JPH0868141A - Permanent formwork for concrete - Google Patents
Permanent formwork for concreteInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0868141A JPH0868141A JP23081794A JP23081794A JPH0868141A JP H0868141 A JPH0868141 A JP H0868141A JP 23081794 A JP23081794 A JP 23081794A JP 23081794 A JP23081794 A JP 23081794A JP H0868141 A JPH0868141 A JP H0868141A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- concrete
- formwork
- permanent formwork
- grooves
- contact
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Landscapes
- Forms Removed On Construction Sites Or Auxiliary Members Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【0001】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】この発明は改良されたコンクリー
ト用永久型枠に関する。FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an improved permanent formwork for concrete.
【0002】[0002]
【従来の技術】コンクリート壁の建築用型枠として従来
の合板製型枠に代えて繊維補強セメント製のコンクリー
ト工事用永久型枠を使用することが提案されている(例
えば特開平3-293473号公報) 。この種コンクリート製型
枠は打設されるコンクリートと最終的には一体化し、型
枠がそのまま建築構造物の壁あるいは柱などと一体化さ
れてしまうので後の枠外し作業が省略できる利点を有す
る。ところで、上記コンクリート工事用永久型枠は、打
設されるコンクリートとの付着性を良くするため、裏面
に断面方形状や逆台形状の突条を設け物理的な付着性を
良くすることが考えられている。2. Description of the Related Art It has been proposed to use a permanent formwork made of fiber reinforced cement for concrete construction in place of a conventional plywood formwork as a building formwork for concrete walls (for example, Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-293473). Bulletin). This type of concrete formwork has the advantage that it can be integrated with the concrete to be poured and the formwork will be integrated with the walls or columns of the building structure as it is, so that the subsequent frame removal work can be omitted. . By the way, in order to improve the adhesiveness of the permanent formwork for concrete construction with the concrete to be poured, it is considered to improve the physical adhesiveness by providing a ridge with a rectangular cross section or an inverted trapezoidal shape on the back surface. Has been.
【0003】[0003]
【従来技術の問題点】しかしながら、これらコンクリー
ト工事用永久型枠は、例えば壁面や梁などの建築構造に
応じて縦方向配置の他、横方向配置とされる場合があり
前記突条の連続方向と配置方向との相関によっては打設
したコンクリートとコンクリート工事用永久型枠との接
着性が悪い場合がある問題があった。即ち、コンクリー
トを打設後、コンクリート中のブリージング水がコンク
リート中に含まれる気泡と共にコンクリート工事用永久
型枠との接触界面に集中し、この界面を伝って上昇しよ
うとする性質があり、この現象のために特にコンクリー
ト用永久型枠を縦方向配置とした場合は、突条を設けた
にも係わらず打設コンクリートとの付着力が著しく害さ
れる問題があった。However, these permanent formwork for concrete construction may be arranged in a horizontal direction in addition to a vertical direction depending on the building structure such as wall surfaces and beams, and the continuous direction of the ridges may be used. There is a problem that the adhesion between the cast concrete and the permanent formwork for concrete construction may be poor depending on the correlation between the placement direction and the placement direction. That is, after pouring the concrete, the breathing water in the concrete is concentrated along with the air bubbles contained in the concrete at the contact interface with the permanent formwork for concrete construction, and has the property of attempting to rise through this interface. For this reason, especially when the permanent formwork for concrete is arranged in the vertical direction, there is a problem that the adhesive force with the cast concrete is significantly impaired despite the provision of the ridges.
【0004】[0004]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】この発明は上記問題点
に鑑み、コンクリート工事用永久型枠において、コンク
リートとの付着性を良くすることを目的としてなされた
ものである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the above problems, the present invention has been made for the purpose of improving the adhesion to concrete in a permanent formwork for concrete work.
