JPH0921737A - Method for determining characteristics of mixture of liquid, powder and granular material and method for conditioning the mixture - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To determine the characteristics of a mixture accurately by subtracting the weight of granular material and powder in a filler and the limit quantities of adsorbed water from the weight per unit volume of the filler in most compact state thereby determining the basic quantity of fluid water. CONSTITUTION: Mixture of a powder, e.g. cement or flyash, a granular material, e.g. sand, granular slag or glass spheres, and a liquid, e.g. water, is fully compacted and then the limit relative water adsorption rate of granular material in the mixture is determined along with the water content of powder in the capillary region. The weights of granular material and powder in the filter, the weight of adsorbed water in the granular material determined by multiplying the weight of granular material by the limit relative water adsorption rate and the weight of adsorbed water in the powder obtained by multiplying the weight of powder by the water content in the capillary region are then subtracted from the weight per unit volume of the filler thus obtaining the basic quantity of fluid water. When quantity of fluid water is obtained for various compounds correlate with the basic quantity of fluid water, various characteristics including the moldability and the intensity of freezing or setting image of mixture of liquid, powder and granular material can be determined and grasped accurately.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a method for characterizing a mixture of liquids, powders and granules and a method for adjusting the mixture. It is intended to determine the characteristics of a mixed system in which a naturally occurring particle such as sand or a crushed particle is used as a body, and to provide a rational mixture preparation method for such a mixture. .

That is, the present invention relates to a mixture obtained by mixing powders such as cement and fly ash, particles such as water and other liquids, sand and other fine aggregates, and, if necessary, lumps such as gravel. The properties such as workability, breathing, fluidity, etc. are measured, and the properties at the time of blending change in the mixing system are judged, and further, the fluidity and other properties of such a mixture can be stably obtained as the maximum state. It is about adjustment technology that can be done.

[0003]

2. Description of the Related Art It is well known that powders of hydraulic materials such as cement are often used for various types of civil engineering and construction, and mortar containing sand or other fine aggregate together with a liquid mainly composed of water is used. As for the characteristics of concrete in which coarse aggregate such as gravel or crushed stone or fiber material is also added, its characteristics can be basically obtained in the mixture of the above three, and an additive is appropriately added. Even if blended, they have the same relationship. The same thing is indispensable for the adjustment of materials for manufacturing various ceramic products or for obtaining other physical and chemical products. However, in the case of such adjustment, the existence of the liquid powder of the materials as described above is necessary. It is well known that the desired uniform preparation cannot be obtained due to the adsorption phenomenon (dispersion phenomenon on the other hand) below.

[0004] Such a phenomenon is caused by moldability or filling property, breathing property or separability in obtaining a target product by using such a preparation, and further by the strength and other characteristics of the product obtained by molding and curing the kneaded product. It also affects the transportation of the adjusted product and other handling operations. The same applies not only to new compounding preparations, but also to clay, stone powder, sludge, sludge, and the like, which are found between sand particles and fibrous materials and other aggregate-like substances that are mixed in with them. It has various problems regarding storage, and basically it is the behavior of the mixture of powder, liquid and granules, such as the collapse of cliffs and mountains during rainfall, and its characteristics. It has a great influence.

Therefore, although the adsorption phenomenon and the like have been studied to some extent, conventionally, it is merely theoretically or qualitatively understood. In such a conventional general technical state, the inventors of the present invention have disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 58-5.
No. 216 (JP-A-59-131164) and Japanese Patent Application No. 58-131164.
No. 245233 (Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 60-139407), and a test method for quantifying an adsorbed liquid on the surface of fine aggregate used in concrete or mortar, or a result of such test measurement was used. A series of methods for adjusting the kneaded material was proposed.

In other words, these prior arts are related to the above-mentioned particles or liquids such as water adhering to the surface of the powder, and those retained by the capillarity between the particles and adsorbed on the surface of the particles. It is designed to be divided into two types, and in particular, it is intended to quantitatively test and measure the latter, and moreover, it is possible to efficiently measure multiple samples under the same centrifugal force conditions. Regarding the adjustment of mortar, mortar, etc., it is possible to separately understand what is conventionally understood as the same liquid as the conventional liquid, and it is possible to quantitatively obtain the measurement results in response to each condition. It has achieved epoch-making improvement results in kneading and adjustment.

[0007]

The conventional general technique as described above relates to fine aggregate according to JIS standard,
For example, it is intended to grasp and adjust the liquid content of the kneaded product as described above by using the measured data such as the water absorption rate, the coarse particle rate, and the actual performance rate due to the surface dry saturated state, and the specific adjustment of the kneaded product. However, the physical properties cannot be accurately grasped and controlled. That is, it is well known that such a kneaded product needs physical properties such as separation breathing property, workability, pumping property, compaction property, etc. As a result, the characteristics of the kneaded product obtained are different, and, conversely, even if the cement is the same, the characteristics of the kneaded product obtained are different due to the different sand.

Further, in order to densely fill and mold such a kneaded product, it is general to add vibration or other consolidation treatment, but the behavior or fluctuation of the kneaded product during the vibration or other consolidation treatment is the same JIS. In most cases, even the measured values according to the regulations are significantly different.
In addition, when concrete is poured into a thick layer or when the form is vertical and the concrete is poured and filled, the appearance of the ready-mixed concrete or mortar that has been poured and filled will vary in various ways.

By the way, the present inventors divide the compounding water for such kneading, and evenly attach a part of the specific range to the fine aggregate, and then add cement to carry out the primary kneading,
Then, the remaining water is added and secondary kneading is carried out to obtain a kneaded product with less freezing and separation and excellent workability, and the strength and other properties of the resulting molded product are considerably increased under the same compounding conditions. Has developed an advantageous technology that can
Even if such a new technique is adopted, the degree of the above-mentioned various effects in the kneaded product obtained concretely becomes different due to the different fine aggregate.

