JPH11180837A - Composition for dyeing keratinous fiber - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain a composition for dyeing keratinous fiber having high coloring power and capable of dyeing it in light color shade and reducing irritating odor and cutaneous irritation, and to obtain a kit for dyeing keratinous fiber. SOLUTION: This invention relates to (1) a composition for dyeing keratinous fiber characteristic of comprising the following components (a) and (b): (a) 0.01-20.0 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition, of a p-aminophenol derivative and/or an o-aminophenol derivative; and (b) 0.1-10.0 wt.%, based on the total weight of the composition, of a guanidium salt, and (2) a kit for dyeing keratinous fiber comprising the composition containing an oxidant and the composition containing no oxidant.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present invention relates to a composition for dyeing keratinous fibers, which has extremely high hair dyeability, dyes hair in a lighter shade, and has low irritation.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In recent years, there has been an increasing demand from consumers for dyeing lighter hair colors than their original hair color, and a large number of products called "bleach color" have been put on the market.

[0003] As a composition for dyeing keratinous fibers used for such a purpose, a hair dye having sufficient dyeing power and decolorizing power of yellow to reddish brown color tone on hair is required. A two-part oxidative hair dye comprising a first agent containing an oxidation dye intermediate and a second agent containing an oxidizing agent is known. In this method, the first agent and the second agent are mixed before the treatment, and dyeing is performed while simultaneously performing generation of a dye by oxidative polymerization (hair dyeing) and decomposition of melanin (decolorization of hair).

In order to obtain a yellow to reddish brown color tone in such a two-part oxidative hair dye, it is effective to use an aminophenol derivative such as para-aminophenol or ortho-aminophenol as a dye intermediate. In order to obtain the necessary dyeing power by this, it is necessary to use in a high pH region from the swelling of the hair and the reactivity of the aminophenol derivative. For this reason, a considerable amount of an alkaline agent is generally required, and the pH is set at around 10. Ammonia is generally used as such an alkaline agent.

[0005]

However, ammonia has a serious problem that a user has considerable discomfort during the treatment because ammonia has a strong irritating odor and skin irritation. For this reason, there is known a technique in which an organic amine having little irritating odor or skin irritation is used as an alkaline agent as a substitute for ammonia (JP-A-56-77220, JP-A-59-106413, JP-A-59-106413, 62-4
No. 16, JP-A-63-170308, JP-A-1-165514, JP-A-1-213220, JP-A-5-246727, etc.).

However, organic amines cannot exert sufficient dyeing power, and it is difficult to dye hair into a satisfactory color.

[0007] Accordingly, the present invention provides a keratin that can use para-aminophenol and / or ortho-aminophenol to dye hair with extremely high dyeability and a bright color, and to further reduce irritating odor and skin irritation. An object of the present invention is to provide a fiber dyeing composition and a keratinous fiber dyeing kit using the same.

[0008]

Means for Solving the Problems The inventors of the present invention have conducted intensive studies to achieve the above object. As a result, the addition of a guanidinium salt makes it possible to improve the dyeing properties of the hair of para-aminophenol and ortho-aminophenol derivatives. It has been found that it can be extremely high, and that hair can be dyed in a lighter shade and the content of ammonia can be reduced, so that irritating odor and skin irritation can be reduced. Was.

That is, the present invention provides a keratinous fiber dye comprising the following components (a) and (b), (a) a paraaminophenol derivative and / or an orthoaminophenol derivative, and (b) a guanidinium salt. To provide a composition for use.

[0010]

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION The para-aminophenol derivative and the ortho-aminophenol derivative which are the components (a) of the keratinous fiber dyeing composition of the present invention are not particularly limited as long as they are commonly used in hair dyes. Without, for example, para-aminophenol, 2-methyl-4-aminophenol,
3-methyl-4-aminophenol, 2-chloro-4-
Aminophenol, 3-chloro-4-aminophenol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-aminophenol, 3,5
-Dimethyl-4-aminophenol, 2,3-dimethyl-4-aminophenol, 2,5-dimethyl-4-aminophenol, 2,4-diaminophenol, 5-aminosalicylic acid, orthoaminophenol, 2-amino-
1-hydroxy-5-methylbenzene, 2-amino-1
-Hydroxy-6-methylbenzene, 5-acetamido-2-aminophenol and the like. Of these, para-aminophenol and ortho-aminophenol are particularly preferred. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The component (a) is preferably contained at 0.01 to 20.0% by weight, particularly 0.5 to 10.0% by weight, based on all components.

