JPS60207824A - Catalyst delivery system - Google Patents

Abstract

(57) [Summary] This bulletin contains application data before electronic filing, so abstract data is not recorded.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Water has been used to improve the combustion of fossil fuels in both automotive engines and oil-fired furnaces.

In automotive engines, gasoline is burned in air, and prior to mixing the air and gasoline, the air is mixed with water to increase its humidity. In oil-fired furnaces, steam is used to atomize the oil. Various techniques have been used to mix the constituent materials of the combustion process with water.

These techniques are described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,1 to D. Cook.
07,657, passing water through gasoline as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,724,429 to Tomlir LzorL, H$lls U.S. Patent No. 3,76 to
7,172 and a fine mist of water in a gas flame as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,809,523 to W. Varekamp. Is there a way to spray it? More recently, methods of deflecting a small portion of the incoming air into the combustion chamber and bubbling the air through water covered with a layer of oil, such as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,809,523 to F. Wentworth, There is. The method of bubbling air through a solution of a platinum compound is B, J.
, U.S. Patent No. 4,295,8 to Rohir Roll
It is disclosed in No. 16.

The first four methods of the above patents involve the problem of having to continuously replenish water. above"/
Although water usage was reduced in the Jentworth patent, it would be desirable to increase combustion efficiency to a greater extent than provided by this method. Also, Wealth
As can be seen, the systems of the four patents mentioned above require large amounts of water, which can cause problems that shorten the life of the motor vehicle engine.

According to the present invention, the above-mentioned problems are overcome and, moreover, a chemical reaction, such as the combustion of fossil fuels, is carried out using one or more catalysts dissolved in a liquid through which gases are bubbled. Other advantages are obtained by providing a system that is then flowed into the chamber in which it is performed. In a preferred embodiment of the invention used to deliver a small amount of water containing catalyst to an oil combustor of a furnace, the system of the invention includes a flask containing water in which the catalyst, ie, the rhenium compound, is dissolved. A layer of petroleum-based oil floats on top of the water to control bubbles and prevent recoil and associated aerosol formation. If desired, a water-insoluble second catalyst, such as manganese naphthalate, can be dissolved in a VC bath in oil.

In the case of both motor vehicles and oil burners, a forced air intake boat or suction boat is provided, to which a suction line is attached from the air section in the flask section above the oil layer. An intake line introduces atmospheric pressure into the flask, and one end of the intake line is immersed in the water surface T to provide air bubbles following the water and oil in response to the suction action of the suction line. A float is attached to the suction line to maintain that end of the Makinto line at a predetermined depth to establish a predetermined back pressure, thereby reducing the difference between suction pressure and atmospheric pressure independent of the depth of the water. The bubbles are adjusted by Dissolution of the rhenium and manganese catalysts provides a fine dispersion of the catalyst in the molecular framework, allowing small amounts of the finely dispersed catalyst to be absorbed into the air bubbles. An intimate mixing of the constituent elements of the combustion process and the catalyst is thereby obtained. Flasks with floating inlet and outlet suction lines can also be used for other catalyst applications. Non-water-based liquids such as alcohol can also be used.

In a preferred embodiment of this invention, perrhenic acid is used as a catalyst dissolved in water. Perrhenic acid decomposes at a temperature much lower than the actual twisting temperature of the engine and furnace mentioned above.
Therefore, it is thought that molecular rhenium can be effectively used as a combustion fuel, thereby promoting combustion. The rhenium metal is thus combined with the oxygen dissolved in the water, carried away by the air, and released as metal at the combustion site at a temperature below the combustion temperature. Other suitable compounds of rhenium include metaperrhenic acid and carbonylnologenides. Surfactants such as ethylene glycol facilitate fractionation of passing gases. Group I chlorides resist the tendency of surfactants to precipitate catalyst.

Rhenium is useful in two ways. In addition to acting as a catalyst to more completely burn hydrocarbons in the air, rhenium also changes the chemical composition of hydrocarbons by reforming non-aromatic hydrogen ash molecules into aromatic hydrocarbon molecules. try to make it happen. During combustion of gasoline in an automobile engine, if the octane of the gasoline is excessively low compared to the compression ratio of the engine, a pinging phenomenon may occur.

