JPWO2007116524A1 - Field emission power generator - Google Patents

Abstract

Based on a new concept different from the conventional power generation method, it enables stable power generation with less energy input, good power generation efficiency, cleanness, and no fear of exhaustion. An electron supply body 20 that holds free electrons, an electron emission port 30 provided in an electrically conductive state in the electron supply body 20, an electron emission port 30 that is opposed to the electron emission port 30 via an electric insulation field F, and an electric field is added thereto An electron extraction electrode 40 that sucks and emits electrons, an electron acceptor 50 that receives the electrons emitted by the electron extraction electrode 40, and an electron that prevents the electrons emitted from the electron emission port 30 from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40. A structure in which electrons are emitted from the electron emission port 30 by applying a positive voltage to the electron extraction electrode 40, and the emitted electrons are received by the electron acceptor 50 and collected.

Description

  The present invention relates to a power generation apparatus using field emission (radiation).

As power generation as a method for obtaining electric energy, generation using natural energy such as solar power generation and tidal power generation is known in addition to hydroelectric power generation and wind power generation that have been performed for a long time. Thermal power generation using fossil fuel and nuclear power generation using nuclear power are also known.
The power generation using the fossil fuel has a problem that the fossil fuel as a raw material is limited, and will eventually be depleted and cannot meet the needs of society.
In addition, in power generation using natural energy such as sunlight and wind power, the supply of solar energy and wind power, which are the natural energy used, depends on the natural conditions, so power generation is always performed when we need power. There is a drawback that there is no guarantee that it will be.
In the case of nuclear power generation, there are safety problems and equipment problems.

On the other hand, the present inventor receives sunlight into a substance and converts it into thermal energy, thereby emitting thermal electrons from the heated substance, and using this thermal electron emission, converts the thermal energy into electrical energy. The power generation method by this was provided (patent documents 1-4).
The following Patent Document 5 is also provided as an apparatus for converting thermal energy into electrical energy.
On the other hand, the following Patent Document 6 is provided as an apparatus using field electron emission that emits electrons by applying an electric field.
Japanese Patent No. 3449623 JP 2003-189646 A JP 2003-250285 A JP 2004-140288 A JP 2003-258326 A Japanese National Patent Publication No. 11-510307

However, all of the inventions of Patent Documents 1 to 4 adopt a method in which thermal energy is given to an object, thermal electrons are emitted from the heated object, and the emitted electrons are collected to generate power. It is. In other words, this is a power generation device that converts heat into electric energy by applying heat energy from the outside. In order to obtain large electric energy, it is necessary to input a considerable amount of heat energy.
The invention of Patent Document 5 discloses an element or device using field emission. However, it is only a conversion device between electric energy and heat energy. As for power generation, it is limited to power generation using thermionic emission by heating.
The invention of Patent Document 6 discloses a field electron emission material and a field electron emission device. However, what is shown in the field electron emission device is a device that uses the emitted electron itself, such as a discharge device, an electron gun, a display, etc., and has no technical idea of using it for power generation. It is.

  Therefore, the present invention is based on a new concept that is completely different from the conventional power generation method, and it is possible to obtain a sufficiently efficient power generation with less input energy, and a stable power generation that is clean and does not have to be exhausted. An object is to provide a new power generator.

In order to achieve the above object, the present inventor has conducted various experiments and studies, and as a result, has successfully utilized the field emission phenomenon in which electrons in a substance are emitted from the surface of the substance by the action of an electric field on the substance. As a result, it was learned that a more efficient new power generation different from the power generation by thermionic emission was possible, and the present invention was completed.
When the electric field is concentrated in, for example, a narrow region of a substance with many free electrons, electrons are emitted from the surface of the substance into a vacuum or the like. This phenomenon is known as field emission. In this case, electrons are emitted by the electric field without applying heat energy from the outside. By successfully collecting the emitted electrons, the electrical energy from the electrons can be extracted outside.
With respect to the electric field applied to the substance, the strength of the positive charge applied can be kept low by increasing the concentration of the electric field.
In addition, a material to which an electric field can be applied has many free electrons, and it is possible to facilitate field emission by lowering the energy barrier of the emission region that emits electrons.
On the other hand, with respect to an electric field generating source that generates an electric field, charge consumption, that is, energy consumption does not theoretically occur unless an electric current flows only by applying an electric field to a material. In other words, as long as the electrons emitted from the material reach the electric field generation source and are not absorbed, energy consumption at the electric field generation source does not occur.
As described above, in the present invention, free electrons in a material can be efficiently field-emitted, and the field-emitted electrons can be practically collected and stored in an electron-receiving material other than the electric field generation source. Complete power generation. At this time, energy consumption at the electric field generating source that applies an electric field to the electron emission material can be minimized.

The field emission power generation device of the present invention includes an electron supply body made of a material having free electrons, an electron emission port provided in an electrically conductive state with respect to the electron supply body, and an electric insulation field at the electron emission port. And an electron extraction electrode for attracting and emitting electrons by applying an electric field, an electron acceptor for receiving electrons emitted by the electron extraction electrode, and an electron emission port emitted from the electron emission port An electron absorption preventing means for preventing the electrons from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode, and by applying a positive voltage to the electron extraction electrode, the field emission of the electron from the electron emission port is achieved. The first feature is that the collected electrons are received by the electron acceptor arranged separately without being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode.
In addition to the first feature, the field emission power generation device of the present invention has a second feature that the electron emission port is made of a material and / or shape having a small energy barrier against electron emission.
In the field emission power generation device of the present invention, in addition to the first feature, the electron emission port has a quasi-one-dimensional substance standing on the surface of the electron supply body so that its longitudinal direction is the electron emission direction. The third feature is that it is configured.
In addition to the third feature, the field emission power generator of the present invention has a fourth feature that the quasi-one-dimensional substance is a carbon nanotube.
In addition to the first feature described above, the field emission power generation device of the present invention has a fifth feature in that the electrical insulating field is formed of an insulating space or an insulating material.
In addition to the first feature described above, the field emission power generation device of the present invention is characterized in that the electron absorption preventing means uses a quasi-two-dimensional material as the material of the electron extraction electrode, and electrons emitted from the electron emission port are caused by a quantum tunnel phenomenon. A sixth feature is that the electron extraction electrode is configured to penetrate without being absorbed.
In the field emission power generator of the present invention, in addition to the first feature, the electron absorption preventing means is an electron trajectory changing electrode that changes the trajectory of electrons emitted from the electron emission port toward the electron extraction electrode. Is the seventh feature.
In the field emission power generator of the present invention, in addition to the first feature described above, the electron absorption preventing means is arranged so that the electron acceptor is disposed in front of the electron extraction electrode, and is emitted from the electron emission port to the electron extraction electrode. An eighth feature is that the configuration is configured to receive the electrons traveling in front of the electron extraction electrode.
In addition to the first feature described above, the field emission power generator of the present invention is characterized in that an acceleration electrode for accelerating electrons toward the electron acceptor is provided.
In addition to the first feature described above, the field emission power generation device of the present invention disperses the electron trajectory toward the electron acceptor to prevent the electron acceptor positions from being concentrated in the electron acceptor. The tenth feature is that the means is provided.
According to the field emission power generator of the present invention, in addition to the first feature, a plurality of electron acceptors are provided so as to be insulated from each other, and electrons emitted from an electron emission port are supplied to the plurality of electron acceptors. The eleventh feature is that an electronic distribution means for distributing to each other is provided.
In addition to the first feature described above, the field emission power generator according to the present invention is provided with a secondary emission preventing means for preventing secondary emission of electrons that have reached the electron acceptor. It is a feature.
In addition to the first feature described above, the field emission power generator of the present invention has a thirteenth feature in which the electron acceptor and the electron supplier are electrically connected and an electric load is arranged in the middle. .
In addition to the first feature described above, the field emission power generation device of the present invention is configured to generate AC power by changing the amount of electrons emitted from the electron emission port by applying an AC voltage to the electron extraction electrode. This is the fourteenth feature.

