JPS5816818A - Manufacture of facing material - Google Patents
Manufacture of facing materialInfo
- Publication number
- JPS5816818A JPS5816818A JP56107363A JP10736381A JPS5816818A JP S5816818 A JPS5816818 A JP S5816818A JP 56107363 A JP56107363 A JP 56107363A JP 10736381 A JP10736381 A JP 10736381A JP S5816818 A JPS5816818 A JP S5816818A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- sheet
- crosslinkable
- printed
- printed pattern
- pattern
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C59/00—Surface shaping of articles, e.g. embossing; Apparatus therefor
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
- B29C35/08—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2027/00—Use of polyvinylhalogenides or derivatives thereof as moulding material
- B29K2027/06—PVC, i.e. polyvinylchloride
Landscapes
- Laminated Bodies (AREA)
- Shaping Of Tube Ends By Bending Or Straightening (AREA)
- Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は化粧材の製造方法に関し、詳しくは印刷模様部
を表面において選択的に艶出しした化粧材の製造方法に
関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a decorative material, and more particularly to a method for manufacturing a decorative material in which a printed pattern portion is selectively polished on the surface.
既に木目模様を施した化粧材か種々知られているが、実
際の天然板では、その導管部は松や檜の場合には突出し
ていて、他の組織よりも艶又は光沢があり、稗やチーク
の場合には陥没しており、他の組織よりも艶又は光沢が
ない。しかしながら、印刷した木目模様によればこのよ
うな導管部に対応して光沢に差を設けることは困離であ
る。このため、化粧材の表面に導管部を表わす模様を艶
出しインキにて別に印刷することも行なわれているが、
この方法ｌこおいては、艶出しインキによる印刷部を表
面に露出させておかなければ艶出しの効果が得られない
ため、耐溶剤性、耐摩耗性に欠ける。Various types of decorative materials with wood grain patterns are already known, but in actual natural boards, the conduit portions are protruding in the case of pine and cypress, and are more glossy or glossy than other structures, and in the case of wood grains and teak. In this case, the tissue is depressed and has less luster or luster than other tissues. However, according to the printed wood grain pattern, it is difficult to provide a difference in gloss corresponding to such a conduit portion. For this reason, a pattern representing the conduit portion is printed separately on the surface of the decorative material using polishing ink.
In this method, the polishing effect cannot be obtained unless the printed portion of the polishing ink is exposed on the surface, and therefore solvent resistance and abrasion resistance are lacking.
本発明は上記した問題を解決するためになされたもので
あって、印刷模様部が保護コート層によって保護されて
いるのみならず、立体的に浮き上がって見えるように艶
出しした化粧材の製造方法を提供することを目的とする
。The present invention has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems, and is a method for manufacturing a decorative material in which the printed pattern is not only protected by a protective coat layer but also polished so that it appears three-dimensionally raised. The purpose is to provide
本発明による化粧材の製造方法は、表面に艶消しエンボ
ス処理面を有し、裏面に光重合禁止剤を含有するインキ
による印刷模様を有する紫外線架橋性塩化ビニル系樹脂
シートの表面から紫外線を照射し、次いで加熱すること
を特徴とする。The method for producing a decorative material according to the present invention involves irradiating ultraviolet rays from the surface of an ultraviolet crosslinkable vinyl chloride resin sheet, which has a matte embossed surface on the surface and a pattern printed with ink containing a photopolymerization inhibitor on the back surface. and then heating.
以下に実施例を示す図面に基づいて本発明を説明する。The present invention will be described below based on drawings showing examples.
紫外線架橋性塩化ビニル系樹脂シート１（以下、単に架
橋性シートという。）は、塩化ビニル系樹脂、光反応性
可塑剤、通常の可塑剤、光増感剤、熱重合禁止剤、安定
剤、顔料、その他必要に応じて他の添加剤を含有する。The ultraviolet crosslinkable vinyl chloride resin sheet 1 (hereinafter simply referred to as a crosslinkable sheet) contains a vinyl chloride resin, a photoreactive plasticizer, a normal plasticizer, a photosensitizer, a thermal polymerization inhibitor, a stabilizer, Contains pigments and other additives as necessary.
ｌ１ｒｉ化ビニル系樹脂にはポリ塩化ビニル、塩化ビニ
ル−酢酸ビニル共重合体、塩化ビニル−エチレン共重合
体等が含まれ、更にこれらを主体とする混合樹脂も含ま
れる。架橋性シートの厚みは３０〜５００μであるのが
望ましい。The l1ri vinyl resin includes polyvinyl chloride, vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer, vinyl chloride-ethylene copolymer, etc., and also includes mixed resins mainly composed of these. The thickness of the crosslinkable sheet is preferably 30 to 500 microns.