【0005】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】即ち、この発明のコンク
リート用永久型枠は、中空あるいは充実体とされた繊維
補強セメント製板状体1Aの打設されるコンクリートと
接する面1Bに長さ方向に連続する複数条の突条2…2
が設けられて成るコンクリート用永久型枠1において、
打設されるコンクリートと接する面1Bに、長さ方向に
連続し幅及び凹凸差が3mm以下 0.1mm以上の微小凹溝3
…3を幅方向に連続的に設けてなることを特徴とするも
のである。That is, the permanent formwork for concrete according to the present invention has a hollow or solid fiber-reinforced cement plate-shaped body 1A in a longitudinal direction on a surface 1B in contact with concrete to be cast. Plural number of ridges 2 ... 2
In the permanent formwork 1 for concrete which is provided with,
A small groove 3 continuous in the length direction and having a width and unevenness difference of 3 mm or less and 0.1 mm or more on the surface 1B that contacts the concrete to be cast.
... 3 is continuously provided in the width direction.
【0006】また今一つの発明は、長さ方向に連続し幅
及び凹凸差が3mm以下 0.1mm以上の微小凹溝3…3が複
数条の突条2…2間の型枠表面1Bのみに設けられてな
ることを特徴とするものである。さらに、上記第一及び
第2の発明において微小凹溝3…3の各溝の断面形状が
蟻溝状をなすこと、及び微小凹溝3…3の断面形状が、
高さ及び幅の異なる溝の組合せで構成されてなることを
特徴とするものである。In another aspect of the invention, minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 which are continuous in the lengthwise direction and have a width and unevenness difference of 3 mm or less and 0.1 mm or more are provided only on the mold surface 1B between a plurality of ridges 2. It is characterized by being formed. Furthermore, in the above first and second inventions, the cross-sectional shape of each of the minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 is a dovetail groove, and the sectional shape of the minute concave grooves 3 ...
It is characterized by being constituted by a combination of grooves having different heights and widths.
【0007】[0007]
【作用】請求項1の発明において、コンクリート用永久
型枠のコンクリートと接する面1Bに長さ方向に連続し
幅及び凹凸差が3mm以下 0.1mm以上の微小凹溝3…3を
幅方向に連続的に設けるのは、この微小凹溝3…3によ
り気泡やブリージング水を表面張力や毛細管現象により
その部分に止まらせ、それより上方へ移動するのを防止
するためである。従って、コンクリートとコンクリート
用永久型枠との間に水道ができるのが防止され、これに
よってコンクリートとコンクリート用永久型枠との密着
性が向上する。In the invention of claim 1, the surface 1B of the permanent formwork for concrete which is in contact with the concrete is continuous in the lengthwise direction with the minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 having a width and unevenness difference of 3 mm or less and 0.1 mm or more. The reason for this is to prevent air bubbles and breathing water from stopping at the portion due to the surface tension and the capillary phenomenon by the minute grooves 3, ... Therefore, it is possible to prevent water from being formed between the concrete and the permanent formwork for concrete, which improves the adhesion between the concrete and the permanent formwork for concrete.
【0008】この微小凹溝3…3の幅及び深さを3mm以
下とするのは、一般に打設されるコンクリートのブリー
ジング水中に含まれる気泡径が大体3mm以下であり、こ
れより大きいと微小凹溝3…3の溝内を伝って気泡が上
昇するため水道が出来やすくコンクリートとコンクリー
ト用永久型枠との密着性の改良が図られないからであ
る。また、3mm以下であれば幾ら細かい溝であっても良
いが、余り微小すぎると微小凹溝を設けるのが困難とな
り、また実質的に平滑面と変わり無く実効が得られなく
なるため、最小として0.1mm 程度が適当である。なお、
微小凹溝3…3の断面形状は三角形状、方形状、半円状
等上記作用を発揮し得る形状であれば特に限定されな
い。The widths and depths of the fine recessed grooves 3 ... 3 are set to 3 mm or less because generally the diameter of bubbles contained in the breathing water of the concrete to be cast is 3 mm or less. This is because air bubbles rise along the grooves of the grooves 3 ... 3 so that water can be easily produced and the adhesion between concrete and the permanent formwork for concrete cannot be improved. Also, if the groove is 3 mm or less, it may be a fine groove, but if it is too small, it becomes difficult to form a minute groove, and since it is substantially the same as a smooth surface and the effect cannot be obtained, the minimum is 0.1 mm. mm is suitable. In addition,
The cross-sectional shape of the minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 is not particularly limited as long as it is a shape that can exhibit the above-mentioned action, such as a triangular shape, a rectangular shape, and a semicircular shape.