According to the field emission power generator according to claim 1, when a positive voltage is applied to the electron extraction electrode, an electric field is generated between the electron extraction electrode and the electron emission port of the electron supply body, and the electron emission port is restrained. The Coulomb force applied to the free electrons is increased and the kinetic energy of the electrons is increased. As a result, when the energy of the electrons exceeds the energy barrier on the surface of the electron emission port, the electrons are emitted from the electron emission port to the electric insulating field. As a condition at this time, it is important to consider the material and the shape of the port so that the energy barrier at the electron emission port is as low as possible. In addition, in order to increase the Coulomb force generated by the electric field generated by the electron extraction electrode to the intensity necessary for electron emission and to keep the applied positive voltage low, the electron extraction electrode should be as close as possible to the electron emission port. is important.
Electrons emitted from the electron emission port by applying a positive voltage by the electron extraction electrode fly while being attracted toward the electron extraction electrode through the electric insulation field, but reach the electron extraction electrode by the electron absorption preventing means. Is blocked from being absorbed and received by the electron acceptor instead. As a result, the emitted electrons are collected in the electron acceptor, and the number of electrons in the electron acceptor increases. That is, it will be in the power generation state.
It is preferable that the electron acceptor is electrically neutral or negative in order to prevent the bonding between electrons and nuclei and to perform efficient power generation. However, on the other hand, as the negative charge of the electron acceptor increases, the repulsive force increases and it becomes difficult to accept electrons. To solve this problem, increase the kinetic energy by increasing the flight speed of the electrons, or move the negative charge of the electron acceptor from the surface of the electron acceptor to another position to keep the negative charge on the surface small. It is important to do.
The positive charge applied to the electron extraction electrode is theoretically not consumed unless the electrons are field-emitted and the electrons reach the electron extraction electrode, so the consumption of necessary energy (additional voltage) is sufficiently suppressed. Is possible.
As described above, according to the field emission power generation of the invention of the first aspect, the field emission electron is used as the electron acceptor while suppressing the consumption of energy necessary for the field emission by utilizing the electron field emission phenomenon. It is possible to collect and efficiently generate power.
According to the field emission power generator of the invention described in claim 1, a conventional system in which thermal energy is added and thermal electrons are emitted by this thermal energy for use in power generation, that is, a system in which thermal energy is converted into electrical energy. Compared with the conventional power generation, power generation with sufficient energy saving is possible.
In addition, according to the field emission power generation device of the first aspect of the present invention, the power generation is not unstable power generation using natural energy such as sunlight, and operation control is easy and stable power acquisition is possible. Can be obtained.

According to the field emission power generator of claim 2, in addition to the function and effect of the configuration of claim 1, the electron emission port is made of a material and / or shape having a small energy barrier against electron emission. Field emission can be facilitated.
The electrons in the solid are constrained in the same manner as the electrons in the atom, and the electrons are not separated from the solid in a normal state. The minimum energy required to emit electrons from a solid into a vacuum by an electric field or the like is called a work function E _W (work function). The work function E _W is the energy barrier for electron emission in which the solid has.
Material having a small energy barrier, i.e. as a material having a low work function _{E W,} for example, cesium Examples of atoms _(E W = _1.81ev), calcium _(E W = _3.2ev), thorium _(E W = 3.4 eV ), Molybdenum (E _W = 4.3 ev), and tungsten (E _W = 4.52 ev). Furthermore, examples of the compound having a small work function E _W include barium oxide (E _W = 1.6ev), calcium oxide (E _W = 1.61ev), and thorium oxide (E _W = 1.66ev).
The small form energy barrier, i.e. as a work function E _W small shape (including a crystal structure), described below, for example carbon nanotubes, carbon wall, carbon nanohorn, a diamond, BN nanotubes (whiskers).
It should be noted that the surface layer of the electron emission port having a stacked structure in which a quantum tunnel phenomenon is expected is also included in the substance and / or shape having a small energy barrier.

According to the field emission power generator of claim 3, in addition to the operational effect of the configuration of claim 1, the electron emission port is made of a quasi-one-dimensional material, and the longitudinal direction of the quasi-one-dimensional material is an electron. It is constructed upright so as to be in the discharge direction.
A quasi-one-dimensional substance means a substance that has substantially the same action as that of a one-dimensional substance with respect to electron emission. As this quasi-one-dimensional material, for example, carbon nanotubes can be used, but a sufficiently thin (nano-order to micron-order) finely processed conductive material can be used.
In the case of a quasi-one-dimensional material, electrons move only in the one-dimensional direction and are field-emitted from the tip. By making the longitudinal direction of the quasi-one-dimensional substance coincide with the electron emission direction, electron field emission is facilitated. In addition, it is considered that the energy barrier due to the quasi-one-dimensional substance against electron field emission is lowered.
A large number of quasi-one-dimensional materials can be constructed by standing at the electron emission port. By arranging a large number of them upright, field emission of electrons from each of them can be performed, and a large number of electrons can be efficiently emitted as a whole.

  According to the field emission power generator of claim 4, in addition to the function and effect of the configuration of claim 3, the quasi-one-dimensional substance is a carbon nanotube, so that (free) mobility of electrons Can be made sufficiently good. In addition, it is possible to efficiently emit electrons by standing the carbon nanotubes at the electron emission port so that the longitudinal direction thereof coincides with the electron emission direction.

According to the field emission power generator of claim 5, in addition to the function and effect of the configuration of claim 1, in the case of an insulating space, the electric insulating field is formed of an insulating space or an insulating material. Electrons are field-emitted into the insulating space and fly through the insulating space. By forming this insulating space as a vacuum space or a space equivalent thereto, a vacuum tube-like power generation device or power generation module can be configured.
Moreover, the electric power generation module which consists of a solid chip can be easily comprised by using an insulating substance as an electrical insulation field.
It is possible to increase the power generation output by collecting a large number of the power generation modules.

According to the field emission power generator of claim 6, in addition to the function and effect of the configuration of claim 1, the electron absorption preventing means uses a quasi-two-dimensional material as the electron extraction electrode material, and emits electrons. Since electrons emitted from the port are penetrated without being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode due to quantum tunneling, electrons emitted from the electron emission port may reach the electron extraction electrode. The electron extraction electrode can be penetrated behind and received by the electron acceptor without being restricted by the nucleus or the like (electron is absorbed). Therefore, by disposing the electron acceptor behind the electron extraction electrode, it is possible to reliably receive the electron emitted by the electron acceptor without any special means for receiving the electron. Since it is not necessary to apply a positive voltage to the electron acceptor, it is possible to prevent the received electrons from being used as free electrons, and the power generation efficiency can be increased.
The quasi-two-dimensional substance means a substance that has substantially the same action as that of a two-dimensional substance with respect to the penetration of electrons. More specifically, the thickness is very thin and an electron quantum tunneling phenomenon is expected. It means a material that can be made. In order to increase the effect of the quantum tunnel phenomenon, it is important to increase the velocity (kinetic energy) of the flying electrons and to reduce the probability of restraining the electrons by reducing the thickness of the quasi-two-dimensional material.

  According to the field emission power generator of claim 7, in addition to the function and effect of the configuration of claim 1, the electron absorption preventing means emits electrons from the electron emission port to the electron extraction electrode. Since the electron trajectory changing electrode changes the trajectory, the electrons emitted from the electron emission port can be received by the electron acceptor without changing the flight trajectory in the middle without reaching the electron extraction electrode. In the case of this device, an electron orbit changing electrode is required separately, but there is an advantage that it is not necessary to use a special material such as a quasi-two-dimensional material for the electron extraction electrode. The electron trajectory changing electrode also has an advantage that it does not need to be made of a special material as long as it can hold a positive voltage or a negative voltage.

  According to the field emission power generator of claim 8, in addition to the function and effect of the configuration of claim 1, the electron absorption preventing means arranges the electron acceptor in front of the electron extraction electrode. Since the electron emitted from the electron emission port and directed to the electron extraction electrode is received in front of the electron extraction electrode, the electron emitted from the electron emission port does not reach the electron extraction electrode and is in front of it. Can be received by an electron acceptor. In the case of this device, it is necessary to secure a space for placing the electron acceptor. If such a space can be secured, the field-emitted electrons can be reliably obtained without any other means for receiving electrons. Can be received by an electron acceptor. Since it is not necessary to apply a positive voltage to the electron acceptor, the rate at which received electrons are absorbed by nuclei or the like and cannot be used as free electrons can be suppressed, and the power generation efficiency can be increased.

  According to the field emission power generator of claim 9, in addition to the operational effect of the structure of claim 1, the acceleration electrode for accelerating the electrons toward the electron acceptor is provided. The kinetic energy can be increased by increasing the electron velocity toward the electron, and even when the electron acceptor is charged in a negative voltage state, the electron overcomes the repulsive action of Coulomb's law generated by the negative voltage, The probability that electrons reach the electron acceptor can be increased. That is, power generation efficiency can be improved.

  According to the field emission power generator of claim 10, in addition to the function and effect of the configuration of claim 1, the electron receiving position in the electron acceptor is dispersed by dispersing the electron trajectory toward the electron acceptor. Since the electron receiving position dispersing means for preventing the concentration of the electrons is provided, the electron receiving position dispersing means causes the electrons to collide with a part of the electron acceptor so that the electron acceptor is damaged. Inconvenience can be prevented and the durability of the apparatus can be increased.

According to the field emission power generator of claim 11, in addition to the function and effect of the structure of claim 1, a plurality of electron acceptors are provided in an insulated state, and emitted from the electron emission port. Since the electron distributing means for distributing the emitted electrons to the plurality of electron acceptors is provided, electrons emitted from the electron emission port are distributed to the plurality of electron acceptors and received by the electron distributing means. It is possible to reduce the repulsive action of the electrons accumulated in the acceptor on the flying electrons, and it is possible to more easily and efficiently receive the electrons at the individual electron acceptors.
When all the emitted electrons are received by only one electron acceptor, the accumulation of negative charges in the electron acceptor tends to increase rapidly by receiving a large number of electrons, thereby repelling incoming electrons. A situation where the rate goes down can occur. On the other hand, when electrons are distributed and received using a plurality of electron acceptors, the increase in electrons does not occur abruptly at each electron acceptor. Alternatively, by using it, it is possible to appropriately prevent an increase in negative charge. Accordingly, electrons that subsequently fly can be efficiently received by the electron acceptor without being repelled by the negative charge.

