JPH08192426A - Treatment of waste - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE: To provide highly efficient equipment peeling and crushing a waste electric appliance at every material and classifying the same to recover valuable resources. CONSTITUTION: The motor or the like detached by a metal lump classifying means 4 is cooled by a cooling device 9 and charged in a crusher 5 at low temp. The remaining housing is charged in the crusher 5 at the normal temp. at the same time. Low temp. crushing and normal temp. crushing are simultaneously advanced in the crusher 5 and crushed pieces are discharged in a mixed state and classified at every materials by the metal classifier 7 and plastic classifier 8 of the next process to be recovered as resources. By this constitution, the processes on and after the crusher are used in common to normal temp. crushing and low temp. crushing and operated at the same time not only to simplify equipment but also to reduce installation cost and operation cost.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001]

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a waste treatment method, and particularly to a waste treatment method suitable for facilitating the recovery treatment of valuables by crushing large-scale wastes such as discarded home electric appliances. It is about.

[0002]

2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in many cases, large wastes are disposed of by landfill as it is or by crushing and incinerating. In some cases, valuable components such as non-ferrous metals are mainly removed by hand and recovered, or only metal is recovered after crushing, but plastics, which occupy most of the volume, are not recovered and landfilled. Has been disposed of. In the landfill of plastics, the ground is soft and the effective use of land is limited, and even when incinerated, substances that generate harmful gases such as chlorine gas are mixed, so it is necessary to take measures to prevent air pollution. Global warming due to its occurrence is also a problem. In order to eliminate these problems, most of the metal, plastic, and other materials that make up large-scale waste are separated and collected, and reused to enable effective use of global resources and to reduce waste. Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 05-147040 proposes a technology for preventing air pollution and global warming by eliminating the shortage of landfills and by not performing incineration. As a more effective means of recovery, the material is cooled below the brittle transition temperature of the steel material with a refrigerant such as liquid nitrogen, easily broken into a brittle state such as glass, and then separated by material. A method has been proposed. For example, JP-A-51
FIG. 4 shows the basic structure of the method for crushing coarse metal waste products disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication No. 39452. Raw material 301, that is, coarse metal waste is crushed at room temperature by 31 and crushed material 3
02 is separated into a magnetic crushed object 303 such as a motor part and a thin iron piece and a non-magnetic crushed object 304 such as an aluminum piece, a copper wire and a plastic piece by the strong magnetic sorting 32, and the non-magnetic crushed object is collected by the second sorting 34. The object 305 is collected. Further, the magnetically crushed material 303 is separated into a magnetically crushed material 306 such as a thin iron piece and a lump 307 such as a motor component by the weak magnetic sorting 33, and the lumped material is brittlely crushed by low temperature crushing, and the second classification 34 Is a method of collecting the collected material 305.

Another example is shown in FIG. The raw material 301, that is, the waste home electric appliances, is crushed by the room temperature crushing 31, and the crushed material 302 is recovered as resources by the wind force sorting 36, the magnetic force sorting 37, the sieve sorting 38 and the like. On the other hand, the lumps such as the motor parts are not crushed in the room temperature crushing 31 and are discharged from the room temperature crushing 31 as the bounces 120, and the lumps 3 are separated by the magnetic force selection 37.
09 and the magnetically crushed material 308. The agglomerates are pretreated when a certain amount is collected in the sorting / pretreatment 39, brittlely destroyed in the constant temperature crushing 35, and separated / recovered into a magnetic crushed product 310 and a nonmagnetic crushed product 311 by the magnetic force selection 37. It

Another example is shown in FIGS. 6 (a) and 6 (b). Fig. 6 (a) shows the simplest method in which room temperature crushing and low temperature crushing are set up independently, and Fig. 6 (b) shows that the common parts of room temperature crushing and low temperature crushing are shared and adjusted according to the quantity of the target object. The operation method is changed over.

