JPH0952168A - Porous plug - Google Patents
Porous plugInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0952168A JPH0952168A JP22603095A JP22603095A JPH0952168A JP H0952168 A JPH0952168 A JP H0952168A JP 22603095 A JP22603095 A JP 22603095A JP 22603095 A JP22603095 A JP 22603095A JP H0952168 A JPH0952168 A JP H0952168A
- Authority
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- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- fine powder
- weight
- porous plug
- porous
- alumina
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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- Casting Support Devices, Ladles, And Melt Control Thereby (AREA)
- Porous Artificial Stone Or Porous Ceramic Products (AREA)
- Treatment Of Steel In Its Molten State (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】この発明は、ポーラスプラグに関
するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a porous plug.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来の技術】ポーラスプラグはガス吹込み用の多孔質
耐火物であり、取鍋等の溶融金属容器に装着される。ポ
ーラスプラグを介して溶鋼内にガスを吹込み、溶鋼を撹
拌したり、溶鋼中の介在物を浮上除脱するのである。2. Description of the Related Art A porous plug is a porous refractory for blowing gas, and is attached to a molten metal container such as a ladle. Gas is blown into the molten steel through the porous plug to stir the molten steel or float and remove inclusions in the molten steel.
【０００３】以前は、ポーラスプラグの骨材として、主
に非球状（粉砕）のアルミナ質材料が用いられていた。
しかし、主骨材として非球状の粒子を用いた場合には、
骨材の充填が不均一になり、気孔形状が不整になったり
通気性が不十分となる等の不具合が生じていた。Previously, non-spherical (crushed) alumina-based materials were mainly used as aggregates for porous plugs.
However, when non-spherical particles are used as the main aggregate,
There were problems such as uneven filling of the aggregate, irregular pore shape, and insufficient air permeability.
【０００４】そこで、主骨材として球状の粒子を用いる
ことが提案された。例えば、特公平２−５７０９号公報
には、粒子径２．０〜０．３ｍｍの球状又は球状に近い
アルミナ質球状粒子８０〜９５％と、粒子径５０μｍ以
下の微粉アルミナ１５ｗｔ％以下および／または粒子径
５０μ以下のジルコン粉末若しくはジルコニア１５ｗｔ
％以下からなる配合体を成形、焼成することを特徴とす
るポーラスプラグの製造方法が開示されている。Therefore, it has been proposed to use spherical particles as the main aggregate. For example, in Japanese Examined Patent Publication No. 2-5709, 80-95% of spherical or nearly spherical alumina particles having a particle diameter of 2.0-0.3 mm and 15 wt% or less of fine alumina particles having a particle diameter of 50 μm or less and / or Zircon powder or zirconia with a particle size of 50μ or less 15wt
%, A method for producing a porous plug is disclosed, which comprises molding and firing a compounded body of the same.
【０００５】[0005]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】ところで、ポーラスプ
ラグの損耗原因の主なものは、ガス吹込みスタート時に
おける溶鋼の浸潤層の剥離、酸素洗浄時の溶鋼の浸潤層
の損耗、及びポーラスレンガ内部でのスポーリングによ
る異常剥離等である。ポーラスレンガ内部への溶鋼の浸
潤が大きければ、損耗が進行し、耐用寿命が短くなって
しまうのである。By the way, the main causes of wear of the porous plug are peeling of the infiltrated layer of molten steel at the start of gas injection, wear of the infiltrated layer of molten steel at the time of oxygen cleaning, and the inside of the porous brick. Abnormal peeling due to spalling at. If the infiltration of molten steel into the inside of the porous brick is large, the wear will progress and the useful life will be shortened.
【０００６】従来のポーラスプラグにおける損耗の様子
を、図１及び図２に示す。ポーラスプラグ１０は溶鋼容
器（図示せず）の底部に設定され、ポーラスレンガ１
１、キャスタブル１２、ガス供給管１３から構成され
る。The state of wear of the conventional porous plug is shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The porous plug 10 is set at the bottom of a molten steel container (not shown), and the porous brick 1
1, a castable 12, and a gas supply pipe 13.