  According to the field emission power generator of claim 12, in addition to the function and effect of the structure of claim 1, a secondary for preventing secondary emission of electrons reaching the electron acceptor. Since the emission preventing means is provided, the electrons flying to the electron-emitted electron acceptor can be reliably restrained and received. Therefore, power generation efficiency can be increased.

  According to the field emission power generator of claim 13, in addition to the function and effect of the configuration of claim 1, the electron acceptor and the electron supplier are electrically connected, and a load is arranged in the middle. Therefore, the electrons received by the electron acceptor can be supplied to an electrical load to perform work. The electrons that have passed through the electrical load return to the electron supplier. That is, electron circulation can be performed.

  According to the field emission power generator of claim 14, in addition to the operational effect of the configuration of claim 1, by applying an AC voltage to the electron extraction electrode, electrons emitted from the electron emission port can be obtained. Since AC power generation is performed by changing the amount, it is possible to generate desired AC power by adjusting the period and amplitude of the AC voltage applied to the electron extraction electrode.

The present invention is a schematic cross-sectional configuration diagram showing a field emission power generation device according to a first embodiment. It is a schematic sectional block diagram which shows the example which added the acceleration electrode to the structure of the field emission power generation apparatus which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure explaining the state which an electron penetrates an electron extraction electrode, when an electron extraction electrode is comprised by the combination of a carbon nanotube. It is a figure which shows an example of the specific structure of an electron emission port and an electron extraction electrode. It is a figure explaining the state in the middle of comprising an electron extraction electrode using the bridge | crosslinking phenomenon of a carbon nanotube. It is a figure which shows one specific example which comprised the electron extraction electrode by bridge | crosslinking of the carbon nanotube. It is a figure explaining an example of the specific structure of an electron acceptor. It is a figure explaining the example which added the receiving electron position dispersion | distribution means to the structure of the field emission power generation apparatus which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure explaining the example which added the electronic distribution means to the structure of the field emission power generation apparatus which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure explaining an example of the specific structure of the electric power extraction circuit comprised corresponding to the case where an electronic distribution means is added to the structure of the field emission power generation apparatus which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure explaining an example which added the secondary emission prevention means to the structure of the field emission power generation apparatus which concerns on the 1st Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure explaining another example which added the secondary emission prevention means to the structure of the field emission power generator concerning the 1st Embodiment of this invention. FIG. 13 is a diagram for explaining still another example in which secondary emission preventing means is added to the configuration of the field emission power generation device according to the first embodiment. It is a schematic sectional block diagram which shows one example of the field emission power generation device which concerns on the 2nd Embodiment of this invention to which the secondary emission prevention means shown in FIG. 12 is applied. It is a schematic sectional block diagram which shows the other example of the field emission power generation device which concerns on the 2nd Embodiment of this invention to which the secondary emission prevention means shown in FIG. 13 is applied. Schematic configuration diagram showing still another example of the field emission power generation device according to the second embodiment of the present invention in which the direction of the field emitted electrons can be alternately changed to the opposite direction using an AC power source. It is. In the apparatus shown in FIG. 16, it is a figure explaining the motion of the field emission electron in the state which has an alternating current power supply in a positive half cycle. In the apparatus shown in FIG. 16, it is a figure explaining the motion of the field emission electron in the state which has an alternating current power supply in a negative half cycle. It is a schematic block diagram explaining the field emission electric power generating apparatus which concerns on the 3rd Embodiment of this invention. It is a cross-sectional block diagram explaining a specific example of the field emission power generation device which concerns on the 3rd Embodiment of this invention. FIG. 21 is a partially enlarged view of FIG. 20. It is a schematic block diagram explaining the field emission power generation device which concerns on the 4th Embodiment of this invention. It is a figure explaining the threshold value of the voltage which carries out field emission of an electron.

Explanation of symbols

DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 10 Vacuum container 20 Electron supply body 30 Electron emission port 31 Quasi-one-dimensional substance 40 Electron extraction electrode 41 Electron extraction power supply 42 Quasi-one-dimensional substance 50 Electron acceptor 60 Electron extraction circuit 61 Electrical load 70 Insulating isolation member 80 Acceleration electrode 90 Receiving Electron position dispersion means 100 Electron distribution means 110 Secondary emission prevention means 130 Electron collection port 140 Electron collection electrodes 151 and 152 First electron orbit change electrodes 154 and 155 Second electron orbit change electrodes 157 Electron orbit change electrodes 160 Frame F Electric insulation field e electron n nucleus s lead-in space

A field emission power generator according to a first embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG.
In the first embodiment, the field-emission electron e penetrates the electron extraction electrode 40 by a tunnel phenomenon and reaches the electron acceptor 50.

FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional configuration diagram of a field emission power generator.
An electron supply body 20, an electron emission port 30, an electron extraction electrode 40, and an electron acceptor 50 are provided in the vacuum container 10.
In addition, an electronic extraction power supply 41 and a power extraction circuit 60 are provided outside the vacuum vessel 10.

The vacuum vessel 10 is a vessel that keeps the inside of the vacuum vessel in a vacuum or sufficiently reduced pressure, and the type of material is not particularly limited.
The electron supply body 20 is made of a substance that is a source for supplying electrons, and is made of a metal material or other material that has abundant free electrons.
The electron emission port 30 functions to emit electrons from the field, and is provided in an electrically conductive state with the electron supply body 20.
The electron emission port 30 is preferably made of a material having a small energy barrier against electron field emission. Moreover, it is preferable to comprise in the shape with a small energy barrier.
The electron extraction electrode 40 is an electrode for applying an electric field to the electron emission port 30 and emitting electrons e from the electron emission port 30. The electron extraction electrode 40 is disposed opposite to the electron emission port 30 by an insulating isolation member 70 via an electric insulation field F.
The insulating partition member 70 may be made of an insulating material.
In the case of this embodiment, the electron extraction electrode 40 is made of a quasi-two-dimensional material as an electron absorption prevention means for preventing the field-emission electron e from reaching the electron extraction electrode 40 and being absorbed. .
The electron acceptor 50 is for receiving field emitted electrons, and is disposed behind the electron extraction electrode 40 via an electric insulating field F. The electron acceptor 50 can be made of a material having a large free electron holding capacity such as a metal material.
The electron extraction power source 41 functions to apply a positive voltage to the electron extraction electrode 40. In this embodiment, the electron extraction power source 41 is connected so that a negative electrode is applied to the electron supply body 20 and a positive electrode is applied to the electron extraction electrode 40. ing.
The power extraction circuit 60 is a circuit for extracting the electrons e collected in the electron acceptor 50 to the outside. The electron acceptor 50 and the electron supply body 20 are electrically connected, and an electrical load 61 is arranged in the middle thereof.
In the present embodiment, the electric insulating field F is constituted by an insulating space consisting of a vacuum or a sufficiently decompressed space.

In the field emission power generation device according to the first embodiment, the electrons e existing in the electron supply body 20 disposed in the vacuum vessel 10 are added with a positive voltage by the electron extraction electrode 40, whereby the electrons e Electric field is emitted from the emission port 30 to the electric insulation field F.
The electrons e field-emitted to the electric insulating field F penetrate through the electron extraction electrode 40 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material having a very thin thickness by a quantum tunnel phenomenon. That is, the electron e emitted by the field emission is prevented from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40.
The electrons e that have penetrated the electron extraction electrode 40 reach the electron acceptor 50 and are collided and absorbed.
A power extraction circuit 60 is connected between the electron acceptor 50 in which the electron e is absorbed and the electron supply body 20, and the electron e is transferred from the electron acceptor 50 that has absorbed the electron e to the electron supply body 20. Provide feedback. At that time, the current i flows as the electron e moves in the electrical load 61. That is, the generated electricity is supplied as electric energy to the electric load 61, and the energy is used to perform work.