When rhenium is used with gasoline, the aforementioned reformation of the hydrocarbon molecules increases octane and provides better control of combustion and a more even combustion rate. Therefore, the inhalation of rhenium into an automobile engine reduces the tendency for binging phenomena to occur, resulting in smoother operation of the engine and a significant advantage. Providing an even flame front in an oil-fired furnace.

The above features and other aspects of the invention are explained below with reference to the drawings.

A catalyst delivery system 10 constructed according to the invention as shown in FIG.
Tube 14 with 6, Tube 18 with isolation valve 20
, a furnace 22 containing an oil combustor 24 , and a centrifugal fan 26 that blows air into the combustor 24 . The tube 18 has one end 28 passing through a hole in the housing 29 of the fan 26, which end 28 faces downstream of the airflow, thereby introducing a suction action to the tube 18VC. Vane 30 rotates in the direction of arrow 32 to draw air into port 32 and direct air to boat 3.
Discharge from 4. Tube 18 serves as an outlet for flask 12 and is attached to hole 36 in flask 12. Tube 14 is slidably attached to flask 12 by a tube portion 38 fixedly coupled to bore 40 of flask 12 . The upper end of the tube 14 is open to the atmosphere.

Flask 12 is partially filled with water 42 and an oil layer 44 is located above the surface of water 42 . The suction of tube 18 reduces the air pressure in cavity 46 above oil 44 and water 42, lowering the water level within tube 14. Float 1
6 maintains the bottom end of the tube 14 at a predetermined distance below the water surface. The position of the float 16 on the tube 14 is such that the back pressure of the water column within the tube 14 is less than the suction force within the tube 18 so that atmospheric air is drawn downwardly through the tube 14 and bubbles rise through the float 16. It is adjusted to be sucked into the cavity 46. The air bubbles absorb a small amount of water and oil vapor and at the same time contain the VC dissolved substances therein. In particular, rhenium and manganese I@-labile compounds that act as catalysts during the combustion reaction are dissolved in water 42 and oil 44, respectively.

According to the invention, the dissolution of the catalyst in the liquid contained in the flask 12 causes the decomposition of the fine catalyst, whereby the molecules of the catalyst are carried away by the air in the bubbles, which then displace the air in the tube 18. to the combustion zone within the furnace 22. In this regard, the substances in the liquid of the flask 12 absorb water vapor and moisten the air (or alternatively, these substances can be suspended in VC in the air in the form of water droplets in an aerosol or mist). It can be seen that absorption at the molecular level is preferred because it allows minute amounts of catalyst to be precisely metered into the desired amount without wasting the catalyst.

On the other hand, suspension of catalyst in an aerosol is wasteful in use since it consumes more catalyst than desired. Moreover, since aerosol suspensions consume large amounts of water, flask 1
Refilling to 2 is more frequent [required.

The viscosity of the liquid is a critical factor for limiting the generation of aerosols due to bubble bursting at the liquid-air interface. Thus, a low viscosity liquid such as water allows active bubble generation and therefore aerosol recoil and formation, whereas a viscous liquid such as heavy oil allows only gradual movement of bubbles without aerosol recoil and formation. forgive. The layer of oil 44 is sufficiently viscous that no recoil of either oil or water occurs;
The associated liquid or oil 44 and catalyst ensure the integrity of the dissolved water.

Flask 12 is constructed of a rigid material that is impermeable to the liquid contained therein. In this embodiment, where oil and water are contained within flask 12, flask 12 is constructed of glass or shatter resistant plastic that is resistant to chemicals contained within flask 12. The float 16 has a right cylindrical shape made of polyurethane foam and has a hole for the A-way of the tube 4. In assembling the flask 12, the float 16 is first placed on the tube 14, and then the tube 14 is inserted through the opening h= of the flask 12 and slid through the tube part 38. Cover plate 48 is then adhesively secured to rim 50 around the bottom edge of flask 12. A bolt 52 passes through a flange 54 of the flask 12 to attach the surface flask 12 to the floor of the furnace chamber. The lower end of the tube 14 is cut at an approximately 45 DEG angle to allow bubbles to form even when the bottom end of the tube 14 is close to or in contact with the cover plate 48. Preferably, cover plate 48, tubes 14, 18, and tube part 38 are all made of the same paulownia wood from which flask 12 is made.