【0009】請求項2の発明において、微小凹溝3…3
を複数条の突条2…2間の型枠表面1Bのみに設けるこ
とにより、コンクリート用永久型枠1を運搬、保管時に
積み重ねても、微小凹溝3…3は複数条の突条2…2に
よって他物との接触から保護され、微小凹溝3…3によ
って他物を傷つけたり、あるいは微小凹溝3…3が擦過
消滅したり破損されることが防止される。In the second aspect of the invention, the minute concave grooves 3 ... 3
3 is provided only on the mold surface 1B between the plurality of ridges 2 ... 2 so that even if the concrete permanent molds 1 are stacked during transportation and storage, the minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 have a plurality of ridges 2 ... 2 protects from contact with other objects, and the minute grooves 3 ... 3 prevent other objects from being scratched or the minute grooves 3 ... 3 from being scratched away or damaged.
【0010】請求項3の発明において、微小凹溝3…3
の各溝の断面形状を蟻溝状とするのは、毛細管現象によ
るブリージング水の補足性をさらに良くするためであ
る。請求項4の発明において微小凹溝3…3の断面形状
が、高さ及び幅の異なる溝の組合せで構成するのは、ブ
リージング水に含まれる気泡径にばらつきがあっても毛
細管現象によるブリージング水を確実に補足するためで
ある。In the invention of claim 3, the minute concave grooves 3 ... 3
The cross-sectional shape of each groove is formed in the shape of a dovetail groove in order to further improve the catching property of breathing water due to the capillary phenomenon. In the invention of claim 4, the cross-sectional shape of the minute recessed grooves 3 ... 3 is formed by a combination of grooves having different heights and widths, even if the bubble diameters contained in the breathing water vary, the breathing water due to the capillary phenomenon. This is for surely supplementing.
【0011】[0011]
【実施例】次に、この発明の実施例を説明する。図1は
この発明の実施例の断面図、図2は図1の実施例の要部
拡大断面図、図3〜図6は他の実施例の要部拡大断面図
である。Embodiments of the present invention will be described below. 1 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of an essential part of the embodiment of FIG. 1, and FIGS. 3 to 6 are enlarged sectional views of an essential part of another embodiment.
【0012】〔実施例1〕図1に示すような中空あるい
は充実体(図示例は充実体)とされた繊維補強セメント
製板状体1Aであってその端面1C、1Cに接合用係合
段部1D、1Dが設けられ、打設されるコンクリートと
接する面1Bに複数条の突条2…2が設けられて成るコ
ンクリート用永久型枠1において、コンクリートと接す
る面、即ち突条2…2と複数条の突条2…2と型枠表面
1B…1Bに図2に拡大して示すように幅B及び深さD
が1mmの断面三角形状の複数条の微小凹溝3…3を設け
た。なお、この微小凹溝3…3はコンクリート用永久型
枠1を押出成形するときに同時に押出成形した。[Embodiment 1] A fiber-reinforced cement plate-shaped body 1A which is a hollow or solid body (solid body in the illustrated example) as shown in FIG. In the permanent formwork 1 for concrete, in which the parts 1D and 1D are provided and a plurality of ridges 2 ... 2 are provided on the surface 1B which is in contact with the concrete to be cast, the surface in contact with the concrete, that is, the ridges 2 ... 2 2 and a plurality of ridges 2 ... 2 and a mold surface 1B ... 1B as shown in FIG.
3 are provided with a plurality of fine grooves 3 having a triangular cross section of 1 mm. The minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 were extruded at the same time when the permanent mold for concrete 1 was extruded.