【０００７】図１の状態は、受鋼後、バプリングを開始
するまでに、スラグ及び溶鋼がポーラスレンガ１１の上
方から内部に浸潤し、浸潤層１４が形成された状態であ
る。バブリングを開始すると、図２に示すように、浸潤
層１４がガス圧によって剥離する。さらに、バブリング
終了後、鋳込み終了までの時間にも同様の浸潤層が形成
されるが、これは酸素ブローによって洗浄除去される。
このように、浸潤層が剥離する際に、ポーラスレンガの
損耗が進行するのである。The state shown in FIG. 1 is a state in which the slag and the molten steel have infiltrated into the inside of the porous brick 11 from the upper side until the bubbling is started after the steel is received, and the infiltrated layer 14 is formed. When bubbling is started, as shown in FIG. 2, the infiltration layer 14 is peeled off by the gas pressure. Further, after the bubbling is completed, a similar infiltration layer is formed during the time until the completion of casting, but this is washed away by oxygen blow.
Thus, the wear of the porous brick progresses when the infiltration layer is peeled off.
【０００８】さて、特公平２−５７０９号公報に記載の
製法では、非球状粒子を使用したものに比べて、通気性
を確保し易く、従って成形圧力を大きくすることが可能
である。従って、耐食性を向上し、耐用寿命をある程度
延ばすことが可能である。In the method disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-5709, it is easier to ensure air permeability than that using non-spherical particles, and the molding pressure can be increased. Therefore, it is possible to improve the corrosion resistance and extend the service life to some extent.
【０００９】しかしながら、前記製法でも、十分に長い
耐用寿命を有するポーラスプラグを製造することはでき
なかった。また、この製法でポーラスレンガを製造した
場合に、最大気孔径が大きくなり溶鋼が浸潤し易くなっ
て、十分な耐用寿命が得られないこともあった。However, even with the above manufacturing method, a porous plug having a sufficiently long service life cannot be manufactured. Further, when a porous brick is manufactured by this manufacturing method, the maximum pore diameter becomes large, the molten steel easily infiltrates, and a sufficient useful life may not be obtained.
【００１０】例えば、粒子径１．０〜２．０ｍｍの球状
粒子９０重量％と粒子径５０μｍ以下の微粉アルミナ１
０重量％を用いてポーラスプラグを製造しても、最大気
孔径が１ｍｍ以上となり、十分な耐用寿命が得られない
ことがあった。また、粒子径０．５〜１．０ｍｍの球状
粒子８０重量％と粒子径０．３〜０．５ｍｍの球状粒子
１０重量％と粒子径５０μｍ以下のジルコン粉末１０重
量％を用いてポーラスプラグを製造しても、最大気孔径
が０．５ｍｍ以上となり、耐用寿命が不十分となること
があった。For example, 90% by weight of spherical particles having a particle diameter of 1.0 to 2.0 mm and fine alumina powder 1 having a particle diameter of 50 μm or less 1
Even if a porous plug was manufactured using 0% by weight, the maximum pore diameter was 1 mm or more, and a sufficient useful life could not be obtained in some cases. Moreover, a porous plug was formed by using 80% by weight of spherical particles having a particle diameter of 0.5 to 1.0 mm, 10% by weight of spherical particles having a particle diameter of 0.3 to 0.5 mm, and 10% by weight of zircon powder having a particle diameter of 50 μm or less. Even when manufactured, the maximum pore diameter was 0.5 mm or more, and the service life was sometimes insufficient.
【００１１】本発明は、前記従来技術の問題点に鑑み、
従来のポーラスプラグに比べて大幅に長い耐用寿命を有
するポーラスプラグを提供することを目的としている。The present invention has been made in view of the above problems of the prior art.
It is an object of the present invention to provide a porous plug having a service life that is significantly longer than that of a conventional porous plug.
