JPS6049717A - Endotrophic mycorrhiza due to carbon fertilizer, growing of plant forming endotrophic mycorrhiza and root nodule and propagation of root nodule - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

[Detailed Description of the Invention] Phosphorus fertilizer, which is made from steamed ash, has been used since ancient times to cultivate legumes, especially cultivated species such as soybeans, peas, adzuki beans, indan beans, and broad beans. Wood ash and ashes were also used as essential fertilizers for the cultivation of rice, wheat, and other crops. There was also a well-known legend that if you planted thorns and cedar on the site of a charcoal grill, they would grow well. These agricultural techniques were gradually forgotten due to the spread of chemical fertilizers, and it is now known that the charcoal contained in wood ash is effective for the growth of certain microorganisms, especially symbiotic microorganisms that form root nodules and endomycorrhizae. was unknown until then.

As is well known, MoO of most legumes forms nodules on the roots, fixes atmospheric nitrogen through the action of rhizobia and Rhizobium, and also allows filamentous fungi such as zygomycetes and endobons to live symbiotically on the roots. It produces endophytic mycorrhizae and absorbs nutrients such as phosphoric acid and water. Many plants, including crops other than those in the leguminous family, similarly form endophytic mycorrhizae on their roots, which absorb nutrients, and this endomycorrhizal attachment increases resistance to pests and diseases. is also well known.

However, until now, there has been no technology for regulating microorganisms by growing and utilizing these effective symbiotic microorganisms, and their role has been neglected. The present invention aims to utilize unused useful microorganisms by using charcoal fertilizer, suppress the use of excessive chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and produce high-quality crops.
This will lead to the development of new agricultural technology.

That is, the present invention is applicable to leguminous crops that form root nodules and endomycorrhizas, and herbs such as Poaceae, Orchidaceae, Ericaceae, Solanaceae, Apiaceae, Rosaceae, and Camellia that form endomycorrhizae; In the soil where woody agricultural and horticultural crops are planted, a small amount of chemical fertilizer or organic fertilizer is applied to coniferous trees such as red pine and larch, broad-leaved trees such as oak and beech, agricultural residues such as rice bran, or carbonized materials such as compression molded products thereof. This is a method for growing plants that form root nodules by applying added charcoal fertilizer and for propagating their mycorrhizas.

Unfortunately, it does not contain any organic matter that microorganisms can decompose and utilize. Charcoal generally has a high ash content, is neutral to alkaline, is porous, has good air permeability, and has high water retention. It also has a high ability to adsorb substances, and water-soluble substances are easily retained. The physical and chemical properties of such charcoal make it unsuitable for the inhabitation of general microorganisms, bacteria, and filamentous fungi, but rather for the inhabitation of autotrophic microorganisms such as symbiotic microorganisms, aerial nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and algae, which are vulnerable to competition with other microorganisms. Are suitable.

Therefore, if you select a charcoal material that has the properties and particle size that allow useful microorganisms to grow, and add a very small amount of a chemical substance that has a fertilizing effect to it to increase the growth of useful microorganisms, you can inoculate plants with these useful symbiotic microorganisms. It is also possible to do so.

Next, the raw material and properties of the charcoal used in the present invention will be described.

The raw materials for the charcoal used in the present invention are leftover wood such as pine, larch, cedar, and cypress, dead wood, thinned wood, bark, sawdust, leftover wood and bark of broad-leaved trees such as beech, oak, Quercus, Japanese oak, and bark. , sawdust, bark of imported foreign materials, sawdust, residues of rice, wheat, gramineous plants such as Sasanat, beans, tobacco, corn, pacas and other agricultural products, rubber trees, palm trees, coffee, cotton These are waste such as fruit scraps and compression molded products of these. The raw material is charcoal obtained by carbonizing these materials in a white charcoal pot, black charcoal pot, carbonization pot, or simple carbonization furnace. However, since the physical and chemical properties differ depending on the material, it is preferable to prepare the material in advance and adjust it appropriately according to a conventional method.

In the present invention, these charcoals have a particle size of about 5 to 350 mesh, and the particle size distribution is illustrated in Table 2 below.

The present invention is to add a small amount of fertilizing ingredients to these charred substances, and the added amount is from a fraction to several tenths of the generally calculated effective amount for plants. It has been confirmed that fertilizing ingredients within this range are added.

In the case of charcoal made from wood with a low ash content, the specific amount of N to be added depends on the target crop.

It replenishes and adjusts fertilizer components such as P and Ni.

On the other hand, materials with a high ash content, such as agricultural waste, are washed by soaking in water to lower the ash content and adjust it to the required range of the present invention. Further, p+( of charcoal is preferably adjusted to around 7.0. As an example, the results of industrial analysis and chemical analysis of various charcoals are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

Table 1: Industrial analysis results of various types of charcoal According to the results of cultivation tests using dice and corn,
The appropriate ash content is 301 or less, and P2O5+
The greater the content of MgOH and Ni20, the greater the effect of promoting plant growth.

