JPS5922687B2 - ブテン−１の重合体の製法 - Google Patents
ブテン−１の重合体の製法Info
- Publication number
- JPS5922687B2 JPS5922687B2 JP50093242A JP9324275A JPS5922687B2 JP S5922687 B2 JPS5922687 B2 JP S5922687B2 JP 50093242 A JP50093242 A JP 50093242A JP 9324275 A JP9324275 A JP 9324275A JP S5922687 B2 JPS5922687 B2 JP S5922687B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- reaction
- mmol
- general formula
- butene
- polymer
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 title claims description 15
- VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Butene Chemical compound CCC=C VXNZUUAINFGPBY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- -1 aluminum halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000006116 polymerization reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 25
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 15
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 6
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Heptane Chemical compound CCCCCCC IMNFDUFMRHMDMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 4
- 239000004711 α-olefin Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000005909 Kieselgur Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000005662 Paraffin oil Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000007868 Raney catalyst Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000564 Raney nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 230000031709 bromination Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000005893 bromination reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KCXMKQUNVWSEMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzyl chloride Chemical compound ClCC1=CC=CC=C1 KCXMKQUNVWSEMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940073608 benzyl chloride Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940125904 compound 1 Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000010779 crude oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- ULYZAYCEDJDHCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N isopropyl chloride Chemical compound CC(C)Cl ULYZAYCEDJDHCC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000006384 oligomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003204 osmotic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NBRKLOOSMBRFMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl chloride Chemical compound CC(C)(C)Cl NBRKLOOSMBRFMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NAMYKGVDVNBCFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromopropane Chemical compound CC(C)Br NAMYKGVDVNBCFQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004215 Carbon black (E152) Substances 0.000 description 1
- 101000654316 Centruroides limpidus Beta-toxin Cll2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000005727 Friedel-Crafts reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002745 absorbent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002250 absorbent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000507 anthelmentic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940124339 anthelmintic agent Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000921 anthelmintic agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 101150038410 atx-3 gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007810 chemical reaction solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000000314 lubricant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 210000000056 organ Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010690 paraffinic oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007670 refining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- RKSOPLXZQNSWAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tert-butyl bromide Chemical compound CC(C)(C)Br RKSOPLXZQNSWAS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F110/00—Homopolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
- C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
- C07C2/14—Catalytic processes with inorganic acids; with salts or anhydrides of acids
- C07C2/20—Acids of halogen; Salts thereof ; Complexes thereof with organic compounds
- C07C2/22—Metal halides; Complexes thereof with organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
- C07C2/02—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons
- C07C2/04—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation
- C07C2/06—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition between unsaturated hydrocarbons by oligomerisation of well-defined unsaturated hydrocarbons without ring formation of alkenes, i.e. acyclic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond
- C07C2/08—Catalytic processes
- C07C2/26—Catalytic processes with hydrides or organic compounds
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/08—Halides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/125—Compounds comprising a halogen and scandium, yttrium, aluminium, gallium, indium or thallium
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/133—Compounds comprising a halogen and vanadium, niobium, tantalium, antimonium or bismuth
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/135—Compounds comprising a halogen and titanum, zirconium, hafnium, germanium, tin or lead
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2527/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- C07C2527/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
- C07C2527/138—Compounds comprising a halogen and an alkaline earth metal, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, cadmium or mercury
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- C07C2531/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C2531/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