【0013】〔実施例2〕実施例1における微小凹溝3
…3の断面形状を図3に示すように方形状とした他は実
施例1と同様にしてコンクリート用永久型枠1を成形し
た。[Embodiment 2] Micro concave groove 3 in Embodiment 1
The permanent mold 1 for concrete was molded in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cross-sectional shape of 3 was rectangular as shown in FIG.
【0014】〔実施例3〕実施例1における微小凹溝3
…3の断面形状を図4に示すように蟻溝状とした他は実
施例1と同様にしてコンクリート用永久型枠1を成形し
た。[Embodiment 3] Micro concave groove 3 in Embodiment 1
A permanent mold for concrete 1 was molded in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cross-sectional shape of 3 was formed into a dovetail groove shape as shown in FIG.
【0015】〔実施例4〕実施例1における微小凹溝3
…3の断面形状を図5に示すように三角形状と蟻溝状の
組合せとした他は実施例1と同様にしてコンクリート用
永久型枠1を成形した。[Embodiment 4] Micro recessed groove 3 in Embodiment 1
The permanent mold 1 for concrete was molded in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the cross-sectional shape of 3 was a combination of a triangular shape and a dovetail groove shape as shown in FIG.
【0016】〔実施例5〕実施例1における微小凹溝3
…3の断面形状を図6に示すように高さ3mmの大きな三
角形状の突条3Aと高さ1mmの小さな三角形状の突条3
Bとを1対3の割合で組み合わせた形状とした他は実施
例1と同様にしてコンクリート用永久型枠1を成形し
た。[Embodiment 5] Micro recessed groove 3 in Embodiment 1
As shown in FIG. 6, the sectional shape of 3 is a large triangular protrusion 3A having a height of 3 mm and a small triangular protrusion 3 having a height of 1 mm.
A permanent formwork 1 for concrete was molded in the same manner as in Example 1 except that B and B were combined in a ratio of 1 to 3.
【0017】〔実施例6〜10〕図1に示したような中
空あるいは充実体(図示例は充実体)とされた繊維補強
セメント製板状体1Aであってその端面1C、1Cに接
合用係合段部1D、1Dが設けられ、打設されるコンク
リートと接する面1Bに複数条の突条2…2が設けられ
て成るコンクリート用永久型枠1において、複数条の突
条2…2間の型枠表面1B…1Bのみに図2〜6に示す
ような幅B及び深さDが1mmの断面三角形状の複数条の
微小凹溝3…3を設けた。[Embodiments 6 to 10] A fiber-reinforced cement plate-shaped body 1A which is a hollow or solid body (solid body in the illustrated example) as shown in FIG. 1, and is joined to its end faces 1C, 1C. In the permanent formwork 1 for concrete, which is provided with the engaging step portions 1D and 1D, and is provided with a plurality of ridges 2 ... 2 on the surface 1B which comes into contact with the concrete to be placed, a plurality of ridges 2 ... 2 are provided. 2B, only a plurality of micro recessed grooves 3 having a triangular cross section with a width B and a depth D of 1 mm as shown in FIGS.
【0018】〔比較例〕実施例1におけるコンクリート
用永久型枠1に微小凹溝3…3を設けなかった他は実施
例1と同様にしてコンクリート用永久型枠1を形成し
た。[Comparative Example] A permanent mold 1 for concrete was formed in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the minute groove 3 was not provided in the permanent mold 1 for concrete in Example 1.
【0019】次に実施例1〜10及び比較例について図
7に示すように縦方向配置X、横方向配置Y、及び底配
置Zとしてそれぞれ型枠1を組み、実際にコンクリート
を打設し3週間経過後にダイヤモンドカッターで型枠1
と打設したコンクリートPを含めて10cm角で切り抜き、
図8に示すようにコンクリート面Pと型枠1面にそれぞ
れエポキシ樹脂接着剤で治具Q、Qを接着し、引張試験
機にかけて接着力を試験した。その結果は表1に示す通
りである。Next, for Examples 1 to 10 and Comparative Example, as shown in FIG. 7, the formwork 1 was assembled in the vertical arrangement X, the horizontal arrangement Y, and the bottom arrangement Z, and concrete was actually placed 3 Form 1 with a diamond cutter after a week
Cut out a 10 cm square including the placed concrete P,
As shown in FIG. 8, jigs Q and Q were adhered to the concrete surface P and the surface of the mold 1 with an epoxy resin adhesive, respectively, and subjected to a tensile tester to test the adhesive force. The results are shown in Table 1.