The guanidinium salt which is the component (b) of the keratinous fiber dyeing composition of the present invention includes guanidine hydrochloride, guanidine sulfate, guanidine nitrate, guanidine carbonate, guanidine bicarbonate, guanidine phosphate, guanidine thiocyanate, boric acid. Guanidine, and guanidine sulfamate, guanidine acetate, monoethyl guanidine oxalate,
Examples thereof include guanidine organic acid salts such as guanidine benzenesulfonate and guanidine alizarin disulfonate, and guanidine carbonate and guanidine bicarbonate are particularly preferable. These can be used alone or in combination of two or more. The component (b) is 0.1 to 10.0 in all components.
% By weight, especially 0.5 to 3.0% by weight. In this range, the dye intermediate is not generated before the dye intermediate penetrates into the hair, a sufficient dyeing effect can be obtained, and the irritating odor and skin irritation can be reduced. Although guanidine hydroxide may be used, it is not preferred because of its strong skin irritation.

In the present invention, alkanolamines such as ammonia and monoethanolamine can be used as the alkaline agent. However, by containing the guanidium salt, the content of ammonia can be reduced.

[0013] The composition for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention includes:
A dye intermediate other than the component (a) may be blended as a color developing substance, and the color developing substance is not particularly limited as long as it is one usually used in an oxidative hair dye. For example, p-phenylenediamine, p-toluylenediamine, N-methyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine, N, N-diethyl-2-methyl-p
-Phenylenediamine, N-ethyl-N- (hydroxyethyl) -p-phenylenediamine, chloro-p-phenylenediamine, 2- (2'-hydroxyethylamino) -5-aminotoluene, N, N-bis- ( 2-hydroxyethyl) -p-phenylenediamine, methoxy-
p-phenylenediamine, 2,6-dichloro-p-phenylenediamine, 2-chloro-6-bromo-p-phenylenediamine, 2-chloro-6-methyl-p-phenylenediamine, 2-chloro-6-methyl- p-phenylenediamine, 6-methoxy-3-methyl-p-phenylenediamine, 2,5-diaminoanisole, N- (2-hydroxypropyl) -p-phenylenediamine, N-2
-Methoxyethyl-p-phenylenediamine or one or more NH ₂ -groups, NHR-groups or N
P-phenylenediamines having an HR ₂ — group (R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a hydroxyalkyl group); 2,5-diaminopyridine derivatives; o-phenylenediamines and the like.

[0014] A coupling substance may be added to the composition for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention. The coupling substance is not particularly limited as long as it is generally used for oxidative hair dyes. For example, α-naphthol, o-cresol, m-cresol, 2,6-
Dimethylphenol, 2,5-dimethylphenol,
3,4-dimethylphenol, 3,5-dimethylphenol, benzcatechin, pyrogallol, 1,5-dihydroxynaphthalene, 1,7-dihydroxynaphthalene,
5-amino-2-methylphenol, 5- (2′-hydroxyethylamino) -4-methoxy-2-methylphenol, hydroquinone, 2,4-diaminoanisole,
m-toluylenediamine, resorcinol, resorcinol monomethyl ether, m-phenylenediamine, 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone, 1-phenyl-3-
Amino-5-pyrazolone, 1-phenyl-3,5-diketo-pyrazolin, 1-methyl-7-dimethylamino-4
-Hydroxy-2-quinolone, m-aminophenol,
4-chlororesorcin, 2-methylresorcinol, 2,4
-Diaminophenoxyethanol, 2,6-diaminopyridine, 3,5-diaminotrifluoromethylbenzene,
2,4-diaminofluorobenzene, 3,5-diaminofluorobenzene, 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine, 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine, 2-amino-4,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, 4- Amino-
2,6-dihydroxypyrimidine, 4,6-diamino-
2-hydroxypyrimidine and the like.

