KR100459647B1 - 디스플레이장치 - Google Patents
디스플레이장치 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR100459647B1 KR100459647B1 KR10-2002-0013245A KR20020013245A KR100459647B1 KR 100459647 B1 KR100459647 B1 KR 100459647B1 KR 20020013245 A KR20020013245 A KR 20020013245A KR 100459647 B1 KR100459647 B1 KR 100459647B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- light
- light emitting
- liquid crystal
- layer
- emitting means
- Prior art date
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- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 43
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 claims description 29
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000004986 Cholesteric liquid crystals (ChLC) Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 229920000106 Liquid crystal polymer Polymers 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000010030 laminating Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 78
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 17
- 239000011295 pitch Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 10
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- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 9
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- 239000011241 protective layer Substances 0.000 description 8
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- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002861 polymer material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 238000004528 spin coating Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000013307 optical fiber Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000001902 propagating effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000001771 vacuum deposition Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004925 Acrylic resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920000178 Acrylic resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 description 2
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000002858 crystal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000005262 ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000206 photolithography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000003903 2-propenyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000005725 8-Hydroxyquinoline Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000004325 8-hydroxyquinolines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910001148 Al-Li alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000004988 Nematic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004695 Polyether sulfone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052581 Si3N4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 206010047571 Visual impairment Diseases 0.000 description 1
- JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Li].[Al] Chemical compound [Li].[Al] JFBZPFYRPYOZCQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002159 abnormal effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000003491 array Methods 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000004556 brain Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003098 cholesteric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004696 coordination complex Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005525 hole transport Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052738 indium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium;oxotin Chemical compound [In].[Sn]=O AMGQUBHHOARCQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007641 inkjet printing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011344 liquid material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001989 lithium alloy Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011368 organic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960003540 oxyquinoline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000059 patterning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000149 penetrating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920005575 poly(amic acid) Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004417 polycarbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000515 polycarbonate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910021420 polycrystalline silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920006393 polyether sulfone Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005591 polysilicon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 1
- MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N quinolin-8-ol Chemical compound C1=CN=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 MCJGNVYPOGVAJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003566 sealing material Substances 0.000 description 1
- HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon nitride Chemical compound N12[Si]34N5[Si]62N3[Si]51N64 HQVNEWCFYHHQES-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052814 silicon oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N triallylamine Chemical class C=CCN(CC=C)CC=C VPYJNCGUESNPMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
- G02B6/4212—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms the intermediate optical element being a coupling medium interposed therebetween, e.g. epoxy resin, refractive index matching material, index grease, matching liquid or gel
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
- G02F1/133602—Direct backlight
- G02F1/133603—Direct backlight with LEDs
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1335—Structural association of cells with optical devices, e.g. polarisers or reflectors
- G02F1/1336—Illuminating devices
- G02F1/13362—Illuminating devices providing polarized light, e.g. by converting a polarisation component into another one
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4204—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms
- G02B6/4207—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms with optical elements reducing the sensitivity to optical feedback
- G02B6/4208—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details the coupling comprising intermediate optical elements, e.g. lenses, holograms with optical elements reducing the sensitivity to optical feedback using non-reciprocal elements or birefringent plates, i.e. quasi-isolators
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/42—Coupling light guides with opto-electronic elements
- G02B6/4201—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details
- G02B6/4249—Packages, e.g. shape, construction, internal or external details comprising arrays of active devices and fibres
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K50/00—Organic light-emitting devices
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K59/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one organic light-emitting element covered by group H10K50/00
Abstract
Description
액정 | ne | no | Δn |
ZLI-45 | 1.6328 | 1.5026 | 0.1302 |
ZLI-4619 | 1.5634 | 1.4811 | 0.0823 |
ML | 1.7188 | 1.5138 | 0.205 |
Claims (8)
- 복수개의 도광수단;제1 편광성분과 제1 편광성분과 다른 제2 편광성분을 갖는 출사광을 복수개의 도광수단으로 입사되도록 출사시키는 발광수단;상기 복수개의 도광수단으로부터 상기 광이 외측으로 누설되게 하기 위하여, 상기 복수개의 도광수단 상에 제공된 액정층; 및상기 제2 편광성분을 상기 제1 편광성분으로 변환하기 위하여, 상기 발광수단과 상기 복수개의 도광수단 사이에 제공된 편광변환수단을 포함하며,상기 편광변환수단은 콜레스테릭액정폴리머층을 구비하는 디스플레이장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 편광변환수단은 상기 콜레스테릭액정폴리머층, 1/4파장판 및 선형편광판을 적층함으로써 구성된 디스플레이장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 발광수단은 기판상에 형성된 반사물질로 이루어진 바닥전극 및 투명물질로 이루어진 상부전극을 포함하며 유기전자발광층이 상기 바닥전극과 상기 상부전극 사이에 제공되는 디스플레이장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 발광수단은 단면발광형(edge emitting type) 발광소자인 디스플레이장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 발광수단은 백색광을 출력하며 칼러필터들이 상기 액정층상에 설치되는 디스플레이장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 액정층을 통하여 출사된 광을 산란시키는 부품을 구비하는 디스플레이장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 발광수단은 백색광을 출력하며 칼러필터들이 상기 발광수단과 상기 복수개의 도광수단 사이에 설치되는 디스플레이장치.