In the above-mentioned prior application technology proposed by the present inventors to solve such a problem, not only the adsorbed liquid on the particle surface is distinguished from the unadsorbed liquid, but the adsorbed liquid is quantitatively determined. Although it is a very effective method for clarifying, we made concrete measurements on this technology and examined the details of many results of adjusting concrete and mortar using the results. It was observed that the adjustment of mortar, concrete, etc. did not have the proper accuracy.

That is, according to these experimental results, mutual interference between aggregates such as fine aggregate and powder (familiarity between cement and aggregate) and control of aggregate (including fine aggregate) were confirmed. Not easy to secure. In other words, the properties of aggregates such as surface roughness, material, shape, surface adsorption force, etc., which cannot be clarified by conventional JIS regulations, are largely related to the separation breathing property of concrete and mortar, workability, pumpability, compaction property, etc. It is presumed that they are involved, but it is not possible to accurately elucidate such relationships and obtain rational kneaded products.

Therefore, specifically, the trial kneading is repeated to determine the most advantageous compounding and kneading conditions, but such a trial kneading requires a considerable number of steps and time to obtain one result. In general, it takes 4 weeks to obtain the strength of the obtained product. If it is repeatedly adjusted and tested, it will consume a very long time,
Can not respond to concrete construction immediately. For this reason, this trial kneading is basically based on the experience or intuition of each worker, etc., and it is necessary to test only those for which measurement results are required within a relatively short time and to estimate the whole. Therefore, it is not possible to obtain an exact match because it lacks rationality and it is necessary to expect a considerable error range.

[0013]

DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been studied to solve the problems in the prior art as described above, and the granular material of the densest packed material obtained by compaction filling the mixture as described above To obtain the limit relative adsorbed water rate and the water content in the capillary region of the powder, determine the characteristics by using the basic flowing water amount of the densest packing, and obtain a preferable mixture adjustment method. It succeeded in, and is as follows.

(1) A mixture of cement, fly ash, slag powder, clay and other powders, and sand, granular slag, artificial fine aggregate, glass spheres and other particles, and water and other liquids are used. Regarding the closest packed state obtained by compacting and packing the mixture, the critical relative adsorbed water content of the granules in the mixture is obtained, and the water content in the capillary region of the powder is obtained. From the weight per volume, the particle weight and the powder weight, and the granular adsorbed water weight obtained by multiplying the granular weight by the limiting relative adsorbed water rate, and the powder obtained by multiplying the powder weight by the water content in the capillary region. The value obtained by subtracting the weight of the body-adsorbed water is obtained as the basic flowing water amount in the densest packed material, and the basic flowing water amount is used to obtain the flowing water amount correlated with each basic flowing water amount for various compounds. A method for characterizing a mixture of liquid, powder and granules, characterized by:

(2) Preparation of a mixture of cement, fly ash, slag powder, clay and other powders, sand, granular slag, artificial fine aggregate, glass spheres and other particles, and water and other liquids. At the time of obtaining the critical relative adsorbed water content of the granules in the mixture with respect to the close-packed packing obtained by compacting and packing the mixture, the water content in the capillary region of the powder is obtained, and the close-packed packing described above is obtained. From the weight per unit volume of the product, the weight of the granules and powder,
And the basic adsorbed water amount which is a value obtained by subtracting the granular adsorbed water weight obtained by multiplying the granular weight by the limit relative adsorbed water rate, and the powder adsorbed water weight obtained by multiplying the powder weight by the capillary region water content. First kneading is performed under the condition that
Next, a liquid or powder characterized by performing secondary kneading by adding a liquid having a basic flowing water amount and a correlated flowing water amount obtained by the fluidity and other characteristic values required for the target kneaded product And method of preparing a mixture by granules.

(3) Powders such as cements, fly ash, slag powder, and clay, sand and granular slag, artificial fine aggregate, glass spheres and other particles, and water and other liquids, as well as gravel, crushed stone, and other coarse particles. In preparing a mixture to which aggregates or agglomerates have been added, the limit relative adsorbed water rate of the granules in the mixture is determined with respect to the densest packing in which the mixture is compacted and packed, and the capillary area of the powder is obtained. Determine the water content in, from the weight per unit volume of the closest packed state, the particle weight and powder weight, and the granular adsorbed water weight obtained by multiplying the granular weight by the limit relative adsorbed water rate. The basic fluid amount obtained by subtracting the powder adsorbed water weight obtained by multiplying the powder weight by the water content of the capillary region to the powder weight is obtained as the porosity regarding the granules in an absolutely dry state, and the porosity regarding the lump is obtained, A method for preparing a mixture of liquid, powder and granules, characterized in that the porosity and slump value relating to this lump can be obtained from the plotted correlation.

[0017]

[Function] In a packing in a close-packed state in which a mixture of powder such as cement, granules such as sand and a liquid such as water is compacted and packed, the limit adsorbed water rate of granules in the mixture and the capillary of the powder Determine the water content of the area, from the weight per unit volume of the densest packing described above, the weight of each of the granules and powder in the densest packing and the granules obtained by multiplying the weight of the granules by the limit adsorbed water content. The water content obtained by subtracting the critical adsorbed water content of the powder and the powder adsorbed water content of the powder obtained by multiplying the powder weight by the water content of the capillary region is the basis for controlling the fluidity and other characteristics of the densest packing. It is calculated as the water quantity.

The basic flowing water amount has a significant correlation with the moldability of the closest packed state, breathing, strength development after setting, etc., and the mixture is adjusted by using the basic flowing water amount as an index. It is possible to accurately grasp the characteristics of the mixture. With respect to the adjustment of the kneaded material, the primary kneading is carried out by using the water quantity in which the basic flowing water quantity becomes zero, and the powder such as cement is coated on the peripheral surface of the granule in the most stable state. be able to. In addition, the amount of secondary kneading water added to the primary kneaded product in this manner effectively affects the fluidity and other properties of the resulting kneaded product, and is basically determined from the desired characteristic values. Secondary kneading with the addition of flowing water can accurately obtain the desired characteristics.