【００１２】[0012]
【課題を解決するための手段】本願第１発明は、粒子径
０．３〜１．０ｍｍの実質的に球形又はそれに近い形状
のアルミナ質球状粒子８５〜９５重量％と、粒子径５０
μｍ以下のジルコニアムライト微粉１〜５重量％と、さ
らに、残部をアルミナ微粉、粘土微粉、シリカ微粉、酸
化クロム微粉の４種から選んだ少なくとも１種の微粉か
ら構成されていることを特徴とするポーラスプラグを要
旨としている。According to the first invention of the present application, 85 to 95% by weight of alumina spherical particles having a particle diameter of 0.3 to 1.0 mm and having a substantially spherical shape or a shape close thereto is used, and a particle diameter of 50.
1 to 5% by weight of zirconia mullite fine powder having a size of less than or equal to μm, and the balance is composed of at least one fine powder selected from four types of alumina fine powder, clay fine powder, silica fine powder, and chromium oxide fine powder. The main point is porous plugs.
【００１３】[0013]
【実施例】本発明者達は、特公平２−５７０９号公報に
記載の製法で、最大気孔径が大きくなる原因を解明すべ
く鋭意研究を重ね、次の知見を得た。すなわち、当該製
法に規定された粒子径の原料を用いても、その粒子径範
囲内で粒子径がある程度ランダムに選択された場合に
は、最大気孔径が大きくなってしまうことが判明したの
である。EXAMPLES The inventors of the present invention conducted extensive studies to clarify the cause of the increase in the maximum pore diameter by the manufacturing method described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 2-5709, and obtained the following findings. That is, even if a raw material having a particle size specified in the production method is used, it has been found that the maximum pore size becomes large when the particle size is randomly selected within the particle size range to some extent. .
【００１４】本発明のポーラスプラグは、このような考
察に基いて成されたものであり、粒子径０．３〜１．０
ｍｍの実質的に球形又はそれに近い形状のアルミナ質球
状粒子８５〜９５重量％と、粒子径５０μｍ以下のジル
コニアムライト微粉１〜５重量％と、さらに、残部をア
ルミナ微粉、粘土微粉、シリカ微粉、酸化クロム微粉の
４種から選んだ少なくとも１種の微粉から構成すること
を特徴としている。この場合、アルミナ質球状粒子がい
わゆる骨材となる。The porous plug of the present invention is made on the basis of the above consideration, and has a particle diameter of 0.3 to 1.0.
mm substantially spherical or near-alumina spherical particles of 85 to 95% by weight, zirconia mullite fine particles having a particle diameter of 50 μm or less 1 to 5% by weight, and the balance is alumina fine powder, clay fine powder, silica fine powder, It is characterized by being composed of at least one kind of fine powder selected from four kinds of chromium oxide fine powder. In this case, the alumina-based spherical particles serve as so-called aggregate.
【００１５】このような原料を用いることによって、最
大気孔径を１５０μｍ以下とし、通気率を１．５ｃｍ3
・ｃｍ／（ｃｍ2 ・ｓｅｃ・ｃｍＨ2 Ｏ）以上にして、
緻密で通気性の高いポーラスプラグを得ることが可能と
なる。By using such a raw material, the maximum pore diameter is 150 μm or less and the air permeability is 1.5 cm 3.
・ Cm / (cm 2・ sec ・ cmH 2 O) or more,
It is possible to obtain a dense and highly porous porous plug.
【００１６】ところで、ポーラスレンガを緻密にする
と、耐スポーリング性が低下しがちである。そこで、本
発明では、１〜５重量％のジルコニアムライトを添加し
て、耐食性を損なうことなく、耐スポーリング性の低下
を抑える構成になっている。By the way, if the porous brick is made dense, the spalling resistance tends to decrease. Therefore, in the present invention, 1 to 5% by weight of zirconia mullite is added to prevent the deterioration of the spalling resistance without impairing the corrosion resistance.
【００１７】実質的に球形又はそれに近い形状のアルミ
ナ質球状粒子は、粒子径０．５〜１．０ｍｍのアルミナ
質球状粒子３０〜５０重量％と、粒子径０．３〜０．５
ｍｍのアルミナ質球状粒子３５〜６５重量％で構成し、
全体として８５〜９５重量％を占めるようにすることが
好ましい。Alumina spherical particles having a substantially spherical shape or a shape close thereto are 30 to 50% by weight of alumina spherical particles having a particle diameter of 0.5 to 1.0 mm and a particle diameter of 0.3 to 0.5.
mm aluminous spherical particles of 35 to 65% by weight,
It is preferable to occupy 85 to 95% by weight as a whole.