光反応性可塑剤は紫外線照射前においては可塑剤として
作用し、紫外線照射により架橋重合するモノマー又はオ
リゴマーをいう。モノマーの例としては多価アルコール
の（メタ）アクリル酸エステルを挙げることができ、具
体的には１．６−ヘキサンシオールジ（メタコアクリレ
ート、トリメチロールプロパントリ（メタ）アクリレー
ト、テトラメチロールメタンテトラ（メタ）アクリレー
ト、ジペンタエリスリトールペンタ（メタ）アクリレー
ト等である。また、オリゴマーとしてはオリゴエステル
アクリレート等を挙げることかできる。A photoreactive plasticizer is a monomer or oligomer that acts as a plasticizer before irradiation with ultraviolet rays and is crosslinked and polymerized by irradiation with ultraviolet rays. Examples of monomers include (meth)acrylic esters of polyhydric alcohols, specifically 1,6-hexanethiol di(methacrylate, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, tetramethylolmethanetetra( These include meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, etc. Examples of the oligomer include oligoester acrylate.
これらの光反応性可塑剤は単独で、又は二種以上の混合
物として用いられる。These photoreactive plasticizers may be used alone or as a mixture of two or more.
通常の可塑剤としてはジー２−エチルへキシルフタレー
ト、ジ−ｎ−オクチルフタレート、ジヘキシルフタレー
ト、ジイソデシルフタレート等のフタル酸エステル系可
塑剤のほか、リン酸エステル系、ポリエステル系、トリ
メリット酸エステル系、エポキシ化大豆油等の可塑剤が
適宜に用いられるが、これらに限定されるものではない
。Typical plasticizers include phthalate ester plasticizers such as di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate, di-n-octyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, and diisodecyl phthalate, as well as phosphate ester, polyester, and trimellitic ester plasticizers. , epoxidized soybean oil, and the like are appropriately used, but are not limited thereto.
光増感剤も例えばベンゾインメチルエーテル、ベンゾイ
ンイソプロピルエーテル、ベンジル、ベンゾイン等、従
来より一般に知られているものが適宜に用いられる。安
定剤としては、熱可塑性樹脂が塩化ビニル系樹脂の場合
、例えば一般的な金属石ケン、スズ化合物、亜リン酸エ
ステル等が用いられ、また、顔料も必要に応じて適宜に
用いられる。As the photosensitizer, conventionally known ones such as benzoin methyl ether, benzoin isopropyl ether, benzyl, benzoin, etc. can be used as appropriate. As the stabilizer, when the thermoplastic resin is a vinyl chloride resin, common metal soaps, tin compounds, phosphite esters, etc. are used, and pigments are also used as appropriate, if necessary.
架橋性シートにおける各成分の配合量は、普通、塩化ビ
ニル系樹脂１００重量部について光反応性可塑剤が５〜
６０重量部、通常の可塑剤が０〜１２０重量部であり、
光増感剤が光反応性可塑剤の１〜５重Ｍ％である。The amount of each component in the crosslinkable sheet is usually 5 to 5 parts by weight of the photoreactive plasticizer per 100 parts by weight of the vinyl chloride resin.
60 parts by weight, 0 to 120 parts by weight of a normal plasticizer,
The photosensitizer is 1 to 5% by weight of the photoreactive plasticizer.
本発明においては、化粧材表面において艶出しを要する
印刷模様２が光重合禁１１ユ剤を含有するインキ組成物
にて架橋性シートの裏面に設けられる。In the present invention, a printed pattern 2 that requires polishing on the surface of the decorative material is provided on the back surface of a crosslinkable sheet using an ink composition containing a photopolymerization inhibitor.
尚、図面には艶出しを要しない印刷模様は省略されてい
る。例えば、木目模様のうち、導管部が印刷模様２で表
わされているが、他の組織の印刷模様は図示されていな
い。印刷模様を化粧材表面から透視し得るように、通常
は印刷模様を被覆する不透明の基材層３が設けられる。Note that printed patterns that do not require polishing are omitted in the drawings. For example, in the wood grain pattern, the conduit portion is represented by printed pattern 2, but the printed patterns of other tissues are not shown. An opaque base material layer 3 is usually provided to cover the printed pattern so that the printed pattern can be seen through the surface of the decorative material.