These color developing substances and coupling substances are:
Each of these can be used alone or in combination of two or more, and the content thereof is not particularly limited, but is 0.01 to 20.0% by weight, particularly 0.05 to 10% by weight in the whole composition.
It is preferred that

The keratinous fiber dyeing composition of the present invention may be further mixed with a direct dye to additionally change the color. Such direct dyes include, for example, those described in Dye Raw Material Standards issued by the Japan Hair Color Industry Association, specifically, 2-amino-4-nitrophenol, 2-amino-5
-Nitrophenol, nitro-p-phenylenediamine hydrochloride, nitro-p-phenylenediamine, p-aminophenylsulfamic acid, p-nitro-o-phenylenediamine, picramic acid, sodium piclamate, picric acid, chrome brown RH, hematein Nitro-p-phenylenediamine sulfate, p-nitro-o-phenylenediamine sulfate, p-nitro-m-phenylenediamine sulfate, 1-amino-4-methylaminoanthraquinone,
1,4-diaminoanthraquinone; acid dyes Red No. 2, Red No. 3, Red No. 102, Red No. 104, Red No. 1
05, red 106, yellow 4, yellow 5, green 3
No., Blue No. 1, Blue No. 2, Red No. 201, Red No. 227
No., Red No. 230, Red No. 231, Red No. 232, Orange No. 2
No. 05, Orange No. 207, Yellow No. 202, Yellow No. 203, Green No. 201, Green No. 205, Blue No. 202, Blue No. 203
No., Blue No. 205, Brown No. 201, Red No. 401, Red No. 502, Red No. 503, Red No. 504, Red No. 506
No. Orange 402, Yellow 402, Yellow 403, Yellow 4
06, yellow 407, green 401, green 402,
Purple No. 401, Black No. 401; Red 21 which is an oil-soluble dye
No. 5, Red No. 218, Red No. 225, Orange No. 201, Orange No. 2
No. 06, Yellow No. 201, Yellow No. 204, Green No. 202,
Purple 201, Red 501, Red 505, Orange 403
No. yellow 404, yellow 405, blue 403; basic dyes red 213, red 214; and Ari
Anor's basic dye, Sienna Brown,
Mahogany, Madder Red, Steel
Blue, Straw Yellow and the like. Of these, nitrophenylenediamine, nitroaminophenol, and anthraquinone dye are particularly preferred. When a direct dye is incorporated into the keratinous fiber dyeing composition of the present invention, the amount of the direct dye is preferably from 0.001 to 20% by weight, particularly preferably from 0.01 to 10% by weight, based on the whole composition.

The keratinous fiber dyeing composition of the present invention may further contain silicones. Examples of the silicones include those represented by (i) to (viii). (I) Polyether-modified silicone represented by general formulas (1) to (4).

[0018]

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(Wherein R ¹ is a hydrogen atom or a C ¹ -C 1)
Represents a hydrocarbon group of 0, a is a number of 15 or more, b is a number of 1 or more, c is a number of 1 to 6, d is a number of 1 to 300, and e is 0 to
300, f is a number from 0 to 6, g is a number from 2 to 500)

In the formula, the hydrocarbon group represented by R ¹ is preferably a linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, particularly preferably a methyl group. 20 ~
500 is preferable, b is preferably 1 to 100, and c is 2
Is preferably 4 to 4, d is preferably 2 to 50, and e is 0 to 5
0 is preferable, f is preferably 2 to 4, and g is preferably 2 to 50. If a in the formula is less than 15, an excellent finished feeling cannot be obtained, which is not preferable.

(Ii) Dimethylpolysiloxane, methylphenylpolysiloxane or diphenylpolysiloxane represented by the general formula (5).

[0022]

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[0023] (wherein, R ² are identical or different, a methyl group, a phenyl group or a -OSi (CH _{3) 3,} h is a number of 3 or more) where, as R ² is a methyl group Preferably, h is 50-3
000 is preferred.

