JPWO2018159212A1 - 抗体−薬物複合体の構成成分の検出方法 - Google Patents
抗体−薬物複合体の構成成分の検出方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
[項1]
下記(a)および(b)の少なくとも一方を含む、蛍光体集積粒子を用いた免疫染色法による抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分の検出方法:(a)抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である薬物を可視化する工程;(b)抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である抗体を可視化する工程。
[項2]
さらに(c)抗体‐薬物複合体の標的分子を可視化する工程を含む、項1に記載の検出方法。
[項3]
前記標的分子が、細胞に発現するタンパク質である項2に記載の検出方法。
[項4]
前記標的分子が、細胞表面に発現している、受容体またはリガンドである項2または3に記載の検出方法。
[項5]
前記細胞が、がん細胞または免疫細胞である項3または4に記載の検出方法。
[項6]
前記標的分子が、がん細胞における、免疫系タンパク質、がん細胞増殖因子、転移制御因子、血管増殖因子、サイトカイン、がん細胞増殖制御因子受容体、転移制御因子受容体、血管増殖因子受容体、およびサイトカイン受容体からなる群より選ばれる項2〜5のいずれか一項に記載の検出方法。
[項7]
前記標的分子が、免疫細胞における、免疫系タンパク質、成長因子、増殖制御因子、増殖刺激因子、免疫細胞移動因子、サイトカイン、免疫制御因子、シグナル伝達関連タンパク質、およびそれらの受容体からなる群より選ばれる項2〜5のいずれか一項に記載の検出方法。
[項8]
項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の検出方法によって、抗体‐薬物複合体を投与したヒトまたはヒト以外の動物から採取した検体における、(i)抗体‐薬物複合体の局在、(ii)前記標的分子の全体量に対する、前記抗体‐薬物複合体と結合している標的分子の比率、(iii)前記標的分子、前記抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である抗体、前記抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である薬物間の距離、
に関する情報の少なくとも一つを特定する、疾患の診断または治療のための情報取得方法。
[項9]
前記診断または治療のための情報が、がん、神経疾患、感染性疾患、または遺伝性疾患に係るものである、項8に記載の情報取得方法。
[項10]
前記検体が腫瘍組織由来の検体である、項8または9に記載の情報取得方法。
<抗体‐薬物複合体>
「抗体‐薬物複合体」は、その構成成分として少なくとも「抗体」、「薬物」および「リンカー」を含み、薬物はリンカーを介して抗体に結合される。抗体とリンカーとの間、またはリンカーと薬物との間には任意でスペーサーが存在していてもよく、典型的には(抗体)−(任意のスペーサー)−(リンカー)−(任意のスペーサー)−(薬物)のような構造を取る。
<抗体‐薬物複合体の検出方法>
本発明の抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分の検出方法は、1分子ずつ輝点として表すのに十分な強度の蛍光を発することができる蛍光体集積粒子(PID)を用いた免疫染色法によりおこなわれ、(a)抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である薬物を可視化する工程および(b)抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である抗体を可視化する工程の少なくとも一方を含む。
<標的分子の定量方法>