The tube part 38 is 1 in. (2.54 cm) long.
), inner diameter 0.750in, (1,91cm).
Tube 14 has an inner diameter of 5/8 inch (1,59 ctn). The outside surface of the tube 14 is ground to have an outside diameter of 0.748 inches (1.9 cm) with a clearance around the tube 14 of o, o o iin, (0,003 cm). This provides a tight and sufficient fit between tube 14 and tube component 38,
The amount of air passing between tube 14 and tube part 3 can be ignored, and at the same time tube 14
8 can be slid into place. Flask 12 has a height of 9 inches (22,971711) and a bottom diameter of 16 inches.
It forms a parabola of (40,6c+n). The flask 12 may be constructed of brushed styrene blow molded or twin screw blow molded polypropylene to provide a transparent supply container for visual viewing of the contents. The diameter of tube 18 is equal to the diameter of tube 14 or 1/
'lin, (1,27 cm) with a slightly larger diameter like the outer diameter.

In FIG. 2, an alternative embodiment of the upper portion of the flask of FIG. 1 is shown, shown at +2A, and this figure also shows an alternative shape of the float, designated at 16A. A plate 56 of the same material used to construct flask 12A is adhesively bonded to the inside surface of the top of flask 12A. A valve 58, such as isolation valve 20 of FIG.
m) is attached to the plate 56 by means of a tubular part 60 which is threaded. Instead of grinding the outside surface of tube 14, the diameter of tube 14 is O,'750in, (
1,91cm) IIC maintained and plate 56 0.75
2 inch, (1,91 crrL) K-reamed hole. The gap created by this is that already described for the flask of FIG. As you can see from the cross section,
The lower edge of float 16A is curved to provide a smooth flow of foam around float 16A.

3 and 4 show other embodiments of the float 16 shown in FIG. 1. The bottom of the float 16B is gently curved upward toward the top surface to promote a good flow of bubbles. 1 set of core parts 62
A core portion 62 is formed around the periphery of the float 16A and the core portion 62 is directed radially outward to maintain the propagation of bubbles through the oil 44, thereby preventing the phenomenon of pinning. Thus, the increased granularity of oil 44 and the physical structure of float 16B together act to inhibit pinning of water and oil aerosols.

Still referring to FIG. 1, the time it takes for bubbles to travel through the layer of oil 44 depends on the thickness of the oil layer and is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the amount of oil. Underwater transmission time is increased by increasing the diameter of the float to lengthen the path through which the bubbles flow. In this way, the relative amounts of oil, water and catalyst dissolved therein can be adjusted. Oil such as that used in two-stroke gasoline engines is effectively used for this oil layer 44. The extent of absorption of catalyst into the air conveyed in tube 18 is proportional to the bubble velocity, which is adjusted by the height of the water column within tube 14. The height of the water column is determined by the above-mentioned curvature of tube 14 and tube 1 to human blood.
4 by the position of the float 16 relative to the end of the float 16. When the tube 14 is first installed, the float 16 is placed high above the tube 14 and then oil and water are injected from the top of the tube 14. Once the oil and water have reached their equilibrium position and the suction action of the fan 26 is initiated through the tube 18, the float 16 is manually pushed into position by pulling the tube 14 through the hole in the top of the flask 12. be done.

Preferred compounds of rhenium are perrhenium and its salts in the form HRg04, metaperrhenic acid, and perrhenic acids, including carbonyl halides. Molecular formula M
Compounds of ReO4 are M, Nα.

NH4 and Rh is used to provide a water bathing compound of rhenium in which M ionizes to M+.

Other compounds are M3ReO5 and M5RgO6.
A suitable range for enrichment is from 1 part per billion to 9 parts per million metal rhenium to the fuel being treated, with 100 parts per billion being preferred.

By way of example, if the oil combustor 24 burns at a rate of approximately 15 yal per hour, the flask 12 will contain 6 inches of water 42.
, (15,24) and the layer of oil 44 has a depth of l/4 in, (0,64 crn).

Concentration of the catalyst in solution is not critical as the bubbling rate can be adjusted to provide the desired metal/fuel ratio for the combustor 24 flame. A bubbling rate of 2 to 4 bubbles per second allows the rhenium compound to fractionate from the solution to leave behind the solvent.