In the case of concrete in which agglomerates such as coarse aggregate are mixed, by applying the relationship between the interparticle porosity and the interporosity porosity in combination, the same preferable result can be obtained.

[0020]

EXAMPLES To further explain the present invention as described above, the inventors of the present invention have kneaded products comprising the above-mentioned granules, powders and liquids, and kneaded products obtained by the compounding and kneading conditions or the kneaded products. Accurately predicting the characteristics of the molded product, and rationally adjusting the kneaded product, we made many years of practical studies and thoughts, and as a result, formed the closest packed state of such kneaded product. About the weight per unit volume, the residual water amount obtained by subtracting the respective weights of the granules and powders, the critical relative adsorbed water amount for granules and the critical relative adsorbed water amount for powders from the weight of the close packed state It can be grasped as the basic flowing water amount, and it was discovered that there is an orderly relationship between the new basic flowing water amount and the loosening (or filling) rate in the densest packing. And accurately elucidate the properties of the kneaded product obtained by determining the blending and kneading conditions using the relationship as succeeded in prediction.

As the powder in the present invention, Portland cements, alumina cements, magnesia cements,
Gypsum, limes such as slaked lime, blast furnace slag, special cement such as expansion cement, fly ash, silica fume, stone powder, clay or mud and other inorganic or organic powders used for the purpose of filling or expanding. Granules include river sand, sea sand, mountain sand, crushed sand, granular slag, fine aggregates such as artificial fine aggregates, fiber materials such as metal fibers and inorganic fibers, and aggregates such as gravel and crushed stones. There is
Further, as these granules or lumps, there are various aggregates used for imparting sound insulation, heat insulation or fire resistance, nuclear insulation, lightness and weight. Water is a typical liquid, and a mixture of various auxiliary agents or additives such as a water reducing agent, a quick setting agent, and plastics is widely used.

However, the present inventor applies a dehydrating force such as a centrifugal force to a granular material such as the above-described fine aggregate to which a sufficient amount of water has been attached so that the water content of the granular substance is increased. Although it gradually decreases with an increase, it was confirmed that there is a limit relative adsorbed water ratio that does not decrease the water content even if the dehydration power increases beyond a certain limit. Similarly, regarding the powder, when the powder reaches the capillary region where the powders are substantially in contact with each other, water is filled between the powder particles, and air is substantially absent, It is confirmed that the adsorbed water rate exists. Further, regarding the measurement of the limit relative adsorbed water rate for the above-mentioned granules, a method has been established in which the effect of contact liquid between the granules can be avoided by using powder in combination and an accurate measurement result can be obtained.

In the present invention, in addition to these newly developed techniques by the present inventors, elucidation of the close packed state packing as described above was repeated, and the above-mentioned unit volume weight of the granules in water and the space between the granules. It seeks the rate. That is, the inventors of the present invention used the powder in combination with the above-described fine aggregate and the like to determine the amount of the adsorbed liquid, so that the influence of contact liquid between the aggregates can be maintained. If the amount of liquid is excluded to obtain an accurate measurement result, and if a centrifugal force is applied to a mixed system composed of such a granular or fibrous material such as aggregate, powder and liquid, then the liquid is removed. , The amount of adsorbed liquid changes due to the change of the centrifugal force acting, that is, the amount of adsorbed liquid to the aggregate gradually decreases as the centrifugal force increases. If it exceeds, even if the centrifugal force is further increased, there is almost no fluctuation in the amount of adsorbed liquid, and it is confirmed that there is a point at which the tendency of decrease in the amount of adsorbed liquid as described above is inflection. Adsorption water is the limit It can be understood as.

However, such a critical adsorbed water rate changes to some extent by changing one or more of the used aggregates, powders or liquids, and therefore the adsorbed water rate which is specifically obtained. Is a relative limit adsorbed water rate, and such a limit reference adsorbed water rate exists in any mixed system from many experimental results, and is always constant in the same mixed composition. For example, river sand from Fujikawa (Q: 2.49, FM: 2.65, specific gravity surface dry ρ _H : 2.5
8, ρ _D : 2.52, ρ _V : 1.739, ε: 31%, S
m: 65.3 cm ² / g) and ordinary Portland cement and water, which is a typical liquid, and sand-cement ratio (S / C)
No. 58-245233 proposed by the inventors of the present invention to each sample in which 0, 1, 2, and 3 were changed.
No. 60-139407), the result of various dehydration treatments from centrifugal force of 30 G (G is weight) to 1000 G is the water content W _P of the cement paste with S / C of 0.
/ C varies depending on the centrifugal force acting as described above. Further, when sand is mixed with this and the water content increases as the value of S / C increases, the degree of increase of water content with the increase of S / C with the cement paste as a base point is constant centrifugal force. (For example, 150G to 200
Even if it exceeds G), there is almost no change despite the increase in centrifugal force.

That is, in a relatively low gravitational region such as 100 G or less, the processing and measurement are performed under conditions of a centrifugal force difference such as 30 G, 60 G, 80 G, and 100 G, whereas when 200 G or more, 100 G or more are measured. Even if it is processed and measured under such a large centrifugal force difference condition,
From 0 G to 200 G, there is a relatively large decrease in water content in any S / C case, and even if the gravity condition becomes larger than that, the degree of this decrease in water content is greatly reduced. Shown and its S / C
The ascending inclination angle θ ₁ on the chart with the increase of is almost constant and hardly changes. For example, 483G and 1000G
In the case of and, although the centrifugal force increased by 500 G or more, the ascending inclination angle θ ₁ was in a constant state, and even in the case of 200 G, it was substantially parallel to the case of 1000 G.

