JPWO2011065389A1 - 高脂血症治療剤のスクリーニング方法 - Google Patents
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Inokuchi J & Radin N (1987) J. Lipid Res. 28, 565-571 Tagami S, Inokuchi Ji J, Kabayama K, Yoshimura H, Kitamura F, Uemura S, Ogawa C, Ishii A, Saito M, Ohtsuka Y, et al. (2002) J Biol Chem 277, 3085-3092 Zhao H, Przybylska M, Wu IH, Zhang J, Siegel C, Komarnitsky S, Yew NS, & Cheng SH (2007) Diabetes 56, 1210-1218 Zhao H, Przybylska M, Wu IH, Zhang J, Maniatis P, Pacheco J, Piepenhagen P, Copeland D, Arbeeny C, Shayman JA, et al. (2009) Hepatology 50, 85-93 Aerts JM, Ottenhoff R, Powlson AS, Grefhorst A, van Eijk M, Dubbelhuis PF, Aten J, Kuipers F, Serlie MJ, Wennekes T, et al. (2007) Diabetes 56, 1341-1349 van Eijk M, Aten J, Bijl N, Ottenhoff R, van Roomen CP, Dubbelhuis PF, Seeman I, Ghauharali-van der Vlugt K, Overkleeft HS, Arbeeny C, et al. (2009) PLoS One 4, e4723. Epub 2009 Mar 4723 Bijl N, van Roomen CP, Triantis V, Sokolovic M, Ottenhoff R, Scheij S, van Eijk M, Boot RG, Aerts JM, & Groen AK (2009) Hepatology 49, 637-645 YAMASHITA, T., et al, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Vol. 96, pp. 9142-9147, 1999 Yamashita T, Hashiramoto A, Haluzik M, Mizukami H, Beck S, Norton A, Kono M, Tsuji S, Daniotti JL, Werth N, et al. (2003) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100, 3445-3449
[1] 血中脂質レベル低下作用を示す物質のスクリーニング方法であって、以下:
(i) 被験物質を非ヒト動物に投与する工程、および
(ii) 非ヒト動物の血中脂質レベルを測定する工程
を含む、スクリーニング方法。
[2] 血中脂質レベル低下作用を示す物質のスクリーニング方法であって、以下:
(i) 被験物質の存在下または非存在下で、GM3合成酵素とその基質とを接触させる工程、
(ii) GM3合成量を低下させる被験物質を選択する工程、
(iii)選択された被験物質を非ヒト動物に投与する工程、および
(iv) 非ヒト動物の血中脂質レベルを測定する工程
を含む、スクリーニング方法。
[3] 血中脂質レベル低下作用を示す物質のスクリーニング方法であって、以下:
(i) 被験物質とGM3合成酵素を発現する細胞とを接触させる工程、
(ii) GM3合成酵素の発現量を低下させる被験物質を選択する工程、
(iii)選択された被験物質を非ヒト動物に投与する工程、および
(iv) 非ヒト動物の血中脂質レベルを測定する工程
を含む、スクリーニング方法。
[4] 前記GM3合成酵素を発現する細胞が、脂肪細胞、肝細胞、血管内皮細胞、血管平滑筋細胞、骨格筋細胞、上皮細胞、神経細胞、繊維芽細胞、単球細胞、マクロファージからなる群より選択される、[3]に記載の方法。
[5] 前記GM3合成酵素を発現する細胞が、遺伝子組み換えにより作製された形質転換細胞である、[3]に記載の方法。
[6] さらに、血中コレステロールレベルおよび/またはトリグリセリドレベルを低下させる被験物質を選択する工程を含む、[1]〜[5]のいずれか1項に記載のスクリーニング方法。
[7] 前記非ヒト動物が通常よりも高い血中脂質レベルを有する、[1]〜[6]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[8] 前記非ヒト動物がマウスである、[1]〜[7]のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