本発明は、好ましくはさらに、(c)抗体‐薬物複合体の標的分子を可視化する工程、も含む。本明細書において標的分子は、抗体―薬物複合体の標的細胞に発現するタンパク質であり、標的細胞としては、例えば、がん細胞、免疫細胞、間質細胞(線維芽細胞、内皮細胞、白血球(リンパ球、単球、好中球、好酸球、好塩基球)等)などが挙げられる。標的分子は標的細胞に発現するタンパク質であれば、特に限定されるものではないが、好ましくはがん細胞および免疫細胞に発現するタンパク質であることが好ましく、さらに細胞表面に発現している、受容体またはリガンドであることが好ましい。
本発明における用いられる蛍光体集積粒子(PID)は、有機物または無機物でできた粒子を母体とし、複数の蛍光体(たとえば蛍光色素)がその中に内包されているおよび/またはその表面に吸着している構造を有する、ナノサイズの粒子である。この場合、母体(たとえば樹脂)と蛍光物質は、互いに反対の電荷を有する置換基ないし部位を有しており、静電的相互作用が働くものであることが好適である。
半導体集積ナノ粒子とは、蛍光体としての半導体ナノ粒子が、上記に記載した母体の中に内包されているおよび/またはその表面に吸着している構造を有する。半導体ナノ粒子を構成する素材は特に限定されるものではなく、たとえば、II−VI族化合物、III−V族化合物、またはIV族元素を含有するもの、たとえば、CdSe、CdS、CdTe、ZnSe、ZnS、ZnTe、InP、InN、InAs、InGaP、GaP、GaAs、Si、Geなどが挙げられる。また、半導体が母体に内包されている場合、母体内部に分散されていればよく、母体自体と化学的に結合していても、していなくてもよい。
蛍光色素集積ナノ粒子とは、蛍光体としての蛍光色素が、上記に記載した母体の中に内包されている、および/またはその表面に吸着している構造を有する。蛍光色素は特に限定されるものではなく、たとえば、ローダミン系色素分子、スクアリリウム系色素分子、シアニン系色素分子、芳香環系色素分子、オキサジン系色素分子、カルボピロニン系色素分子、ピロメセン系色素分子などを例示することができる。あるいは、Alexa Fluor(登録商標、インビトロジェン社製)系色素分子、BODIPY(登録商標、インビトロジェン社製)系色素分子、Cy(登録商標、GEヘルスケア社製)系色素分子、DY(登録商標、DYOMICS社製)系色素分子、HiLyte(登録商標、アナスペック社製)系色素分子、DyLight(登録商標、サーモサイエンティフィック社製)系色素分子、ATTO(登録商標、ATTO−TEC社製)系色素分子、MFP(登録商標、Mobitec社製)系色素分子などを用いることができる。なお、このような色素分子の総称は、化合物中の主要な構造(骨格)または登録商標に基づき命名されており、それぞれに属する蛍光色素の範囲は当業者であれば過度の試行錯誤を要することなく適切に把握できるものである。また、蛍光色素が母体に内包されている場合、蛍光色素は母体内部に分散されていればよく、母体自体と化学的に結合していても、していなくてもよい。
ADC構成薬物、ADC構成抗体、抗体‐薬物複合体の標的分子を蛍光標識するためのPID染色剤の一例として、[抗体]〜[蛍光体集積粒子]が挙げられる。例えばADC構成薬物を染色するために用いるPID染色剤としては、[抗ADC構成薬物抗体]〜[蛍光体集積粒子]が用いられる。ここで、“〜”が示す結合の態様としては特に限定されず、例えば、共有結合,イオン結合,水素結合,配位結合,物理吸着または化学吸着等が挙げられ、必要に応じてリンカー分子を介していてもよい。
以下、本発明における実施例の1例として、腫瘍組織由来の検体、具体的には組織切片(標本スライド)を使用して、がん細胞における、蛍光体集積粒子を用いた免疫染色法の一例についてさらに詳細に説明する。
(1−1.脱パラフィン処理)
キシレンを入れた容器に、切片を浸漬させ、パラフィン除去する。温度は特に限定されるものではないが、室温で行うことができる。浸漬時間は、3分以上30分以下であることが好ましい。また必要により浸漬途中でキシレンを交換してもよい。
(1−2.賦活化処理)