With respect to the results as described above, the total water content after the action of centrifugal force is W _Z , C is the amount of cement, S is the amount of sand, and the water content of the powder after the action of centrifugal force is W _P , Further, assuming that the water content of sand after the action of centrifugal force is W _S and the tangent (tan θ ₁ ) of the inclination angle θ ₁ after the centrifugal force treatment is β, the above W _Z / C is given by the following formula 1. Like

[0027]

[Formula 1] W _Z / C = W _P / C + βS / C

Β is expressed by the following equation (2).

[0029]

## EQU2 ## β = tan θ ₁ = (W _S / C) / (S / C) = W _S / S

Therefore, the water content W _S of the above-mentioned sand is given by
It is like.

[0031]

[Formula 3] W _S = W _Z −W _P

On the other hand, β is the water content obtained by dividing the water content of sand by the sand content, and this is taken as the limit relative adsorbed water content of the aggregate. However, when W _Z / C was concretely obtained by the equation 1 and its accuracy (r ² ) was examined, it was as shown in Table 1 below.

[0033]

[Table 1]

That is, it was confirmed that the accuracy r ² was at least 0.98 or more, and it was confirmed that the accuracy was extremely high. Regarding such a result, the relationship between the centrifugal force G and the β, that is, W _S / S, is such that the relative adsorbed water ratio β gradually decreases up to the above-mentioned 200 G, but when the ratio exceeds 200 G, the relative adsorbed water ratio is almost the same. It is clear that a substantially horizontal linear dehydration result can be obtained without decreasing the rate β. That is, the decrease in relative adsorbed water rate β up to 200 G is 200 G.
The angle θ ₂ formed by the substantially horizontal straight line at the time of the above centrifugal force action is obtained, and this θ ₂ will be different depending on each aggregate, but the angle of θ ₂ depends on each aggregate. It can be said that the interface dehydration rate per 1 G, which represents the dehydration property depending on the magnitude of the dehydration energy.

As described above, the value at which the relative adsorbed water rate hardly changes even when the centrifugal force increases can be said to be the limit adsorbed water rate (β ₀ ) for the aggregate. Further, the maximum relative adsorbed water rate β ₀ max is the intersection of the inclination straight line of θ ₂ and the gravity 0 point,
The total relative adsorbed water rate β _GO of the aggregate is the critical adsorbed water rate β ₀ to β ₀ ma
x is added, and the adsorbed water rate β ₀ max is dehydrated by the centrifugal force treatment, and as described above, the centrifugal force does not substantially change the adsorbed water rate. The force value can be obtained as Gmax.

On the other hand, the fact that the water content in the capillary region of the powder paste is close to the maximum value of the torque during the kneading operation is similarly disclosed by the present inventors in FIG. 4 of JP-A-58-56815. (Although it is referred to as a funicular or a capillary in the publication, it is confirmed to be a capillary region by the subsequent examination). That is, in the case where the powder in the completely dry state is kneaded while gradually adding water, the kneading torque increases as the amount of water gradually increases, and thus the torque gradually increased as the amount of water increases reaches the torque maximum point. If the amount of water further increases after this, the torque will gradually decrease.

This is because the water in the paste completely fills the voids between the powder particles and becomes a slurry state, and the fluidity becomes large due to the amount of water between the powder particles gradually increasing. . In other words, the kneading torque becomes maximum in the capillary region immediately before the voids between the powder particles are completely filled with water (slurry), and thus a kneaded product adjusted with such a maximum kneading torque is used. It is shown in the publication that the generation of breathing water is effectively reduced, and the product obtained by such a kneaded product is excellent in strength and other characteristics. The water content (W _P / S) is α and is adopted as an important factor together with the limit adsorbed water ratio β ₀ .

By the way, the present inventor has proposed a powder as described above,
As for the kneaded material composed of granules and liquid, as a result of examining the case where the adsorbed water ratio β does not substantially decrease even if the acting force is further increased by centrifugal force as described above, as a result, in this case, The centrifugal force is, for example, 150-200G
Since it is as high as (there are slight differences in each case depending on the properties of the granules), pores are generated in the filling tissue, and when simply dehydrating, the rabbit and horn are different from the actual filling and placing tissue. In view of the above, the centrifugal force of 150 to 200 G is obtained by a method other than the centrifugal force that does not generate pores as described above.
As a result of investigating the formation of the same state as the one that was made to act, it was confirmed that an equivalent state could be formed by a tamping method or a vibration method.

That is, as a result of such a method, the present inventor has made detailed examinations on many combinations of fine aggregate and cement powder, and as a result, has a capacity of 11.4 cm and a height of 9.8 cm.
After loading about 500 cc of the kneaded sample into a cylindrical container having a volume of 00 cc (volume mass), a tamping operation is performed 25 times or more on average in the whole container with a table flow ram having a weight of 500 g, Next, the method of performing the same tamping operation and stamping by inserting a 500 cc sample after performing the tamping filling state by averaging the tamping filling condition by performing the stamping operation of raising it 2 to 3 cm above the support table and dropping it three times or more Therefore, if various types of samples having the same S / C and gradually changing W / C are examined by this method, the W / C in the obtained tamped packing has a specific value. The highest weight value is obtained.

For example, in agreement with the particle size composition of fine aggregate sand,
Moreover, a glass sphere having a diameter of 0.075 to 5 mm was used as a reference material having a uniform shape, and W / C was sequentially and variously changed for a sample in which bolt land cement was mixed with S / C = 1. When the filling is performed by tamping, the results shown in Table 2 below are obtained, and the W / C is set to 2
The content of 8% is 2235 g in unit volume weight (hereinafter referred to as “capacity”) ρ, and the highest filling state is obtained, and the volume ρ becomes small regardless of whether W / C is lower or higher.