[9] ガングリオシドの産生を特異的に抑制する物質を含有する、高脂血症の治療に有効な医薬組成物。
[9a] ガングリオシドの機能を選択的に抑制する物質を含有する、高脂血症の治療に有効な医薬組成物。
[10] 前記ガングリオシドがGM3である、[9]に記載の組成物。
[11] GM3に対する抗体、GM3合成酵素阻害剤またはGM3合成酵素の発現を阻害する物質を含有する、高脂血症の治療に有効な医薬組成物。
[12] 高脂血症の治療に有効な医薬組成物の有効量を非ヒト動物に投与することにより血中脂質レベルを低下させる、高脂血症の治療方法。
[13] 前記医薬組成物が、血中コレステロールレベルおよび/またはトリグリセリドレベルを低下させる、[12]に記載の方法。
[14] 前記医薬組成物が、ガングリオシドの産生を選択的に阻害する物質を含む、[12]または[13]に記載の方法。
[15] 前記ガングリオシドがGM3である、[14]に記載の方法。
[16] 前記ガングリオシドの産生を選択的に阻害する物質が、GM3に対する抗体、GM3合成酵素阻害剤またはGM3合成酵素の発現を阻害する物質である、[15]に記載の方法。
[17] GM3に対する抗体、GM3合成酵素活性またはGM3合成酵素発現を制御することにより血中脂質レベルを制御する方法。
本発明は、(i) 被験物質を非ヒト動物に投与する工程、および(ii) 非ヒト動物の血中脂質レベルを測定する工程を含む、血中脂質レベル低下作用、すなわち血中コレステロールレベルおよび/またはトリグリセリドレベルの低下作用を示す物質のスクリーニング方法を提供する。被験物質としては、ペプチド、タンパク質、非ペプチド性化合物、合成化合物、発酵生産物、細胞抽出液、植物抽出液、動物組織抽出液、血漿などが挙げられる。投与される被験物質は、1種でも複数種の組合せであってもよい。血中脂質レベルの測定は、上記の測定方法などの公知の方法を利用することができる。
本発明は、血中脂質レベル低下作用を示す物質を含有する、高脂血症の治療および/または予防に有用な医薬組成物を提供する。
本発明の治療方法において、血中脂質レベル低下作用を示す物質は、上述のとおり、血中脂質レベルを正常レベル程度に低下させる物質である。このような物質としては、脂肪細胞、肝細胞、血管内皮細胞、血管平滑筋細胞、骨格筋細胞、上皮細胞、神経細胞、繊維芽細胞、単球細胞、マクロファージなどから得られた初代培養細胞および種々の株化細胞(例えば,脂肪細胞ではマウス3T3-L1;肝細胞ではヒトHepG2;血管内皮細胞ではアセチル化LDLの取り込み活性を有する不死化血管内皮細胞株;マクロファージではRAW264.7などであるがこれに限定されるものではない)などに発現するスフィンゴ糖脂質の産生量を抑制する物質、これら細胞に発現するガングリオシドの産生量を抑制する物質、これら細胞に発現するGM3の産生量を抑制する物質、GM3合成酵素阻害剤、GM3合成酵素の発現を阻害する物質などが挙げられる。このような血中脂質レベル低下作用を示す物質を含む医薬組成物を上述のように製造して、これを必要とする被験体に投与できる。この場合、投与量および投与回数などについては、被験体の年齢、病歴、現在使用している薬剤などを医師が考慮した上で、適宜調整され得る。これによって、高脂血症などの予防・治療、または被験体の血中脂質レベルの制御が達成できる。
SAT-I KOマウスの作製に用いたターゲティングベクターの模式図およびノックアウトマウスにおける遺伝子欠損の確認をそれぞれ図2Aおよび図2Bに示す。図2Aの一番上にtargetting vector、2番目に野生型の遺伝子、3番目に変異体の遺伝子を示す。また、図2Bでは、PCRによるSAT-I ジェノタイプの決定を示す。野生型のSAT-I遺伝子アレル(エキソン2)の同定には、5’-GGAATCCATCCCTTTTCTCACAGAG-3(配列番号:5)および5’-TGAACTCACTTGGCATTGCTGG-3’(配列番号:6)をプライマーとして用いた。SAT-I ノックアウトの確認には、挿入されたネオマイシン耐性遺伝子を、5’-GGAATCCATCCCTTTTCTCACAGAG-3’(配列番号:7) と 5’-TGAACTCACTTGGCATTGCTGG-3’(配列番号:8)のプライマーをもちいた。図2Cにおいて、脳ガングリオシドのTLC分析の結果を示す。野生型マウス(+/+)およびヘテロマウス(+/-)では、GM1, GD1a, GD1b, GT1bなどが発現していたが、ノックアウトマウス(-/-)では、これらが全て消失し、代償的にGM1bおよびGD1aが発現していた(図1を参照)。