(Iii) Long-chain alkyl-modified silicone represented by the general formula (6).

[0025]

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(Wherein, R ³ represents a hydrocarbon group having 10 to 50 carbon atoms, i is a number of 0 to 1000, and j is 1 to 1000
Wherein the hydrocarbon group represented by R ³ has 15 carbon atoms
Preferred are straight-chain or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon groups of from 40 to 40,
i is preferably from 10 to 500, and j is preferably from 10 to 500.

(Iv) An alkoxy-modified silicone represented by the general formula (7).

[0028]

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[0029] (wherein, R ⁴ represents a hydrocarbon group having 10 to 30 carbon atoms, k is the number of 3 to 100, l is a number of 1 to 50) in which hydrocarbon represented by R ⁴ The group has 12 carbon atoms.
Preferred are straight-chain or branched-chain saturated hydrocarbon groups of from 20 to 20,
Particularly, a cetyl group and a stearyl group are preferable. Also, k is 5
Is preferably 50, and 1 is preferably 2 to 20.

(V) An amino-modified silicone represented by the general formula (8).

[0031]

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[Wherein, R^FiveAre the same or different, and
A hydroxyl group, a methyl group or a methoxy group,
R⁶Is-(CH_Two)_o-(OC_TwoH_Four)_p-(OC_ThreeH₆)_q-(NHC_TwoH_Four) N (R⁷)_TwoOr
-(CH_Two) _o-(OC_TwoH_Four)_p-(OC_ThreeH₆)_q-(NHC_TwoH_Four) N⁺(R⁷)_Three・ Z^-(R
⁷Are the same or different and are each a hydrogen atom,
Z represents a hydrogen ion or an organic anion;
And o is a number from 1 to 6, p and q are numbers from 0 to 6)
And m represents a number of 3 to 300, and n represents a number of 1 to 50.
You]

In the formula, R ⁵ is preferably a hydroxyl group or a methyl group, R ⁶ is preferably — (CH ₂ ) ₃ —NHC ₂ H ₄ NH ₂ , m is preferably 3-300, and n is 1 ~ 20 is preferred.

(Vi) A Bunte salt-modified silicone represented by the general formula (9) or (10).

[0035]

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(Wherein X represents an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, ammonia, amine or quaternary ammonium salt, r represents a number of 1 to 6, s and t represent a number of 1 to 20, and (s / t> 1) In the formula, X is preferably an alkali metal such as sodium or potassium, or a quaternary ammonium salt, r is preferably 2 to 4, and s and t are preferably 5 to 20.

(Vii) A silicone resin represented by the general formula (11).

[0038]

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Wherein R ⁸ is the same or different and represents a methyl group or a phenyl group, u and v each represent a number of 10 to 100, and u / v is 0.1 to 10. , R ⁸ are preferably methyl groups, and u and v are 1
0 to 50 is preferred.

(Viii) Oxazoline-modified silicone elastomer. For example, at least one of the silicon atoms at the terminal or side chain of the organopolysiloxane segment, via an alkylene group containing a hetero atom, has the following general formula:

[0041]

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[Wherein R ⁹ is a hydrogen atom and has 1 to 22 carbon atoms.
Represents an alkyl group, an aralkyl group or an aryl group of
Represents a number of 2 or 3. Wherein the weight ratio of the organopolysiloxane segment to the poly (N-acylalkylenimine) is 98/2 to 2%. 40/60, and those having a weight average molecular weight of 50,000 to 500,000.

These silicones can be used alone or in combination of two or more, and the content in the total composition is 0.01 to 10% by weight, particularly 0.1 to 5% by weight. preferable. Within this range, the dyeing power can be improved.

The composition for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention can cause oxidative coupling by oxygen in the air without using an oxidizing agent, and can dye hair and the like. It is more preferable to cause coupling. Particularly preferred oxidizing agents include hydrogen peroxide, compounds in which hydrogen peroxide is added to urea, melamine, or sodium borate, and mixtures of such hydrogen peroxide adducts with potassium peroxide-disulfuric acid.