The particle size of carbide is closely related to the surface area and how it is dispersed in the soil. Coarse particles are not suitable for the growth of micron-sized bacteria and hyphae, and charcoal-like particles are preferable. Powdered charcoal also has the advantage of easily coming into contact with roots and root hairs in the soil.

Table 2 shows the particle size composition of charcoal as an example. According to the cultivation test results, the most effective type was 5 to 280. When dry, it easily crumbles into powder, and if the crushed pieces are too large, the frequency of contact with roots decreases. The particle size composition found in the case of Jasmine charcoal was optimal.

Next, we will discuss the addition of fertilizer and other ingredients.

(N, P, K mixture) oil cake, organic fertilizer,
Approximately 1 to 2 g of commercially available fertilizer, such as phosphorus fertilizer, is added to the carbide. The specific gravity of charcoal varies depending on the material, so it is necessary to change the ratio depending on the material. Among the fertilizers added, the ones that were most effective for the formation of root nodules and endophytic mycorrhizas were superphosphate lime, iodized phosphorus fertilizer, urea, advanced chemical fertilizers, and organic matter such as oil scum, especially oil scum. The addition of was effective.

One example of how to add the fertilizer is to dissolve the fertilizer in an appropriate amount of water and stir it while spraying it onto powdered coal and molten coal. The amount of water is adjusted so that the final moisture content of the charcoal is 15 to 20 inches. Punch it out, put it in a plastic bag and leave it for 2 to 3 weeks. Even if you leave it for a year, the effect will continue.

According to the results of cultivation tests, the effects varied depending on the type of crop and soil conditions, and also varied depending on the type of additive. For example, in the case of dice, the addition of oil cake, lime superphosphate, and urea was highly effective, increasing root nodule formation and endomycorrhiza formation, and increasing yield. When ammonium sulfate was added, nodule formation was suppressed, but the number of endophytic bacteria was improved. - On the other hand, corn that does not form root nodules had better growth and increased yield on the charcoal plots supplemented with ammonium sulfate and oil cake. The formation of endophytic mycorrhizae was also high in these plots, suggesting that Q-acid absorption was promoted.

It was also observed that the frequency of endomycorrhizal formation in other crops such as eggplant, tomatoes, cucumbers, strawberries, and upland rice varied depending on the type of charcoal fertilizer.

In cultivation tests using tree seedlings, no effect was observed in fertile soils such as volcanic ash soil, but in immature soils, effects were seen on plants that produce endomycorrhizae such as cedar and cypress. Ta.

Therefore, it is desirable to select the raw materials for charcoal and the types and amounts of additives based on a thorough knowledge of the types of crops and the types of symbiotic microorganisms.

Next, we will discuss how to apply charcoal fertilizer.

It is preferable to apply charcoal fertilizer 1 to 2 weeks before sowing or transplanting. Application # For example, m/m when plowing the entire layer,
Q, 500-1000J9 (fertilizer content is 5-10.9) and avoid excessive application. If the area exceeds 100,097m2, there is a high possibility that rooting will be inhibited. Fertilizer mixed with charcoal is not intended to have a direct effect on crops, but is applied to increase microbial activity in the soil, as shown in Figure 3, and is more effective in small amounts.

Application methods include full-layer plowing into the surface soil or plowing in rows, which increases the frequency of contact between charcoal debris and roots.
The development of fine roots and root hairs is promoted.

If applied in bulk to planting holes, etc., the effect will be reduced.

Furthermore, even if only charcoal is applied and then top-dressed fertilizer is applied, the effect will hardly be improved compared to the method of the present invention, and when charcoal fertilizer is applied, it is preferable to keep top-dressing to a minimum.O From the first year of application A sustained effect is seen even in the second year, and in the case of pulses, it is effective in suppressing continuous cropping damage, and similar effects can be expected for other crops. Therefore, it can be effectively applied not only to general upland cultivation and paddy cultivation, but also to greenhouse cultivation, greenhouse cultivation, and slash-and-burn cultivation.

Next, we will discuss the effects on crops.

For soybeans, add 1 liter each of urea, superphosphate lime, high chemical conversion, and oil lees to carbide, and produce 500,117 m
Nodule formation increased in the plots where 2 and 1500 gAn2 were applied as shown in Figure 2. Root nodule formation was inhibited in conventional cultivation using chemical fertilizers and in plots supplemented with ammonium sulfate. The formation rate of endophytic mycorrhizae was almost proportional to the formation of nodules, but it also increased with the addition of ammonium sulfate and chemical fertilizers.