FIG. 2 shows a field emission power generation device in which an acceleration electrode 80 is added to the configuration shown in FIG.
The acceleration electrode 80 is an electrode for accelerating field emission electrons toward the electron acceptor 50. The acceleration electrode 80 is provided behind the electron extraction electrode 40 by an insulating isolation member 71 via an electric insulating field F.
An acceleration power supply 81 for applying a positive voltage is provided for the acceleration electrode 80. In this example, the acceleration power supply 81 is coupled in series with the electron extraction power supply 41 so that a positive voltage higher than that of the electron extraction electrode 40 is applied to the acceleration electrode 80.
The acceleration power supply 81 is composed of a quasi-two-dimensional material.
The other configurations and functions in FIG. 2 are the same as the configurations and functions shown in FIG. 1, so members and elements having the same configurations and functions are denoted by the same reference numerals and description thereof is omitted.
In the apparatus according to the second embodiment, an electron e emitted from the electron emission port 30 of the electron supply body 20 and penetrating the electron extraction electrode 40 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material is applied to the acceleration electrode 80 to which a positive voltage is applied. It is further accelerated by the Coulomb force of the charge of. The electron extraction electrode 40, which is a quasi-two-dimensional substance, can penetrate through the quantum tunnel phenomenon and reach the electron acceptor 50 with higher kinetic energy. In this case, if the kinetic energy of the electron e is high, the possibility of reaching the electron acceptor 50 by overcoming the repulsive force according to Coulomb's law due to the negative charge accumulated in the electron acceptor 50 increases. The collection efficiency of the electron e is improved. That is, the power generation efficiency is improved.

FIG. 3 shows a case where a field emission electron e approaches the electron extraction electrode 40 in the case where the quasi-two-dimensional material used for the electron extraction electrode 40 is configured by arranging carbon nanotubes which are quasi-one-dimensional materials substantially in parallel. Indicates.
Carbon nanotubes are composed of carbon 6-membered rings. When the electron e approaches the electron extraction electrode 40 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material along the electron trajectory orb, the electron e has kinetic energy, and therefore penetrates through a very thin material by a tunnel phenomenon. That is, even if the electron e approaches the nucleus n in the quasi-two-dimensional material, the flying electron e has a velocity, so the probability of being captured by the nucleus n is low, and most of the electrons may penetrate. Since it is high, there is a high probability that electrons e are hardly absorbed by the quasi-two-dimensional material due to the tunnel phenomenon and continue to fly.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating a configuration example of the electron emission port 30 and the electron extraction electrode 40.
In this example, the electron emission port 30 is composed of a quasi-one-dimensional material 31 so that the longitudinal direction of the quasi-one-dimensional material 31 is perpendicular to the surface of the electron supply body 20 (the electron emission direction is the same). E). A plurality of the quasi-one-dimensional materials 31 can be erected. By using a plurality, it is possible to quickly emit a large number of field emission electrons e.
In this example, a plurality of quasi-one-dimensional materials 42 are arranged substantially in parallel with intervals, and the end portions are integrated with the substrate 43 to form a quasi-two-dimensional material, which is used as the electron extraction electrode 40. An electron extraction power supply 41 is connected between the substrate 43 and the electron supply body 20, and a positive voltage is applied to the electron extraction electrode 40.
Electrons e that are field-emitted from the electron emission port 30 made of the quasi-one-dimensional material 31 to the electric insulation field F fly toward the electron extraction electrode 40, but tunnel through the gap between the quasi-one-dimensional material 42 of the electron extraction electrode 40. It slips through the phenomenon. As a result, the field emission electrons e can be almost prevented from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40.
Instead of arranging the quasi-one-dimensional material 42 substantially in parallel, a quasi-two-dimensional material may be configured by arranging quasi-one-dimensional materials in a network.
As the quasi-one-dimensional materials 31 and 42, carbon nanotubes can be used.

With reference to FIG. 5 and FIG. 6, an example in which the electron extraction electrode 40 is constituted by cross-linking of carbon nanotubes will be described.
A pair of base bodies 44 are arranged opposite to each other as the electron extraction electrode 40 arranged via the electron supply body 20 and the insulating isolation member 70. Specifically, the base 44 is made of a catalytic material such as iron, cobalt, nickel, etc., and is laminated on the upper surface of the insulating isolation member 70 so as to be electrically non-conductive with the electron supply body 20.
The atmosphere is set to around 650 ° C., a carbon-based gas such as methane or acetylene is appropriately supplied as a gas, and the conditions are appropriately maintained, so that carbon nanotubes on the substrate 44 or similar quasi-1 A dimensional material is grown to form a cross-linked body 45 between the substrates 44 and 44. Each carbon nanotube is a quasi-one-dimensional material, but a large number of carbon nanotubes constitute a cross-linked body 45 between a pair of base bodies 44 to constitute an electron extraction electrode 40 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material.
An electron extraction power source 41 is connected between the electron supply body 20 and the base body 44, and a positive voltage is applied to the base body 44 by the electron extraction power source 41, so that the electron emission port 30 (a plurality of electron discharge ports 30) The electron e in the quasi-primary material is drawn up by Coulomb force and is field-emitted.
The field-emission electron e flies toward the electron extraction electrode 4, but passes through the cross-linked body 45 of the quasi-two-dimensional substance by a tunnel phenomenon and goes to the electron acceptor 50.

An example of a specific configuration of the electron acceptor 50 will be described with reference to FIG.
In this example, the electron acceptor 50 includes a positive charge member 51, an insulating member 52, a conductive member 53, and a power receiving member 54.
A layer of a conductive member 53 is laminated on the front surface of a positively charged member 51 to which a positive charge is applied by a power source (not shown) via a layer of an insulating member 52, and a large number of power receiving members 54 are arranged in this conductive member 53. ing. The conductive member 53 may be a conductive transparent film (ITO).
Electrons e which are field-emitted from the electron emission port 30 of the electron supply body 20 and penetrate the electron extraction electrode 40 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material by a tunnel phenomenon are attracted by the positive charge member 51 of the electron acceptor 50 and are received by the power reception member 54. Approaches and is absorbed into it. The electrons e that have not been absorbed are absorbed by the conductive member 53. At this time, movement of electrons is blocked by the insulating member 52 between the positively charged member 51 and the conductive member 53. Therefore, it finally moves to the power receiving member 54. As a result, electrons e are accumulated as negative charges in the power receiving member 54. The accumulated electrons e can be used as electric energy by passing the electric load 61 of the power extraction circuit 60 (see FIGS. 1 and 2).

With reference to FIG. 8, an example in which the electron receiving position dispersion unit 90 is added to the configuration of the field emission power generation device according to the first embodiment will be described.
The power receiving position dispersion means 90 disperses the orbits orb of the electrons e toward the electron acceptor 50 with respect to the electron acceptors 50 that collect the field emitted electrons e, thereby receiving the electron receiving positions in the electron acceptor 50. Is intended to prevent the concentration of
The electron receiving position dispersion means 90 is disposed in front of the electron acceptor 50 and changes the trajectory of the electrons e toward the electron acceptor 50 periodically or randomly.
In FIG. 8, the electron acceptor 50 is shown rotated by 90 degrees from the state shown in FIGS. However, this is only shown rotated for ease of explanation.
The electron receiving position distribution means 90 includes two horizontal deflecting plates 92, 92, two vertical deflecting plates 94, 94, a horizontal scanning electronic circuit 91, and a vertical scanning electronic circuit 93. The two horizontal deflection plates 92, 92 are applied with an electrical signal to be scanned in the horizontal direction by the horizontal scanning electronic circuit 91, and the two vertical deflection plates 94, 94 are the vertical scanning electronic circuit. An electrical signal scanning in the vertical direction is applied by 93. Due to the change in the horizontal electric field generated by the horizontal scanning signal, the orbit of electron e is bent in the horizontal direction. Further, the orbit of electron e is bent in the vertical direction by the change in the vertical electric field generated by the vertical scanning signal. By the combination of horizontal scanning and vertical scanning, the trajectory orb of the electrons e is changed periodically or randomly, and as a result, the electrons e are dispersed and received in a wide range of the electron acceptor 50. As a result, the electron acceptor 50 is prevented from being damaged or destroyed by being concentrated and received by the electron e in a narrow range of the electron acceptor 50, and the durability can be increased.

With reference to FIG. 9, the example which added the electronic distribution means 100 to the structure of the field emission electric power generating apparatus which concerns on 1st Embodiment is demonstrated.
Consider the case where the charge of an electron e flying in a vacuum is −q coulomb, its velocity is v, and the electron e approaches the electron acceptor 50. If the charge stored in the electron acceptor 50 is −Q coulomb, a coulomb repulsive force proportional to the product of the charges q × Q of both is applied. When the velocity v of the electron e is high, the electron e can overcome the coulomb repulsive force and collide with the electron acceptor 50. However, when the velocity v is small, the electron e cannot reach the electron acceptor 50 due to the action of the repulsive force of the Coulomb force. Therefore, the amount of negative charge accumulated in the electron acceptor 50 is limited, and electrons that have not collided due to Coulomb's repulsive force are absorbed by the positive electrode of the added power source. Therefore, it is important that the electron acceptor 50 absorb all the electrons e flying in the vacuum.
The electron distribution means 100 is arranged in front of the electron acceptor 50 and distributes electrons e that pass through the electron extraction electrode 40 and travel toward the electron acceptor 50. That is, a pair of sorting electrodes 101 and 102 are arranged opposite to each other in an electric insulating field F (see FIGS. 1 and 2) between the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron acceptor 50, and the electrodes 101 and 102 are arranged. The configuration is such that electrons e pass between them. When the AC power source 103 is connected to the pair of distribution electrodes 101 and 102 and a positive voltage is applied to one distribution electrode 101 (102), a negative voltage is applied to the other distribution electrode 102 (101). Let them join.
When the electron distributing means 100 is provided, a plurality of electron acceptors 50 for receiving the distributed electrons are provided as the structure of the electron acceptor 50. That is, in FIG. 9, the electron acceptor 50 is insulated from each other by the insulating member 55, and the first electron acceptor 56 and the second electron acceptor 57 are arranged.