公知の方法に倣い、目的物質の賦活化処理を行う。賦活化条件に特に定めはないが、賦活液としては、0.01Mのクエン酸緩衝液(pH6.0)、1mMのEDTA溶液(pH8.0)、5%尿素、0.1Mのトリス塩酸緩衝液などを用いることができる。加熱機器はオートクレーブ、マイクロウェーブ、圧力鍋、ウォーターバスなどを用いることができる。温度は特に限定されるものではないが、室温で行うことができる。温度は50〜130℃、時間は5〜30分で行うことができる。
免疫染色工程では、抗体‐薬物複合体およびその標的分子を染色するために、目的物質に直接的または間接的に結合しうる部位を有する染色剤を希釈液に分散させた免疫染色液を、組織切片に載せて、目的物質との反応を行う。免疫染色剤ないしそれを希釈するための希釈液およびその他の成分については前述した通りであり、この工程の前にあらかじめ調製しておけばよい。
免疫染色工程を終えた標本スライドは、観察に適したものとなるよう、固定化・脱水、透徹、封入などの処理を行うことが好ましい。
本発明では、もしも必要であれば、明視野において細胞、組織、臓器等の形態を観察することができるようにするための、形態観察染色工程を含めることができる。形態観察染色工程は、常法に従って行うことができる。組織標本の形態観察に関しては、細胞質・間質・各種線維・赤血球・角化細胞が赤〜濃赤色に染色される、エオジンを用いた染色が標準的に用いられている。また、細胞核・石灰部・軟骨組織・細菌・粘液が青藍色〜淡青色に染色される、ヘマトキシリンを用いた染色も標準的に用いられている(これら2つの染色を同時に行う方法はヘマトキシリン・エオジン染色(HE染色)として知られている)。形態観察染色工程を含める場合は、免疫染色工程の後に行うようにしてもよいし、免疫染色工程の前に行うようにしてもよい。
(5−1.観察・撮影)
観察・撮影工程では、所望の倍率における顕微鏡の同一視野において、免疫染色工程に用いられた目的物質を蛍光標識している蛍光体集積粒子に対応した励起光に対応した励起光それぞれを標本サンプルに照射し、それらの蛍光体集積粒子から発せられた蛍光による免疫染色像それぞれを観察・撮影する。これらの励起光の照射は、たとえば、蛍光顕微鏡が備えるレーザー光源と、必要に応じて所定の波長を選択的に透過させる励起光用光学フィルターを用いることで照射することができる。互いに異なる蛍光体集積粒子を含む複数の免疫染色剤をもちいて免疫染色を行なったときは、それぞれの蛍光体集積粒子に対応した複数種類のフィルターセットを切り替えながら観察を行なう。免疫染色像の撮影は、たとえば、蛍光顕微鏡が備えるデジタルカメラによって行うことができる。免疫染色像の撮影の際には、必要に応じて所定の波長を選択的に透過させる蛍光用光学フィルターを用いることで、目的とする蛍光のみを含み、目的としない蛍光やノイズとなる励起光およびその他の光を排除した免疫染色像を撮影することができる。
(5−2.画像処理・シグナル計測)
画像処理・計測工程では、目的物質に関して撮影された免疫染色像について、画像処理に基づき、目的物質に対応する蛍光標識シグナルに対応する蛍光標識シグナルを計測し、細胞膜の領域内にある前記目的生体物質に対応する蛍光標識シグナルを特定する。蛍光標識シグナルは、蛍光の輝点数として扱うことが好ましい。
<情報取得方法>
本発明の情報取得方法は、抗体‐薬物複合体を投与したヒトまたはヒト以外の動物から採取した検体を使用して、抗体‐薬物複合体やその標的分子、検体に含まれる細胞等に関する情報を特定する工程を含む。
50mMTris溶液に、2次抗体として用いる抗ウサギIgG抗体50μgを溶解した。この溶液に、最終濃度3mMとなるようにDTT(ジチオトレイトール)溶液を添加、混合し、37℃で30分間反応させた。その後、反応溶液を脱塩カラム「Zeba Desalt Spin Columns」(サーモサイエンティフィック社、Cat.#89882)に通して、DTTで還元化した2次抗体を精製した。精製した抗体全量のうち200μLを50mMTris溶液に溶解して抗体溶液を調製した。その一方で、リンカー試薬「Maleimide−PEG2−Biotin」(サーモサイエンティフィック社、製品番号21901)を、DMSOを用いて0.4mMとなるように調整した。このリンカー試薬溶液8.5μLを前記抗体溶液に添加、混合し、37℃で30分間反応させることにより、抗ウサギIgG抗体にPEG鎖を介してビオチンを結合させた。この反応溶液を脱塩カラムに通して精製した。脱塩した反応溶液について、波長300nmにおける吸光度を分光高度計(日立製「F−7000」)を用いて測定することにより、反応溶液中のタンパク質(ビオチン修飾IgG抗体)の濃度を算出した。50mMTris溶液を用いて、ビオチン修飾IgG抗体の濃度を250μg/mLに調整した溶液を、ビオチン修飾2次抗体の溶液とした。