- 제1항에 있어서, 상기 편광변환수단은 상기 발광수단 및 상기 도광수단의 끝면 사이에 배치된 디스플레이장치.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JPJP-P-2001-00071184 | 2001-03-13 | ||
JP2001071184A JP2002270021A (ja) | 2001-03-13 | 2001-03-13 | 表示装置 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
KR20020073278A KR20020073278A (ko) | 2002-09-23 |
KR100459647B1 true KR100459647B1 (ko) | 2004-12-04 |
Family
ID=18928944
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
KR10-2002-0013245A KR100459647B1 (ko) | 2001-03-13 | 2002-03-12 | 디스플레이장치 |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US20020167630A1 (ko) |
JP (1) | JP2002270021A (ko) |
KR (1) | KR100459647B1 (ko) |
CN (1) | CN1191490C (ko) |
TW (1) | TW552825B (ko) |
Families Citing this family (13)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6267958B1 (en) | 1995-07-27 | 2001-07-31 | Genentech, Inc. | Protein formulation |
JP4027164B2 (ja) | 2002-06-21 | 2007-12-26 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 表示装置 |
JP4098747B2 (ja) * | 2003-05-28 | 2008-06-11 | 三星エスディアイ株式会社 | 両面発光型表示装置 |
US7755262B2 (en) * | 2004-05-17 | 2010-07-13 | Lg Display Co., Ltd. | Organic EL display |
US20060028600A1 (en) * | 2004-08-03 | 2006-02-09 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | High transmittance brightness enhancement optically element for LCD by wholly coating process |
US8023080B2 (en) * | 2004-08-03 | 2011-09-20 | Industrial Technology Research Institute | High transmittance brightness enhanced optical element for LCD by wholly coating process |
KR20060116479A (ko) * | 2005-05-10 | 2006-11-15 | 삼성전자주식회사 | 액정 표시 장치 |
TW200941076A (en) * | 2008-03-31 | 2009-10-01 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Color cholesteric liquid crystal display devices and fabrication methods thereof |
KR100987127B1 (ko) * | 2009-05-21 | 2010-10-11 | 동국대학교 산학협력단 | 스핀 발광소자를 이용한 디스플레이 장치 |
KR101818252B1 (ko) * | 2010-11-26 | 2018-01-12 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 백라이트 유닛 및 이를 포함하는 액정표시장치 |
KR101714057B1 (ko) | 2010-12-28 | 2017-03-09 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 액정표시장치 |
KR102646213B1 (ko) * | 2016-06-30 | 2024-03-08 | 엘지디스플레이 주식회사 | 휘도 향상을 위한 광학부재 및 이를 구비한 유기전계발광 표시장치 |
CN110574495B (zh) * | 2017-05-01 | 2022-04-19 | 东京毅力科创株式会社 | 有机el显示器的制造方法 |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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KR19980076384A (ko) * | 1997-04-09 | 1998-11-16 | 구자홍 | 액정표시장치의 백라이트 |
KR19990029518A (ko) * | 1997-09-08 | 1999-04-26 | 이주미 마사노리 | 면광원 소자 및 그것을 이용한 표시 장치 |
Family Cites Families (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2770350B2 (ja) * | 1988-10-20 | 1998-07-02 | 富士通株式会社 | 液晶表示装置 |
JPH04299310A (ja) * | 1991-03-28 | 1992-10-22 | Ricoh Co Ltd | 液晶表示装置 |
JP2763223B2 (ja) * | 1991-08-09 | 1998-06-11 | シャープ株式会社 | 液晶ライトバルブ |
JP3219943B2 (ja) * | 1994-09-16 | 2001-10-15 | 株式会社東芝 | 平面直視型表示装置 |
JPH10233113A (ja) * | 1997-02-18 | 1998-09-02 | Fujitsu Ltd | 面光源装置 |
JP2000056125A (ja) * | 1998-08-06 | 2000-02-25 | Toshiba Corp | 液晶表示装置 |
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2001
- 2001-03-13 JP JP2001071184A patent/JP2002270021A/ja active Pending
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2002
- 2002-03-11 US US10/095,197 patent/US20020167630A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2002-03-12 KR KR10-2002-0013245A patent/KR100459647B1/ko active IP Right Grant
- 2002-03-12 TW TW091104668A patent/TW552825B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2002-03-13 CN CNB021032807A patent/CN1191490C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
KR19980076384A (ko) * | 1997-04-09 | 1998-11-16 | 구자홍 | 액정표시장치의 백라이트 |
KR19990029518A (ko) * | 1997-09-08 | 1999-04-26 | 이주미 마사노리 | 면광원 소자 및 그것을 이용한 표시 장치 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20020073278A (ko) | 2002-09-23 |
CN1191490C (zh) | 2005-03-02 |
US20020167630A1 (en) | 2002-11-14 |
TW552825B (en) | 2003-09-11 |
JP2002270021A (ja) | 2002-09-20 |
CN1375727A (zh) | 2002-10-23 |
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