JPH04104939A - High temperature superconductor - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To provide a high temperature superconductor having improved superconductivity at a high temperature by compounding at least one kind of Pb, Sn, K, Sc, etc., as adhesive element, at least one kind of La, Y, Bi, etc., as peritectic element and least one kind of Na, K, Sc, etc., as super-conductive phenomenon-accelerating element. CONSTITUTION:The powder of raw materials comprising at least one kind of Pb, Sn, F, Br and Cl as adhesive element, the powder of raw materials comprising La, Y, other lanthanide element, Bi, Tl and Cu as peritectic element and the powder of a raw material comprising Na, K, Sc, Se, Te, Ba, Sr, Ca and Ce as superconductivity phenomenon-accelerating element are homogeneously mixed with each other in a prescribed weight ratio, placed in a biscuit tray for high temperatures, calcined at approximately 800 deg.C in air, mixed with water and subsequently press-molded. The calcination product is fired at approximately 850 deg.C in an inert gas atmosphere such as Ar to prepare the high temperature superconductor.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION (Field of Industrial Application) The present invention relates to a high-temperature superconductor used in the electric power field, electric machine field, etc.

(Prior art and problems) Conventionally, ultra-low temperature superconductors such as metal niobium have been used as superconductors, but in recent years, oxide ceramic superconductors (so-called high-temperature superconductors) have been developed, and liquid nitrogen Materials that exhibit superconductivity even at melting point levels have been developed.

However, these are yttrium-based, bismuth-based,
Even with thallium-based materials, superconductivity on an industrial scale will not occur unless the material is cooled to around -190°C.
It is now known that room-temperature superconductors are physically and theoretically impossible to achieve.

In view of these, the inventor has developed a unique super 1 based on the derived theory,
As a result of intensive research into high-temperature superconductors that exhibit superconductivity at higher temperatures, they succeeded in developing a material that exhibits superconductivity even at -120°C.

(Means for solving the problem) The present inventor estimated the elements to be selected based on the high temperature superconductivity theory, that is, the unique high temperature superconductivity theory in which free electrons flow in an atomic lattice in a turbulent state, and the element selection index θ. As a result of the study, the present invention was completed, and the gist of the present invention is that lead, tin, fluorine,
One or more of bromine and chlorine, one or more of lanthanum, yttrium, lanthanoids, bismuth, thallium, and copper as peritectic elements, and sodium, potassium, scandium as elements promoting superconductivity,
The present invention aims to provide an oxide ceramic-based high-temperature superconductor containing one or more of the following elements: rubidium, cesium, magnesium, selenium, tellurium, barium, strontium, calcium, and cerium.

(Function) Prior to explaining the high temperature superconductor of the present invention, the high temperature superconductivity theory that triggered the development of the present invention will be explained.

The conventional theory of superconductivity is the so-called BC3 theory, which won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1972. Under the cushion of the atomic nucleus,
The phenomenon of superconductivity was thought to be explained by a kind of tunnel effect in which a pair of electrons, called a Cooper pair, pass through an atomic lattice while exchanging (-) charges.

However, the present inventor denies this BC3 theory regarding the superconducting phenomenon of high-temperature superconductors. This is because the present inventor estimated that the high-temperature superconductivity phenomenon is a phenomenon in which free electron groups flow as a turbulent flow through gaps in an atomic lattice. That is, K, L, M
This is presumed to be a turbulent phenomenon in which free electrons flow through oriented gaps in the electron cloud due to the elliptical rotation of electrons in shells such as N, O, and P shells.
The cushioning motion of the nucleus in the BC3 theory (Y-onone effect) is caused by the pulling force due to the Coulomb force of protons and electrons, which warps and causes electrical resistance, so the cushioning motion of the nucleus in the atomic lattice is denied. do.

In October 1988, the inventor determined the selection index θ for the following elements based on past research results for elements used in high-temperature superconductors.
proposed.

Index θ = specific gravity/atomic weight The smaller the index θ of an element, the easier it is to cause a superconducting phenomenon.Regarding this θ, the present inventor on January 29, 1989,
Calculations were made for all elements except actinides. This calculation result proves to be a correct selection indicator for elements used in high-temperature superconductors.

Referring to Tables 1 and 2, barium, strontium, calcium, lead, tin, cerium, bromine, fluorine, chlorine, lanthanum, yttrium, lanthanides, bismuth, thallium, sodium, potassium, scandium, magnesium, rubidium, It can be seen that cesium, cerium, selenium, and tellurium have a small index θ and are effective for use in superconductors.