(テキサスレッド色素集積メラミン樹脂粒子の作製)
テキサスレッド色素分子「Sulforhodamine 101」(シグマアルドリッチ社)2.5mgを純水22.5mLに溶解した後、ホットスターラーにより溶液の温度を70℃に維持ながら20分間撹拌した。撹拌後の溶液に、メラミン樹脂「ニカラックMX−035」(日本カーバイド工業株式会社)1.5gを加え、さらに同一条件で5分間加熱撹拌した。撹拌後の溶液にギ酸100μLを加え、溶液の温度を60℃に維持しながら20分間攪拌した後、その溶液を放置して室温まで冷却した。冷却した後の溶液を複数の遠心用チューブに分注して、12,000rpmで20分間遠心分離して、溶液に混合物として含まれるテキサスレッド色素内包メラミン樹脂粒子を沈殿させた。上澄みを除去し、沈殿した粒子をエタノールおよび水で洗浄した。得られた樹脂粒子の1000個についてSEM観察を行い、上述のように平均粒子径を測定したところ、平均粒子径152nmであった。このようにして作製されたテキサスレッド色素内包メラミン樹脂粒子を次の手順で表面修飾した。
<ストレプトアビジン結合テキサスレッド色素内包メラミン樹脂粒子の作製>
得られた粒子0.1mgをEtOH1.5mL中に分散し、アミンプロピルトリメトキシシランLS−3150(信越化学工業社製)2μLを加えて8時間反応させて表面アミノ化処理を行った。
上記(ストレプトアビジン結合テキサスレッド集積メラミン樹脂粒子の作製)の手順に準じ、テキサスレッド色素分子「Sulforhodamine 101」(シグマアルドリッチ社)に代えてFITCを用い、平均粒子径159nmのFITC色素集積メラミン樹脂粒子を作製した。得られた粒子の表面修飾は、上記の手順に従い、ストレプトアビジンに代えて抗ブレンツキシマブ抗体(精製したブレンツキシマブをウサギ脾臓に添加して抗体を作製した)を用いることで、抗体結合FITC色素内包メラミン樹脂粒子を作製し、実施例2〜4における緑色PID染色剤として使用した。
上記(ストレプトアビジン結合テキサスレッド色素内包メラミン樹脂ナノ粒子の作製)の手順に準じ、テキサスレッド色素分子「Sulforhodamine 101」(シグマアルドリッチ社)に代えてPhenylcoumarinを用い、平均粒子径132nmのPhenylcoumarin色素内包メラミン樹脂粒子を作製した。得られた粒子の表面修飾は、上記の手順に従い、ストレプトアビジンに代えて抗モノメチルアウリスタチンE(MMAE)マウスモノクローナル抗体(「clone 2E2」;Epitope Diagnostics社)を用いることで、抗体結合Phenylcoumarin色素内包メラミン樹脂粒子を作製し、実施例2〜4における青色PIDとして使用した。
標本作製工程
悪性リンパ腫患者14名から採取した組織検体をSofiaBio社から購入し、獲得免疫不全マウスに移植することで、PDXモデルマウスを作製した。それぞれの患者に対応する2mm角の腫瘍組織を皮下へ移植し、1か月後に約300mm3まで腫瘍組織が成長した時にブレンツキシマブ ベドチン(商品名;アドセトリス(登録商標))を100mg/kgを1日1回、計1回尾静脈内投与し、初回投与前および投与100日後の腫瘍体積を計測することにより薬の効果判定を行った。また、投与3日後腫瘍の一部を針生検により採取して、各マウスにつきFFPE(ホルマリン固定パラフィン包埋)組織スライドをそれぞれ数枚ずつ作成した。