A typical structure of a compressor for a refrigerator will be described as an example of a lump, and the case is made of a rolled steel plate having a plate thickness of about 3 mm and is manufactured in a cylindrical container shape so as to maintain the internal pressure. The motor and compressor are built in. The motor component has a stator core and a stator winding mounted inside the case, and the rotor core is held by a shaft and bearings to drive the compressor. The iron core is made by stacking dozens of magnetic steel plates with a thickness of about 0.3 mm, and is wound with copper wire. When a general steel material is cooled to a low temperature of −30 ° C. or lower, it loses ductility and becomes brittle. This temperature is called the brittle transition temperature, and shows the characteristics of each material depending on the composition of the material, the manufacturing method and the like. As for the structure, the temperature at which it exhibits brittleness changes depending on the shape and size of the material and the processing method in addition to the characteristics of the material.
It is considered that the steel material is brittle when the temperature is lower than 100 ° C. Copper and aluminum do not undergo brittle fracture even at low temperatures. Most of the low temperature crushing fractionation is based on utilizing this difference in brittleness characteristics. Considering low temperature shock crushing of the compressor, since the case, shaft, iron core, etc. are made of steel, they are brittlely broken by impact force, and non-brittle materials (ie, ductile materials) such as copper windings and aluminum parts It is not crushed by impact force, but is crushed when accompanied by shearing force and tearing force.

[0006]

In each of the above-mentioned prior arts, both room temperature crushing and low temperature crushing are constructed as independent devices, and the overall equipment is complicated and the cost is high, and the operation efficiency of the equipment is poor, and There was a problem that the service fee would be high.

Further, in the method of FIG. 4, a lump such as a motor component is complicatedly hit by shearing or impact action at room temperature crushing, but is plastically deformed without being crushed finely, so that each component member is complicatedly entangled, Since they physically combine, it becomes difficult to crush and separate each constituent material in the low-temperature crushing in the subsequent process. Also in the method of FIG. 5, the lumps such as the motor parts are not crushed by shearing or shock in the room temperature crusher, and the lumps hit the impact plate in the crusher and bounce off. There is.

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for treating wastes, which simplifies the equipment and reduces the equipment cost.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for treating wastes by improving utility efficiency to reduce utility costs, improving sorting accuracy, and improving resource recovery efficiency. is there.

[0010]

[Means for Solving the Problems] The above object is to classify large-scale waste into objects to be crushed at room temperature and objects to be crushed at low temperature, and to cool objects to be crushed at low temperature to a predetermined temperature. This is achieved by simplifying the crushing device, which is the main device in the equipment, by putting the crushing characteristics into the crushing device at the same time as the object to be crushed at room temperature while utilizing the crushing characteristics.

[0011]

The operation of the waste treatment apparatus having the above configuration will be described by taking the treatment of waste home electric appliances as an example. It is equipped with a stockyard for storing waste, a supply device for supplying waste, and a pretreatment device. For example, in a waste refrigerator, a refrigerant body (CFC) is extracted from the refrigerator. Next, the compressor is removed by the metal lump separating means, and the remaining refrigerator main body is crushed and separated for each material. Light-weight materials (mainly foamed materials) such as heat insulating materials are separated from the crushed pieces and sent to a light-weight material processing device. Here, the foaming agent is separated into a solid resin portion and a gas foaming agent, and the gas foaming agent is cooled and liquefied and recovered.

On the other hand, the removed compressor has magnetic steel sheets laminated in the same manner as motors and transformers used in other electric products, and a copper wire is wound around a coil to make it relatively thick. It is formed as an agglomerate of a metal composite material having high rigidity by using a steel plate, a shafting agent, etc., and it is difficult to separate and crush each material by ordinary crushing at room temperature. Therefore, it is suitable to crush at a low temperature by utilizing the property that a metal (mainly steel material) becomes brittle and breaks like a glass at a low temperature. As a result, iron, copper, aluminum, etc. are separated from each other in terms of material, and plates, rods, wires, castings, etc. are separated in terms of shape, facilitating metal separation in the next step and improving accuracy. This low-temperature brittleness temperature is generally −100 ° C. or lower, though it depends on the material, wall thickness and shape. Incidentally, copper,
Although many non-ferrous metals such as aluminum do not exhibit low temperature brittleness, steel materials are mainly brittle and crushed, so that the metal composite rigid lumps are destroyed and all the materials are separated and separated individually. After the metal block is cooled to a predetermined brittle temperature, it is put into the same crushing device as the refrigerator body and crushed at a low temperature. That is, the low-temperature cooled material and the room-temperature material are charged into the crusher at the same time, and the characteristics of each crushing are utilized. Utilizing the above actions, the crushed material of this metal lump and the lighter material in the crushed pieces of the main body are separated, and the remainder is separated and recovered by the metal separation device in the next step, and the remainder is plastics. Becomes Plastics are mainly composed of polyolefins such as polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene, and vinyl chlorides. For reuse of plastics, vinyl chloride-rich plastics and vinyl chloride-less plastics are separated.