This kind of separation is described in “Journal of the American Chemical Industry Association 11966.
It is described in "Theoretical Solution to Unfoamed Absorbent Foam Fractionation" by Robert Lemlich VC, published in July issue, No. 802-Gill 804 Eage.

FIG. 5 shows another embodiment of a catalyst delivery system, i.e., the system IOA employing the present invention is different from the system IOA of FIG. 1, and the system IOA of FIG. A motor vehicle engine 7° is used to apply suction to the tube 18. The view of engine 70 is stylized and shows only the elements necessary to understand the implementation of Bracket's invention. Engine 70 includes a piston 72 mounted for reciprocating movement within a cylinder 74 that communicates with an intake manifold 78 via a valve 76 to receive a mixture of fuel and air for combustion within cylinder 74. provide. The carburetor 80 has a rotary throttle valve 82 disposed within its throat 84 to meter the air and fuel into the intake manifold 78 where they are mixed to provide an even mixture of air and fuel. . Air is introduced directly into the throat 84 and fuel is e.g.
Throat 84&C is shown introduced from 8.

As is well known, the action of piston 72 creates a partial vacuum within the intake manifold. A common practice in vehicle construction is to utilize the vacuum in the manifold 78 to operate other components of the vehicle, and proper connections to such components include the carburetor 800 base and other components (not shown). 1) be carried out by means of a hose 90 VC that reads directly between the lines.

This allows the vacuum in manifold 78 to provide the necessary suction through tube 18 to remove flask 12 or 12A.
The catalyst is drawn out and distributed evenly into the cylinder from the base of the carburetor 800.

In the engine of FIG. 5, the fuel, air and catalyst are all drawn by suction into the manifold l-'' 78 to provide even mixing of the catalyst with the fuel and air. Homogeneous catalysts are different from supported catalysts (not shown) as coatings along the
That is, the amount of catalyst that contacts the air/fuel mixture is independent of the formation of combustion products and the presence of oil seepage that may form inside the cylinder 74 and ultimately inhibit the operation of the supported catalyst. It is. The presence of the rhenium catalyst not only helps the hydrocarbon carbon burn to produce carbon monoxide, but also helps fuel the carbon monoxide with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide. The greatest amount of thermal energy produced in the combustion process occurs when carbon monoxide is converted to carbon dioxide. Rhenium thus serves to increase the efficiency of both aspects of combustion.

According to another aspect of the invention, rhenium is used to convert the shape of non-aromatic molecules into aromatic molecules VC during the modification of hydrocarbon molecules.

This increases the octane number of the fuel and provides better control of combustion and a more even burn rate. This, in combination with the use of a fuel with a significantly lower octane number relative to the engine's compression ratio, reduces the tendency to ping. Additionally, rhenium reduces the effects of octane creep in combination with engine age hardening, which is resisted by the use of high octane fuels that have a tendency to pin. This invention thereby provides controlled metering of the catalyst and fuel in the charge manifold.
The even distribution of the catalyst within the air mixture, together with the use of high octane fuel, ensures efficient combustion as well as engine operation.

As a practical problem regarding the construction of flasks for automobiles, the movement of the medium accompanying the automobile is
1.2 to partially nullify the metering action of 6A.
It can be seen that this causes excessive splashing of the liquid in the flask 12.12A of the figure. Therefore, it is preferable to use a modified flask 12B as shown in FIG. 5 in an automobile. The air inlet tube 14 of FIG. 1 is replaced by the inlet tube 14B of FIG. 5, and the metering action is provided by a cylinder 94 with a capillary bore 96.