【0020】[0020]
【表1】 表中 *1 はコンクリート型枠1の表層コンクリート側で破壊したことを示す。 同 *2 はコンクリートと型枠1との界面剥離を生じたことを示す。 また、無印はコンクリート層が破壊した時の値を示す。[Table 1] * 1 in the table indicates that the concrete surface of concrete form 1 was destroyed. The same * 2 indicates that interfacial peeling between concrete and form 1 occurred. In addition, no mark indicates the value when the concrete layer was destroyed.
【0021】表1より明らかなように、この発明のコン
クリート用永久型枠1の場合、打設されるコンクリート
との接着性が、最も水道が出来やすいX方向配置の場合
であっても、微小凹溝のない比較例に比べ約2倍から4
倍の接着力となっており、コンクリートPに対する接着
性に優れることが判明した。また比較例は界面剥離が生
じたが、実施例のものは界面剥離は一件もなく、ブリー
ジング水による水道が出来ないことが確認された。尚、
実施例6のサンプルを強制的に界面で剥離した断面をみ
ると1〜2mmの気泡が付着しているのが確認された。As is clear from Table 1, in the case of the permanent mold for concrete 1 of the present invention, the adhesiveness to the concrete to be cast is small even in the case of the arrangement in the X direction where water can be produced most easily. About 2 to 4 times as compared with the comparative example without the groove
It was found that the adhesive strength was doubled and the adhesiveness to the concrete P was excellent. In the comparative example, interfacial peeling occurred, but in the example, there was no interfacial peeling, and it was confirmed that water supply with breathing water was not possible. still,
The cross section of the sample of Example 6 which was forcibly peeled off at the interface confirmed that bubbles of 1 to 2 mm were attached.
【0022】[0022]
【発明の効果】以上説明したように、請求項1の発明の
コンクリート用永久型枠1は、微小凹溝3を設けること
によりブリージング水の表面張力又は毛細管現象により
水道が出来にくく、その分コンクリートとの接着性に優
れ、強固な建造物を構築することができる。また請求項
2の発明の場合は、型枠裏面に微小凹溝3…3が露出し
ないので、これが他物と接触して傷つけたりすることが
なく、運搬、保管の管理が容易となる効果を有する。請
求項3の発明の場合は、蟻溝状の微小凹溝3…3である
ので、微小凹溝間に浸透したコンクリートとの接着性が
改良され、より優れた接着力が得られる効果を有する。
請求項4の発明の場合は、打設コンクリートに含まれる
気泡径にばらつきがあっても均一な接着力が得られる効
果を有する。As described above, the permanent mold 1 for concrete according to the invention of claim 1 is provided with the micro-grooves 3 so that it is difficult to produce water due to the surface tension of breathing water or the capillary phenomenon. It has excellent adhesiveness with and can build a strong structure. In addition, in the case of the invention of claim 2, since the minute recessed grooves 3 ... 3 are not exposed on the back surface of the mold, there is no possibility that they will come into contact with other objects and damage them, thus facilitating the management of transportation and storage. Have. In the case of the invention of claim 3, since it is the dovetail-shaped minute concave grooves 3 ... 3, the adhesiveness with the concrete that has penetrated between the minute concave grooves is improved, and there is an effect that a more excellent adhesive force is obtained. .
In the case of the invention of claim 4, there is an effect that a uniform adhesive force can be obtained even if the diameters of the bubbles contained in the cast concrete vary.
【図1】この発明の実施例の断面図である。FIG. 1 is a sectional view of an embodiment of the present invention.
【図2】図1の実施例の要部拡大断面図である。FIG. 2 is an enlarged sectional view of a main part of the embodiment shown in FIG.