独自に作成したSAT-I欠損マウス(Yoshikawa M, Go S, Takasaki K, Kakazu Y, Ohashi M, Nagafuku M, Kabayama K, Sekimoto J, Suzuki S, Takaiwa K, et al. (2009) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106, 9483-9488. Epub 2009 May 9422)(図2)と、Matsushimaらによって樹立された自然発症型apoE欠損高脂血症モデルマウス(以下、apoE欠損マウス)(Matsushima Y, Hayashi S, & Tachibana M (1999) Mamm Genome 10, 352-357; Matsushima Y, Sakurai T, Ohoka A, Ohnuki T, Tada N, Asoh Y, & Tachibana M (2001) J Atheroscler Thromb 8, 71-79)とを交配させることによって、SAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウスを作成した(図3)。より詳細には、以下のとおりである。
SAT-IおよびapoEの各単独欠損マウス同士(F0世代)を交配することによって、両遺伝子ヘテロのF1世代を得た。続いてF1世代同士を交配して、F2世代においてSAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウスを得た(図3A)。
得られたSAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウスにおいて、ウエスタンブロット法によりapoEタンパク質の発現確認を行った。図3Bにおいて、矢印の位置のバンドがapoEタンパク質であり、レーンC1は正常マウス、レーンC2はapoE単独欠損マウスのコントロールサンプルを表す。
また、PCR法によるSAT-I遺伝子の発現確認も行った。具体的な方法は、図2Bと同様である。図3Cにおいて、レーンC3はSAT-I単独欠損マウスのコントロールサンプルを表し、矢印に付されたEx2は正常SAT-I遺伝子エキソン2、Neoはネオマイシン耐性遺伝子を表す。
野生型、SAT-IおよびapoE各単独欠損、SAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウス(すべて通常食を負荷した16-18週齢の雄)における体重および血中脂質レベルを検討した。具体的には、野生型、SAT-IおよびapoEの各単独欠損、SAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウス(すべて16-18週齢の雄)を16時間絶食した後、体重を計測してからへパリン採血を行った。脂質の分析は血漿を用いて行った。分析の結果、体重はすべての系統間で有意な差は認められなかった(図4A)。血漿中のコレステロール値およびTG値は、apoE単独欠損マウスでは既報のように489 mg/dlおよび89 mg/dlであり、野生型マウスのそれら(コレステロール値:63 mg/dl、TG値:72 mg/dl)に比べて著しい高値を示した(図4AとC)。一方、SAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウスでは、血漿中コレステロールおよびTG値は、それぞれ284 mg/dlおよび51 mg/dlのようにapoE単独欠損マウスのそれらの値と比して著しく低下していた(図4BとC)。特に、TG値は野生型と同じレベルまで正常化していた。このように、高脂血症モデルマウスにおける異常なコレステロール値およびTG値は、SAT-Iを欠損させることによって正常レベルに改善されることが判明した。また、血中遊離脂肪酸レベルはすべての系統間で有意な変動は認められなかった(図4D)。
apoE KO の各値に対するDKO値の有意差を*: p<0.05,**: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001で示した。
図7に示すように,野生型マウスにおいて血漿中の主要なスフィンゴ糖脂質はGM2であり、apoE欠損マウスの中性画分ではGM2、GlcCer、LacCerが増加することが確認された。一方、SAT-I欠損マウスの酸性画分においても野生型と比較して少ないながらもGM2が検出された。また、SAT-I欠損マウスの中性画分においてLacCer、GA2の代償的な増加が認められた。SAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウスの酸性画分および中性画分においてもSAT-I欠損マウスと同様の発現パターンが見出された。
