JPH01502097A - 材料にハ−ドフエ−シングを施す方法 - Google Patents
材料にハ−ドフエ−シングを施す方法Info
- Publication number
- JPH01502097A JPH01502097A JP62501302A JP50130287A JPH01502097A JP H01502097 A JPH01502097 A JP H01502097A JP 62501302 A JP62501302 A JP 62501302A JP 50130287 A JP50130287 A JP 50130287A JP H01502097 A JPH01502097 A JP H01502097A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- blade
- hard
- base material
- along
- coating
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 title claims description 102
- 238000005552 hardfacing Methods 0.000 title claims description 27
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 31
- 229910001315 Tool steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910001566 austenite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005498 polishing Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 74
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 63
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 39
- 229910001209 Low-carbon steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 24
- 229910001347 Stellite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- AHICWQREWHDHHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N chromium;cobalt;iron;manganese;methane;molybdenum;nickel;silicon;tungsten Chemical compound C.[Si].[Cr].[Mn].[Fe].[Co].[Ni].[Mo].[W] AHICWQREWHDHHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 14
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 9
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 description 9
- 229910000734 martensite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 235000001674 Agaricus brunnescens Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910000725 T1 high speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000005219 brazing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005755 formation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000004927 fusion Effects 0.000 description 4
- 229910001339 C alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910001080 W alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011229 interlayer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000011122 softwood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910000531 Co alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 241000219289 Silene Species 0.000 description 2
- QVYYOKWPCQYKEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Fe].[Co] Chemical compound [Fe].[Co] QVYYOKWPCQYKEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000001787 dendrite Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000635 electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007373 indentation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000001000 micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000003801 milling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 2
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004064 recycling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001878 scanning electron micrograph Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006104 solid solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- WCVOGSZTONGSQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,4,6-trichloroanisole Chemical compound COC1=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=C1Cl WCVOGSZTONGSQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000006810 Caesalpinia ciliata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000059739 Caesalpinia ciliata Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910000997 High-speed steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 241000282337 Nasua nasua Species 0.000 description 1
- 229920002978 Vinylon Polymers 0.000 description 1
- DXNAVBJNFLKWIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N acetic acid;hydrate Chemical compound O.CC(O)=O.CC(O)=O DXNAVBJNFLKWIK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N alpha-acetylene Natural products C#C HSFWRNGVRCDJHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 210000000436 anus Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009264 composting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007797 corrosion Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005260 corrosion Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000002534 ethynyl group Chemical group [H]C#C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- RJMUSRYZPJIFPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N niclosamide Chemical compound OC1=CC=C(Cl)C=C1C(=O)NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1Cl RJMUSRYZPJIFPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005096 rolling process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
- B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
- B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
- B23K35/32—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C
- B23K35/327—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at more than 1550 degrees C comprising refractory compounds, e.g. carbides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K20/00—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating
- B23K20/12—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding
- B23K20/1215—Non-electric welding by applying impact or other pressure, with or without the application of heat, e.g. cladding or plating the heat being generated by friction; Friction welding for other purposes than joining, e.g. built-up welding