【００１８】球状粒子を８５〜９５重量％とした理由を
述べる。球状粒子が８５重量％未満の場合には、微粉が
多くなるため、最大気孔径を小さくできるが、通気率を
１．５ｃｍ3 ・ｃｍ／（ｃｍ2 ・ｓｅｃ・ｃｍＨ2 Ｏ）
以上にすることができない。一方、球状粒子が９５％を
超える場合には、微粉が少なくなるため、成形体の強度
が低下し、焼成までの取扱い処理が極めて難しくなって
しまう。The reason why the spherical particles are 85 to 95% by weight will be described. If the amount of spherical particles is less than 85% by weight, the amount of fine powder increases and the maximum pore diameter can be reduced, but the air permeability is 1.5 cm 3 · cm / (cm 2 · sec · cmH 2 O).
I can't do more. On the other hand, when the spherical particles are more than 95%, the amount of fine powder is small, so that the strength of the molded product is lowered, and the handling process until firing becomes extremely difficult.
【００１９】アルミナ質球状粒子の粒度配合の限定理由
を述べる。粒子径０．５〜１．０ｍｍの粒子の配合量を
３０重量％以上としたのは、配合量３０重量％未満の場
合に、ポーラスレンガが緻密になり通気率が１．５ｃｍ
3 ・ｃｍ／（ｃｍ2 ・ｓｅｃ・ｃｍＨ2 Ｏ）に満たなく
なり、十分な通気量が確保できなくなる恐れがあるから
である。一方、その配合量を５０重量％以下としたの
は、配合量が５０重量％を超えると、最大気孔径が１５
０μｍを超え、溶鋼の浸潤が多くなって十分な耐用寿命
が得られない恐れがあるからである。The reasons for limiting the particle size combination of the alumina-based spherical particles will be described. The blending amount of the particles having a particle diameter of 0.5 to 1.0 mm is set to 30% by weight or more. When the blending amount is less than 30% by weight, the porous brick becomes dense and the air permeability is 1.5 cm.
This is because it may be less than 3 cm / (cm 2 · sec · cmH 2 O), and it may not be possible to secure a sufficient ventilation amount. On the other hand, the compounding amount is set to 50% by weight or less because the maximum pore diameter is 15 when the compounding amount exceeds 50% by weight.
This is because if it exceeds 0 μm, the infiltration of molten steel may increase and a sufficient service life may not be obtained.
【００２０】ジルコニアムライトの添加量の限定理由を
述べる。ジルコニアムライトの添加量を１重量％以上と
したのは、添加量が１重量％未満では耐スポーリング性
を向上できないからである。ジルコニアムライトの添加
量を５重量％以下としたのは、添加量が５重量％を超え
るとＳｉＯ2 量が増加し、酸素洗浄時の耐食性が低下す
るからである。The reasons for limiting the amount of zirconia mullite added will be described. The amount of zirconia mullite added is set to 1% by weight or more because the spalling resistance cannot be improved if the added amount is less than 1% by weight. The reason why the amount of zirconia mullite added is 5% by weight or less is that when the amount added exceeds 5% by weight, the amount of SiO 2 increases and the corrosion resistance during oxygen cleaning decreases.
【００２１】残部をアルミナ微粉、粘土微粉、シリカ微
粉、酸化クロム微粉の４種から選んだ少なくとも１種の
微粉としたのは、ジルコニアムライトとともにマトリッ
クスを形成し、焼成体の強度を向上させるためである。
ジルコニアムライトの添加量と同様、ＳｉＯ2 量の増加
は酸素洗浄時の耐食性低下を引き起こす恐れがあるの
で、残部の微粉添加量はジルコニアムライトに含まれる
ＳｉＯ2 量も合せて、ポーラスレンガ全体のＳｉＯ2 量
を１０重量％以下に抑えることが好ましい。The balance of at least one fine powder selected from four fine powders of alumina fine powder, clay fine powder, silica fine powder, and chromium oxide fine powder is to form a matrix with zirconia mullite and improve the strength of the fired body. is there.
