JPH10290642A - Culture of fishes and shellfishes - Google Patents

Abstract

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for culturing fishes and shellfishes in culture pound using a sea water in inland area including desert and dry land. SOLUTION: This method for culturing fishes and shellfishes in inland area including desert and dry land comprises adding salt-resistant microalgae to a culture pond in which sea water is pumped. Thereby, large-scale and economical culture of fishes and shellfishes and algae are made possible even under inferior environment in inland area and the method can contribute to prevention of the warming of the Earth's temperature and greening of the desert.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to the cultivation of fish and shellfish in a pond made by pumping seawater on land with the aim of cultivating fish and shellfish in deserts and tropical areas. Thus, disease and death of cultured fish and shellfish are prevented, and economical farming is enabled. At this time, the transpiration of the seawater in the aquaculture pond has the effect of increasing the humidity in the desert area where the amount of rainfall is low, promoting precipitation, and contributing to greening of the desert.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In general, marine fish and shellfish are cultivated by a method of feeding bait in a closed sea area with a fishing net, or a method of drawing seawater into a coastal pond found in crustaceans and feeding the same. I have.

[0003]

On the other hand, no attempt has been made to cultivate seawater into deserts and tropical areas by drawing seawater.
In closed sea ponds in hot areas such as deserts and tropical areas, dissolved oxygen saturation decreases, and decomposition of decomposed substances due to temperature rise increases oxygen demand, resulting in an extreme decrease in dissolved oxygen. Happens.

[0004] In general, the lack of dissolved oxygen is a cause of diseases, poor growth and death of fish and shellfish. In addition, seawater is contaminated by residual food and excrement, which also causes diseases, poor growth and death of fish and shellfish. Usually, it is necessary to install water supply facilities and replace seawater at once for environmental degradation such as seawater pollution in these aquaculture ponds, but the expenses such as equipment costs and maintenance costs become enormous. In addition, seawater transpiration caused high salt concentration, which made it difficult to grow marine fish in desert and tropical areas.

On the other hand, greening of the desert is a major theme, and greening is planned by pumping seawater to the inner part of the desert area and evaporating water. However, greening alone is extremely costly and economical. Poor sex.

In order to promote economical aquaculture and tropical area aquaculture that contribute to desert revegetation, it is necessary to establish a simple aquaculture method that does not require costly facilities and maintenance such as a purification device and to take measures against high salt concentration. Was needed.

When aquaculture ponds are made in desert and tropical areas,
The problem is the contamination of seawater by the cultured fish and shellfish, the lack of oxygen and the high salt concentration. When the bait is administered, the rest of the bait and excrement left behind are settled at the bottom of the pond and decomposed by microorganisms, but consume dissolved oxygen. Also, the oxygen consumption increases as the temperature rises. Decomposed or undecomposed and undissociated ammonia (NH ₃ ) or nitrite ion (NO ₂
^- ) Occurs, causing disease, mortality and decreased growth of cultured fish and shellfish. Therefore, by removing organic and inorganic pollutants such as ammonia and nitrite ions in the culture pond, it is possible to reduce the disease, death and growth of the cultured fish. Increasing dissolved oxygen is also necessary for preventing growth and death of fish and shellfish. In addition, seawater is concentrated by the evaporation of seawater, and the salt concentration increases. Some fish can tolerate high concentrations of seawater, but this leads to insufficient growth and death, so it is necessary to minimize the rise in salt concentration as much as possible.

[0008]

Means for Solving the Problems In order to solve such problems in the cultivation of seafood in deserts and tropical areas, as a result of intensive studies, harmful substances in the seawater of the cultivation ponds have been removed and dissolved oxygen has been removed. It has been found that salt-resistant microalgae are suitable for enhancement. Salt-resistant microalgae can grow in seawater. Such anti-salinity microalgae include Spirulina and Donariella.