【図3】他の実施例の要部拡大断面図であるFIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a main part of another embodiment.
【図4】他の実施例の要部拡大断面図であるFIG. 4 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a main part of another embodiment.
【図5】他の実施例の要部拡大断面図であるFIG. 5 is an enlarged sectional view of an essential part of another embodiment.
【図6】他の実施例の要部拡大断面図であるFIG. 6 is an enlarged cross-sectional view of a main part of another embodiment.
【図7】型枠を組んだ状態を示す斜視図である。FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing a state in which a mold is assembled.
【図8】接着強度試験装置の説明図である。FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram of an adhesive strength test device.
1…コンクリート用永久型枠 1A…繊維補強セメント製板状体 1B…打設されるコンクリートと接する面 1C…端面 1D…接合用係合段部 2…複数条の突条 3…微小凹溝 P…打設したコンクリート Q…治具 DESCRIPTION OF SYMBOLS 1 ... Permanent formwork for concrete 1A ... Fiber-reinforced cement plate-shaped body 1B ... Surface that contacts concrete to be cast 1C ... End surface 1D ... Engaging step portion for joining 2 ... Plural ridges 3 ... Micro concave groove P … Concrete placed Q… Jig
Claims (4)
メント製板状体1Aの打設されるコンクリートと接する
面1Bに長さ方向に連続する複数条の突条2…2が設け
られて成るコンクリート用永久型枠1において、打設さ
れるコンクリートと接する面1Bに、長さ方向に連続し
幅及び凹凸差が3mm以下 0.1mm以上の微小凹溝3…3を
幅方向に連続的に設けてなることを特徴とするコンクリ
ート用永久型枠。1. A plurality of ridges 2, 2, which are continuous in the length direction, are provided on a surface 1B of a plate-shaped body 1A made of a fiber-reinforced cement, which is hollow or solid, and which is in contact with concrete to be cast. In the permanent formwork 1 for concrete, on the surface 1B in contact with the concrete to be cast, minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 having a width and unevenness difference of 3 mm or less and 0.1 mm or more are continuously provided in the width direction. A permanent formwork for concrete characterized by
下 0.1mm以上の微小凹溝3…3が複数条の突条2…2間
の型枠表面1Bのみに設けられてなることを特徴とする
請求項1に記載のコンクリート用永久型枠。2. Micro-grooves 3 ... 3 continuous in the lengthwise direction and having a difference in width and unevenness of 3 mm or less and 0.1 mm or more are provided only on the mold surface 1B between a plurality of ridges 2. The permanent formwork for concrete according to claim 1.
状をなすことを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載
のコンクリート用永久型枠。3. The permanent formwork for concrete according to claim 1 or 2, wherein each of the minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 has a dovetail groove in cross section.
幅の異なる溝の組合せで構成されてなることを特徴とす
る請求項1又は請求項2に記載のコンクリート用永久型
枠。4. The permanent formwork for concrete according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the cross-sectional shape of the minute concave grooves 3 ... 3 is constituted by a combination of grooves having different heights and widths. .
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP06230817A JP3085862B2 (en) | 1994-08-30 | 1994-08-30 | Permanent formwork for concrete |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP06230817A JP3085862B2 (en) | 1994-08-30 | 1994-08-30 | Permanent formwork for concrete |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPH0868141A true JPH0868141A (en) | 1996-03-12 |
JP3085862B2 JP3085862B2 (en) | 2000-09-11 |
Family
ID=16913747
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP06230817A Expired - Fee Related JP3085862B2 (en) | 1994-08-30 | 1994-08-30 | Permanent formwork for concrete |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3085862B2 (en) |
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US20100251632A1 (en) * | 2009-04-03 | 2010-10-07 | Hong Chen | Cementitious Articles, Formulations, Methods Of Making And Uses |
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KR100937312B1 (en) * | 2007-10-02 | 2010-01-18 | 김기태 | The mold of non-dismantlement type and the process of structure for repair reinforcement therewith |
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JP3085862B2 (en) | 2000-09-11 |
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