As with the added amount of zirconia-mullite, since an increase in the amount of SiO 2 can cause a decrease corrosion resistance when oxygen washing, fine amount of the remainder is also combined SiO 2 content in the zirconia-mullite, the entire porous brick SiO It is preferable to control the amount of 2 to 10% by weight or less.
【００２２】なお、本発明のポーラスプラグはその材質
に特徴があり、従って、形状・寸法等は従来のポーラス
プラグと同様にすることができる。本発明のポーラスプ
ラグは、例えば、図１に示したようにポーラスレンガ１
１、キャスタブル１２及びガス供給管１３から構成する
ことができる。ただし、本発明のポーラスプラグにおけ
る浸潤量は、従来のプラグよりも大幅に少ない。The porous plug of the present invention is characterized by its material, and therefore, the shape, size and the like can be the same as those of the conventional porous plug. The porous plug of the present invention is, for example, as shown in FIG.
1, the castable 12 and the gas supply pipe 13. However, the infiltration amount of the porous plug of the present invention is significantly smaller than that of the conventional plug.
【００２３】以下、本発明のポーラスプラグの実施例１
〜６及び比較例１〜５を説明する。Example 1 of the porous plug of the present invention will be described below.
6 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5 will be described.
【００２４】表１に示す配合割合で骨材と微粉材を準備
し、無機バインダー及び有機バインダーを用い、通常の
方法で混練、成形、焼成し、実施例１〜６のポーラスプ
ラグを作製した。Aggregates and fine powders were prepared in the mixing ratios shown in Table 1, and were kneaded, molded and fired by an ordinary method using an inorganic binder and an organic binder to prepare porous plugs of Examples 1 to 6.
【００２５】同様に、表２に示す配合割合で比較例１〜
５のポーラスプラグを作製した。Similarly, in Comparative Examples 1 to 1 at the blending ratios shown in Table 2.
A porous plug of No. 5 was produced.
【００２６】そして、これらのポーラスプラグの見掛気
孔率、かさ比重、通気率、最大気孔径を測定した。さら
に、ポーラスプラグを２５０トン取鍋に設定して実用テ
ストを行い、浸潤層の厚さ（ｍｍ）及び耐用（ｃｈ）を
調べた。これらの結果を、表１と表２に示した。Then, the apparent porosity, bulk specific gravity, air permeability, and maximum pore diameter of these porous plugs were measured. Furthermore, the porous plug was set to a 250-ton ladle, a practical test was conducted, and the thickness (mm) and durability (ch) of the infiltration layer were examined. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.
【００２７】なお、表２で浸潤層と耐用の空欄（比較例
１〜４）は、流量不足のため実用テストに至らなかった
ことを示している。In Table 2, the blanks for the infiltrated layer and durability (Comparative Examples 1 to 4) indicate that the practical test could not be reached due to insufficient flow rate.
【００２８】表１及び表２から分かるように、本発明の
実施例１〜６は、浸潤が少なく耐用寿命が大幅に長かっ
た。As can be seen from Tables 1 and 2, Examples 1 to 6 of the present invention showed less wetting and a significantly longer service life.
【００２９】[0029]
【表１】 [Table 1]
【００３０】[0030]
【表２】 [Table 2]
【００３１】[0031]
【発明の効果】本発明のポーラスプラグは、緻密で通気
性が高い。従って、溶鋼の浸潤が少なくなり、大幅に長
い耐用寿命を享受できる。The porous plug of the present invention is dense and highly breathable. Therefore, the infiltration of molten steel is reduced and a significantly long service life can be enjoyed.
【図１】従来のポーラスプラグの浸潤の様子を示す概略
図。FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the infiltration of a conventional porous plug.
【図２】従来のポーラスプラグの摩耗の様子を示す概略
図。FIG. 2 is a schematic view showing the state of wear of a conventional porous plug.