In this way, the current situation in the field of high temperature superconductivity can be well explained. In particular, it can be seen that strontium, barium, and calcium are frequently used because they have the smallest θ after rubidium and cesium.

The fact that the selection index θ of an element is small means that, assuming a constant atomic weight, the specific gravity is small, the atomic density is small, and the more voids there are in the atomic lattice, the lighter the element is. This indicates that the element is likely to cause superconductivity, and is an index that has important meaning in the inventor's theory of superconductivity.

The present inventor presumes that the superconducting phenomenon that occurs in a high-temperature superconductor is a phenomenon in which free electrons flow as a turbulent flow through gaps in an atomic lattice. In that case, as free electrons revolve around the nucleus under a power charge, L, M.

Passing through the oriented voids of the electron cloud created by the regular elliptical rotation of the electrons in the N, O, and P shells,
Estimate the phenomenon of eternal flow in turbulent flow conditions. in this case,
If the Coulomb force with the protons in the nucleus is weak, it will flow more easily, so the use of lightweight elements such as sodium, potassium, scandium, and magnesium is also an important selection consideration. In addition, it is important that the electron shell of an atom in the ionic state of a superconductor has a full balance of electrons in the shell as a neutral state.
This would be the statistical ease with which free electrons flow as a turbulent flow. In this case, elements such as lanthanum, yttrium, lanthanides, bismuth, thallium, and copper may play an important role.

The element selection index θ proposed by the present inventor is excellent, but next we will explain why a substance that has electrical resistance at high temperatures exhibits a superconducting phenomenon at low temperatures.

When a substance is at a low temperature, it is thermally cooled, so K, L,
Since there is no inter-orbital movement of intra-shell electrons that exist in electron shells such as M, N, O, and P shells, it is thought that a kind of stable state exists. Of course, it is true that an electron cloud is generated because the in-shell electrons undergo regular elliptical rotation motion, but since there is no inter-orbital movement, the orientation is such that a kind of electron cloud appears in the atomic lattice. The void where there is becomes wider. If we assume that this wider gap is the free path for the free electrons, then we assume that the free path at low temperatures is one in which the free electrons flow in a turbulent state, causing the superconducting phenomenon.

In this case, if a lightweight element with weak Coulomb force is used,
It is more preferable, and as mentioned above, when the number of electrons in the shell of (-) energy corresponding to the proton energy of the atomic nucleus matches the number of protons, and the atomic nucleus is in a fully balanced electrically neutral state, especially when the number of electrons in the shell with the protons is There is no resistance due to Coulomb force, and superconductivity easily occurs.

In this way, the present inventor denied the elucidation of the superconducting phenomenon by the Cooper pair, which forms the basis of the BC3 theory.

This is because, now that we have theoretically clarified that the existence of a kind of stable state in the atomic nucleus at low temperatures causes the superconducting phenomenon, the cushioning motion of the atomic nucleus warps and causes electrical resistance. Since the Cooper pair is denied, this also leads to the denial of the generally-mentioned phonon effect. Of course, as countless free electrons pass through the atomic lattice in a turbulent state, there will probably be some cushioning vibrations in the atomic nucleus, and as a result, there may be a tiny electrical resistance that cannot be measured.

Furthermore, due to the interaction between the electron cloud and the flow of free electrons, there may still be some electrical resistance. Also, the reason why the free electron group does not approach the protons of the atomic nucleus is because the energy balance is not ensured, and the reason why the free electron group does not approach the electron cloud of the in-shell electrons due to the elliptical rotation movement within the electron shell. This is because there is a repulsive force due to the (-) charge of the electrons.

High Temperature Part 1!1 Regarding the conductor, the atomic structure is important.

The reason why the superconducting phenomenon is directional is because there is an orientation of voids within the atomic lattice of the atomic structure, and free electrons flow as a turbulent flow by using the wide spaces and angles of the voids. This is because it is a superconducting phenomenon.

The present inventor classified these important elements into three groups based on the selection index θ value of the element and the research results of related industries to date, based on the calculated Tables 1 and 2.

One is light elements with weak Coulomb force, such as potassium, sodium, scandium, and magnesium, and superconducting phenomena that are particularly prone to superconducting phenomena, such as cesium, rubidium, selenium, tellurium, barium, strontium, calcium, and cerium, which have extremely small θ. The second is peritectic elements such as lanthanum, yttrium, lanthanides, bismuth, thallium, copper, etc. that cover the atomic lattice of transitional and transitional elements of these superconducting promoting elements, and the third is superconducting elements. Lead, which improves the mechanical properties of the body
Adhesive elements such as tin, fluorine, bromine, and chlorine.