In the configuration as described above, when the AC power supply 103 is turned on, a positive potential and a negative potential are applied to the pair of sorting electrodes 101 and 102 at a constant cycle.
In the drawing, during a period in which a positive potential is applied to the left distribution electrode 101 and a negative potential is applied to the right distribution electrode 102, the flying electrons e are bent in the direction of the positive potential (leftward) and left The first electron acceptor 56 collides and is absorbed. Further, during a period in which a positive potential is applied to the right distribution electrode 102 and a negative potential is applied to the left distribution electrode 101, the flying electrons e are bent in the right direction and collide with the right second electron acceptor 57. Absorbed. In this way, electrons are distributed and collected between the left and right first electron acceptors 56 and second electron acceptors 57 at a fixed period.
The collection of the electrons e is alternately performed by the pair of electron acceptors 56 and 57, so that each of the first electron acceptor 56 and the second electron acceptor 57 is in a period in which no electron e is accepted. In this case, the accumulated electrons e can flow out to be used for electric power, and the amount of electrons e in the electron acceptors 56 and 57 can be reduced to prepare for receiving electrons in the next cycle.

Referring to FIG. 10, one example of a power extraction circuit 60 that takes out the electrons e distributed and stored in the first electron acceptor 56 and the second electron acceptor 57 by the distribution means 100 and supplies them to the power supply. Explain one.
The power extraction circuit 60 is provided with a transformer 62, one end 63 a of the primary winding 63 is connected to the first electron acceptor 56, and the other end 63 b of the primary winding 63 is connected to the second electron acceptor 57. Connecting. Further, an intermediate terminal 63 c is provided at the center of the primary winding 63, and the intermediate terminal 63 c is configured to be connected to the electron supply body 20. A voltage is output between both ends 64 a and 64 b of the secondary winding 64 of the transformer 62. Therefore, by connecting the electric load 65 between the both ends 64a and 64b, it is possible to supply electric power to the electric load to work.

During a period in which a positive potential is applied to the left sorting electrode 101 by the electron sorting means 100, electrons are received by the first electron acceptor 56 and stored. The electrons e accumulated in the first electron acceptor 56 flow from the one end 63a to the primary winding 63 of the power extraction circuit 60, and move (circulate) to the electron supply body 20 through the intermediate terminal 63c. . At this time, a magnetic flux is generated in the secondary winding 64 of the transformer 62 to generate a voltage. Usually, since the electrical load 65 is connected to the secondary winding 64 side, a back electromotive force is generated by the current flowing through the electrical load 65, and this back electromotive force causes the first electron acceptor 56 to 1. The amount of electrons that move to the electron supplier 20 through the next winding 63 is limited. For this reason, it takes time until the electrons e accumulated in the first electron acceptor 56 are sufficiently discharged.
On the other hand, when the voltage of the AC power supply 103 changes in a predetermined cycle, the left distribution electrode 101 of the electron distribution means 100 becomes a negative potential, and the right distribution electrode 102 becomes a positive potential, the flying electrons e Accepted and stored in the two-electron acceptor 57. The electrons e accumulated in the second electron acceptor 57 flow from the other end 63b to the primary winding 63 of the power extraction circuit 60, and move (circulate) to the electron supply body 20 through the intermediate terminal 63c. . At this time, in the secondary winding 64 of the transformer 62, a magnetic flux opposite to that of the previous time is generated, and a voltage having a reverse polarity is generated. That is, the current flowing through the electrical load 65 is in the opposite direction to the previous time. A counter electromotive force is generated by a current flowing through the electrical load 65 of the secondary winding 64, and the counter electromotive force moves from the second electron acceptor 57 through the primary winding 63 to the electron supply body 20. The amount of electrons played is limited. For this reason, it takes time until the electrons e accumulated in the second electron acceptor 57 are sufficiently discharged.
On the other hand, since there is no electron e that reaches the first electron acceptor 56 during this period, almost all of the electron e stored in the first electron acceptor 56 passes through the primary winding 63 of the transformer 62. And return to the electron supplier 20. That is, most of the electrons e stored in the first electron acceptor 56 during this period are discharged. Therefore, the first electron acceptor 56 is ready to accept electrons e in the next period during this period.
In the case of the second electron acceptor 57, after the same process, the acceptance of electrons and the arrangement of acceptance by discharge are performed.
An AC voltage is generated on the secondary winding 64 side of the power extraction circuit 60.

As described above, the electron distribution means 100 distributes and accepts the field emission electrons e to the two electron acceptors, that is, the first electron acceptor 56 and the second electron acceptor 57, thereby accepting the electrons. It is possible to prevent the accumulation of a large amount of electrons e in the body, thereby avoiding the disadvantage that the acceptance of further electrons e can be avoided, accepting the field emission electrons e efficiently, and the electron supply body 20 can be returned.
Therefore, it is possible to prevent a reduction in the efficiency of electric energy generation due to the charge accumulation phenomenon, which is the biggest problem in the power generator of the present invention, and it is possible to provide a highly efficient power generator.

Referring to FIG. 11, secondary emission preventing means 110 for preventing secondary emission of electrons that have reached the electron acceptor is added to the configuration of the field emission power generation device according to the first embodiment. An example will be described.
In this example, the insulating peripheral wall 111 made of an insulating member is provided so as to surround the front surface 50 a of the electron acceptor 50, that is, the surface 50 a that receives flying electrons e, and the gate member 112 is disposed in the opening of the insulating peripheral wall 111. To do. An electron receiving port 113 is provided near the center of the gate member 112. The front surface 50a of the electron acceptor 50 is inclined so that the central portion is high and the peripheral edge is low.
A power supply 114 is provided so that a negative voltage is applied to the gate member 112 isolated by the insulating peripheral wall 111 and a positive voltage is applied to the electron acceptor 50.
The electrons e that have passed through the electron receiving port 113 of the gate member 112 collide with the surface 50 a of the electron acceptor 50. The collided electron e or the secondary ejected electron e travels to the bent electron orbit orb and is finally absorbed by the electron acceptor 50. Since the electric field generated between the gate member 112 and the electron acceptor 50 acts as a force that causes the flying electrons e to approach the electron acceptor 50, all of the electrons e that have passed through the electron acceptor 113 of the gate member 112. Is absorbed by the electron acceptor 50.
The electrons e absorbed by the electron acceptor 50 return to the electron supply body 20 via the power extraction circuit 60 and are used by the electrical load 61 on the way.
The utilization efficiency of the collected electrons is improved when the positive voltage applied to the electron acceptor 50 is low or close to zero.

Referring to FIG. 12, secondary emission preventing means 110 is added to the configuration of the field emission power generator according to the first embodiment to prevent secondary emission of electrons that have reached electron acceptor 50. Another example will be described.
In this example, a quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116 is laminated on the front surface of the electron acceptor 50 via a quasi-two-dimensional insulating material 115. A power source 117 a is provided so that a negative voltage is applied to the quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116 isolated by the quasi-two-dimensional insulating material 115, and a positive voltage is applied to the electron acceptor 50.
When the flying electron e toward the electron acceptor 50 collides with the quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116, it passes through the quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116 by a tunnel phenomenon, and further, the quasi-two-dimensional insulating material 115 also passes through the tunnel phenomenon, thereby accepting electrons. It collides with the body 50 and is absorbed.
The electron e colliding with the electron acceptor 50 has a reduced velocity and receives a Coulomb force due to the negative charge stored in the quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116, so that the quasi-two-dimensional insulating material 115 and quasi-2 are again transmitted from the electron acceptor 50. It is prevented from jumping out through the dimension conductive material 116. That is, secondary release of the electrons e that have reached the electron acceptor 50 is prevented.

Referring to FIG. 13, secondary emission preventing means 110 for preventing secondary emission of electrons reaching electron acceptor 50 is added to the configuration of the field emission power generation device according to the first embodiment. Another example will be described.
In this example, a conductive material 119 is disposed on the back surface of the electron acceptor 50 via an insulating member 118, and a positive voltage from the power source 117b is applied to the conductive material 119.
Due to the positive charge stored in the conductive material 119, a negative charge is induced on the surface (back surface) of the electron acceptor 50 on the conductive material 119 side, and the positive charge is charged on the front surface (surface receiving the electron e) of the electron acceptor 50. Be guided.
The flying electrons e are attracted by the positive charges induced on the front surface of the electron acceptor 50 and reliably reach the front surface of the electron acceptor 50. The electrons e that reach the electron acceptor 50 and are collected can be used as electric energy via the power extraction circuit 60.

