JPS63314439A - Apparatus for sampling radioactive or poisonous material from process component - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Industrial Application Field] The present invention relates to an inspection station located far from a process component, a sampling station located close to the process component, and an inspection station and a sampling station. a conduit system between a The present invention relates to an apparatus for extracting radioactive and/or toxic substances from process components disposed therein.

PRIOR ART AND PROBLEM SOLVED BY THE INVENTION Such a device is known from European Patent No. Al-0093609, in which sampling of process fluids in a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant is carried out in the plant itself. It has been proposed that To achieve this, a pneumatic conveyor-type pipeline or conduit system is provided from the hot cell to the analysis station. A bottle carrier for transporting sampling bottles is transported through this pipeline system by means of pneumatics. At the sampling station inside the hot cell, a remotely controlled manipulator is arranged in the housing to extract a bottle containing a sample from a carrier or vehicle and transport it to a tapping station. At the tapping station, the bottle is pressed against the tap. This operating procedure is suitable for nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities where two processing cells receiving and shielding process components have multiple (approximately 80) frame structures for process components and a large number of sampling points per frame structure. Not yet. According to known devices, it would be necessary to provide a manipulator-type device at each of the sampling points in order to eject the sample bottles and integrate them into the needle head.

Another disadvantage of the known device is that the transport medium used for the bottle transporter is air.

Hot cells in reprocessing plants should be sealed as leak-tight as possible. That is, the shielding should be such that radioactive process streams cause minimal or no damage. Air acting as a transport medium from inside the cell to the outside affects this concept, creating leakage problems as the cell atmosphere can leak out of the enclosed cell into the lateral spaces or even out into the open air. I don't think I'll let you do that.

In any nuclear plant, especially in a reprocessing facility for irradiated reactor fuel elements, a large number of samples drawn from the 7' process stream must always be tested in a central analytical laboratory. Pipelines typically extend from a hot cell containing chemical process components to an analytical laboratory to connect the sampling point to a central analytical laboratory located at a remote location, or sampling gear located outside the hot cell. Connect to Rally. The sample drawn from the sampling gallery by means of a needle head into the interior of a sample bottle is guided by suitable transport means to the radiochemistry research location in the central analysis room. In this case as well, the hot cell and sampling gear
The partition between the
Break and tear.

The device described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,493,792 is
It has a sampling station that is located outside the hot cell but is largely shielded. Also in this case,
The sampling station has a manipulator type device. A manipulator equipped with an n1 needle introduced into the sampling station from the upper side of the sample bottle body pierces the diaphragm of the sample bottle and fills the bottle with a desired sample through the needle.

Again, the aforementioned problem of radioactive process streams escaping from the hot cell is raised.

[Means to solve the problem]

The object of the invention is therefore to improve a device of the type mentioned at the outset in such a way that it is characterized by a high efficiency while minimizing the risk of dispersion of radioactive components.

According to the invention, this object is achieved in an apparatus of the type in question, in which the conveyor is controlled by electric drive means to move between the sampling station and the testing station, and the plurality of conduits are The sense of accomplishment is achieved by being configured to connect the sample container to the associated conduit such that only the sampling stay line movement from multiple sampling points in the process component can fill the sample container with sample. .

Advantageous variants and further developments of the invention will become apparent from the embodiments (a) to (b) described at the end.

In the case of the present invention, sampling is performed inside the hot cell. Only the sample, not the process flow n, exits to the outside. Furthermore, since the bottle transporter is movable by an electric drive, no significant air exchange occurs between the hot cell and its surroundings. In addition, hot cells are
Usually, it is held at a slightly lower pressure so that at most air can enter the cell. Sampling is realized particularly simply because the combination of the carrier or the container containing the sample takes place only by a linear movement of the carrier. No manipulator or other remote control device is required.

Another important aspect is that multiple samples are drawn simultaneously from different process fluids at the same sampling station. This significantly reduces the costs associated with sampling stations.

Another 9% advantage of the present invention is that the remote control equipment present in the hot cell allows for easy replacement of individual components of the sampling system while maintaining the necessary remote control conditions. It is.

Decontamination of the carrier, sample container and the entire sampling system can also be carried out very easily, so that the risk of dispersion of radioactive material can be further reduced.