Tube 14B communicates with the interior of the flask at the bottom of flask 12B, while capillary lumen 96 communicates with tube 18.
and an interior portion of the flask above the level of liquid within the flask. Flask 12B is tube 14B
can be easily assembled into a rectangular box shape by locating the cylinder 94 in the central portion of the side wall and by locating the cylinder 94 on the centerline of the opposite side wall of the flask 12B. Typical dimensions used to construct flask 12B are as follows. The flask height is 7 in. (17.78 cm), the flask width is 3 in. (7.62 cIn) and the flask depth is 2 in. (5.08 cm). Flask 128 is filled with liquid to a depth of approximately 5 inches, (12,7 (17A). Tube 14B is 3/4 inch, (1
,9t cm) and i74 in, (
flask 12 through a hole with a diameter of 0,64 cm
It communicates with the inside of B. Cylinder 94 is 3/16 in.
(0,48 CIIL) and an outer diameter of 3/4 in, (
It has a length of 1,91 crfL). Central axis Iil of cylinder 94! The capillary pore 96 along is 0.005in, (
It has a diameter of 0.01 crn). The diameter of bore 96 is sufficiently small that liquid within flask 12B cannot flow through bore 96. Inner hole 9 suspended in air
6 to Chu 7'18 and from there to the manifold)
Only small particles of catalyst are drawn into 78 as airborne objects. During long-term storage with the engine stopped, the liquid level in tube 14B is equal to the liquid level in flask 12B. However, while the engine 70 is operating, the liquid level in the tube 14B changes from the tube 14B to the flask 12B.
to the position of the hole 98 that connects to the inside of the. The layer of oil 44 (FIG. 1) is also omitted in the embodiment of FIG. 5 because the capillary lumen 96 also prevents droplets or aerosol from entering the manifold. .

Antifreeze agents, such as alcohols such as enthanol or methanol, and glycols such as propylene glycol or methylene glycol, prevent freezing of the catalyst bath liquid in cold weather. Antifreeze is in flask 12,1 along with catalyst.
Dissolves in water in 2A or 12B. Since antifreeze agents have the side effect of inducing precipitation of the catalyst, other agents called "inhibitors" are also dissolved in water to prevent precipitation, thereby keeping the catalyst in solution. Suitable inhibitors 911 include Na11, HCI, and LiG1. Lithium chloride is preferred because it does not have acidity that corrodes automotive engines.

Still other advantages are obtained by using ethylene glycol, or other glycols. Ethylene glycol is used as a surfactant. As a result, the perrhenic acid becomes more active at the interface between water and air, which makes it easier to dissolve in the air due to the fractional foaming mentioned above. Therefore, glycol leaks in the preferred embodiment of the invention regardless of whether the climate is hot or cold. Glycols are also preferred over alcohols because they are less flammable and more readily available.

Next, a typical example of preparing a catalyst solution will be shown.

To make a solution with a weight ratio of 150Z (51 to 4,25), ethylene/recall of 50
0 (1 (2,84 to 51)) is dissolved in distilled water. Next, 1, Oy of perrhenic acid is dissolved in this water.

The rhenium compound must always be added to ensure that the inhibitor is active to prevent precipitation of the catalyst. This typical example can be used for an automobile as shown in FIG. 5, and for a furnace as shown in FIG.

The above description of the invention is for illustrative purposes only and variations thereof may be practiced by those skilled in the art. Therefore, this invention is not limited to the above-mentioned embodiments,
This invention is limited only by the content of the claims.

[Brief explanation of the drawing]

FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram of a catalyst delivery system according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 shows another embodiment of the upper part of the flask of FIG.
3 and 4 show side and top views, respectively, of an alternative embodiment of the float of FIG. 1, and FIG. 5 shows a stylized side and top view of a portion of a motor vehicle engine having the invention. Code in the diagram 1O...Catalyst delivery system 12.12A
, 12B...Flask 14...Tube 16...
・Float 16A...Float 16B...Float 18...Tube 20...Shutoff valve 22...Furnace 24...Oil combustor 26...Centrifugal fan 28...
Tube 29... Housing 30... Vane 34
...Boat 36...hole 38...tube part 40...hole
42...Water 44...Oil 46...Vacancy 48...Spear plate 50...Rim 52...Bolt 54...Flange 56...Plate
70... Engine 72... Piston 74... Cylinder 76... Valve 7
8... Intake manifold 80... Carburetor 82...
Gas tank valve 84... Throat 86... Fuel reservoir 8
8...Jet 94...Cylinder 96...Capillary inner hole 98...Indicating hole Procedural amendment dated July 2, 1982, Mr. Commissioner of the Patent Office (Mr. Patent Office Examiner)], of the case Display No. 6344S No. 6344S filed in 1980, name of invention Catalyst delivery system 3 Relationship with the person making the amendment, name of Fl applicant Parnett G.I. Robinson 1988 6
Month 6 (shipment date: June 26, 1980) 6 Number of inventions increased by amendment 0 7, subject of amendment

Claims (1)