Spirulina is a planktonic microalga belonging to the phylum Algae, the subphylum Algae, the class Cyanobacteria, the order Noctuidae, the family of the family Urreno, the genus Spirulina, having a length of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm and a width of about 6 to 8 μm. . Spirulina includes Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima (Spi
rulina maxima), Spirulina gay trelli (Supirulin)
a geitleri), Spirulina cyamise (Spirurina)
siamese), Supirurina majo
r), Spirulina princep
s), Spirulina laxissim
a), Spirulina curta, Spirulina spirulinoide
s), Spirulina subusalsa
And so on.

[0010] Donariella is a single-celled green alga that is 8 to 25μ in length.
m, 5 to 15 μm in width and has salt tolerance from 0.1M to saturated saline. There are two types of donariella: Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella bardawill.

[0011] These salt-tolerant microalgae (halotolerant a
lgae) to significantly reduce harmful NO ₂ ^- and NH ₃ by coexisting with fish and shellfish, and supplying oxygen to prevent the occurrence of disease and mortality and reduced growth of fish and shellfish. This enables economical aquaculture without purification equipment and maintenance costs. Spirulina itself is rich in nutrition and can be used as feed for farmed juveniles and also as feed and food for livestock.

The urine of saltwater fish is 0.4 to 2 per kg of fish.
9.4 ml / day, ammonia, creatine, creatinine, urea, trimethylaminooxide, amino acid,
Protein, carbohydrate, Mg ²⁺ , Ca ²⁺ , K ⁺ , SO ₄ ²⁻ , I ⁻ ,
NO ₃ ⁻ , S ₂ O ₃ ^{2− and the} like are contained.

The components of the feces are almost the same as the components of the bait, excluding the components absorbed by the fish. Therefore, the effect of feces on water quality is estimated to be almost the same as that of residual food.

The nitrogen compounds excreted in the water are rapidly decomposed by microorganisms to inorganic nitrogen compounds such as ammonium, nitrite and nitrate. Of these, ammonia, even if present in trace amounts in water, is very harmful because it affects the oxygen binding capacity and carbon dioxide release capacity of fish blood. Usually, concentrations of 1 to 10 ppm are considered harmful. The salt-tolerant microalgae takes in these excretions and decomposition products and carbon dioxide, grows and proliferates, and releases oxygen.

From the results of these studies, the present inventors have found that fish and shellfish and salt-tolerant microalgae can coexist and coexist in seawater, and have completed the present invention.

[0016]

The effects obtained by the present invention will be described with reference to the following experimental examples.

Experimental Example 1 An experiment was conducted on the possibility of removing NO ₂ ^- and NH ₂ .

Artificial sea water 50 containing 2 g of Spirulina platensis cultured in artificial sea water
To 0 ml, 10 ppm of nitrous acid as NO ₂ ^{− and} 25 ppm of ammonium carbonate as NH ₃ were added, and the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature (25 ° C.) and under natural lighting (about 5000 lux), and then NO ₂ ⁻ and N ₂ were added.
To measure the change of H _3. The results are shown in Table 1,
In almost one week, NO ₂ ^- and NH ₃ were removed. Higher temperatures and higher illuminance will further increase the decomposition rate.

[0019]

[Table 1]

Experimental Example 2 An experiment was conducted on the symbiosis between fish and shellfish and salt-tolerant microalgae.

In poor environments such as deserts and tropical areas, suitable seafood is desirable, but in experiments experiments were conducted by selecting seafood suitable for warm climates and adding spirulina in poor environments. An experiment was conducted on the effect of extending the survival days of fish and shellfish.

8 liters of seawater were put into 20 plastic transparent water tanks and placed indoors (30 ° C., 5000 lux). Spirulina cultured in seawater was added to 10 spirulina-added groups, and after one day, 10 prawns grown in each group were fed and raised.

The flounder that grew similarly was also investigated.

As shown in Table 2, the survival time of prawns and flounders is shown in Table 2. Both the prawns and flounders have an effect of prolonging the survival days, and especially the flounder has a remarkable prolonging effect.

[0025]

[Table 2]

Experimental Example 3 Next, the symbiotic effect of seafood and salt-tolerant microalgae outdoors was investigated.

Each of 40 plastic transparent water tanks has a capacity of 40 liters.
And placed outdoors (35 ° C., 2000 lux). Spirulina cultured in seawater was added to 10 spirulina-added groups, and after one day, 20 prawns, 10 flounders and 20 horse mackerels grown in each group were bred.