[0013]

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIG. FIG. 1 is a diagram showing the overall configuration of a waste treatment device.
In FIG. 1, 1 is a stockyard for wastes, 2 is a supply device for supplying wastes from the stockyard 1 to a pretreatment device 3, and 3 is a pretreatment device for collecting a refrigerant. Four
Is a metal lump separating means such as a compressor for a refrigerator, 5 is a crushing device, and 6 is a lightweight material separating device for separating lightweight materials in the crushed material. 7 is a crushed metal separating device, which is composed of an iron-based sorting machine, a non-ferrous metal sorting machine, and the like. 8 is a plastic sorting device. Reference numeral 9 denotes a cooling device for a metal block, which includes a cooling device 10. Reference numeral 11 is a lightweight object processing device.

The household electric appliances collected by the collection vehicle are roughly classified into a refrigerator, a washing machine, a television, an air conditioner and the like and stored in the stockyard 1. Supply device 2 for waste home appliances
Then, it is taken out by type as shown by arrows 101 and 102 and sent to the pretreatment device 3. In the case of a refrigerator, for example, the pretreatment device 3 extracts the refrigerant from the refrigerator and collects it as shown by an arrow 115. Next, the compressor in the refrigerator is removed by the metal lump separating means 4. Examples of other metal blocks include washing machine motors and various transformers. The refrigerator main body from which the compressor has been removed is sent to the crushing device 5 as shown by an arrow 104, and is crushed to within several tens of mm to about 100 mm, and a thin steel plate on the outside of the box body, a resin plate on the inside, and foaming which is a heat insulating material. Molded products, interior products, aluminum heat sinks, etc. are separated and crushed.

The crushed pieces crushed by the crushing device 5 and separated for each material are sent to the light weight sorting device 6 as shown by an arrow 105, and the light weight sorting device 6 separates the foamed molding material such as urethane foam. The foamed molding material is sent as a light waste to the light weight treatment device 11 as indicated by an arrow 107, and the heavy crushed pieces obtained by separating the foaming material are sent to the metal sorting device 7 as indicated by an arrow 106.

On the other hand, the metal masses such as the compressor and the motor separated by the metal mass separating means 4 of the pretreatment device 3 are indicated by arrows 11.
It is sent to the cooling device 9, as indicated by 4. The temporary storage 14 may be provided in front of the cooling device 9 to adjust the supply of the cooling device. After being cooled to a low temperature of −100 ° C. or less by the cooling device 9, the crushed device 5 is crushed by a relatively small impact utilizing the low temperature brittleness of the metal, and crushed pieces such as a box body crushed at room temperature. And is sent to the light weight sorting apparatus 6 as indicated by an arrow 105. Next, in the metal separation device 7, iron-based metals are first separated and recovered as iron-based as indicated by an arrow 108. Next, the non-ferrous metal is separated and recovered as shown by an arrow 109. As a result, the content of the remaining pieces is mainly plastics.
The crushed pieces of the plastic system are sent to the plastic separating device 8 as indicated by an arrow 110. The vinyl chloride plastic is separated as indicated by arrow 111, and the rest is separately collected as easily reused plastic as indicated by arrow 112.