[Claims] 1. Fuel IK in combustion system with air intake hoard
A delivery system for a catalyst containing less than 9 m of rhenium per 2 parts, comprising: a device for delivering said catalyst into a liquid; and a device for passing air through said liquid so that said catalyst is absorbed into the air. Catalyst delivery system including. 2. The catalyst delivery system according to claim 1, wherein the catalyst is in the form of a compound soluble in the liquid. 3. The catalyst delivery system of claim 2, wherein the compound decomposes when heated to a temperature below the actual twisting temperature within the combustion chamber of the system. 4° A system for delivering a catalyst containing not more than 9 da of rhenium metal per IKy of fuel to a combustion system having an air intake boat, the delivery medium containing said catalyst and for absorbing said catalyst in said air. a device for passing said air through a delivery medium. 5. A method for delivering a catalyst containing not more than 9 m9 of rhenium metal per IKg of fuel to a combustion system having an air intake port, the method comprising dispensing said catalyst in a dispensing agent and absorbing said catalyst in said air. A method of delivering a catalyst comprising passing said air through said dispensing agent to cause said dispensing agent to pass said air through said dispensing agent. 6. A system for delivering a catalyst containing a soluble compound of rhenium to a combustion system having an air intake port, the catalyst delivery system comprising a dispensing medium containing the catalyst and a device for passing the air through the dispensing medium. . 7. A method for delivering a catalyst comprising a soluble compound of rhenium to a combustion system having an air intake boat, the method comprising:
A method for delivering a catalyst comprising dispensing the catalyst during dispensing and passing the air through the dispensing agent to absorb the catalyst in all the air. 8. A hydrocarbon fuel reformer for increasing the octane of hydrocarbons, an apparatus for inhaling the reformer into the combustion system, and an apparatus for inhaling the fuel into the combustion system to achieve high octane fuel properties. a system for dispensing catalytic material into a combustion system, including an apparatus for combusting said fuel; 9. The system of claim 8, wherein said combustion system is an internal combustion engine, and said reformer and said fuel are pumped into an intake manifold of said engine. 10. The system of claim 8, wherein the modifier is a soluble compound of rhenium and the wicking action is accomplished by drawing air through a liquid in which the rhenium compound is dissolved. 11. The system according to claim 8, wherein the modifier is a water-soluble rhenium compound, and the suction action is achieved by drawing air through a liquid in which the rhenium compound is dissolved. . 12. A device in which the modifier is a water-soluble relium compound, the compound decomposes when heated to a temperature below the failure temperature of the fuel in the engine, and a suction device holds an aqueous solution of the relium compound; 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the air is metered through the aqueous solution, and the rhenium compound contains no more than 9 parts rhenium per 2 parts of the fuel combusted in the engine. 13. A system for delivering a rhenium-containing catalyst to a system for combusting fuel and oxidant, the system comprising: a device for dispensing said catalyst in a liquid; and a system for delivering a quantity of said catalyst into said combustion system to burn said oxidant; A catalyst dispensing system including a device for passing gas through the liquid to mix the fuel. 14. The system of claim 13, wherein said gas includes said oxidant. 15. The system of claim 13, further comprising surface active means for increasing the efficiency of fractionation of rhenium catalyst from the liquid by passing the gas through the liquid. 16. A patent claim in which the liquid is water, and the rhenium catalyst is water-soluble, and is selected from the group consisting of perrhenic acid and its salts, oxides of higher order salts, meta-perrhenic acid, and carbonyl halides of rhenium. The system according to item 15. 17. Claim 16, wherein said surfactant means comprises a water-bathable glycol and an inhibitor to prevent precipitation of said catalyst.
System described in section. 18. The system of claim 17, wherein said inhibitor is a water bath chloride from the class consisting of hydrogen chloride, lithium chloride, and sodium chloride. 19. Claim 1, wherein the inhibitor is lithium chloride and the surfactant is ethylene glycol.
The system described in Section 8. 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the fuel and MiJ oxidant are in a gaseous state during mixing with the catalyst. 21. The method of claim 13, further comprising a VC dissolved medium in the liquid to prevent freezing of the liquid and a medium dissolved in the liquid to prevent precipitation of the catalyst by the antifreeze medium. system. 22. Claim 21, wherein the antifreeze medium is a glycol and the blocking medium is a Group 1 chloride.
System described in section.