As shown in Table 3, the survival time was prolonged in all of flounder, horse mackerel and prawn. In particular, a remarkable effect was observed in the prawn.

[0029]

[Table 3]

The dissolved oxygen in seawater in this experiment was as follows. (See Fig. 1)

The amount of dissolved oxygen decreased in the control group from day 1 and increased after the death of the fish and shellfish. Spirulina-added group had stable dissolved oxygen content.

When spirulina was added in this way, the fish and shellfish could survive even in a harsh environment.

For aquaculture in deserts and tropical areas, marine fish and shellfish which are resistant to high temperature and high salt are desirable, but salt-tolerant freshwater fish and shellfish can also be cultivated.

For example, Tilapia mossambica
Is suitable. Tilapia is widely cultivated in the tropics, and is said to withstand a salt concentration of about 10% by feeding on algae.

[0035]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An example of a specific structure of a pond for practicing the method of culturing fish and shellfish according to the present invention will be described below.

In this system, in order to prevent the concentration of seawater from becoming high in the culture pond as shown in FIG. 2, the structure of the culture pond is gently inclined, and seawater more than transpiration of the seawater is supplied from the upstream. A concentration gradient is created to discharge highly concentrated downstream seawater to the sea side. For example, a pond is 500m wide, 2m deep and 1 long
If the size is 000 m, 300 t / h of seawater is pumped and flown at a speed of 7.2 m / day, and the evaporation amount is 7.2 l / m.
If it is ² / day, the salt concentration at the downstream end of the pond will be approximately doubled to 7% in about 100 days. At this time, the evaporation amount of the entire culture pond is 3600 t / day. The ponds are surrounded by nets 5 upstream and downstream. The seawater to be introduced will be pumped from the sea in a closed pipe by a pump.

Since spirulina is buoyant, it is attached to the rope 6 floating near the surface of seawater to partially prevent outflow and to alleviate the amount of solar radiation and temperature rise in the culture pond. Part of the attached spirulina is returned upstream, and the rest is dried in the sun and used as feed and food.

[0038]

According to the method of the present invention, seawater pollution and lack of dissolved oxygen, which are concerned in aquaculture ponds in deserts and tropical areas,
The problem is solved by adding salt-tolerant microalgae.Proliferating salt-tolerant microalgae are used as feed for fish and shellfish in the production of farmed fish, and excess salt-tolerant microalgae is used for human food and livestock. It can also be used for feed and does not require large-scale water purification equipment, making it an economical aquaculture method.

This aquaculture method is also implemented as part of desert revegetation, and the purpose is to evaporate seawater. Therefore, it is unavoidable to increase the concentration of salt in seawater, but it is necessary to adjust the inflow seawater and outflow seawater. Solvable.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a graph showing changes in dissolved oxygen in each water tank.
The vertical axis indicates the amount of dissolved oxygen, and the horizontal axis indicates the number of days.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a structure of a culture pond according to an embodiment. →
Indicates the direction of the water flow.

[Explanation of symbols]

 Reference Signs List 1 Spirulina-added group 1 2 Spirulina-added group 2 3 Control group 1 4 Control group 2 5 Net 6 Rope-shaped rope

────────────────────────────────────────────────── ───

[Procedure amendment]

[Submission date] November 17, 1997

[Procedure amendment 1]

[Document name to be amended] Statement

[Correction target item name] Full text

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

[Document Name] Statement

[Title of the Invention] Fish and shellfish cultivation method

[Claims]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0001]

TECHNICAL FIELD The present invention is limited to coastal areas.
Seafood and seaweeds inland, including deserts and drylands
Aiming at what can be done, aquaculture ponds that pump seawater to land
By preventing the deterioration of cultured seawater, the disease and death of cultured fish and shellfish are prevented, and large-scale and economical farming is enabled. At that time , carbon dioxide of microalgae and seaweed
Helps prevent global warming by absorbing and fixing
In arid land, increasing the humidity to promote rainfall and desert green
It has the effect of contributing to terrain.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art In general, marine fish and shellfish are cultivated by a method of feeding bait in a closed sea area with a fishing net, or a method of drawing seawater into a coastal pond found in crustaceans and feeding the same. I have. On land, complex systems are needed for marine fish breeding.
System has been devised, but equipment costs and running costs
And large-scale, economical aquaculture was not possible. Also
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 58-47416 discloses the cultivation of marine fish on land.
But small scale, transpiration of seawater and oxygen
Requests are hardly considered and practical.
won.