On the other hand, the foam molded article separated by the light weight sorting apparatus 6 is the light weight processing apparatus 11 as indicated by an arrow 107.
Sent to

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the present invention. This is a preferable example when the waste is preliminarily divided into normal temperature crushing waste that is suitable for room temperature crushing and low temperature crushing waste that is suitable for low temperature crushing. Low-temperature crushed waste is called metal composite rigid lumps, and is molded with compressors used in refrigerators and room air conditioners, motors for washing machines, transformers, microwave ovens, dynamo for automobiles, rubber and plastics, etc. Electric equipment such as steel, copper, various alloys,
Resins are the main constituent members, which are manufactured in a highly rigid block. These bulk specific gravities (weight divided by external volume) are about 2 to 6 and are relatively close to the true specific gravities of metals. Room-temperature crushed waste is a lightweight flexible structure typified by a box of a refrigerator or a washing machine, which is made of a steel plate with a thickness of 1 mm or less, a plastic plate, or the like. include. The bulk specific gravity of these is approximately 0.1 to 0.5. The low-temperature crushing waste 101A is cooled to a predetermined temperature by the cooling device 9 and put into the crushing device 5. On the other hand, the room temperature crushing waste 101B is put into the crushing device 5 at room temperature. In the crushing device 5, the low temperature crushing waste 101A is in a low temperature brittle state,
Individuals within a few kilograms to several tens of kilograms are instantly crushed into several pieces by the impact action of a hammer, and further crushed within a few seconds by collision action, twisting action, compression action, shearing action and their combined action by an internal mechanism. Most of them are crushed in about 5 seconds. These effects act continuously on each individual to which they are input. On the other hand, since the room temperature crushed waste is ductile at room temperature, the individual is hit, torn and crushed by the impact of a hammer, and is gradually crushed by the combined action of the internal mechanism, and the ductile sheet material is crushed by the crushing action. It becomes a shape like. These actions are completed in about 10 to 15 seconds for the individual.

As described above, the low-temperature crushing is effective in the first few seconds, and even if the cooling material of the rigid lump is put into the crushing device at room temperature, the temperature rise during the crushing is within 10 ° C. It is about 50 ° C. and should be taken into consideration in the cooling temperature in the cooling device. After crushing, the surface area per mass becomes large, so the temperature rises violently, but after crushing, there is no effect on the effect of low temperature crushing. Further, it is not affected by the input weight ratio of the low temperature crushing waste and the room temperature crushing waste.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the present invention. The waste treated by the pretreatment device 3 is indicated by an arrow 10.
As shown in FIG. 3, it is put into the crushing device 5 without going through the metal lump separating means. In the crushing device 5, the lightweight flexible structure portion is crushed in the same manner as the cold crushing waste described above. The metal composite rigid lump portion corresponds to the above-mentioned room temperature crushing waste, but since it is in a normal temperature state, it is not easily broken and is discharged from the crushing device as a bounce 120, and the lump object 114 and the lump object are obtained by the lump selecting device 12. The light-weight flexible material 121 is separated into the accompanying light-weight flexible material 121, and the light-weight flexible material 121 is re-input into the crushing device 5 as it is. The lumps 114 are cooled to a predetermined temperature by the cooling device 9 and are re-introduced into the crushing device 5 to be crushed at a low temperature. Temporary storage 14 may be provided before and after the cooling device 9 to adjust the supply amount to the cooling device 9.

By separating and recovering as described above, in addition to recovering metals, plastics suitable for reuse can be recovered as a resource by separating plastics. Can be significantly reduced.

[0022]

The effects of the present invention will be described below. The operation method of the equipment is the following three methods.

Method 1 Independent general-purpose type (conventional example) Room-temperature crushing / sorting equipment and low-temperature crushing / sorting equipment are provided completely independently, and each is operated independently.

Method 2 Operation switching type (conventional example) The parts that can be used in the room temperature crushing / sorting equipment and the low temperature crushing / sorting equipment are shared, and the operation is switched between room temperature and low temperature.

The capacity of the preceding equipment is the sum of the capacity at room temperature and the capacity at low temperature.

Method 3 Mixing operation type (Example of the present invention) An object to be crushed at room temperature and an object to be crushed at low temperature are simultaneously crushed and separated.

The equipment capacity is a cooling device corresponding to the capacity of the low temperature crushed material, and after the crushing apparatus is the sum of the room temperature and low temperature capacity.

6 to 8 are block diagrams of the above three methods. Operating time per month is 100h / month, room temperature crushing target is 300t / month Low temperature crushing target is 100t / month Total 400t / month
In terms of days, the room temperature crushing / sorting equipment is 3t /
h, low temperature crushing / sorting equipment is 1t / h, each 100h / month operation and total time 200h / month. In the operation switching type, the operating time per month is 100h / month, and the room temperature and low temperature are adjusted by the operating time, so room temperature crushing is 4t / h at 75h / month, low temperature crushing is 4t / h.
At 25t / month, after the crusher, 4t / h will be operated for 100h / month.