[0041]

[Table 2]

Similarly, when the same glass sphere and Portland cement are used and S / C is set to 3, the weight ρ is 2227 g when W / C is about 33%, and 1% from this W / C value. When the weight becomes higher or lower, the appearance that the weight ρ becomes lower is the same as in the case of Table 2, and S
When / C is set to 6, the capacity ρ shows the highest value when W / C is about 48%, and the capacity ρ decreases even if it becomes higher or lower due to the fluctuation of the W / C value. To do.

Such an aspect is obtained in the case of natural sand (river sand, sea sand, mountain sand) or artificial sand (crushed sand or slag particles) in which glass spheres as the reference material are generally used as fine aggregates. The appearance of the peak point in relation to the W / C value is common to the appearance of the peak point of the kneading torque of the powder (cement). As shown in W /
C is substantially the same as that when the centrifugal force treatment of 150 G to 200 G is performed, and it is not recognized that it is within the measurement error range.

That is, in the present invention, the filling state by such a method is referred to as the closest packing state, and this state is performed in water, so that it is in good agreement with the actual filling and placing state of this kind of kneaded product. Therefore, it was decided to use it as a preferable representative test method. The tamping with a stick was performed 25 times for each of the upper and lower layers, and the stamping was performed 3 times for each layer.

By the way, as a result of carrying out the test measurement in such a close packed state on many samples, it was found that the α value and the β value were similar to the amount of water and the amount of cement in the kneaded material of this kind. However, I discovered that there are some factors that cannot be elucidated. That is, such a factor is required in any sample in which cement and sand are variously changed, but the same glass spheres, Sagamikawa crushed sand, and Fujikawa sand in the measurement examples described later are used as granules. In this, ordinary Portland cement was adopted as powder, and various kneaded products having various S / C were prepared to prepare the close packed state, and the water amount W / C was calculated as the cement amount. On the other hand, the results obtained by calculating α and β as described above and the actually measured values of the actual kneaded product are compared and are summarized as shown in FIG.

That is, the measured values shown with the blank measurement points are considerably deviated from the calculated values shown with the solid measurement points, and the third factor other than α and β is such a difference. It can be said that it exists in the close-packed state in which the water content does not substantially fluctuate even when the operating force is applied. More specifically, in a state where the S / C is about 1 and the amount of sand is relatively small, a large amount of powder (cement) exists between the sand particles. Even if it is considered as the third factor, even if this S / C is 2 or 3 or more and the amount of powder (cement) is relatively small, such calculated and measured values are obtained. As shown in the figure, the deviation between and does not decrease at all, and tends to increase regularly. That is, it is clear that not only α and β described above but also the third factor acts on the liquid in the kneaded material composed of such powder, particles and liquid.

Therefore, as a result of repeated investigations by the present inventors to elucidate such a third factor, this third factor is eventually caused by the structure or structure of the kneaded mixture filled therein. It should be called the retained water,
When considering such a structure or structure with respect to the filling structure of such a kneaded material, it is clear that the skeletal function or structure is sand, and such a skeletal function or structure is formed. It is considered that the degree of porosity (loosening rate or filling state) between the granular particles such as sand is the dominant function. However, it is unavoidable that the fine particles (fine sand) that do not have the above-mentioned skeletal function or structure are adhering to the particles such as sand obtained as a raw material for kneading. Therefore, proper clarification cannot be achieved without using the one obtained by subtracting such fine particles (fine sand).

However, what is appropriate and how to obtain such a fine particle content (fine sand content) is accurate even if it is conventionally considered by performing classification by fine and fine sieves. It does not have sex. The present inventor has discovered the fact that when the actual rate measurement of sand is carried out in water to the extent that the porosity in the compacted state of the conventional absolutely dry compaction method is satisfied, the actual rate increases, but this is due to the fine particle content. (Fine sand content), and the fine particle rate (fine powder rate) M _S related to this fine particle amount is specifically determined by the following formula 4.

[0049]

Equation 4] _{M S = (ρ W -ρ D} ) / ρ S × 100 where the [rho _W is the bulk density of the water, [rho _D is the bulk specific gravity of the absolute dry state.

Further, in the case where the fine particle ratio (fine powder ratio) is obtained as described above, the porosity Ψ between the particles such as sand that plays an important skeletal function as the third factor as described above.
_S is, in reality the wet state: _{[Ψ S W = (1- (S} /
Even if it is ρ _W ) × 100], it should be corrected on the basis of the absolutely dry state, and the interparticle porosity Ψ _S D in this absolutely dry state is as in the following formula 5.

[0051]

(5) Ψ _S D = (1−S / ρ _D ) × 100 (%)

Further, the absolute dry unit volume weight ρ _SD is measured by putting the absolutely dry sand into the above-mentioned container (mass) in three layers, and for each one layer, the left and right side surfaces are subjected to 10 times each (total 20 times). ) It was lightly tapped with a mallet, and after the filling was completed, the upper surface thereof was flattened into a flat shape with a regular tree having triangular corners, and the weight was measured.

Further, the measurement of the unit weight per unit water is 50
Prepare water in a 0 ml graduated cylinder, put 100 ml of water in the container (mass), then put dry sand corresponding to 1/3 of the container depth, and stir well with a stick Tap each side 10 times (20 times in total) with a mallet, add sand corresponding to a depth of up to two-thirds, stir in the same way, and tap lightly with a mallet for a total of 20 times. Pour water as needed so that it will be exposed on the top surface of the sand by several mm.

Similarly, sand and water are alternately put so as to be 2 to 3 mm below the upper surface of the container, and tapped 20 times, and then only sand is put so that the sand surface and the water surface are the same on the upper surface of the container. Depending on the situation, pour water or absorb the water with a pipette, and do the operation of returning the absorbed water to the graduated cylinder, and use a metal spatula etc. so that the sand surface and the water surface are the same and smooth on the upper surface of the container. Then, the total weight (W) is measured, and the unit volume in water ρ _W is calculated by the equation (6).

