Step; S6)

This process is to obtain the finished plate by hot pressing the panel 50 obtained through the above panel and the PAPER sheet temporary bonding process (S5), the pressure of 10 ~ 13kg / ㎠ and 170 ~ 200 ℃ The panel 50 is placed in a hot press maintaining the temperature, and the hot pressing is performed for about 50 to 85 seconds (t) (see FIG. 8).

The adhesion between the adhesive and the PAPER sheet 10 is completed by such a hot pressing operation, the imparting of perfect water resistance and adhesive force, and the adhesive of the adhesive layer 51 penetrates between the microstructures of the PAPER sheet 10 to be cured. By dry-drying the car, it was possible to completely prevent the phenomenon in which the pattern layer 11 of the PAPER sheet 10 was peeled off or the coated resin layer, that is, the front and back coating layers 12 and 13, occurred even in the hot pressing process. .

In addition, the 80-85% temporary drying of the resin completely prevents the phenomenon of boiling and foaming or over-drying and incomplete curing even in the hot pressing process by high pressure and high temperature, and PAPER sheet 10, which has been a problem in the conventional products. Separation of the panel 50 and the PAPER sheet 10 due to separation, lowering of surface strength, water permeation, and the like, and the perfect adhesion and coating effect between the panel 50 and the PAPER sheet 10. It is possible to obtain a beautiful makeup plate.

Therefore, according to the present invention, the thickness of the melamine-based resin, which is one of thermosetting resins in which a constant ratio of a silicone-based release agent, a fluoride carbide-based resin, and tourmaline on one or both panels of general plywood or high-compression reinforcement wood After the first forced coating on the front surface of the thin paper sheet, the first drying is carried out, and after the second forced coating of the back surface of the paper sheet on the coating resin of titanium and tourmaline, the second drying is performed, and then the panel and the paper sheet Since it is possible to obtain a decorative plate bonded to a PAPER sheet having a very thin thickness by hot pressing after temporary bonding, it is possible to considerably reduce the supply cost of the expensive PAPER sheet on which a pattern layer is printed, thereby reducing the overall production cost. Can be.

In addition, in the case of a conventional makeup plate using a thick paper sheet, the problem of separation between the paper sheet and the panel or peeling of the pattern layer of the paper sheet is overcome, and according to the present invention using a paper sheet having a fairly thin thickness Through the sequential work process such as coating-drying-coating-drying to the front and back side of PAPER sheet, resin liquid penetrates into PAPER sheet perfectly and is coated, as well as high pressure and high pressure applied during adhesion between PAPER sheet and panel. Peeling phenomenon between the pattern layer and paper sheet can be completely prevented even under temperature, and the separation phenomenon due to moisture penetration between paper sheet and panel and discoloration of paper sheet can be completely prevented even when used for a long time after the construction of furniture by the decorative plate. You can expect the effect to prevent it.

In addition, by coating with a certain amount of tourmaline, which is nature-friendly and has high anion radiation efficiency and far-infrared radiation effect, it promotes the decomposition of harmful toxins in the human body by anion and far-infrared rays emitted from the decorative plate of furniture, and promotes metabolism. And fatigue recovery, antibacterial and bactericidal effects in the room, and of course, by removing the formalin harmful to the human body generated from the conventional wood by chemical reaction with the tourmaline to fundamentally eliminate the side effects generated from the human body. You can expect useful effects such as being able to heal.

1 is a process flow block diagram of the present invention,

2 is a cross-sectional view showing a state in which a pattern layer is formed on the front side of the PAPER sheet having a considerably thin thickness,

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing a primary coating treatment process of the working state to have a front coating layer on the front surface of the PAPER sheet,

4 is a schematic diagram showing a state in which the PAPER sheet subjected to the first coating treatment step is temporarily dried by passing through a drying furnace.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a second coating treatment process of coating a coating resin solution obtained by mixing titanium and tourmaline at a constant ratio to the bottom surface of the PAPER sheet passing through the drying furnace to form a back coating layer.