In the mixed operation system according to the present invention, the object to be crushed at room temperature is 100 t / h at 3 t / h and the object to be crushed at low temperature is 100 t / h at 100 t / h.
It is a month and the total operation time is 100h /
It is the moon. After the crusher, the operation will be 100h / month at 4t / h.

Table 1 shows conditions for showing examples of effects. a) is the processing capacity and the ratio of room temperature to low temperature is case 1,
Two cases, three cases, are shown. b) is a treatment time, and c) is a comparison of crushing power. The amount of electric power per ton of raw material is half of low temperature crushing as compared with room temperature crushing. d) is a trial calculation example of the ratio of the processing capacity to the cost, and the equipment cost is assumed to be proportional to the processing power to the 0.6th power.

[0031]

[Table 1]

Tables 2 and 3 show the equipment specifications for each operating method of Case 1, the cost ratio of the cooling device, the crushing device, the separating device and the auxiliary device, and the power amount of the crushing device. The equipment cost is 274 for Method 1 and 229 for Method 2.
Therefore, the method 3 according to the present invention is the smallest 216. Since the crushing energy is the same in both methods, the net electric energy is the same in both methods, but due to the difference in the operation of the equipment, the method 2 is the largest in terms of equipment energy, and 12,000 kWh / month. The same is 10,500kWh / month. Since the power consumption amount is an intermediate value between the facility power amount and the net power amount, the method 2 has the largest power loss. Next, considering the operating personnel, the method has two independent systems, so method 2
And twice as many as 3. As described above, the method 3 of the present invention is most advantageous in all of the equipment cost, the amount of electric power, and the operator.

[0033]

[Table 2]

[0034]

[Table 3]

Table 4 is a comparison of the processing capacities of Cases 1, 2, and 3, and in any case, Method 3 is the most advantageous.

[0036]

[Table 4]

[Brief description of drawings]

FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a waste treatment device according to the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the waste treatment device according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing another embodiment of the waste treatment device according to the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional waste treatment device.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing a configuration of a conventional waste treatment device.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a conventional waste treatment device.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a conventional waste treatment device.

FIG. 8 is a block diagram showing a basic configuration of a waste treatment device according to the present invention.

[Explanation of symbols]

3 ... Pretreatment device, 4 ... Metal lump separating means, 5 ... Crushing device,
6 ... Light weight sorting device, 7 ... Metal sorting device, 8 ... Plastic sorting device, 9 ... Cooling device, 12 ... Mass sorting device,
31 ... Room temperature crushing, 35 ... Low temperature crushing, 101 ... Waste, 1
04 ... Refrigerator body, 105 ... Crushed pieces, 114 ... Metal lumps,
120 ... Bounce.

─────────────────────────────────────────────────── ─── Continuation of the front page (51) Int.Cl. ⁶ Identification code Office reference number FI Technical display location B03B 5/28 Z 7/00 B07B 13/00 B09B 5/00 ZAB

Claims (3)

[Claims] 1. A waste material is separated into small pieces by crushing means,
In the method of separating each material by the material separation means and recycling it, it is divided into waste that is subject to crushing at room temperature and waste that is subject to crushing at low temperature. A method of treating waste, characterized in that a crushing device is shared, and that the target waste at room temperature is put into the crushing device at room temperature and crushed, while the low-temperature target waste is cooled and put into the crushing device. 2. A means for crushing waste by a crushing device, the crushing device being provided with means for taking out lumped crushed materials from a crushed piece group,
The method for treating waste according to claim 1, wherein the lumps are cooled and then returned to the crushing device to be crushed. 3. A waste containing a flexible structural member suitable for crushing treatment at room temperature and a metal lump member suitable for crushing treatment at a temperature lower than room temperature is treated as waste of each of the flexible structure member and the metal lump member. Waste that is separated into parts, the separated metal block members are cooled, and the separated flexible structural members and the cooled metal block members are both put into the same crushing device and crushed at the same time. Processing method.