After that, obstructions such as carriers that have become stuck in the conduit system can be fairly easily removed.

〔Example〕

Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

First, FIG. 5 will be explained. A hot cell 1 of a nuclear fuel reprocessing plant has several frame structures 2 in which process components 3 are arranged. The process step of reprocessing the nuclear fuel is carried out in process component 3. Process components are connected to each other by pipelines or conduits according to the course of a process stream n.

Samples must be drawn from the process media at different locations in the reprocessing system. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5', the two frame structures 2 shown (n) each include one sampling station 4 f'L. Pipelines (not shown) lead from the individual process components 3 of the frame structure to the associated sampling stations 4, in which the corresponding process media are transported during normal operation (i.e. when no sampling is carried out).
circulates permanently through those pipelines.

Conduits 5 pass through the walls 6 of the hot cell 1 to the individual sampling stations 4. The conduits 5 are integrated into one manifold 9 via a remote control line switch 8 inside a shielded duct 7 outside the hot cell 1. The manifold 9 is an inspection station (not shown) located outside the hot cell 1.
Connect to. This testing station corresponds to the central analysis room mentioned above.

Sample transport 10 passes through conduit 5 and manifold 9 to test station and sampling station 4.
move freely between. Such a carrier 10 is routed via a line switch 8 to any desired sampling station.

It is also possible to use several carriers 10 simultaneously, provided that a certain minimum distance between two moving carriers is maintained.

Next, FIG. 1 will be explained. FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a portion of the conduit 5 located just before the sampling station. It will be appreciated that the individual pipe sections shown form one continuous sealed conduit. The carrier 10 is movable inside this conduit, but
For clarity, this carrier is also divided into three parts10.
It is shown divided into a, 10b and 10c. In reality, these parts form a single body. A section 10g shown in cross section represents a drive section, a section 10b is a sample container section of the carrier, and a section 10e is a needle head section of the carrier 10.

Inside the conduit 5 there is a continuous rail in the form of a flat plate with guide grooves 12 . The electric cable 13 is laid in the guide groove 12 and tapped by a slider 14 arranged in the drive section 10a. The carrier 10 receives control signals via these electrical cables 13 regarding its operation and possibly its drive. Alternatively, the carrier may have its own energy source in the form of a battery. The drive unit 10a includes a drive device 15 including an electric motor, a transmission device provided as necessary, and a set of wheels 16.
and a thrust roller 1T. The wheel 16 runs on the rail 11, and the thrust row 217 is supported along the inner wall of the fungit 5 on the side opposite to the rail 11. The box 18 at the rear end of the carrier 10 may be one that accommodates the aforementioned battery or an electronic control circuit for controlling the drive device 15 (FIG. 2A).

The sample container part 10b, shown separately in FIG. 2B, is actually rigidly connected to the drive part 10a.

The sample container section may also be equipped with a biased wheel. However, the main part of this part is a magazine 19 containing a plurality of sample containers or bottles 20 inside a plurality of parallel chambers 20' whose longitudinal axes are aligned parallel to the main axis 21 of the carrier 10. It is. Since the magazine 19 is held fixed against rotation within the housing 27 of the carrier 10, the alignment, i.e. the position, of the individual sample containers 20 (with respect to the position of the carrier 10 defined by the guide groove 12) is clearly defined.

The magazine 19 has a lateral bulge, i.e. an insertion slot 23.
It has a central aperture 22 formed therein, with a small detent recess 24 on the inside and lower side of the central aperture 22, as is commonly known with bayonet fasteners. Lateral bulge 23
A central opening 22 with a detent recess 24 connects the magazine 19 and a needle head plate 25 (FIG. 2C) forming part of the needle head portion 10e. The needle head portion 10e includes a needle head plate 25, to which a center tube 26 is fixed by an insertion pin 27.

The central tube 26 is inserted into the central opening 22 together with the bayonet pin 21, after which the needle head plate 25 is rotated until the bayonet pin 27 engages in the detent recess 24. Thereby, a clear relative rotational position is fixed with respect to the needle head plate 25 and the magazine 19. A compression spring 28 surrounds the center tube 26 and is attached to the back of the needle head plate 25;
and the front surface of the magazine 19, respectively.