図9にSAT-I欠損マウスおよび野生型の心臓、肝臓および筋肉におけるガングリオシドの解析結果を示す。GM2の発現が肝臓でのみ認められる。本研究に用いたSAT-I欠損マウスはSAT-I遺伝子のエキソン2およびその周辺部位がネオマイシン耐性遺伝子に置換されている(図2)。SAT-I遺伝子の肝臓での遺伝子解析の結果、肝臓特異的にエキソン2を必要とないSAT-I変異体が発現している可能性が示唆された。さらに、SAT-Iの酵素触媒部位をコードするエキソン6を欠損させた別のSAT-I欠損マウスでは肝臓にGM2が発現しないことが確認されており、このことはSAT-IがGM3を合成する唯一の酵素であることも示している。以上より、SAT-I欠損マウスの血漿および肝臓で認められるGM2については肝臓由来のものであると考えられる。
1) 血漿総コレステロールおよび血漿トリグリセリド量は、apoE欠損マウスと比べてSAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウスでは約半分に減少していた。その減少はCM、VLDL、LDL分画に起因した。
2) 血漿および肝臓中のスフィンゴ糖脂質組成について、SAT-I遺伝子欠損によりガングリオシド量は減少し、代償的にGlcCer、LacCer、GA2、GA1など中性スフィンゴ糖脂質が増加した。
3) 内因性のコレステロールおよびトリグリセリド合成やそれらを輸送するVLDLの合成が行われる臓器である肝臓において、コレステロールおよびトリグリセリド量に違いがあるかを検討した。その結果、SAT-I/apoE二重欠損マウスではapoE欠損マウスと比較して有意な差が認められなかった。
1)と2)より、血漿や肝臓において、減少したガングリオシドまたは代償的に増加した中性スフィンゴ糖脂質により、コレステロールやトリグリセリドの合成、代謝、排出およびVLDLの合成、放出、組織への取り込みなどが影響を受けている可能性が示唆された。3)より、肝臓のコレステロールやトリグリセリド量に差が見られなくても、それらの合成、代謝、排出などには差があり、これらの総合的な結果として、血漿総コレステロールおよび血漿トリグリセリドの増加が抑制されていると考えられた。
野生型マウスおよびSAT-I KOマウスに高コレステロール食負荷を10週間行った後、血清を採取した。総コレステロールおよび遊離脂肪酸の定量を和光純薬のキットを用いた実施した。総コレステロールの統計処理はSheffe’s F test、遊離脂肪酸の統計処理はTukey-Kramer法にて行った。その結果,野生型マウスに高コレステロール食負荷した際に認められる血清コレステロール値の上昇がSAT-I KOマウスに高コレステロール食負荷した際には全く認められなかった(図10)。
以上の結果より、SAT-I遺伝子発現制御によりガングリオシドの生合成を制御することによって(GSL全体の発現制御ではなく)、高脂血症を治療できる可能性が初めて明らかとなった。
Claims (10)
- 血中脂質レベル低下作用を示す物質のスクリーニング方法であって、以下:
(i) 被験物質の存在下または非存在下で、GM3合成酵素とその基質とを接触させる工程、
(ii) GM3合成量を低下させる被験物質を選択する工程、
(iii)選択された被験物質を非ヒト動物に投与する工程、および
(iv) 非ヒト動物の血中脂質レベルを測定する工程
を含む、スクリーニング方法。 - 血中脂質レベル低下作用を示す物質のスクリーニング方法であって、以下:
(i) 被験物質とGM3合成酵素を発現する細胞とを接触させる工程、
(ii) GM3合成酵素の発現量を低下させる被験物質を選択する工程、
(iii)選択された被験物質を非ヒト動物に投与する工程、および
(iv) 非ヒト動物の血中脂質レベルを測定する工程
を含む、スクリーニング方法。 - 前記GM3合成酵素を発現する細胞が、脂肪細胞、肝細胞、血管内皮細胞、血管平滑筋細胞、骨格筋細胞、上皮細胞、神経細胞、繊維芽細胞、単球細胞、マクロファージからなる群より選択される、請求項2に記載の方法。
- 前記GM3合成酵素を発現する細胞が、遺伝子組み換えにより作製された形質転換細胞である、請求項2に記載の方法。
- さらに、血中コレステロールレベルおよび/またはトリグリセリドレベルを低下させる被験物質を選択する工程を含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のスクリーニング方法。
- 前記非ヒト動物が通常よりも高い血中脂質レベルを有する、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- 前記非ヒト動物がマウスである、請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載の方法。
- ガングリオシドの産生を特異的に抑制する物質を含有する、高脂血症の治療に有効な医薬組成物。
- 前記ガングリオシドがGM3である、請求項8に記載の組成物。
- GM3に対する抗体、GM3合成酵素阻害剤またはGM3合成酵素の発現を阻害する物質を含有する、高脂血症の治療に有効な医薬組成物。
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