A field emission power generation apparatus according to a second embodiment of the present invention to which the secondary emission preventing means shown in FIG. 12 is applied will be described with reference to FIG.
In the field emission power generation device according to the second embodiment, the electron extraction electrode 40 is a quasi-two-dimensional substance as an electron absorption prevention means for preventing the field-emission electron e from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40. This is common to the first embodiment in that electrons pass through the electron extraction electrode 40 by a tunnel phenomenon.
On the other hand, in the first embodiment, the electric insulation field F between the electron supply body 20 and the electron extraction electrode 40 is an insulating space, whereas in the second embodiment, the electron supply body 20 and the electron extraction field. The difference is that the electric insulation field F between the electrodes 40 is composed of a layer of an insulating material. Actually, the electric insulating field F is composed of a quasi-two-dimensional insulating material layer so that the electrons e emitted from the electron supplier 20 penetrate the electric insulating field F made of a quasi-two-dimensional insulating material by a tunnel phenomenon. ing.
By configuring the electric insulating field F with an insulating material instead of a space, it is possible to easily configure a power generation device made of a solid chip and its module. By collecting a large number of power generation modules, the power generation output can be increased.

Although not shown in the figure, an electron emission port 30 made of a quasi-one-dimensional material is formed on the surface of the electron supply body 20 facing the electric insulation field F so that electrons e can be easily emitted in the field. In this case, the electron emission port 30 is configured by physically or chemically standing a quasi-one-dimensional substance in the central region of the upper surface of the electron supply body 20, and an electric insulating field F is formed around the upper surface of the electron supply body 20. It can be set as the structure laminated | stacked directly on the electron supply body 20, and integrated.
A voltage from an electron extraction power source 41 is applied between the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron supply body 20.
Behind the electron extraction electrode 40, an electric insulating field F is formed as a vacuum space (decompressed space) by laminating insulating isolation members 72 such as silicon dioxide. The next emission preventing means 110 (115, 116, 117a) is provided, and the electron acceptor 50 is arranged behind it.
The secondary emission preventing means 110 has a configuration in which a quasi-two-dimensional insulating material 115 is laminated on the electron acceptor 50 and a quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116 is further laminated thereon, as already described with reference to FIG. Has been. Then, the quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116 is set to a negative voltage and the electron acceptor 50 is set to a positive voltage by the power source 117a.
A vacuum electric insulation field F surrounded by the insulating isolation member 72, the electron extraction electrode 40, and the quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116 is a space completely isolated from the outside. That is, the apparatus shown in FIG. 14 can be configured as a solid apparatus that does not need to be surrounded by the vacuum vessel 10.

Due to the electric field formed by the electron extraction electrode 41, the electrons e are emitted from the electron supply body 20 through the electron emission port 30. The field-emission electron e passes through an electric insulating field F made of a quasi-two-dimensional material by a tunnel phenomenon, and the electron extraction electrode 40 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material also passes by a tunnel phenomenon, and is surrounded by an insulating isolation member 72. Enters the electric insulation field F. Further, it flies through the electric insulating field F and reaches the quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116. The quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 116 is extremely thin and passes through the tunnel phenomenon. Further, the quasi-two-dimensional insulating portion chamber 115 also passes through the tunnel phenomenon, reaches the electron acceptor 50, and is absorbed. The electron e that has once reached the electron acceptor 50 is prevented from being secondary emitted again by the negative potential of the quasi-two-dimensional conductive material 115.
Since the electron e absorbed in the electron acceptor 50 still has a charge, the electron e can be taken out using the electric extraction circuit 60 and used as electric energy through the electric load 61. .

With reference to FIG. 15, another example of the field emission power generation apparatus according to the second embodiment of the present invention to which the secondary emission preventing means shown in FIG. 13 is applied will be described.
In the apparatus shown in FIG. 15, the secondary discharge means 110 (115, 116, 117a) shown in FIG. 14 is replaced with that shown in FIG.
In the present apparatus, as in the case of the apparatus shown in FIG. 14, the electric insulating field F between the electron supply body 20 and the electron extraction electrode 40 is formed of a layer of an insulating material. That is, the configuration shown in FIG. 14 is provided with an electron supply body 20, an electron emission port 30 (not shown), an electric insulating field F composed of a quasi-two-dimensional insulating material layer, an electron extraction electrode 40, and an electron extraction power source 41. Is the same.

Behind the electron extraction electrode 40, an insulating field F is formed as a vacuum space (decompressed space) by stacking an insulating isolation member 73 such as silicon dioxide, and an electron is received through the electrical isolation field F and the insulating isolation member 73. A body 50 is arranged. Further, secondary emission preventing means 110 (118, 119, 117b) is provided behind the electron acceptor 50.
As described above with reference to FIG. 13, the secondary emission preventing means 110 includes the insulating material 118 on the back surface of the electron acceptor 50 and the conductive material 119 via the vacuum electric insulating field F surrounded by the insulating material 118. The conductive material 119 is configured to be applied with a positive voltage from the power source 117b. The negative electrode of the power supply 117b is connected to the positive electrode of the electron extraction power supply 41, and is connected to the electron extraction electrode 40 at an intermediate position.
Due to the positive charge stored in the conductive material 119, a negative charge is induced on the surface (back surface) of the electron acceptor 50 on the conductive material 119 side, and the positive charge is charged on the front surface (surface receiving the electron e) of the electron acceptor 50. Be guided. The positive charge induced on the front surface of the electron acceptor 50 attracts the electrons e flying in the electric insulating field F and reliably reaches the front surface of the electron acceptor 50. The electrons e that reach the electron acceptor 50 and are collected can be used as electric energy via the power extraction circuit 60.
A vacuum electric insulation field F surrounded by the insulating isolation member 73, the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron acceptor 50, and a vacuum electric insulation field surrounded by the insulating material 118, the electron acceptor 50 and the conductive material 119. F is a space completely isolated from the outside. That is, the apparatus shown in FIG. 15 can also be configured as a solid apparatus that does not need to be surrounded by the vacuum vessel 10 as in the apparatus shown in FIG.

Referring to FIG. 16, the field emission power generation device according to the second embodiment of the present invention, which is capable of alternately changing the direction of the field-emission electron e to the opposite direction by using an AC power source, is further described. Another example will be described.
The electron supply body 20 and an electric extraction electrode 40 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material are provided, and an electric insulation field F made of a quasi-two-dimensional insulation material is laminated between the electron supply body 20 and the electric extraction electrode 40. Although not shown in the drawing, the surface of the electron supply body 20 facing the electric insulation field F constitutes an electron emission port 30 in which a large number of quasi-one-dimensional substances are erected in the electron emission direction, and the electron e Is easy to emit field. The structure of the electron supply body 20, the electron emission port 30, and the electrical extraction electrode 40 is the same as that of the apparatus shown in FIGS.
An electron collecting electrode 140 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material is laminated on the front surface of the electron acceptor 50 via an electric insulating field F made of a quasi-two-dimensional insulating material. Although not shown in the drawing, the surface of the electron acceptor 50 facing the electric insulation field F is configured with an electron collection port 130 made of a quasi-one-dimensional material so that electrons e can be easily received.
The generation or configuration of the electron collection port 130 can be the same as the generation or configuration of the electron emission port 30 described above.

  The electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron collection electrode 140 are joined to each other via an insulating isolation member 74, and an electric insulating field F composed of a vacuum or a reduced pressure space surrounded by the insulating isolation member 74 is interposed therebetween.

An AC power supply 121 for electron extraction and electron collection is connected between the electron supply body 20 and the electron extraction electrode 40, and an electron extraction and collection electrode is also connected between the electron acceptor 50 and the electron collection electrode 140. AC power source 122 is connected.
The AC power supply 121 and the AC power supply 122 are synchronized in period. When the electron extraction electrode 40 is at a positive potential, the electron collection electrode 140 is at a negative potential, and when the electron extraction electrode 40 is at a negative potential, the electron collection electrode 140 is at a positive potential. It is configured to have a potential.
In the apparatus according to the above configuration, the electric insulating field F between the electron supply body 20 and the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electric insulating field F between the electron acceptor 50 and the electron collection electrode 140 are both formed of an insulating material. In addition, since an electric insulating field F consisting of a vacuum or a decompressed space surrounded by the insulating isolation member 74 can also be configured in the solid, after all, without requiring a case such as the vacuum vessel 10 or the like. A solid power generation device, a solid power generation module, and a power generation element can be configured.

  Now, a situation where positive and negative voltages having a pulse waveform are alternately applied as the AC power supplies 121 and 122 will be described with reference to FIGS. 17 and 18.