The needle head plate 25 has a plurality of pairs of needles 29,
Each pair is associated with one sample container 20. The sample container 20 has a diaphragm 3 pierced by the needles at the end associated with the needle pair.
Contains 0. During normal transport conditions, the tips of the needles are spaced apart from their respective diaphragms 30. However, when the needle head plate 25 is pushed toward the magazine 19 against the force of the compression spring 28, the needle pair 29
perforates the diaphragm 30. This also shows that the needle head plate 25 is axially reciprocatable with respect to the housing 2r of the carrier 10.

The other end of the needle pair 29 passes through the needle head plate 25. Accordingly, the outer or front surface of the needle head plate 25 is formed with a corresponding opening 31 that communicates with the needle. The openings 31, each in pairs, terminate in a recess 32 on the outer or front surface of the needle head plate 25.

Similarly, the outer or front surface of the needle head plate 25 is provided with a central opening 33 that communicates with the central tube 26. The central tube 26 has a plurality of radial openings 34 located approximately in the region of the tips of the needle pair 29 when viewed in the axial direction. These openings are orifices for draining decontamination fluid.

Next, referring to FIG. 2D, the sampling station 3
5 will be explained. An annular flange 36 is welded to the end of the conduit 5 and is attached to the housing 3 of the sampling station.
8 corresponding 7 langes 37 are coupled to the conduit by clamp connectors 39.

The sampling station consists of multiple pairs of conduits) 4
A valve block 40 is provided, on which valves 1a to 41f are mounted. Process fluids circulate within these conduits. That is, each conduit pair will be joined to a corresponding one process component 3 (FIG. 5). Each conduit 41 of the pair opens into the associated valve chamber 43 through a hole 42 in the valve block 40, with the holes 42 terminating at spaced apart locations within the valve chamber 43. There is. Each valve chamber 43 has an extension 44 in which the corresponding valve member 45 is guided while being fixed so as not to rotate. The valve member 45 is displaceable in the axial direction of its central axis 46 and can take either one of two end positions. In the first end position, in which a part of the valve member 45 projects from the valve block 40 in the direction of the conveyor 10, the process medium can circulate from one hole 42 of the pair of conduits 41 to the other hole. An annular groove 4γ formed in the valve member 45 to allow
is placed directly opposite the mouth of the hole 42. This position is referred to below as the "closed position".

In the other extreme position, in which the valve member 45 is pushed further into the interior of the valve block 40 , circulation is interrupted and the process medium flows from one hole 42 to the recess 48 and from this recess 48 to the central axis 46 of the valve member 45 . It flows through another parallel extending hole 55 to an opening 50 (FIG. 4) in the end of the valve member 45 facing the carrier 10. Similarly, the other hole 42 for return flow is located in another recess 48' in the valve member.
and a hole 55' having an opening 5σ.

The position of the two openings 50 and 50' in the valve member 45 is such that they are located exactly opposite the two openings 31 for the pair of needles 29 in the carrier 10. In this way, fluid communication is established between the pair of conduits 41, the needle pair 29, and the sample container 20.
! ! J holds true.

Furthermore, the valve block 40 has a central through hole with a flushing tube 51 connected to both ends.

The "inner-1" portion of the flushing tube 51, that is, the portion facing the carrier 10, includes a flushing head 52 in which a plurality of radial openings 53 are formed in seven alignments with the openings 34. The dimensions of the flushing head 52 are as follows: The head is selected to fit into the central opening of the carrier 10.

Next, the mode of operation of the device according to the invention will be explained. To carry out the sampling, the carrier 10 is supplied with a corded sample container 20 at a testing station. The code may be any automatically readable code such as a bar code, color code, or magnetic code. The open end of the sample container 20 is sealed by a diaphragm 30. Next, while the needle pair 29 has not yet pierced the diaphragm 30, the needle head plate 25 is attached, and the insertion fasteners (26, 27; 22, 23° 2
4) is fixed. Next, the carrier 10 is introduced into the manifold 9. The carrier 10 is electrically driven,
Under the control of control signals from the electrical cable 13, it moves to the selected sampling station 4, depending on the position of the line switch 8 (FIG. 5). As the transporter 10 approaches the sampling station 35, first
Its central opening 33 slides over the flushing head 52 until the bottom surface of each recess 32 contacts the corresponding front end of the valve member 45 . When the carrier 10 continues to move forward, the needle head plate 25Fi is displaced in the direction toward the magazine 19 against the action of the compression spring 28. There, the needle pair 29 is connected to the associated sample container 2.
Since the corresponding diaphragm of 0 is pierced, the tip of the needle will penetrate into the interior of the sample container. As the carrier continues to move in the forward direction, the valve members are pushed from the closed position to the open position, thereby blocking circulation through the paired conduits 41 and directing flow to the respective sample containers 20. and the sample container is filled.