[0055]

## EQU6 ## ρ _W = [W- {a + (500-b)}] / 1 liter × 1000 liter, where a: the tare of the container. b: The amount of water remaining in the measuring cylinder.

With each method as described above, a diameter of 0.075 to 5
Table 3 to Table 5 show the results of measurement for each sample in which the weight ratio (S / C) of sand (glass ball) / cement is 0 to 6 using mm glass spheres, Fujikawa sand and Sagamigawa crushed sand. It seems that. In these Tables 3 to 5, W _P is the water content in the capillary region of cement, S _W is the limit relative adsorbed water content of sand, W _P / C × 100 is the above α, and S _W / S × 100 is the β. Furthermore W _W is the cement (C), a structure in water but sand (S) and their α and beta, even angular whether the rabbits that how the specific flow or forming of at least flow Or it should be called the workable water content because it has a potential contribution to molding. In addition ρ _D is exactly be one should be called a ρ _SV D, is bone dry bulk density of the sand, ρ _W for this
Is also called ρ _SV W, which is the bulk specific gravity of sand under water, as opposed to the absolute dry condition of ρ _D.

[0057]

[Table 3]

[0058]

[Table 4]

[0059]

[Table 5]

When the measurement results shown in Tables 3 to 5 obtained by using the new concept Ψ _S D adopted by the present inventor as described above are arranged and analyzed, a clear and clear elucidation can be made. It was confirmed. That is, FIG. 1 shows a summary of the relationship between the new Ψ _S D and the workable water amount W _{W in} the measurement results of Tables 3 to 5 described above. Despite being clearly different in terms of material and properties, such as river sand and crushed stone, this W
It has been found that a certain relation can be obtained between _W and Ψ _S D which is orderly and has almost no change.

That is, according to the result as shown in FIG. 1, it is possible to obtain a total regression curve or an individual regression curve by a logarithmic regression equation or an exponential regression equation, and by using such a result, If Ψ _S D is required for various kneaded products, the workable water amount W _W can be determined almost appropriately, and therefore, the breathing water amount or fluidity, and the strength and other characteristics of the molded product are also effective. Can be determined.

That is, as one example of the total regression curve, a logarithmic regression equation is also shown in FIG. 1 as A ... A curve. When such a total regression curve is used, such kneading is performed. It is possible to judge regardless of the sand particles used, which have a substantially accurate compositional relation for obtaining the desired characteristic value in the object. In particular, it can be said that the kneaded product having Ψ _S D of about 10 to 30% is almost in a neutral state.

In the case of Fujikawa sand in FIG. 1, the W _W is higher than the other two in the range where Ψ _S D is low, which is shown in Tables 3 to 5 above. recognized to be due to differences in fine index (fine sand ratio) as, while Fujikawa sand are those M _S is close to 6%,
Any by glass spheres and Sagamigawa crushed sand M _S is about 3%. Therefore, the curve as shown in FIG. 1 for sand which is corrected or specifically adopted in consideration of such a fine particle rate (M _S ) relationship (glass sphere, Sagamigawa crushed sand and Fujikawa sand, respectively) ), The accuracy will be improved more than the total regression curve.

Further, if the total regression curve is obtained and the basic flowing water amount W _W is obtained as shown in FIG. 1, the above-mentioned condition is obtained even under the condition that the centrifugal force treatment equipment according to the above-mentioned JP-A-60-139407 is not provided. It is possible to obtain the limit relative adsorbed water rate β of the formed particles. That is, S / C and W / C have been found by adjusting the sample for forming the close-packed state, and therefore C _V (unit volume of cement) and S _V (unit volume of sand) are naturally required. In addition to these, α · C can also be obtained from the maximum torque point during kneading adjustment of the sample. That is, since C _V , S _V , α · C and W _W are obtained, Σ = C _V shown in Tables 3 to 5 above.
Factors other than β · S in the equation + S _V + α · C + β · S can be obtained.

On the other hand, W in the equation W _W = 1000-Σ
_{Since W} was obtained from the total regression curve indexed as described above, W _W + C _V + S _V + α · C + β · S = 1000 from these formulas, and the formula was calculated as above. By substituting the respective values, β · S can be obtained. That is, the β value can also be obtained by obtaining W _W in the close-packed state even under the condition that the centrifugal force treatment equipment as described above is not provided for obtaining the β value.

The β value is important for elucidating the characteristics of the fine aggregate, as has been clarified in the above-mentioned prior application of the present inventors, and such β value has a special centrifugal force treatment. What can be obtained without the need for equipment has great industrial utility value.

To further explain the concrete relationship of the present invention, Portland cement having a true specific gravity (ρ _C ) of 3.16 and a water content (α: W _P / C) of 25% in the capillary region is used. True specific gravity (ρ _S ) is 2.6
Surface dry specific gravity (ρ _H ) is 2.63, water absorption (Q) is 1.2, F
· M 2.82, bone dry bulk density ([rho _V) is 1.748, the porosity (epsilon _V) is 32.8% in the dry state, limits the relative adsorption water ratio (β: S _W / S ) Uses 4.11% of Oigawa F sand,
The S / C is set to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7, and the double mixing method proposed by the present inventors (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No.
FIG. 2 shows the results of measuring the W / C and the flow value of the kneaded material prepared by the kneading adjustment according to JP-A-104958). That is, in the results shown in FIG. 2, the flow values are scattered, and it should be impossible to obtain mortar having the same flow characteristics (flow values).

However, with respect to the measurement result of FIG. 2, the W / C value at the intersection of the isoflow value line on the vertical axis and the straight line connecting the measurement points of the respective S / Cs was obtained. As described above, it can be understood as a W / C value under each S / C blending condition when obtaining a mortar having a desired flow value.