Since all of these elements have a small selection index θ, oxide ceramics produced by combining these elements tend to cause superconductivity at higher temperatures.

Here, the elements considered to promote superconductivity are those that have a low proton energy in their atomic nucleus, weak Coulomb force, or have an extremely small index θ, such as rubidium or cesium, and are particularly likely to cause superconductivity. . Further, peritectic elements are a group of elements representative of conventional high temperature superconductors such as lanthanum, yttrium, bismuth, thallium, and copper, and are particularly stable elements.

Further, the adhesive element is a soft element such as lead or tin, or an anionic element such as fluorine, bromine, or chlorine. These improve the intraatomic adhesion and the mechanical properties of the obtained high-temperature superconductor, and improve the mechanical properties such as toughness of the obtained superconductor regardless of the shape of the wire bulk or thin film. It is an element added to make it easier to process.

Here, yttrium, which is a peritectic element, also has an excellent interatomic adhesion effect and a polymerization effect that improves mechanical properties.

Hereinafter, the present invention will be explained in detail using examples.

In a mortar, 2 parts potassium, 2 parts cerium, 1 part bismuth, and 2 parts lead were mixed. (K source; potassium chlorate; Cs source; cesium carbonate; Bi source; bismuth oxide; lead source; lead nitrate). It was baked for 2 hours at a furnace temperature of . After baking, the baked material stuck to the plate was scraped off with a spoon, and the material was compacted with water. This material was heated again at an oven temperature of 850°C for 2
Baked for an hour. When the electrical resistivity of the obtained material was measured, it was found to be less than 150, indicating a superconducting phenomenon with zero electrical resistance. This phenomenon was stable, and no matter how many times it was measured, it showed superconductivity regardless of the age. Furthermore, when the obtained material was packed into a silver pipe and stretched, a thin wire rod was obtained without any defects. This seems to be an effect of lead.

The oxide ceramics of the present invention are according to the claims of the above-mentioned patents, but the elements may be appropriately blended to achieve an appropriate blending ratio.
The resulting material exhibits superconducting phenomena at higher temperatures.

The product of the present invention does not take the shape of a wire, thin film, rod, square, bulk, or the like.

In addition, most of the element sources that can be employed are sufficient as long as they contain the element, and materials that achieve the desired initial purpose can also be obtained by a deposition method, an alkoxide method, a vapor deposition method, or the like.

(Example) Example-1 In a mortar, 1 part potassium, 2 parts cesium, 1 part yttrium, and 1 part fluorine were mixed (K source; potassium chlorate, Cs
Source; cesium carbonate;

After baking, the baked material stuck to the plate was scraped off with a spoon, and the material was compacted with water. Again, this material was calcined for 2 hours in an inert argon gas atmosphere at a furnace temperature of soo'c.

When the electrical resistivity of the obtained material was measured, it was found to be less than 150, indicating a superconducting phenomenon with zero electrical resistance. This phenomenon remained stable over time.

Example-2 In a mortar, 1 sodium, 1 rubidium, 1 cesium, 1 bismuth, 1 lead (Na source; sodium chlorate, PB source; rubidium carbonate, Cs source; cesium carbonate, Bi source; bismuth oxide, lead source; The material (lead nitrate) is uniformly mixed, uniformly dispersed in water, deposited on an MgO substrate placed at the bottom of the dispersion, taken out after a certain period of time, and the deposited material is
C. for - hours to obtain a thin film of about 5 microns. When the electrical resistivity of this thin film was measured, it was found to be 140 or less, indicating a superconducting phenomenon with zero electrical resistance. The same phenomenon remained stable over time.

(Effects of the Invention) As described above, it can be seen that the product of the present invention exhibits a superconducting phenomenon below a certain temperature, and its performance is superior to that of the conventional product in causing a superconducting phenomenon at a higher temperature.

Patent applicant: Oka 1) Hong Hong

Claims (1)

[Claims] One or more of lead, tin, fluorine, bromine, and chlorine as adhesive elements, one or more of lanthanum, yttrium, lanthanides, bismuth, thallium, and copper as peritectic elements, and promotion of superconductivity An oxide ceramic-based high-temperature superconductor characterized by containing one or more of the elements sodium, potassium, scandium, rubidium, cesium, magnesium, selenium, tellurium, barium, strontium, calcium, and cerium.