基材層は着色印刷層又は着色樹脂シート、例えば着色塩
化ビニル樹脂シートでよい。従って、印刷模様２は架橋
性シートの裏面に印刷してもよく、或いは着色塩化ビニ
ル樹脂シートの表面に印刷【７、架橋性シートの裏面に
ラミネーション等により積層してもよい。The base layer may be a colored printed layer or a colored resin sheet, such as a colored vinyl chloride resin sheet. Therefore, the printed pattern 2 may be printed on the back side of the crosslinkable sheet, or printed on the front side of the colored vinyl chloride resin sheet [7] It may be laminated on the back side of the crosslinkable sheet by lamination or the like.
艶出しする印刷模様を印刷するためのインキ組成物に含
まれる光重合禁止剤としては、従来より知られているも
のが適宜に用いられる。例えばハイドロキノン、メチル
ハイドロキノン、ｔ−ブチルハイドロキノン、Ｎ−ニト
ロンジフェニルアミン、２−メルカプトベンゾイミダゾ
ール、ｐ−フェニレンジアミン、テトラヒドロキノリン
、ｐ−ヒドロキシジフェニルアミン、ｐ−−８−ノン、
フェノチアジン、２，６−ジーｔ−ブチル−ｐ−クレゾ
ール、ｔ−ブチルカテコール等の一種又は二種以上の混
合物がインキ組成物に０．５〜１５重餠％程度混合され
る。インキ組成物は架橋性シートを構成する樹脂及び基
材層を構成する樹脂等を考慮して適宜に選ばれる。As the photopolymerization inhibitor contained in the ink composition for printing the printed pattern to be polished, conventionally known photopolymerization inhibitors can be used as appropriate. For example, hydroquinone, methylhydroquinone, t-butylhydroquinone, N-nitron diphenylamine, 2-mercaptobenzimidazole, p-phenylenediamine, tetrahydroquinoline, p-hydroxydiphenylamine, p--8-non,
One or a mixture of two or more of phenothiazine, 2,6-di-t-butyl-p-cresol, t-butylcatechol, etc. is mixed into the ink composition in an amount of about 0.5 to 15%. The ink composition is appropriately selected in consideration of the resin constituting the crosslinkable sheet and the resin constituting the base material layer.
本発明においては、第１図に示すような表面に艶消しエ
ンボス処理面４を有し、裏面に印刷模様２を有する架橋
性シート１は次のようにして製造することができる。即
ち、架橋性シートの裏面に印刷模様を施し、この印刷模
様に着色印刷層を重ねた後、架橋性シートの表面を艶消
しエンボス処理する。又は、架橋シートの裏面に印刷模
様を印刷した後、基材層３としての樹脂シートを熱圧着
すると同時に架橋性シートの表面を艶消しエンボス処理
する。更に、着色樹脂シートの表面に印刷模様を施し、
印刷模様を架橋性シートの裏面に沿わせて着色樹脂シー
トを架橋性シートの裏面に熱圧着すると同時に架橋性シ
ートの表面を艶消しエンボス処理してもよい。In the present invention, a crosslinkable sheet 1 having a matte embossed surface 4 on the front surface and a printed pattern 2 on the back surface as shown in FIG. 1 can be manufactured as follows. That is, a printed pattern is applied to the back surface of a crosslinkable sheet, a colored printed layer is superimposed on the printed pattern, and then the surface of the crosslinkable sheet is subjected to a matte embossing treatment. Alternatively, after printing a pattern on the back side of the crosslinked sheet, the resin sheet as the base layer 3 is bonded by thermocompression, and at the same time, the surface of the crosslinkable sheet is subjected to a matte embossing treatment. Furthermore, a printed pattern is applied to the surface of the colored resin sheet,
A colored resin sheet may be thermocompression bonded to the back side of the crosslinkable sheet with the printed pattern along the back side of the crosslinkable sheet, and at the same time, the surface of the crosslinkable sheet may be subjected to a matte embossing treatment.