[0069]

[Table 6]

Further, the results of Table 6 are arranged in the same manner as in FIG. 1 in the relation between Ψ _S D and the workable water amount W _W ,
FIG. 3 is shown together with the result of FIG. 1 (measurement points of solids), and there is a significant correlation between the result of the closest packing state shown in FIG. 1 and this isoflow curve. It is clear that

In particular, referring to FIG.
The extension of each straight line when S / C is 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 is Ψ
It can be said that the _S D is 100% and the W _W is directed to the point of 1000 liters, which indicates that the collection design is possible. In other words, in such a collection design, the base point for designing the composition relationship has already been determined, and it can be said that the general relationship is clarified no matter what S / C is adopted. It is clear that the quantification of the material property values can be achieved easily, and an appropriate compounding design can be performed.

Further, with respect to the above-mentioned mortar, the result of measuring the flow value and the internal breathing generated inside the kneaded product is as shown in FIG. 4, and it is not possible to obtain an orderly relationship from such measurement points themselves. This is the same as that in FIG. 2, but in this FIG.
Table 7 below shows the results of the intersections between the straight line connecting the measurement results for each C and the isoflow line for each 20 mm in the range of 180 mm to 240 mm.

[0073]

[Table 7]

However, based on the results in Table 7, FIG.
Similar to FIG. 3, FIG. 5 shows the relationship between the breathing rate and Ψ _S D on the horizontal axis, and FIG. 5 does not show the result itself in the close packing state of FIG. However, it is clear that there is a significant correlation with the result of the closest packing state, just as in the case of FIG.

Further, using Oigawa F sand as described above,
For each mortar adjusted to have C / C of 1 to 5 and 7, the compressive strength (σ _C 28) after 28 days was measured for the specimen obtained by molding the mortar, and the measurement results and the W of the mortar used. FIG. 6 shows a summary of the relationship with / C, which has a substantially orderly relationship even though the S / C fluctuates in a considerably large range, and has a predetermined composition. The product strength obtained under the conditions can be appropriately determined.

In the present invention, a specific example of obtaining the β value by utilizing the result of constant conversion as shown in FIG. 1 is as follows. That is, FM: 2.80, water absorption 2.96%,
Sagami River sand with surface dry specific gravity of 2.60, absolute dry specific gravity of 2.53, and unit volume weight of 1720 kg / m ³ (relative surface adsorbed water rate β _O by 438G is 4.34% as described later). Use S
/ C 2.0, W / C 39.7% mortar (cement 665 kg / m ³ , sand 1330 kg / m ³ , water 263.9 kg /
For m ³ ), the close packed Ψ _S D is as in the following equation 7, which is 22.7%.

[0077]

(7) Ψ _S D = [1- (1330/1720)] × 1
00 = 22.7%

On the other hand, β, that is, W _W is about 38.5 liters when the intersection of all regression curves corresponding to Ψ _S D = 22.7% in FIG. 1 is obtained as the value of W _{W on} the vertical axis. Becomes Moreover, when this W _W is specifically calculated, β =
163.6-40.1 · loge22.7 = 38.6 liters, which is almost the same as the value obtained from the chart of FIG.

If Ψ _S D and W _W are obtained in this way, the value of β can be obtained by calculation, that is, the formula for calculating β is

[0080]

[Equation 8] β = [1000− (C _V + S _V + α · C + _WW ) /
S

However, C _V : capacity of cement = C / 3.16 S _V : capacity of sand = S / 2.53 α · C: adsorbed water rate of cement = 25% Calculated.

[0082]

[Equation 9] β = [1000− (210.4 + 525.7 + 166.3 + 38.6)
] / 1330 = 4.44 (%)

The above value is substantially the same as the β _O value of 4.34% by the centrifugal force treatment of 438G described above, and the β value can be obtained without performing the centrifugal force treatment. Conventionally, in order to obtain β, a plurality of samples with variously changed S / C are subjected to centrifugal force treatment for about 30 minutes, and the obtained results are calculated by a regression equation. The advantages of the invention according to the invention, which are sought without the need for such centrifugal equipment or processing operations, are clear.

Needless to say, if β can be obtained as described above, it will be very easy to clarify the fact that the S / C has changed variously.

Although the above is for mortar, a concrete in which coarse aggregate is further mixed with such mortar was also examined. That is, with Oikawa F sand, ordinary Portland cement and water, the maximum dry specific gravity is 2.62 and the surface dry specific gravity is 2.69 at a maximum of 25 mm.
Coarse grain ratio 6.96, water absorption 0.67%, unit weight 1632kg
/ M ³ crushed stone was used, and the kneading method was as follows: primary water was added to sand and crushed stone and mixed for 30 seconds, then cement was added and mixed for 60 seconds, and then secondary water was added for 30 seconds. It was kneaded for 60 seconds by adding 1.0% of the amount of cement to the water reducing agent Mighty manufactured and sold by Kao Soap Co., and kneaded for 60 seconds. Table 8 below shows a summary of the characteristic values of various ready-mixed concrete that are variously adjusted in the range of 0.0.

Note that Ψ _G is Ψ _G = [1- (G / ρGV)
X 100], and the amount of primary water used in the kneading is the amount of water in which Ψ _S D is in the zero state, and the secondary water satisfies each W / C value shown in Table 8. The remaining amount of water is adopted.

[0087]

[Table 8]

FIG. 7 is a summary of the results shown in Table 8 and shows S / C, W / C and S / a.
Under various and varying conditions where
It is clear that there is a high degree of correlation between _G and the slump value, and the slump value of the ready-mixed concrete obtained by obtaining Ψ _G can be determined approximately appropriately.
In particular, it can be said that the S / C and W / C of the mortar used are substantially linear under the specified conditions (in the case of measurement points having the same shape in FIG. 7), that is, the mortar used. Under the condition that the composition of is specified or elucidated, it is possible to make a very highly accurate judgment.