[0003]

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Including desert and arid land
When aquaculture is conducted by drawing seawater into inland areas,
Reduction and deterioration of water quality occur.

[0004] In general, diseases, poor growth, and death of fish and shellfish
Causes are insufficient dissolved oxygen and seawater pollution due to residual food and excrement.
Dyeing is the cause. Usually, these ponds do not have seawater pollution.
Circulation purification water system and wind for dyeing measures and dissolved oxygen supply
A car or aeration device is required, but equipment and maintenance costs
The costs were enormous and large-scale aquaculture was not possible.

On the other hand, due to the increase in carbon dioxide,
Preventing global warming is a major theme. Carbon dioxide reduction
Is shouting, but concrete measures to reduce carbon dioxide
There was no. Desertification has progressed inland continents,
Various attempts have been made to green, but it is quite effective
There was no way.

[0006] The urine of saltwater fish is 0.4 to 2 per kg of fish.
9.4 ml / day, ammonia, creatine, creatine
Atinine, urea, trimethylaminooxide, amino acids,
Contains proteins, carbohydrates, etc. Most components of feces
It is similar to the components of the bait, and the components absorbed by the fish have been removed
Things. Therefore, the effect of feces on water quality is
It is estimated that they are almost the same.

[0007] These excreta settle at the bottom of the culture pond, and
Rapidly decomposed by substances, including ammonia
A. Generates nitrite ions and nitric acid. Ammonia in water
Oxygen binding capacity and carbon dioxide in fish blood
Affects release capacity and is very harmful. Usually 1 to 10
Harmful at ppm levels. Nitrite is also a seafood
Harm. Microorganisms consume large amounts of dissolved oxygen during decomposition
I do. Therefore, in the pond, ammonia and nitrite
To remove organic and inorganic pollutants such as acid ions
To reduce disease, mortality and decrease in growth of cultured fish
Is possible. Fish and shellfish can also increase dissolved oxygen
It is necessary to prevent the growth and death of the plant.

[0008]

[MEANS FOR SOLVING THE PROBLEMS] Including desert and arid land
As a result of intensive research to solve the problems of marine fish and shellfish cultivation in inland areas, it has been found that salt-repellent microalgae are suitable for removing harmful substances from seawater of cultivation ponds and increasing dissolved oxygen. discovered. Salt-resistant microalgae can grow in seawater. Such anti-salinity microalgae include Spirulina and Donariella.

Spirulina is a planktonic microalga belonging to the phylum Algae, the subphylum Algae, the class Cyanobacteria, the order Noctuidae, the family of the family Urreno, the genus Spirulina, having a length of 0.2 mm to 0.5 mm and a width of about 6 to 8 μm. . Spirulina includes Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima (Spi
rulina maxima), Spirulina gay trelli (Supirulin)
a geitleri), Spirulina cyamise (Spirurina)
siamese), Supirurina majo
r), Spirulina princep
s), Spirulina laxissim
a), Spirulina curta, Spirulina spirulinoide
s), Spirulina subusalsa
And so on.

[0010] Donariella is a single-celled green alga that is 8 to 25μ in length.
m, 5 to 15 μm in width and has salt tolerance from 0.1M to saturated saline. There are two types of donariella: Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella bardawill.

[0011] These salt-tolerant microalgae (halotolerant a
lgae) to significantly reduce harmful nitrite ions and ammonia by coexisting with fish and shellfish, and to supply oxygen to prevent the occurrence of fish diseases and the mortality and growth decline. Enables economical aquaculture without purification equipment and maintenance costs. Spirulina itself is rich in nutrition and can be used as feed for farmed juveniles and also as feed and food for livestock.