本発明は上記のような架橋性シートにその表面から紫外
線照射した後、表面を加熱して、模様印刷に対応して架
橋性シートの表１ｎｉに艶出しを行なうのである。即ち
、その機構は必らずしも明確でなく、また、本発明は何
ら理論により限定されるものではないが、第２図に示す
ように、架橋性シート１の裏面に設けられた印刷模様２
の有する光重合禁止剤が印刷模様に沿って架橋性シート
を表面側に拡散し、印刷模様に沿って架橋性シートに含
まれることとなり、この結果、架橋性シートの表面に紫
外線照射したとき、架橋性シートは印刷模様に沿う部分
は架橋しないが、他の部分は架橋し、エンボス処理面を
有したまま三次元化する。In the present invention, the surface of the crosslinkable sheet as described above is irradiated with ultraviolet rays, and then the surface is heated to polish the front surface of the crosslinkable sheet in accordance with pattern printing. That is, the mechanism is not necessarily clear, and the present invention is not limited by any theory, but as shown in FIG. 2
The photopolymerization inhibitor contained in the crosslinkable sheet diffuses along the printed pattern to the surface side of the crosslinkable sheet, and is included in the crosslinkable sheet along the printed pattern.As a result, when the surface of the crosslinkable sheet is irradiated with ultraviolet rays, The crosslinkable sheet is not crosslinked in the part along the printed pattern, but is crosslinked in other parts, making it three-dimensional while still having the embossed surface.
従って、この後にシート１を加熱すると、表面の架橋し
た艶消しエンボス処理面の紋はそのまま残って表面を艶
消ししているが、非架橋のエンボス処理面は樹脂が軟化
、溶融し、紋か消滅し、か（して模様印刷に対応して艶
出し而５が生じるのである。Therefore, when sheet 1 is subsequently heated, the crosslinked matte embossed surface marks remain as they are, making the surface matte, but the resin on the non-crosslinked embossed surface softens and melts, causing the marks to appear. It disappears, and a glossy surface (5) is generated corresponding to the pattern printing.
以上のように、本発明の方法によれば、印刷模様を架橋
性シートの裏面に設け、この印刷模様に沿って架橋性シ
ート表面の艶消しエンボスの絞を消滅させて艶又は光沢
を与えるから、模様印刷は架橋性シートによって保護さ
れており、耐摩耗性、耐溶剤性等にすぐれ、更に印刷模
様に沿って表面が艶出しされているから、印刷模様が浮
き上って見えることとなり、例えば前記したように、木
目模様のうちの導管部を印刷枠様にすれば、天然板に酷
似した立体的な木目模様を有する化粧材が得られる。ま
た、本発明により得られる化粧材は表面が実質約６こ架
橋しているから、すぐれた耐熱性、耐摩耗性、強度等を
有する。As described above, according to the method of the present invention, a printed pattern is provided on the back side of a crosslinkable sheet, and the matte embossing on the surface of the crosslinkable sheet is erased along the printed pattern, thereby imparting luster or luster. The pattern printing is protected by a crosslinked sheet, which has excellent abrasion resistance and solvent resistance, and the surface is glossed along the printed pattern, so the printed pattern appears raised. For example, as described above, if the conduit portion of the wood grain pattern is shaped like a printing frame, a decorative material having a three-dimensional wood grain pattern that closely resembles a natural board can be obtained. Further, since the surface of the decorative material obtained by the present invention is substantially cross-linked by about 6 points, it has excellent heat resistance, abrasion resistance, strength, etc.
実施例
カレンダー加工により得た厚さ１００μの紫外線架橋性
ポリ塩化ビニルシートの裏面に、光重合禁止剤ハイドロ
キノンを２重量％加えたインキにて木目模様を印刷し、
この模様印刷面に厚さ１００μの着色ポリ塩化ビニルシ
ートを熱圧着すると同時に架橋性シート表面に艶消しエ
ンボス処理を行なった。このシートの表面光沢は６０°
反射光にて１５であった。Example A wood grain pattern was printed on the back side of a 100μ thick ultraviolet crosslinkable polyvinyl chloride sheet obtained by calendering using an ink containing 2% by weight of the photopolymerization inhibitor hydroquinone.
A colored polyvinyl chloride sheet with a thickness of 100 .mu.m was thermocompression bonded to the pattern-printed surface, and at the same time, the surface of the crosslinkable sheet was subjected to a matte embossing treatment. The surface gloss of this sheet is 60°
It was 15 in reflected light.
紫外線をこのシートの表面に１２０ ｗ／ｃｍの条件で
５秒間器則した後、１５０°Ｃの温ｌｆＣで１０秒間加
熱したところ、木目模様に対応してエンボスの紋が流れ
て光沢は８０となり、一方、他の部分の光沢は２０であ
った。After applying ultraviolet rays to the surface of this sheet for 5 seconds at 120 W/cm, and then heating it at 150°C for 10 seconds, embossed patterns were formed corresponding to the wood grain pattern, and the gloss was 80. On the other hand, the gloss of other parts was 20.