Further, FIG. 8 shows a summary of the results of measuring the compressive strength of each concrete prepared as described above, which was formed into a molded body and was 28 days old. Generally 30 to 100 kg / c even if there is some variation in C = 2.0 and W / C 41%
It is clear that it has only a relatively narrow range of m ² and has a high compressive strength in relation to its S / C value. Was confirmed.

The inventors of the present invention not only use the Oigawa F sand and crushed stone, but also other Sagami River, Kinugawa, Fujikawa produced sand, and sea sand and mountain sand prepared by washing with water as fine aggregate. As for the coarse aggregate, Table 7 to FIG. 6 and FIG. 7 described above regarding many river gravel obtained from rivers in various places
Based on the results of the above, various examinations were made, and the mixing and kneading conditions for determining the target characteristic values of the ready-mixed concrete were determined and implemented. In all cases, the results according to the above were obtained and expected. It was possible to obtain ready-mixed concrete with very few errors with respect to the judged characteristic values.

[0091]

According to the present invention as described above, with respect to the mixture of powder, granules and liquid, the trial kneading and the statistical method as in the conventional method are removed.
Regarding the liquid such as water, the water content in the capillary region of the new powder, the critical relative adsorbed water rate of the granules, the basic flowing water amount in the close-packed state packing, and the relationship with such progressive and peculiar factors A product that has a stable quality with little variation, by clarifying quantitatively detailed flowable water, breathing water, etc. It is an invention that has the effect of being able to predict and appropriately adjust the value, and has the great effect industrially.

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a chart summarizing the relationship between the loosening rate between particles and the amount of workable water.

FIG. 2 is a table summarizing the relationship between W / C and flow value for mortar using Portland cement and Ooigawa F sand.

FIG. 3 is a chart in which the W / C value at the intersection between the iso-flow value line in FIG. 2 and each S / C measurement point is arranged in the same manner as in FIG. 1 in the relationship between the interparticle looseness ratio and the workable water amount. is there.

FIG. 4 is a table summarizing the relationship between the internal bleeding rate and the flow value.

FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an iso-flow value line and each S in FIG.
4 is a chart showing the relationship between the interparticle looseness rate and the breathing rate at the intersection of a straight line connecting the measurement results for each / C.

FIG. 6 shows that the test piece molded using the mortar adjusted as described above has a compressive strength of W / 28 days after 28 days.
3 is a chart summarized and shown in relation to C.

FIG. 7 is a table summarizing the relationship between the slack ratio 粗_G between coarse aggregates and slump value for ready-mixed concrete obtained by various S / C, W / C and S / a.

FIG. 8 is a table summarizing the compressive strength of 28 days old for each ready-mixed concrete prepared as shown in FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a chart showing the change state of W / C and S / C in the closest-packed mixture together with calculated values and measured values.

Claims (3)

[Claims] 1. Cement, fly ash, slag powder, powder such as clay, sand and granular slag, artificial fine aggregate,
Using a mixture obtained by adding glass spheres and other particles and water and other liquids, and determining the limit relative adsorbed water rate of the particles in the mixture with respect to the packing in the densest state in which the mixture is compacted and packed, and the powder. The water content in the capillary region of the above, the weight per unit volume of the densest packing described above, the particle weight and the powder weight, and the granular adsorption by multiplying the granular weight by the critical relative adsorbed water rate. Water weight,
The value obtained by subtracting the powder adsorbed water weight obtained by multiplying the powder weight by the water content of the capillary region is obtained as the basic flowing water amount in the densest packed material, and the basic flowing water amount is used for each of various formulations. A method for determining the characteristics of a mixture of liquid, powder and granules, which is characterized in that the amount of flowing water correlated with the basic amount of flowing water is obtained. 2. Cement, fly ash, slag powder, powder such as clay, sand or granular slag, artificial fine aggregate,
In preparing a mixture containing glass spheres and other particles and water and other liquids, the limit relative adsorbed water rate of the particles in the mixture is determined with respect to the closest packed state in which the mixture is compacted and packed. The water content of the powder in the capillary region was determined, and the weight per unit volume of the above-mentioned densest packing was used to multiply the weight of the particles and the weight of the powder, and the weight of the particles by the above-mentioned limit relative adsorbed water content. The first kneading was performed under the condition that the basic flowing water amount, which is a value obtained by subtracting the weight of the adsorbed water of the granular material and the weight of the powder adsorbed water obtained by multiplying the weight of the powder by the water content of the capillary region, becomes zero. Then, a liquid or a powder characterized by performing a secondary kneading by adding a liquid according to the basic flowing water amount and the correlated flowing water amount determined by the fluidity and other characteristic values required for the target kneaded product Body and grain Adjustment method of the mixtures according to the. 3. Cement, fly ash, slag powder, powder such as clay, sand or granular slag, artificial fine aggregate,
When preparing a mixture of gravel, crushed stone and other coarse aggregates or agglomerates together with glass spheres and other particles and water and other liquids, the mixture is compacted and packed in the close-packed state. The water content in the capillary region of the powder is determined together with the critical relative adsorbed water rate of the granules, and the weight of the granules and the powder weight per unit volume of the above-mentioned densest packing, and the granules Granular adsorbed water weight obtained by multiplying the body weight by the critical relative adsorbed water rate, and powder adsorbed water weight obtained by multiplying the powder weight by the above-mentioned water content in the capillary area, and the basic flowing water amount is completely dried. Liquids, powders, and particles characterized by obtaining the porosity of the lump as well as the porosity of the lump, and obtaining the porosity and the slump value of the lump from the illustrated correlation. Adjustment method of the mixtures according to the.