作製したFFPE組織スライドを脱パラフィン処理した後、水に置換する洗浄を行った。洗浄した組織スライドを10mMクエン酸緩衝液中(pH6.0)中で121℃、15分間オートクレーブ処理することで、抗原の賦活化処理を行った。賦活化処理後の組織スライドをPBSにより洗浄し、得られた標本スライドに対してBSAを1%含有するPBSを用いて1時間ブロッキング処理を行った。
目的生体物質CD30に係る第1免疫染色用の1次反応処理は、BSAを1W/W%含有するPBSを用いて、抗CD30ウサギポリクローナル抗体(「GTX55557」;GeneTex社)を0.05nMの濃度で含有するよう1次反応処理液を調製して用いた。この1次反応処理液に標本前処理工程で作製した標本を浸漬し、4℃で1晩反応させた。
前記「ビオチン修飾抗ウサギIgG抗体の作製」の項で作製したビオチン修飾抗ウサギIgG抗体の溶液を、さらにBSAを1W/W%含有するPBSを用いて6μg/mLに希釈した2次反応処理液を調製した。1次反応処理を終えた標本をPBSで洗浄した後、この2次反応処理液に浸漬し、室温で30分間反応させた。
2次反応処理を終えた標本をPBSで洗浄した後、ストレプトアビジン−HRP(Thermo−Fisher社、21130)を浸漬し、室温で60分間反応させた。その後標本をPBSで洗浄し、DAB(3,3'−Diaminobenzidine)溶液に1分浸漬した。
前記「赤色PID染色剤作製工程」の項で作製したストレプトアビジン修飾テキサスレッド色素内包メラミン樹脂粒子を、カゼイン(組成=α−カゼイン(シグマ社c6780):50W/W%、β−カゼイン(シグマ社c6905):50W/W%)とBSAの含有率をそれぞれ1%、3%に調整した蛍光ナノ粒子用希釈液を用いて、0.02nMに希釈した蛍光標識反応処理液をそれぞれ調製した。2次反応処理を終えた標本をこの蛍光標識処理液に浸漬し、室温で3時間反応させた。
蛍光染色処理を行った標本スライドを、マイヤーヘマトキシリン液で5分間染色してヘマトキシリン染色を行った後、45℃の流水で3分間洗浄した。
免疫染色を終えた標本スライドに対して、純エタノールに5分間浸漬する操作を4回行う固定化・脱水処理を行った。続いて、キシレンに5分間浸漬する操作を4回行う透徹処理を行った。最後に、標本に封入剤「エンテランニュー」(メルク社)を載せて、カバーガラスを被せる封入処理を行い、観察に用いる標本とした。
(蛍光輝点数)
蛍光の発光の観察には蛍光顕微鏡「BX−53」(オリンパス株式会社)を用い、免疫染色像(400倍)の撮影には、当該蛍光顕微鏡に取り付けた顕微鏡用デジタルカメラ「DP73」(オリンパス株式会社)を用いた。
参考例1で準備した組織スライド数枚を用いて試験した。1次反応処理において抗CD30ウサギポリクローナル抗体の代わりに抗ブレンツキシマブ抗体を用いる以外は参考例1と同様に、各マウスの投与前後の標本スライドに対しての染色および評価を行った。
検体Aでは腫瘍においてアドセトリスの標的タンパク質であるCD30が発現しておらず、したがって薬物を投与しても薬物ががん細胞に到達せず、取り込まれないことが予測できる。このマウスにおいては腫瘍も進行しており、アドセトリスの薬効は見られない。検体B、CにおいてはCD30はDABでは検出出来ていないがPIDを用いると検出することが可能となり、発現していることがわかる。さらに薬も細胞に到達しており、腫瘍にアドセトリスが有効であることがわかる。検体DではCD30が低発現ではあるが検出されてはいるが、薬物ががん細胞に到達していない。また、検体EではCD30が広く分布しており、また薬が到達しているが、投与後にCD30を発現している細胞がなくなっている。したがって検体Eのマウスにはこれ以上アドセトリスを投与しても効果は得られないと考えられる。検体FではCD30を発現しており、薬も到達している。検体Fのマウスに関しては腫瘍を測定した投与100日目の時点においては腫瘍の大きさに効果は変化はみられないが、まだCD30発現細胞が残っているため、さらなる投与を続けることで薬効が現れることが期待できる。検体G〜Jにおいてはそれぞれ細胞に薬が到達しており、アドセトリスが有効に作用していることがわかる。検体LではCD30は強発現しているが、がん細胞に薬が届いておらず、腫瘍の大きさにおいても薬の効果がみられない。検体M、NではCD30は強発現しており、薬も到達していることが確認でき、観察できた薬効も顕著である。