However, when an oxidizing agent is added, (a)
In order to cause an oxidative coupling reaction quickly with components, etc.,
It is not preferable in terms of storage stability. Therefore, it is preferable to add the oxidizing agent to the composition for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention without using an oxidizing agent at the time of use. The kit for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention comprises such a composition for dyeing keratinous fibers not containing an oxidizing agent (hereinafter referred to as “first agent”) and a composition containing an oxidizing agent (hereinafter referred to as “second agent”). Things. By using such a kit, the storage stability of the first agent becomes excellent, and the composition can be easily used as a keratinous fiber dye simply by mixing both compositions.

The pH of the first agent is preferably from 8 to 12, particularly preferably from 9 to 11. When it is 8 to 12, the hair dyeability is improved, and the irritating odor and skin irritation can be reduced. Such pH adjustment can be performed using a buffer such as ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, ammonium bicarbonate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate.

The pH of the second agent is preferably 2 to 6, particularly preferably 3 to 5. If it is 2 to 6, the stability of the oxidizing agent is improved. In order to improve the stability of the oxidizing agent, a pH adjuster such as phosphoric acid and a stabilizer such as phenacetin can be blended.

The composition for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention can be produced according to a conventional method, and the dosage form can be a transparent liquid, an emulsion, a cream, a gel, a paste, a mousse, or the like. . In addition, the kit for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention may be a kit in which the first agent and the second agent produced according to a conventional method are individually packaged.

The mixing ratio of the first agent and the second agent is 1: 1 to 1
The ratio is preferably 1: 3 (weight ratio).

The composition for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention comprises:
In addition to the above essential components, other optional components usually used in the cosmetics field can be added as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Such optional ingredients include, for example, gum arabic, locust bean gum, sodium alginate,
Xanthan gum, cellulose derivatives, natural or synthetic polymers such as cross-linked polyacrylic acid, viscosity and gel strength modifiers such as fatty acids; avocado oil, jojoba oil, macadamia nut oil,
Fats and oils such as glyceride of olive oil; waxes such as beeswax and lanolin; hydrocarbons such as liquid paraffin, solid paraffin, isoparaffin, and squalane; propylene glycol, glycerin, 1,3-butylene glycol, polyglycerin, and sorbitol. Polyhydric alcohols; Esters such as isopropyl myristate and octyldodecyl myristate; Amides such as diethanolamide oleate and diethanolamide laurate; Cationic surfactants such as stearyltrimethylammonium chloride and distearyldimethylammonium; Anionic surfactants such as ethylene lauryl ether sulfate and polyoxyethylene lauryl sulfosuccinate; lauryl hydroxysulfobetaine, lauryl dimethyl carbobeta Nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyethylene alkyl ether and polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether; nonionic polymers such as polyvinylpyrrolidone and copolymers of vinylpyrrolidone and vinyl acetate; Anionic polymers such as copolymers of acrylic acid and / or methacrylic acid and alkyl (meth) acrylate; N-methacryloylethyl-N, N-dimethylammonium-α-N-methylcarboxybetaine and butyl methacrylate Amphoteric macromolecules such as copolymers with water; protein derivatives such as collagen and keratin hydrolysates; amino acids; preservatives such as parabens;
Chelating agents such as DTA-Na; stabilizers such as phenacetin and 8-oxyquinoline; antioxidants such as thioglycolic acid, sulfite, and ascorbic acid; other plant extracts, crude drug extracts, vitamins, and flavors; Pigments, ultraviolet absorbers, and the like.

In order to carry out hair dyeing treatment using the composition for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention, for example, a dyeing solution is prepared by adding a second agent to the first agent of the present invention and performing oxidative coupling. This dyeing solution is, for example, 15 to 40 ° C., preferably 15 to 30 ° C.
C. applied to the hair, for example 1 to 50 minutes, preferably 10
After washing the hair for an action time of about 30 minutes, it may be dried.

[0052]

EXAMPLES Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

Examples 1 to 4 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 A composition for dyeing keratinous fibers (first agent) and an oxidizing agent-containing composition (second agent) were prepared by the usual methods with the formulations shown in Table 1.