The amount of spore formation of the endomycorrhizal fungus Endobon in soil was proportional to the yield of soybean (Figure 4). As shown in Figure 1, the yield of soybean was greater in the charcoal plots to which oil cake, urea, superphosphate lime, etc. were added, and this was proportional to the rate of nodule and endomycorrhiza formation. The soybean yield in the charcoal fertilizer area was affected by the large amount of chemical fertilizer applied (2
, 'OO, f/n12), and the yield exceeded that of normal fertilization.

When the charcoal fertilizer of the present invention was applied to 93011 liters per pot of vineless red peas, the formation of root nodules and endophytic mycorrhizae increased, and the yield increased threefold. In addition, regarding quince peas and peas, pine charcoal 300g and compost 300.9g per pot.
, clover roots (for endomycorrhizal fungus spore inoculation)
When ooII was given, the formation of endophytic mycorrhizae was improved, and the yield was increased compared to using roots or compost alone (Tables 4 and 5).

No root nodule formation was observed in kidney beans, but growth and yield were good in the chemical fertilizer, oil cake, urea, and ammonium sulfate-added charcoal plot. The formation of endophytic mycorrhizae was also good in these plots9, and even with the addition of a small amount of nitrogen fertilizer, effects comparable to cultivation with chemical fertilizers were observed.

A similar trend was observed for maize as for kidney beans, and charcoal fertilizer increased endophytic mycorrhizae and promoted growth. However, the yield was highest in the area where chemical fertilizer 20011/m2 was applied. The charcoal fertilizer area was superior in terms of fruit abundance and taste.

There was no feeding damage from caterpillars, and the tomatoes had little pest damage and had a good taste.

Example 1 Daio ■ Forestry Experiment Station, Kukizaki Town, Inashiki District, Ibaraki Prefecture ■ Application of charcoal fertilizer to nursery soil ■ 40 days later soybean transplant, corn, kidney bean sowing ■ Harvest after 44 days ■ Application amount and application of charcoal fertilizer used Method (1) Application amount, charcoal fertilizer: 500 c, 1500 c chemical fertilizer: 10011/m2.2001/m2 (2) Type of charcoal fertilizer: Bark charcoal (free-500, free-15
QO), pine charcoal, larch charcoal, bean charcoal, coconut husk charcoal,
Straw, sawdust charcoal + 50% wood vinegar 9, rice hull charcoal, bark charcoal +
1% ammonium sulfate (, A-500, A-1500), bark charcoal + 1 t of urea (N-500, N-1500), bark charcoal + 1 t of advanced chemical fertilizer (NPK-500, NPK-1500), bark charcoal +1% oil cake (QC-500, QC-1500),
Bark charcoal decaphosphate 1% (p-5oo, P-1500
) (3) Application method, plow the entire layer into the surface soil θ ~ 10 crn, and perform planting and sowing 10 days later ■Measurement, 1,
After 2.3 months, the plant growth amount, root nodule and endomycorrhiza formation rate, yield, and the results are shown in Figures 1 to 4.

The drawings show the results of Example 1. Figure 1 shows the difference in the yield of rhinoceros (harvest 3 months after planting), and Figure 2 shows the promotion of nodule and endomycorrhizal formation by charcoal fertilizer. Effect (planting 1
Figure 3 is a diagram showing changes in soil microflora (one month after application) when charcoal is applied. Figure 4 is the number of endobon spores in the soil that form endomycorrhizae. (500w
It is a figure showing (3 months after planting Ll).

Example 2 Entou ■ Forestry Experiment Station, Kukizaki-cho, Inashiki-gun, Ibaraki Prefecture Image side ■ Charcoal applied to the pot, sowing ■ Measurement after 6 months ■ Experimental method: Mix 300 I of charcoal in the pot, charcoal in 3 places 3
00I bulk application, compost 7F300.9. riD-par root 1
P1 peas were sown in each combination of oo11, and after germination, 3I of chemical fertilizer was added per pot.

The results are shown in Tables 4 and 5.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

FIG. 1, FIG. 2, FIG. 3, and FIG. 4 are diagrams showing the results of Example 1. 31'21 1 p-500P4500 Nl'X-NP-U-500
1JA500 A-50++ ＾-15601 Desired # 18 pieces without hunting, and 105 x 105

Claims (1)

[Claims] Leguminous crops that form root nodules and endomycorrhizas, and herbaceous and woody crops such as Poaceae, Liliaceae, Orchidaceae, Ericaceae, Solanaceae, Umbelliferae, Parafamily, and Camelliaaceae that form endomycorrhizae. Charcoal made by adding a small amount of chemical fertilizer or organic fertilizer to the soil in which agricultural and horticultural crops are planted, such as coniferous trees such as red pine and larch, broad-leaved trees such as oak and beech, agricultural residues such as rice straw, or charcoal such as compression molded products thereof, etc. How to apply fertilizer, grow plants that form nodules, and propagate mycorrhizas @