FIG. 6 is a view illustrating a secondary drying step of temporarily drying the PAPER sheet obtained from the secondary coating process in a drying furnace.

FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating a temporary bonding process between a panel and a PAPER sheet, in which a PAPER sheet obtained through the secondary drying process is formed by bonding an adhesive layer to a sheet.

8 is a schematic diagram illustrating hot pressing the panel obtained by FIG. 7;

9 is a cross-sectional view of the decorative plate obtained by FIG. 8.

※ Brief description of the main symbols in the drawings

S1; Primary coating process S2; 1st drying process

S3; Secondary coating process S4; 2nd drying process

S5; Panel and sheet bonding process S6; Hot pressing process

10; PAPER sheet 11; Patterned layer 12; Front coating layer

13; Back coating layer 20; First steell 21; Unevenness

30; 40 to drying; Second steell 41; Unevenness

50; Panel 51; Adhesive layer 60; Roller

70; Hot press

Claims (11)

       A thermosetting resin is supplied to a first steel roll having a surface layer having an uneven number of irregularities, and a paper sheet or the like is passed through the first steel roll to penetrate the first sheet and the thermosetting resin penetrates to the front surface of the paper sheet. Forming a primary coating process (S1), A primary drying step (S2) of temporarily drying the PAPER sheet obtained by the primary coating process (S1) through a drying furnace, and The coating resin liquid, which is a mixture of titanium and tourmaline, is supplied to a second steel roll having an uneven number in the surface layer, and the second steel roll undergoes the first coating treatment step (S1) and the first drying step (S2). Secondary coating treatment step (S3) and the coating treatment to pass through the PAPER sheet to form a back coating layer on the back side; A secondary drying step (S4) of temporarily drying the PAPER sheet passing through the secondary coating process (S3) by passing through a drying furnace; Panels and PAPER sheets, which are made of general plywood panels or panels made of high-medium-low density extruded reinforced wood such as PB, MDF, and HDF, and then bonded by passing through rollers after laminating the PAPER sheets. Temporary adhesion process (S5),        The method of manufacturing a decorative plate for furniture according to claim 1, wherein the panel and the PAPER sheet have been subjected to a temporary bonding process. The method of claim 1, The thermosetting resin is a cosmetic plate manufacturing method comprising a melamine-based resin. The method of claim 1, Manufacturing a cosmetic decorative plate comprising forming a mixed resin by mixing 2 to 3% by weight of the silicone-based release agent, 5 to 6% by weight of fluorocarbon resin, and 8 to 10% by weight of tourmaline to the thermosetting resin. Way The method of claim 1, The PAPRE sheet is a decorative plate manufacturing method for furniture comprising 30 to 80 g / ㎡. The method of claim 1, The coating resin solution is a manufacturing method for the furniture plate comprising the mixing treatment of titanium and tourmaline 6: 4 ratio of 10,000 mesh particles. The method of claim 1 The drying plate manufacturing method for furniture comprising the drying furnace is 80 ~ 100 ℃ The method of claim 1, Method of manufacturing a decorative plate for furniture comprising the panel and the PAPER sheet temporary adhesive bonding process (S5) is provided with a temperature of 80 ~ 100 ℃ and a pressure of 20 ~ 25 kg / ㎠. The method of claim 1, The hot pressing process of the hot pressing step (S6) to maintain a pressure of 10 ~ 13 kg / ㎠, and a temperature of 170 ~ 200 ℃, the manufacturing method of the decorative plate for furniture comprising a hot pressing for 50 to 85 seconds. The method of claim 1, The first and second steel roll surface layer is a decorative plate manufacturing method for furniture comprising the coating with a mesh roll. The method of claim 1, In the first coating process and the second coating process, the PAPER sheet, which has undergone each of the preceding steps, passes through the first and second steel rolls twice, respectively, and is coated in each process. How to make a decorative board for furniture. A decorative plate for furniture manufactured by any one of claims 1 to 10.