[0054]

[Table 1]

Test Example 1 First and second parts were mixed in equal amounts and applied to a white hair tress. After leaving this to stand for 20 minutes, it was rinsed with running water, washed with shampoo and dried, and evaluated for dyeability according to the following criteria. The above mixture was applied to a black hair tress,
After standing for minutes, rinsing with running water, washing with shampoo, and drying, the lightness was evaluated according to the following criteria using an untreated black hair tress as a control. Further, the irritation to the scalp was evaluated by the following criteria by applying a mixture of the first agent and the second agent, each of which was mixed well by 8 g each, to the scalp.
Table 1 shows the results.

Evaluation method (1) Dyeability The dyed gray hair tress was visually evaluated according to the following criteria. A: Dyes uniformly and firmly. ：: dyes uniformly. Δ: Slight unevenness and little staining. ×: There is unevenness, and almost no staining occurs. (2) Brightness The dyed black hair tress was visually evaluated according to the following criteria. ：: Dyes brighter than untreated black hair tress. Δ: Not dyed much brighter than untreated black hair tress. X: Hardly stained as compared with untreated black hair tress. (3) Stimulation to the scalp A mixture of the first agent and the second agent was applied to the scalp, and the stimulation to the scalp was evaluated according to the following criteria. ：: almost no irritation is felt. Δ: Stimulation is slightly felt. ×: Strong stimulation is felt.

From Table 1, it was confirmed that Examples 1 to 4 were superior to Comparative Examples 1 to 4 in dyeability, lightness and irritation to the scalp.

Example 5 First and second agents having the compositions shown in Tables 2 and 3 were produced by a conventional method. What mixed the first agent and the second agent in the same amount,
The dyeability was high, and a bright color could be dyed. Also,
There was no irritation of the scalp.

[0059]

Table 1 First agent Ingredient (% by weight) Guanidine carbonate 2 Paraaminophenol 0.3 Toluene-2,5-diamine 0.5 5-Aminoorthocresol 0.6 Ammonia (28%) 5 Monoethanolamine 1 Ethanol 15 Propylene glycol 10 Oleic acid 3 Oleic acid diethanolamide 6 Amino-modified silicone ^{* 4} 0.5 Oleyl alcohol 2 Polyoxyethylene octyl dodecyl ether (20E.O) 10 Tetrasodium edetate 0.1 Ammonium chloride ^{* 5} Appropriate amount Purified water Balance 100

[0060]

[Table 3] 2nd agent Ingredient (wt%) cetanol 2 sodium alkyl sulfate 1 hydrogen peroxide 6 phosphoric acid ^{* 6} qs Purified water balance 100 * 4: SM8702C manufactured by Dow Corning Toray * 5: amount to bring the pH to 10 * 6: Amount to bring pH to 3.5

[0061]

EFFECT OF THE INVENTION By using the composition for dyeing keratinous fibers and the kit for dyeing keratinous fibers of the present invention, the dyeability is extremely high, the hair can be dyed in a bright color, and the irritating odor and skin irritation are reduced. be able to.

Claims (6)

[Claims] 1. A composition for dyeing keratinous fibers, comprising the following components (a) and (b), (a) a paraaminophenol derivative and / or an orthoaminophenol derivative, and (b) a guanidinium salt. . 2. The content of component (a) is 0.0% of the total composition.
The composition for dyeing keratinous fibers according to claim 1, wherein the amount is 1 to 20.0% by weight. 3. The content of the component (b) is 0.1% of the total composition.
The composition for dyeing keratinous fibers according to claim 1, wherein the composition is 角 10.0 wt%. 4. The method according to claim 1, further comprising silicones.
4. The composition for dyeing keratinous fibers according to any one of items 3 to 3. 5. The composition for dyeing keratinous fibers according to claim 1, which does not contain an oxidizing agent. 6. A kit for dyeing keratinous fibers, comprising the composition for dyeing keratinous fibers according to claim 5 and a composition containing an oxidizing agent.