[0012] An eye for relaxing the growth environment of marine fish and shellfish
And economical seaweed in the pond.
Contributes to the growth of seafood by avoiding sunshine,
They found that they could be harvested and used as food and feed.

The seaweed to be used is selected to be suitable for aquaculture.
For example, from the red algae Kirinsai (Eucheuma spp.)
Starting Yucheuma spinosum (Eucheuma spinosum)
Giraffe (E. striatum), Giraffe (E. mur)
icatum) and E. isiform
e), E. nudum, Okamura Kiri
E. okamurae, E. amak
usaensis) and E. crustaeform
e), juniper ginseng (E. cuperessoideum), mosquito
E. gelatineae
(E. serra), also a red algae (Gracilaria)
spp.) from Ogonori (Gracilaria verrucosa), Kata
Ogonori (G. lichenoides), Ryukyu Kirinsai
(G. euchoimoides), Gracilaria archarchata
(G. articulata), Gracilaria caudata (G. caud)
ata), Shiramo (G. compressa), Mosaogonoria (G.
coronipifolia), foxtail (G. puncutata), gra
G. rhodetrichia, crested ibis
G. salicornia, G. salicornia, G. ve
rmiculophylla), Gracilaria arcuta (G. ar)
cuata), stag beetle (Eucheuma blodgettii), tutu
Lucilamo (G. chorda), Taiwan Ogonori (G. crass)
a), Thorn birch (G. denticulata), Catagogonori
(G. edulis), Giant Waterweed (G. gigas), Mizoogo
Nori (G. incuravata), Kabanori (G. textorii),
Hype from the red algae Ibaranori (Hypnea spp.)
Hypnea musciformis, Hype
Nea cornuta (H. cornuta) and the like.

These can be grown from shredded leaf pieces.
Aquaculture is possible by the breeding method, and this system
Optimum structure to attach to rope-shaped object to prevent lina outflow
is there. Amanori, Aonori, Mozuku, Wakame, Ko
Embeds are also possible.

From the results of these studies, the present inventors have found that fish and shellfish and salt-tolerant microalgae can coexist and coexist in seawater, and have completed the present invention.

[0016]

The effects obtained by the present invention will be described with reference to the following experimental examples.

EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE 1 An experiment was conducted on the possibility of removing nitrite ions (NO ₂ ⁻ ) and ammonia (NH ₃ ) .

Artificial sea water 50 containing 2 g of Spirulina platensis cultured in artificial sea water
To 0 ml, 10 ppm of nitrous acid as NO ₂ ^{− and} 25 ppm of ammonium carbonate as NH ₃ were added, and the mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature (25 ° C.) and under natural lighting (about 5000 lux) to obtain nitrite ions (NO ₂ ⁻ ). And the change of ammonia (NH ₃ ) were measured. As a result, as shown in Table 1, nitrite ions and ammonia were removed in almost one week. Higher temperatures and higher illuminance will further increase the decomposition rate.

[0019]

[Table 1]

Experimental Example 2 An experiment was conducted on the symbiosis between fish and shellfish and salt-tolerant microalgae.

In poor environments such as deserts and tropical areas, suitable seafood is desirable, but in experiments experiments were conducted by selecting seafood suitable for warm climates and adding spirulina in poor environments. An experiment was conducted on the effect of extending the survival days of fish and shellfish.

8 liters of seawater were put into 20 plastic transparent water tanks and placed indoors (30 ° C., 5000 lux). Spirulina cultured in seawater was added to 10 spirulina-added groups, and after one day, 10 prawns grown in each group were fed and raised.

The flounder that grew similarly was also investigated.

As shown in Table 2, the survival time of prawns and flounders is shown in Table 2. Both the prawns and flounders have an effect of prolonging the survival days, and especially the flounder has a remarkable prolonging effect.

[0025]

[Table 2]

Experimental Example 3 Next, the symbiotic effect of seafood and salt-tolerant microalgae outdoors was investigated.