１０ ポーラスプラグ １１ ポーラスレンガ １２ キャスタブル １３ ガス供給管 10 Porous plug 11 Porous brick 12 Castable 13 Gas supply pipe
───────────────────────────────────────────────────── フロントページの続き (72)発明者 印藤 寿浩 愛知県刈谷市小垣江町南藤１番地 東芝セ ラミックス株式会社刈谷製造所内 (72)発明者 脇田 保 愛知県刈谷市小垣江町南藤１番地 東芝セ ラミックス株式会社刈谷製造所内 ─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (72) Toshihiro Indo, Toshihiro Indo, No. 1 Minamito, Ogakie-cho, Kariya, Aichi Toshiba Ceramics Co., Ltd. Kariya Plant Lamix Co., Ltd. Kariya Factory
Claims (4)
形又はそれに近い形状のアルミナ質球状粒子８５〜９５
重量％と、粒子径５０μｍ以下のジルコニアムライト微
粉１〜５重量％と、残部をアルミナ微粉、粘土微粉、シ
リカ微粉、酸化クロム微粉の４種から選んだ少なくとも
１種の微粉から構成されていることを特徴とするポーラ
スプラグ。1. Aluminous spherical particles 85 to 95 having a substantially spherical shape or a shape close to that of a particle diameter of 0.3 to 1.0 mm.
% By weight, 1 to 5% by weight of zirconia mullite fine powder having a particle size of 50 μm or less, and the balance consisting of at least one fine powder selected from four types of alumina fine powder, clay fine powder, silica fine powder, and chromium oxide fine powder. Porous plug characterized by.
球状粒子３０〜５０重量％と、粒子径０．３〜０．５ｍ
ｍのアルミナ質球状粒子３５〜６５重量％から成ること
を特徴とする請求項１に記載のポーラスプラグ。2. Aluminous spherical particles having a particle diameter of 0.5 to 1.0 mm, 30 to 50% by weight, and a particle diameter of 0.3 to 0.5 m.
The porous plug according to claim 1, which is composed of 35 to 65% by weight of spherical alumina particles of m.
ることを特徴とする請求項１又は２のいずれか１項に記
載のポーラスプラグ。3. The porous plug according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the content of SiO 2 is 10% by weight or less.
気率が１．５ｃｍ3・ｃｍ／（ｃｍ2 ・ｓｅｃ・ｃｍＨ
2 Ｏ）以上であることを特徴とする請求項１〜３のいず
れか１項に記載のポーラスプラグ。4. The maximum pore diameter is 150 μm or less, and the air permeability is 1.5 cm 3 · cm / (cm 2 · sec · cmH).
2 O) or more, The porous plug according to any one of claims 1 to 3 characterized by things.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22603095A JPH0952168A (en) | 1995-08-11 | 1995-08-11 | Porous plug |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22603095A JPH0952168A (en) | 1995-08-11 | 1995-08-11 | Porous plug |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0952168A true JPH0952168A (en) | 1997-02-25 |
Family
ID=16838683
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP22603095A Pending JPH0952168A (en) | 1995-08-11 | 1995-08-11 | Porous plug |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH0952168A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6352951B1 (en) * | 1997-07-01 | 2002-03-05 | Didier-Werke Ag | Refractory material based on chromium corundum, a chromium corundum brick and the use of said brick |
| JP2007099562A (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-04-19 | Kurosaki Harima Corp | Air permeable refractory and method of producing the same |
| KR101428559B1 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2014-08-11 | 주식회사 하나테크 | Apparatus For Preventing The Loss Of Molten Hot Metal and Ingot Steel |
-
1995
- 1995-08-11 JP JP22603095A patent/JPH0952168A/en active Pending
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6352951B1 (en) * | 1997-07-01 | 2002-03-05 | Didier-Werke Ag | Refractory material based on chromium corundum, a chromium corundum brick and the use of said brick |
| JP2007099562A (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-04-19 | Kurosaki Harima Corp | Air permeable refractory and method of producing the same |
| KR101428559B1 (en) * | 2012-10-26 | 2014-08-11 | 주식회사 하나테크 | Apparatus For Preventing The Loss Of Molten Hot Metal and Ingot Steel |
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