It will be appreciated that all transporter docking operations at the sampling station 35 are performed solely by forward movement of the transporter. No other remote control operations are required. Demolition is carried out in reverse order. As the carrier is retracted (backward movement), the valve member 45 assumes the closed position again so that fluid communication is established between the needle pair 29 and the conduit 41. A further backward movement of the carrier causes the needle head plate 25 to disengage from the machining machine 19 under the action of the compression spring 28, whereby the needle is pushed out of the sample container 20. The transporter can then return to the testing station under electrical control with multiple samples of different properties loaded therein.

According to the invention, it is no longer necessary to remove the sample container from the carrier for sampling, and the entire sampling procedure can be performed only by forward and backward movements of the carrier 1o.
It is also clear from the above explanation that it is controlled. No other intervention is required to actually draw the sample.

Additionally, during coalescence or disassembly, the vehicle may be decontaminated to prevent unnecessary spread of radioactive and/or toxic materials. It is for this purpose that a tube 51 with a flushing rad 52 and an opening 53 and a central tube 26 with an opening 34 are provided.

During decontamination, in particular, valve member 45 is returned to the "closed position".
However, it is preferably carried out during the return movement phase of the carrier 10, when the needle still remains inside the sample container. This is the best way to avoid cross-contamination. During this phase, the decontamination fluid is conveyed under remote control through the 7 lashing tubes 51 towards the flushing head 52 where it exits through the opening 53 and enters the central tube 26 and from the central tube through the opening 54. The water flows out and decontaminates the needle and the outside ffi of the diaphragm 30. Needle head plate 2
Decontamination of the outer surface of 5 and the space in front of the valve block 40, ie the valve member 45, may also take place in response to selected times for delivering decontamination fluid.

An additional pipeline (not shown) may be provided which opens into the space in front of the valve block 40 in the conduit 5 for discharging the decontamination liquid. If the sampling station is arranged such that the axis of the sampling station 35 extends in the vertical direction, the 7 lashing tubes 51 have an inner tube for supplying the decontamination liquid and a so-called " It may also be constructed by a double-walled conduit consisting of an outer tube as a "reprocessing line".

Decontamination of the entire conduit system (5, 9) is also possible and sometimes necessary. For this purpose, in the pipeline system,
A separate decontamination vehicle powered by a battery may be provided, which as it travels forward sprays decontamination liquid contained in pressurized bottles. The vehicle is moved along the entire length of the pipeline. Upon return of the vehicle, a drying procedure is required to ensure proper functioning of the slider contacts and energy supply to the carrier.

This may be performed by sending yellowing gas through a conduit system from the inspection station.

Gas flows into the hot cell through the aforementioned reprocessing line.

Referring to FIG. 4, the valve will be described in further detail.

This schematic cross-sectional view shows the valve block 40 into which the valve member 45 is inserted and the two associated holes 42 opening into the valve chamber 43. The spring 54 has an annular groove 47 formed in the two holes 4.
The valve member is biased to one extreme position that establishes fluid communication between the two valve members.

It should be noted here that the sum of the spring pressures of the springs 54 acting on the valve member 45 is greater than the spring pressure of the compression springs 28 in the carrier 10. In this way, during assembly, the valve does not open until after the needle pair 29 has perforated the corresponding diaphragm 30, and conversely, during disassembly, the valve is first closed and then the needle is withdrawn from the sample container. It is guaranteed.