First, when the AC power supplies 121 and 122 are applied with positive voltage to the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron acceptor 50 and negative voltage to the electron supply body 20 and the electron collection electrode 140 in the positive half-period, as shown in FIG. It becomes a state.
That is, in this case, the electron e is emitted from the electron supply body 20 through the electron emission port 30 to the electric insulating field F by the positive charge of the electron extraction electrode 40. Since the electric insulating field F is made of a quasi-two-dimensional material, the electrons e pass through the electric insulating field F by a tunnel phenomenon. Further, the electron extraction electrode 40 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material also passes through the tunnel effect, and enters the electric insulating field F made up of a vacuum or reduced pressure space surrounded by an insulating isolation member 74 made of silicon dioxide. At this time, a positive potential is applied to the electron acceptor 50 and a negative potential is applied to the electron collection electrode 140. The electrons e flying in the electric insulation field F reach the electron collecting electrode 140, but pass through the tunnel phenomenon because the electron collecting electrode 140 is made of a quasi-two-dimensional object. Further, an electric insulating field F made of a quasi-two-dimensional insulating material also passes through the tunnel phenomenon and reaches the electron acceptor 50 through the electron collecting port 130. The electrons e that are to be secondarily emitted from the electron acceptor 50 are suppressed by the electron collecting electrode 140 at a negative potential.
The electrons e collected by the electron acceptor 50 are moved to the power extraction circuit 60 and are used as electric energy by the electric load 61.

Next, when the AC power supplies 121 and 122 are in the negative half-period, a positive voltage is applied to the electron collection electrode 140 and the electron supply body 20, and a negative voltage is applied to the electron acceptor 50 and the electron extraction electrode 40. It will be in the state shown.
That is, in this half year, the electron acceptor 50 becomes an electron supplier, and the electron collection electrode 140 becomes an electron extraction electrode. The electron collection port 130 formed on the surface of the electron acceptor 50 is an electron emission port. The electron supply body 20 serves as an electron acceptor, and the electron extraction electrode 40 serves as an electron collection electrode. The electron emission port 30 formed on the surface of the electron supply body 20 serves as an electron collection port.
Due to the positive voltage applied to the electron collecting electrode 140, electrons e are emitted from the electron acceptor 50 through the electron collecting port 130 to the electric insulating field F. Since the electric insulating field F is made of a quasi-two-dimensional material, the electrons e pass through the electric insulating field F by a tunnel phenomenon. Furthermore, the electron collecting electrode 140 made of a quasi-two-dimensional material also passes through the tunnel effect, and enters the electric insulating field F made up of a vacuum or reduced pressure space surrounded by an insulating isolation member 74 made of silicon dioxide. At this time, a positive potential is applied to the electron supply body 20 and a negative potential is applied to the electron extraction electrode 40. Electrons e flying in the electric insulation field F reach the electron extraction electrode 40, but pass through the tunnel phenomenon because the electron extraction electrode 40 is made of a quasi-two-dimensional object. Further, an electric insulating field F made of a quasi-two-dimensional insulating material also passes through the tunnel phenomenon and reaches the electron supply body 20 through the electron emission port 30. The electrons e that are to be secondarily emitted from the electron supply body 20 are suppressed by the electron extraction electrode 40 at a negative potential.
The electrons e collected in the electron supplier 20 are moved to the power extraction circuit 60 and are used as electric energy by the electric load 61.

As described above, in the positive half cycle of the AC power supplies 121 and 122, the electrons e in the electron supply body 20 are field-emitted to reach the electron acceptor 50, and the current i is applied to the power extraction circuit 60 from below. It flows upward (from the electron supplier 20 side to the electron acceptor 50 side). In the negative half cycle of the AC power supplies 121 and 122, the electrons e in the electron acceptor 50 are field-emitted to reach the electron supply 20, and the current i flows from the top to the bottom (electron acceptor) in the power extraction circuit 60. From the 50 side to the electron supply body 20 side). That is, an alternating current i flows through the electrical load 61 of the power extraction circuit 60.
Using the transformer or the like as the electrical load 61, the voltage and current can be adjusted and used as a household power source or a factory power source.
In the present invention described above, unlike the case of using sunlight or the like, it is possible to generate power at any time in the rain or at night and use it. Moreover, since a heat source or the like is not required, deterioration due to thermal cycling is not a problem. Of course, it is a stationary device. Therefore, the device of the present invention has excellent aspects that are not found in conventional power generation devices in terms of durability, practicality, convenience, and the like.

With reference to FIG. 19, a field emission power generation device according to a third embodiment of the present invention will be described.
In this third embodiment, electrons e emitted from the electron emission port 30 of the electron supply body 20 by the electron extraction electrode 40 are prevented from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40 as electron absorption preventing means. It is characterized in that an electron trajectory changing electrode for changing the trajectory of the electrons e flying toward the extraction electrode 40 is provided.
That is, in the first and second embodiments described above, in order to prevent the electron e emitted from the field emission from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40, the electron extraction electrode 40 is formed of a quasi-two-dimensional material, thereby e passes through the electron extraction electrode 40 by a tunnel phenomenon. However, in the third embodiment, the electron trajectory changing electrode is used as the electron absorption preventing means.
In the third embodiment, the electron extraction electrode 40 does not need to be a quasi-two-dimensional substance because the flying electrons e do not need to penetrate therethrough.

An electron supply body 20 is disposed in an electric insulating field F composed of a vacuum or a decompressed space. An electron extraction electrode 40 is disposed to face the electron supply body 20. An electron extraction power source 41 is added to the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron supply body 20 so that the electron extraction electrode 40 has a positive voltage and the electron supply body 20 has a negative voltage.
First electron trajectory changing electrodes 151 and 152 are disposed together with a power source 153 at a lateral position perpendicular to the gap between the electron supply body 20 and the electron extraction electrode 40. Separately, second electron trajectory changing electrodes 154 and 155 are arranged together with the power source 156 so as to guide the flying electrons e to the electron acceptor 50.
The field emission electrons e reach the electron acceptor 50 through the electron orbit shown in the figure.

Although the electron supply body 20 has been described in the above-described embodiment, the electron supply body 20 is made of a metal material or other material that has abundant free electrons.
Although not shown in FIG. 19, an electron emission port 30 is provided on the surface of the electron supply body 20 facing the electrical extraction electrode 40. The electron emission port 30 fulfills the function of field emission of electrons from the electron emission port 30 and is provided in an electrically conductive state with the electron supply body 20. The electron emission port 30 is preferably made of a material having a small energy barrier against electron field emission. Moreover, it is preferable to comprise in the shape with a small energy barrier. The electron emission port 30 can be constituted by standing a plurality of quasi-one-dimensional substances such as carbon nanotubes on the surface of the electron supply body 20.
The electron extraction electrode 40 is an electrode for applying an electric field to the electron emission port 30 and emitting electrons e from the electron emission port 30.
In the case of this embodiment, it is not necessary to configure the electron extraction electrode 40 with a quasi-two-dimensional material. Therefore, equipment for the electron extraction electrode 40 can be easily provided.
The electron acceptor 50 is for receiving field-emitted electrons, and can be made of a material having a large free electron holding capacity such as a metal material. As a structure of the electron acceptor 50, it can be set as the structure which consists of the codes | symbols 51-54 demonstrated in the said FIG. Further, the electron acceptor 50 may be provided with the electron receiving position dispersing means 90 described with reference to FIG. 8, the electron distributing means 100 described with reference to FIG. 9, and the secondary emission preventing means 110 described with reference to FIGS. .

By applying a positive voltage to the electron extraction electrode 40, electrons e are emitted from the electron supply body 20 through the electron emission port 30 and directed toward the electron extraction electrode 40. At this time, when the electron e flies through the gap between the electron supply body 20 and the electron extraction electrode 40, the electron e receives a Coulomb force from the first electron trajectory changing electrodes 151 and 152, and the electron e is applied with a positive voltage. The trajectory is changed toward the first electron trajectory changing electrode 151. This prevents the field emission electrons e from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40.
Second electron trajectory changing electrodes 154 and 155 are arranged on both sides of the trajectory toward the first electron trajectory changing electrode 151 to which the positive voltage is applied. The orbits of the flying electrons e are further changed by the second electron trajectory changing electrodes 154 and 155, and collide with and be absorbed by the electron acceptor 50 without colliding with the electron trajectory changing electrode 151.
The first electron orbit change electrodes 151 and 152 and the second electron orbit change electrodes 154 and 155 do not necessarily need to be provided in two pairs. In short, one or a plurality of electron trajectory changing electrodes may be arranged as means for changing the trajectory of electrons e going to the electron extracting electrode 40 from the electron extracting electrode 40 to the electron acceptor 50.

  Since the electron acceptor 50 that has collected the electrons e is charged to a negative charge, it can be taken out by the power extraction circuit 60 and used as electric energy.

A specific example of the field emission power generator according to the third embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS.
A frame 160 made of an electrically insulating material is installed in the vacuum vessel 10, and the electron supply body 20 is attached to the frame 160. Further, an electron extraction electrode 40 is attached to the frame 160 so as to face the electron supply body 20. A positive voltage is applied to the electron extraction electrode 40 and a negative voltage is applied to the electron supply body 20 by the electron extraction power source 41. Although not shown, the electron supply body 20 includes an electron emission port 30 made of a quasi-one-dimensional material.
Electrons e are emitted from the electron supply body 20 through the electron emission port 30 by the electron extraction electrode 40.