参考例1で作製した各スライドにそれぞれ実施例1と同じ手法で前処理を行った。参考例1と同じ手法で、1次反応工程、2次反応工程を行い、さらに作製例1で作製した赤色PID染色剤を1%BSA含有PBSで0.1nMに希釈した溶液を、標本スライドに載せて一晩放置した後、PBSを入れた容器に、染色後の組織標本を15分浸漬させた。赤色PIDで染色済みのスライドに、さらに作製例2で作製した緑色PID染色剤を1%BSA含有PBSで0.1nMに希釈したものを、標本スライドに載せて一晩放置した後、PBSを入れた容器に、染色後の組織標本を15分浸漬させた。さらにそのスライドに作製例3で作製した青色PID染色剤を1%BSA含有PBSで0.1nMに希釈した溶液を、標本スライドに載せて一晩放置した後、PBSを入れた容器に、染色後の組織標本を30分浸漬させた。
20・・・アドセトリス構成薬物(モノメチルアウリスタチンE)
25・・・アドセトリス構成抗体(ブレンツキシマブ)
30・・・抗モノメチルアウリスタチンE抗体
35・・・抗CD30抗体
40・・・抗IgG抗体
41・・・抗ブレンツキシマブ抗体
50・・・ビオチン
55・・・ストレプトアビジン
60・・・テキサスレッド
61・・・Phenylcoumarin
62・・・FITC
70・・・リンカー
Claims (10)
- 下記(a)および(b)の少なくとも一方を含む、蛍光体集積粒子を用いた免疫染色法による抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分の検出方法:
(a)抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である薬物を可視化する工程;(b)抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である抗体を可視化する工程。 - さらに(c)抗体‐薬物複合体の標的分子を可視化する工程を含む、請求項1に記載の検出方法。
- 前記標的分子が、細胞に発現するタンパク質である請求項2に記載の検出方法。
- 前記標的分子が、細胞表面に発現している、受容体またはリガンドである請求項2または3に記載の検出方法。
- 前記細胞が、がん細胞または免疫細胞である請求項3または4に記載の検出方法。
- 前記標的分子が、がん細胞における、免疫系タンパク質、がん細胞増殖因子、転移制御因子、血管増殖因子、サイトカイン、がん細胞増殖制御因子受容体、転移制御因子受容体、血管増殖因子受容体、およびサイトカイン受容体からなる群より選ばれる請求項2〜5のいずれか一項に記載の検出方法。
- 前記標的分子が、免疫細胞における、免疫系タンパク質、成長因子、増殖制御因子、増殖刺激因子、免疫細胞移動因子、サイトカイン、免疫制御因子、シグナル伝達関連タンパク質、およびそれらの受容体からなる群より選ばれる請求項2〜5のいずれか一項に記載の検出方法。
- 請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の検出方法によって、抗体‐薬物複合体を投与したヒトまたはヒト以外の動物から採取した検体における、(i)抗体‐薬物複合体の局在、(ii)前記標的分子の全体量に対する、前記抗体‐薬物複合体と結合している標的分子の比率、(iii)前記標的分子、前記抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である抗体、前記抗体‐薬物複合体の構成成分である薬物間の距離、
に関する情報の少なくとも一つを特定する、疾患の診断または治療のための情報取得方法。 - 前記診断または治療のための情報が、がん、神経疾患、感染性疾患、または遺伝性疾患に係るものである、請求項8に記載の情報取得方法。
- 前記検体が腫瘍組織由来の検体である請求項8または9に記載の情報取得方法。
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