FIG. 4 also clearly shows the recesses 4B and 48' formed in the valve member 45. The recesses communicate with axially extending holes 55 and 55'', respectively, and terminate in openings 50 and 50'', respectively, on the outside of valve member 45. Valve member 45 resists the action of spring 54 in valve block 40 When forced inwardly, one hole (the left side in FIG. 4) closes to the opening 50.
The other hole 42 (on the right in FIG. 4) is in fluid communication with the opening 50'.

The two openings 50 and 50' must be aligned with the opening 31 in the needle head plate 25, so that the valve member 45 must be guided in the correct orientation within the valve block and at the same time be secured against rotation. There are various possible ways to achieve this. One is to provide precise position definition by giving the extension 44 and associated portion 56 of the valve member a suitable shape (eg, square, triangular, etc.). Alternatively, it is also conceivable to provide a tongue-and-groove joint with a so-called fin guide. Any other structure that prevents rotation of the valve member while allowing axial displacement thereof may be used.

Electrically driven conveyors must travel at considerable speeds through the conduit system. However, due to the force, in order to avoid the "shock" when merging becomes too large,
Marks are placed in front of each sampling station, and these marks are detected by sensors (mechanical or optical , electrically, magnetically, etc.).

In the event of a disturbance to the sampling system, the following measures may be taken: The sampling station itself, while maintaining normal remote control aspects, can be easily accessed by remote control means located inside the hot cell. Can be changed.

Furthermore, the part of the conduit 5 located immediately in front of the sampling station inside the process cell is configured as a pipe jumper so that it can be easily replaced even under remote operating conditions.

Therefore, if a defect occurs during assembly or disassembly, the pipe jumper together with the carrier housed inside it can be replaced by remote control.

In the event of a failure during transport of a transporter within the conduit system, an electrically driven salvage box is run through the conduit system to the defective transporter and pulled back to the inspection station.

In this case, the coupling may be performed by automatic coupling means or magnetic force. If this proves unsuccessful, the salvage box will push the defective carrier forward to one of the sampling stations 4, where it will be replaced remotely together with the pipe jumper.

If the above procedure does not work, for example because the carrier is completely stuck in the pipe, the position of the carrier must be determined as accurately as possible, and the next step is to Then, the entire section of pipe containing the carrier must be replaced using a remote-controlled tool. In order for this to occur, the conduit system is formed from multiple sections that are seven-lunged together.

As previously mentioned, there is a slight overpressure throughout the conduit system and a slightly underpressure condition inside the hot cell. This avoids unwanted diffusion of radioactive or toxic substances into the opening. Furthermore, as mentioned above, there is a slight pressure gradient inside the conduit system from the outside to the hot cell so that the decontamination fluid used to decontaminate the entire system always flows towards the hot cell. There should be.

Various sensors may be provided within the conduit system to determine the exact position of the carrier.

This function may be performed by a guide wire or some other known sensor that detects the presence or absence of a carrier.

Finally, reference is made to FIG. 3, which schematically shows the opening of the valve block. Along with the conduits 41a to 41f that form a pair, the conduits passing through the corresponding holes and the corresponding valve chambers 43
1-43f are shown. Similarly,
A central brushing tube 51 is also shown.

The present invention can be modified in various ways without departing from its gist, and embodiments thereof will be illustrated below.

(a) the opposing head of the carrier is configured as a needle head plate that is freely displaceable with respect to the housing of the carrier;
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the needle head plate includes a plurality of needles that perforate the diaphragm of the associated sample container when the carrier is assembled at the sampling station.

(b) The apparatus according to claim 1 or (a), wherein the carrier is guided in a fixed manner so as not to rotate within the conduit system.

(c) The sample containers include a code that allows them to be automatically recognized. Claim 1. 0), (b) above
The device described in any of the above.

Claim 1, wherein the head of the sampling station comprises a plurality of valves which are closed in an inoperative position and which are opened upon approach of the carrier to place the conduit in fluid communication with the associated sample container. ) to (c).

(e) Each valve is associated with a pair of conduits, such that circulation of the process medium within the conduits of one conduit pair is possible when the valve is in the inoperative position, and circulation is possible when the valve is in the open position. is passed through the associated sample container, thereby filling the sample container.

(f) The valve member is freely displaceable in the axial direction inside the head configured as a valve block, and is in fluid communication with an annular groove formed in the further inner part of the valve block and the further outer part of the valve block. 1. Two recesses not connected by the valve member, the recesses communicating with an axial bore opening at the front end of the valve member into an opening in the needle head plate and thus in alignment with the needle. the above(
The device according to any one of (a) to (e).