Each of 40 plastic transparent water tanks has a capacity of 40 liters.
And placed outdoors (35 ° C., 2000 lux). Spirulina cultured in seawater was added to 10 spirulina-added groups, and after one day, 20 prawns, 10 flounders and 20 horse mackerels grown in each group were bred.

As shown in Table 3, the survival time was prolonged in all of flounder, horse mackerel and prawn. In particular, a remarkable effect was observed in the prawn.

[0029]

[Table 3]

The dissolved oxygen in seawater in this experiment was as follows. (See Fig. 1)

The amount of dissolved oxygen decreased in the control group from day 1 and increased after the death of the fish and shellfish. Spirulina-added group had stable dissolved oxygen content.

When spirulina was added in this way, the fish and shellfish could survive even in a harsh environment. Seaweed
It works in the same way as Spirulina and can cooperate with Spirulina.
You.

Use of seawater other than seafood
It is also possible to cultivate salt-tolerant freshwater seafood.

For example, Tilapia mossambic
a), Mamichog (Fundulus heteroclitus) is suitable. Tilapia is widely cultivated in the tropics, and is said to withstand a salt concentration of about 10% by feeding on algae.

[0035]

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An example of a specific structure of a pond for practicing the method of culturing fish and shellfish according to the present invention will be described below.

In this system, as shown in FIG. 2, the structure of the aquaculture pond is set at a gentle inclination, and seawater is supplied from one side (upstream).
Input and discharge from the other side (downstream) to the sea side. For example
The pond is 1000m wide, 4m deep and 24km long
Then, pump up 40,000 tons of seawater per hour and get 240m /
Shed at daily speed. The flow rate is adjusted at the downstream outlet. The ponds are surrounded by nets 5 upstream and downstream. The seawater to be introduced is a system for pumping from the deep sea of the deep sea, which is rich in Miranel, in a closed pipe with a pump. With this seawater system, the salt concentration due to seawater transpiration
The problems of concentration and residue sedimentation do not occur.

Since spirulina is buoyant, it is 1 to 2 m
Attach to rope-like rope 6 floating near the surface of seawater at intervals to partially prevent runoff. Some spirulina adhered
Return to the upstream, the rest dry in the sun and used as feed and food
To use. In addition, a basket or frame 7 with seaweed pieces attached to the same rope
Attach and submerge to sea level to cultivate seaweed.

[0038]

According to the method of the present invention, the contamination of seawater and the lack of dissolved oxygen, which are a concern in inland aquaculture ponds including deserts and arid lands, can be solved by adding salt-tolerant microalgae. Yes, growing salt-tolerant microalgae are used for the production of aquaculture fish as food for seafood, and excess salt-tolerant microalgae can also be used for human food and livestock feed, enabling large-scale farming It is an economical aquaculture method.

By performing this large-scale aquaculture,
Prevent global warming by absorbing carbon dioxide from seaweeds and microalgae
Transpiration of seawater to increase humidity and promote rainfall
The surrounding area to create a living environment and contribute to greening the desert.
I can offer.

[Brief description of the drawings]

FIG. 1 is a graph showing changes in dissolved oxygen in each water tank.
The vertical axis indicates the amount of dissolved oxygen, and the horizontal axis indicates the number of days.

FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing a structure of a culture pond according to an embodiment. →
Indicates the direction of the water flow.

[Description of Signs] 1 Spirulina-added group 1 2 Spirulina-added group 2 3 Control group 1 4 Control group 2 5 Net 6 Rope rope 7 Basket or frame

[Procedure amendment 2]

[Document name to be amended] Drawing

[Correction target item name] Figure 2

[Correction method] Change

[Correction contents]

FIG. 2

Claims (2)

[Claims] 1. A method of cultivating fish and shellfish, comprising adding live salt-tolerant microalgae into a culture pond and symbiotic with the fish and shellfish. 2. Seawater is drawn into the upstream of the culture pond and gradually discharged from the downstream to prevent high concentration of salt due to transpiration and to form a rope with salt-resistant microalgae floating directly below the seawater surface. The method for cultivating seafood according to claim 1 in deserts and tropical regions, wherein the method is applied to prevent runoff.