An electron trajectory changing electrode 157 is attached to the frame 160 so as to face the side of the gap between the electron supply body 20 and the electron extraction electrode 40. A voltage is applied to the electron trajectory changing electrode 157 and the electron supply body 20 by a power source 158 so that the electron trajectory changing electrode 157 has a positive voltage and the electron supply body 20 has a negative voltage.
The electron e emitted from the electron supplier 20 into the vacuum is changed in trajectory by the electron trajectory changing electrode 157, flies in the direction of the arrow, and is drawn from the opening 173 formed by the pair of gate members 171 and 172. Enter space S. An electron acceptor 50 is attached to the frame 160 in the interior of the drawing space S.
The gate members 171 and 172 are attached to the frame 160, and a negative voltage is applied by power sources 174 and 175. A positive voltage is applied to the electron acceptor 50 by power sources 174 and 175.

The electrons e that have entered the drawing space S are attracted to the electron acceptor 50 having a positive charge and reach, while being repelled by the gate members 172 and 173 and cannot be emitted from the opening 173.
Electrons e collected in the electron acceptor 50 are taken out by a power extraction circuit 60 (see the first and second embodiments) and flow to the electric load 61 to be used as electric energy.

A field emission power generator according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS.
In the fourth embodiment, electrons e emitted from the electron emission port 30 of the electron supply body 20 by the electron extraction electrode 40 are prevented from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40 as electron absorption preventing means. It is characterized in that the electron e flying toward the electron extraction electrode 40 is received before the electron extraction electrode 40 by arranging the acceptor 50 in front of the electron extraction electrode 40.
That is, in the first and second embodiments, the electron extraction electrode 40 is made of a quasi-two-dimensional material in order to prevent the field-emission electron e from being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode 40. In this embodiment, an electron orbit change electrode is used. However, in the fourth embodiment, the electron acceptor 50 is arranged in front of the electron extraction electrode 40 as an electron absorption preventing means.
In the fourth embodiment, the electron extraction electrode 40 does not need to be formed of a quasi-two-dimensional material because it is not necessary for the flying electrons e to penetrate therethrough.

In FIG. 22, the electron emission port 30 is disposed in the electron supply body 20 in an electrically conductive state. An electron acceptor 50 is disposed opposite to the electron emission port 30, and an electron extraction electrode 40 is disposed behind the electron acceptor 50. The electron supply body 20, the electron emission port 30, the electron extraction electrode 40, and the electron acceptor 50 are provided in a vacuum container (not shown) (see the vacuum container 10 in FIG. 1), and the atmosphere is a vacuum or reduced pressure space. It is an electric insulation field F.
Between the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron supply body 20, a positive voltage is applied to the electron extraction electrode 40 by an electron extraction power source 41. Further, a power extraction circuit 60 is disposed between the electron acceptor 50 and the electron supply body 20, and an electrical load 61 is provided in the middle.

As already described in the description of the apparatus shown in FIG. 1, the electron supply body 20 is made of a substance that is a source for supplying electrons, and is made of a metal material or other material that has abundant free electrons. The The electron emission port 30 has a function of emitting electrons from the electron emission field 30 and is electrically connected to the electron supply body 20. The electron emission port 30 is preferably made of a material having a small energy barrier against electron field emission. Moreover, it is preferable to comprise in the shape with a small energy barrier. The electron emission port 30 is configured such that a large number of quasi-one-dimensional substances are erected on the surface of the electron supply body 20 by growing quasi-one-dimensional substances such as carbon nanotubes on the surface of the electron supply body 20. To do.
The electron extraction electrode 40 is an electrode for applying an electric field to the electron emission port 30 and emitting electrons e from the electron emission port 30.
The electron acceptor 50 has a conical shape, and the front end side of the conical shape is disposed on the electron emission port 30 side, and the back surface on the rear end side of the conical shape is disposed on the electron extraction electrode 40 side. The electron acceptor 50 can be made of a material having a large free electron holding capacity such as a metal material.

  Electrons e are emitted from the electron supply body 20 through the electron emission port 30 by the electron extraction electrode 40 to which a positive voltage is applied. The field emission electrons e collide with the electron acceptor 50 and are absorbed. In the electron acceptor 50 that has absorbed the electron e, the electron e is accumulated as a negative charge. The accumulated electrons e can be used as electric energy by feeding back the power extraction circuit 60 to the electron supplier 20 via the electric load 61.

FIG. 23 shows the relationship between voltage and current when electrons e are field-emitted. In this figure, two types of field emission characteristics are described. A voltage at which electrons start emission (field emission) is called a threshold voltage. If a current I due to field emission starts to flow when a voltage higher than the threshold voltage Va is applied, this is referred to as a low threshold voltage Va. If a current I due to field emission starts flowing when a voltage higher than the threshold voltage Vb is applied, this is called a high threshold voltage Vb. In FIG. 22, the cone-shaped electron acceptor 50 is located between the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron emission port 30. Since an electric field is applied to the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron supply body 20, an electric field exists between the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron acceptor 50. Further, it exists between the electron acceptor 50 and the electron emission port 30.
In the case of the present embodiment, the surfaces where the electron extraction electrode 40 and the electron acceptor 50 face each other are almost flat with each other, and the electric field concentration phenomenon does not occur. That is, the field emission characteristic of electrons in that region becomes a high threshold voltage Vb in FIG. 23, and the electrons e hardly move from the electron acceptor 50 to the electron extraction electrode 40. However, the electron acceptor 50 and the electron emission port 30 face each other with a fine point. Since the distance between the two is short, an electric field concentration phenomenon occurs. In this case, the electron e is emitted from the electron emission port 30 by the low threshold voltage Va. Accordingly, the field emission electrons e are stored in the electron acceptor 50.

  The device of the present invention using electron field emission has little input energy as a power generation means to be newly added instead of, or as a new power generation means using natural energy such as conventional thermal power generation, hydroelectric power generation, nuclear power generation, and sunlight. It is possible to supply clean and stable electric energy at a low cost, and the industrial applicability is very large.

Claims (14)

  An electron supply body made of a material holding free electrons, an electron emission port provided in an electrically conductive state with respect to the electron supply body, and an electric field that is disposed opposite to the electron emission port via an electric insulation field In addition, an electron extraction electrode for attracting and emitting electrons, an electron acceptor for receiving electrons emitted by the electron extraction electrode, and electrons emitted from the electron emission port are absorbed by the electron extraction electrode. An electron absorption preventing means for preventing the electron emission, and applying a positive voltage to the electron extraction electrode causes field emission of the electron from the electron emission port, and the field emission electron is supplied to the electron extraction electrode. A field emission power generation device characterized in that it is received and collected by the electron acceptor separately arranged without being absorbed.   2. The field emission power generation device according to claim 1, wherein the electron emission port is made of a material and / or shape having a small energy barrier against electron emission.   2. The field emission power generation device according to claim 1, wherein the electron emission port is configured such that a quasi-one-dimensional substance is erected on the surface of the electron supply body so that the longitudinal direction thereof is the electron emission direction.   4. The field emission power generator according to claim 3, wherein the quasi-one-dimensional substance is a carbon nanotube.   2. The field emission power generator according to claim 1, wherein the electric insulating field is constituted by an insulating space or an insulating material.   2. The electron absorption preventing means according to claim 1, wherein the electron extraction electrode is made of a quasi-two-dimensional material, and electrons emitted from the electron emission port are penetrated without being absorbed by the electron extraction electrode due to quantum tunneling. A field emission power generator characterized by comprising:   2. The field emission power generation device according to claim 1, wherein the electron absorption preventing means is an electron trajectory changing electrode that changes the trajectory of electrons emitted from the electron emission port toward the electron extraction electrode.   The electron absorption preventing means according to claim 1, wherein the electron accepting means is arranged in front of the electron extraction electrode by disposing the electron acceptor in front of the electron extraction electrode so as to receive the electrons emitted from the electron emission port toward the electron extraction electrode. A field emission power generator characterized by the above.   2. The field emission power generator according to claim 1, further comprising an acceleration electrode for accelerating electrons toward the electron acceptor.   2. The field emission power generator according to claim 1, further comprising: an electron receiving position dispersion unit that disperses the electron trajectory toward the electron acceptor to prevent concentration of the electron receiving position on the electron acceptor.   2. An electric field according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of electron acceptors are provided in an insulated state, and electron distribution means for distributing electrons emitted from the electron emission port to the plurality of electron acceptors is provided. Emission generator.   2. The field emission power generator according to claim 1, further comprising secondary emission preventing means for preventing secondary emission of electrons that have reached the electron acceptor.   2. The field emission power generator according to claim 1, wherein the electron acceptor and the electron supplier are electrically connected and an electric load is arranged in the middle.   2. The field emission power generator according to claim 1, wherein an AC voltage is applied to the electron extraction electrode to change the amount of electrons emitted from the electron emission port, thereby generating AC power.

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