(g) The device according to (f) above, wherein the valve member is fixedly guided so as not to rotate within the valve block.

(1) The conduits of one conduit pair are spaced apart,
1. The respective valve member opens into a valve chamber in which the respective valve member is slidably arranged, preferably through holes in opposite locations. The device according to any one of (a) to (g) above.

(a) The needle head plate with the needles is fixed to the magazine for the sample containers of the carrier by means of a bayonet-type fastener, whereby the needles are fixed.

Claim 1. A clearly defined relative position of the head plate and the magazine in the direction of rotation about the main axis of the carrier is obtained. The device according to any one of (a) to (a) above.

The needle head plate is biased by a spring with respect to the magazine, the needle is placed outside the sample container in the inactive position of the needle head plate, and the spring pressure is equal to or greater than the force required to open all valves. Small claim 1. The device according to any one of (a) to (i) above.

(e) The head of the sampling station and the needle head plate of the conveyor each have an additional tube that communicates with each other when the conveyors are combined at the sampling station, and the tube of the conveyor contains the decontamination liquid. having an exit opening;
1. The outlet openings are arranged such that the decontamination liquid leaving the outlet openings reaches at least the tip of the needle and the diaphragm of the sample container. The device according to any of (a) to (i) above.

Q) 1! an additional probe box having a pneumatic drive and moving through the conduit system to push the carrier stuck in the conduit system in the direction of the inspection station or preferably in the direction of the sampling station; 1. The portion of the conduit immediately forward of the station is configured as a replaceable pipe jumper suitable to be remotely operated. The device according to any one of (a) to (a) above.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

FIG. 1 is an exploded view of the apparatus according to the present invention, FIG. 2A is a diagram showing the drive section of the carrier, FIG. 2B is a diagram showing the sample container part of the carrier, and FIG. 2C is a diagram showing the sample container part of the carrier. FIG. 2D is a view showing the sampling station; FIG. 3 is a plan view showing the orifice of the sampling station shown in FIG. 2D; FIG. 4 is a partial cross-section of the valve at the sampling station. FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a portion of a hot cell containing process components and conduits for the sampling system of the present invention. 1... Hot cell, 3-... Process component, 4... Sampling station, 5...
・Conduit, 8...Line switch, 9-...
Manifold, 10...Carrier, 10a...Drive section, 10b...Sample container section, 10C...Needle head section, 13...Electric cable, 15...
...Driver, 19...Magazine, 20...Sample container, 22...Center opening, 2z...Housing, 23! ...Insertion slot, 24...Return screw stop recess, 25...Needle head plate, 26...
Center tube, 21...Plug-in pin, 28...Compression spring, 29...Needle, 30...Diaphragm, 31.34...Opening, 35...Sampling station, 40...Valve flock, 41a~4
1f... Conduit, 42.42'-- Hole, 4
3, 43a to 43f... Valve chamber, 45... Valve member, 47... Annular groove, 48, 48'... Concavity, 50, 50'... Opening, 51... ...7 lashing pipe, 52...flushing head, 52...
...Aperture, 54...Spring. Patent Applicant: German Che Gesellschaft Führer Weider Aofarbeitejung Fono Körnbrenstsfuen Embeno S+ Agent: Masaki Yamakawa (1, 2 people) FI [3,3 FIG,! . FIG.5

Claims (1)

[Claims] (1) An inspection station located far away from the process component, a sampling station located near the process component, a conduit system between the inspection station and the sampling station, and a conduit system that is movable within the conduit system. a carrier containing a sample container that is filled with sample at a sampling station for withdrawing a sample of radioactive and/or toxic material from a process component located in a shielded and inaccessible cell; The apparatus includes a conveyor controlled by electrical drive means to move between a sampling station and an inspection station, the plurality of conduits being connected to a common sampling station from a plurality of sampling points on various process components. extending to the head, the carrier having opposed heads, the two heads coupling the sample container to the associated conduit such that only linear movement of the carrier with respect to the head can fill the sample container with sample. equipment that extracts samples of radioactive or toxic substances from process components configured to cause