図面は本発明の方法の一実施例を示し、第１図は紫外線
照射する前の架橋性シートを示す断面図、第２図は紫外
線照射し、次に加熱処理した後の架橋性シートを示す断
面図である。
１・・・紫外線架槁性塩化ビニル系樹１１ｉ７シート、
２・・・模様印刷、３・・・基材層、４・・・艶消しエ
ンボス処理面、５・・・光沢面。The drawings show an example of the method of the present invention, in which Figure 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a crosslinkable sheet before UV irradiation, and Figure 2 shows a crosslinkable sheet after UV irradiation and then heat treatment. FIG. 1...UV-curable vinyl chloride-based tree 11i7 sheet,
2... Pattern printing, 3... Base material layer, 4... Matte embossed surface, 5... Glossy surface.
Claims (1)
合禁止剤を含有するインキによる印刷模様を有する紫外
線架橋性塩化ビニル系樹脂シートの表面から紫外線を照
射し、次いで加熱することを特徴とする化粧材の製造方
法。(1) UV rays are irradiated from the surface of an ultraviolet crosslinkable vinyl chloride resin sheet that has a matte embossed surface on the front surface and a pattern printed with ink containing a photopolymerization inhibitor on the back surface, and then is heated. Features: A manufacturing method for decorative materials.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56107363A JPS5816818A (en) | 1981-07-08 | 1981-07-08 | Manufacture of facing material |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56107363A JPS5816818A (en) | 1981-07-08 | 1981-07-08 | Manufacture of facing material |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5816818A true JPS5816818A (en) | 1983-01-31 |
| JPS6140180B2 JPS6140180B2 (en) | 1986-09-08 |
Family
ID=14457177
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP56107363A Granted JPS5816818A (en) | 1981-07-08 | 1981-07-08 | Manufacture of facing material |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5816818A (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6132848A (en) * | 1997-03-17 | 2000-10-17 | Meiwa Gravure Co., Ltd. | Inlaid decorative sheet, its manufacturing method and manufacturing apparatus |
| WO2018143233A1 (en) * | 2017-02-01 | 2018-08-09 | アネスト岩田株式会社 | Reciprocating piston-type gas compressor |
-
1981
- 1981-07-08 JP JP56107363A patent/JPS5816818A/en active Granted
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6132848A (en) * | 1997-03-17 | 2000-10-17 | Meiwa Gravure Co., Ltd. | Inlaid decorative sheet, its manufacturing method and manufacturing apparatus |
| WO2018143233A1 (en) * | 2017-02-01 | 2018-08-09 | アネスト岩田株式会社 | Reciprocating piston-type gas compressor |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS6140180B2 (en) | 1986-09-08 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| JP2005074682A (en) | Decorative sheet | |
| JP2008238601A (en) | Decorative sheet | |
| JPS5816818A (en) | Manufacture of facing material | |
| JP3153005B2 (en) | Method for manufacturing veneer having embossed texture due to unevenness and deep painting feeling | |
| JPS5816819A (en) | Manufacture of facing material | |
| JP2006123543A (en) | Decorative sheet | |
| JPH0144386B2 (en) | ||
| JPS6323906B2 (en) | ||
| JPS59199249A (en) | Manufacture of decorative material | |
| JP2001199028A (en) | Decorative material | |
| JPH02108539A (en) | Decorative material | |
| JP2002192680A (en) | Manufacturing method of decorative plate having concave and convex portion | |
| JPS6111178A (en) | Manufacture of surface-tightened decorative material | |
| EP4190583A1 (en) | A decorative sheet and method for manufacturing | |
| JPS6021858B2 (en) | Manufacturing method for decorative sheet with matching embossing | |
| JPS623225Y2 (en) | ||
| KR101035648B1 (en) | Structure for Name Plate and Its Manufacturing Method | |
| JP3291819B2 (en) | Method of manufacturing a three-dimensional decorative sheet | |
| JPS6021857B2 (en) | Method for creating uneven patterns on sheet surface | |
| JPH05147050A (en) | Production of decorative panel | |
| JPS6339414B2 (en) | ||
| JPH0435337B2 (en) | ||
| JP3384508B2 (en) | Laminated film for cosmetic material and method for producing the same | |
| JPH04156399A (en) | Transfer sheet | |
| JP3278707B2 (en) | Mirror surface decorative plate and method of manufacturing the same |