- C07C2531/26—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups C07C2531/02 - C07C2531/24
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Polymerization Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| IT25937 | 1974-08-02 | ||
| IT2593774A IT1017872B (it) | 1974-08-02 | 1974-08-02 | Processo per la produzione di oli gomeri da alfa olefine lineari suc cessiva idrogenazione degli stessi e prodotti saturi cosi ottenuti |
| US60118375A | 1975-08-01 | 1975-08-01 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5137974A JPS5137974A (en) | 1976-03-30 |
| JPS5922687B2 true JPS5922687B2 (ja) | 1984-05-28 |
Family
ID=26328632
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP50093242A Expired JPS5922687B2 (ja) | 1974-08-02 | 1975-08-01 | ブテン−１の重合体の製法 |
Country Status (9)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4113790A (OSRAM) |
| JP (1) | JPS5922687B2 (OSRAM) |
| BE (1) | BE832058A (OSRAM) |
| CA (1) | CA1046533A (OSRAM) |
| DE (1) | DE2534503A1 (OSRAM) |
| FR (1) | FR2280650A1 (OSRAM) |
| GB (1) | GB1494652A (OSRAM) |
| LU (1) | LU73114A1 (OSRAM) |
| NL (1) | NL7509281A (OSRAM) |
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4393259A (en) * | 1980-02-14 | 1983-07-12 | Uop Inc. | Process for conversion of propane or butane to gasoline |
| US4367356A (en) * | 1980-02-19 | 1983-01-04 | Uop, Inc. | Process for the production of gasoline from C4 hydrocarbons |
| US4324936A (en) * | 1980-12-29 | 1982-04-13 | Uop Inc. | Butane isomerization process |
| US4436948A (en) | 1982-09-07 | 1984-03-13 | Phillips Petroleum Company | Catalyst compositions |
| US4533782A (en) * | 1983-09-08 | 1985-08-06 | Uniroyal, Inc. | Method and catalyst for polymerizing a cationic polymerizable monomer |
| DE3430518A1 (de) * | 1984-08-18 | 1986-02-27 | Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Verfahren zur herstellung von polymeren mit reaktiven endgruppen |
| DE3541408A1 (de) * | 1985-11-23 | 1987-05-27 | Bayer Ag | Herstellung von polymeren durch kationische polymerisation |
| DE3542000A1 (de) * | 1985-11-28 | 1987-06-04 | Bayer Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von polymeren mit reaktiven endgruppen |
| US4968853A (en) * | 1987-12-29 | 1990-11-06 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Alpha-olefin polymers |
| CA1326322C (en) * | 1988-05-03 | 1994-01-18 | Gabor Kaszas | Uniform molecular weight polymers |
| US5107051A (en) * | 1989-03-14 | 1992-04-21 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Halogen resistant hydrotreating process and catalyst |
| GB8912271D0 (en) * | 1989-05-27 | 1989-07-12 | Bp Chem Int Ltd | Cationic polymerisation of 1-olefins |
| US5210362A (en) * | 1989-06-07 | 1993-05-11 | The Lubrizol Corporation | Alpha-olefin polymers |
| BR9400079A (pt) * | 1994-01-12 | 1995-09-26 | Petroleo Brasileiro Sa | Processo para a produção de óleos lubrificantes sintéticos e óleos lubrificantes sintéticos |
| US5565092A (en) * | 1994-03-16 | 1996-10-15 | Exxon Chemical Patents Inc. | Halogen resistant hydrogenation process and catalyst |
| RU2287552C2 (ru) * | 2004-12-22 | 2006-11-20 | Институт Проблем Химической Физики Российской Академии Наук (Ипхф Ран) | Способ получения полиолефиновых основ синтетических масел |
| CN100455554C (zh) * | 2005-10-14 | 2009-01-28 | 中国人民解放军空军油料研究所 | 高粘度指数聚α-烯烃合成油的制备方法 |
| RU2452567C1 (ru) * | 2011-03-25 | 2012-06-10 | Общество с ограниченной ответственностью "Научно-производственное предприятие КВАЛИТЕТ" (ООО "НПП КВАЛИТЕТ") | Катализатор и способ олигомеризации альфа-олефинов |
Family Cites Families (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2360699A (en) * | 1941-07-25 | 1944-10-17 | Shell Dev | Catalytic conversion process |
| US2540580A (en) * | 1947-09-11 | 1951-02-06 | Standard Oil Dev Co | Quality of olefin polymer lubricants |
| NL68351C (OSRAM) * | 1947-10-31 | |||
| US2970133A (en) * | 1956-01-04 | 1961-01-31 | Ethyl Corp | Polymerization of ethylene with catalyst consisting of aluminum chloride and titanium trihalide |
| US3057837A (en) * | 1958-01-16 | 1962-10-09 | Monsanto Chemicals | Process for addition polymerization |
| FR1268766A (fr) * | 1960-09-21 | 1961-08-04 | Armour Res Found | Alkylation catalytique d'hydrocarbures aromatiques sans transposition |
| DE1235877B (de) * | 1963-08-10 | 1967-03-09 | Technochemie G M B H Verfahren | Verfahren zur Herstellung von hydrierten Polymeroelen durch Polymerisation niedrigmolekularer Olefine und anschliessende katalytische Hydrierung |
| US3501551A (en) * | 1969-03-19 | 1970-03-17 | Standard Oil Co | Process for producing normal butene polymers |
| US3842134A (en) * | 1972-06-09 | 1974-10-15 | Bray Oil Co | Polymerization process |
| JPS5145012B2 (OSRAM) * | 1973-03-05 | 1976-12-01 |
-
1975
- 1975-07-17 CA CA231,726A patent/CA1046533A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-07-17 GB GB30114/75A patent/GB1494652A/en not_active Expired
- 1975-07-29 FR FR7523700A patent/FR2280650A1/fr active Granted
- 1975-07-31 LU LU73114A patent/LU73114A1/xx unknown
- 1975-08-01 BE BE158885A patent/BE832058A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1975-08-01 JP JP50093242A patent/JPS5922687B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1975-08-01 DE DE19752534503 patent/DE2534503A1/de not_active Ceased
- 1975-08-04 NL NL7509281A patent/NL7509281A/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
-
1977
- 1977-05-09 US US05/795,225 patent/US4113790A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS5137974A (en) | 1976-03-30 |
| DE2534503A1 (de) | 1976-02-12 |
| CA1046533A (en) | 1979-01-16 |
| FR2280650B1 (OSRAM) | 1979-06-22 |
| GB1494652A (en) | 1977-12-07 |
| LU73114A1 (OSRAM) | 1976-03-02 |
| FR2280650A1 (fr) | 1976-02-27 |
| BE832058A (fr) | 1976-02-02 |
| US4113790A (en) | 1978-09-12 |
| NL7509281A (nl) | 1976-02-04 |
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