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
- Y10S148/902—Metal treatment having portions of differing metallurgical properties or characteristics
- Y10S148/905—Cutting tool
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Other Surface Treatments For Metallic Materials (AREA)
- Pressure Welding/Diffusion-Bonding (AREA)
- Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GB868603832A GB8603832D0 (en) | 1986-02-17 | 1986-02-17 | Forming hard edges on materials |
| GB8603832 | 1986-02-17 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH01502097A true JPH01502097A (ja) | 1989-07-27 |
| JPH0478415B2 JPH0478415B2 (enExample) | 1992-12-11 |
Family
ID=10593176
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62501302A Granted JPH01502097A (ja) | 1986-02-17 | 1987-02-13 | 材料にハ−ドフエ−シングを施す方法 |
Country Status (7)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US4930675A (enExample) |
| EP (1) | EP0293387B1 (enExample) |
| JP (1) | JPH01502097A (enExample) |
| CA (1) | CA1263573A (enExample) |
| DE (1) | DE3781145T2 (enExample) |
| GB (2) | GB8603832D0 (enExample) |
| WO (1) | WO1987004957A1 (enExample) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010172995A (ja) * | 2009-01-28 | 2010-08-12 | Masayuki Shima | 丸軸表面の改質方法及びこれに用いる改質装置 |
Families Citing this family (40)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE3873772T2 (de) * | 1987-04-15 | 1993-03-18 | Frictec Ltd | Verfahren zum auftragsschweissen von materialien. |
| GB8808479D0 (en) * | 1988-04-11 | 1988-05-11 | Welding Inst | Bimetal faceplates |
| GB2222378B (en) * | 1988-08-30 | 1992-01-08 | Friction Technology Ltd | Forming hard facings on materials |
| GB2242848A (en) * | 1990-04-12 | 1991-10-16 | Frictec Ltd | Depositing coating on materials |
| EP0460901A3 (en) * | 1990-06-06 | 1993-09-29 | The Welding Institute | Surfacing a convex substrate |
| EP0460900B1 (en) * | 1990-06-06 | 1997-04-23 | The Welding Institute | Forming composite materials |
| GB9025696D0 (en) * | 1990-11-27 | 1991-01-09 | Welding Inst | Friction surfacing with in-process forging/forming |
| MY109553A (en) * | 1991-01-10 | 1997-02-28 | Bhp Steel Jla Pty Ltd | Continuously coating a moving metal strip |
| US5183390A (en) * | 1991-07-10 | 1993-02-02 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Method of forming a trailing edge on a steam turbine blade and the blade made thereby |
| GB2268430B (en) * | 1992-07-07 | 1996-02-07 | Frictec Ltd | Method of coating materials |
| GB9325135D0 (en) * | 1993-12-08 | 1994-02-09 | Rolls Royce Plc | Manufacture of wear resistant components |
| NO941144D0 (no) * | 1994-03-28 | 1994-03-28 | Norsk Hydro As | Fremgangsmåte ved friksjonssveising og anordning for samme |
| US5653299A (en) * | 1995-11-17 | 1997-08-05 | Camco International Inc. | Hardmetal facing for rolling cutter drill bit |
| JPH10141019A (ja) * | 1996-11-15 | 1998-05-26 | Fuji Oozx Inc | 内燃機関用タペット及びその製造方法 |
| ES2183777T3 (es) | 1999-01-22 | 2003-04-01 | Elpatronic Ag | Procedimiento para cubrir partes dañadas de una capa de proteccion, dispositivo para la realizacion del procedimiento y un sistema de transporte. |
| ES2211528T3 (es) * | 1999-03-24 | 2004-07-16 | Framatome Anp Gmbh | Procedimiento y dispositivo para la soldadura de dos piezas. |
| US6457629B1 (en) | 1999-10-04 | 2002-10-01 | Solidica, Inc. | Object consolidation employing friction joining |
| US6398883B1 (en) | 2000-06-07 | 2002-06-04 | The Boeing Company | Friction stir grain refinement of structural members |
| US7560067B2 (en) * | 2001-07-16 | 2009-07-14 | Sherman Andrew J | Powder friction forming |
| US9616951B2 (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2017-04-11 | Deere & Company | Non-carburized components of track-type machines having a metallurgically bonded coating |
| US6948784B2 (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2005-09-27 | Deere & Company | Track pin bushing having a metallurgically bonded coating |
| US9138805B2 (en) | 2002-03-06 | 2015-09-22 | Deere & Company | Method for applying wear resistant coating to mechanical face seal |
| US8684475B2 (en) * | 2002-03-06 | 2014-04-01 | Deere & Company | Components of track-type machines having a metallurgically bonded coating |
| US7163754B2 (en) * | 2003-10-23 | 2007-01-16 | Deere & Company | Sprocket wheel having a metallurgically bonded coating and method for producing same |
| US8632850B2 (en) | 2005-09-26 | 2014-01-21 | Schultz-Creehan Holdings, Inc. | Friction fabrication tools |
| US9511446B2 (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2016-12-06 | Aeroprobe Corporation | In-situ interlocking of metals using additive friction stir processing |
| US9266191B2 (en) | 2013-12-18 | 2016-02-23 | Aeroprobe Corporation | Fabrication of monolithic stiffening ribs on metallic sheets |
| US9511445B2 (en) | 2014-12-17 | 2016-12-06 | Aeroprobe Corporation | Solid state joining using additive friction stir processing |
| US20080041921A1 (en) | 2005-09-26 | 2008-02-21 | Kevin Creehan | Friction stir fabrication |
| US8875976B2 (en) | 2005-09-26 | 2014-11-04 | Aeroprobe Corporation | System for continuous feeding of filler material for friction stir welding, processing and fabrication |
| US20110113950A1 (en) * | 2006-01-10 | 2011-05-19 | Reed Charles K | Composite material having a layer including entrained particles and method of making same |
| RU2350443C2 (ru) * | 2006-07-10 | 2009-03-27 | Вячеслав Владимирович Алексеев | Способ сварки трением алюминиевых сплавов |
| US9003681B2 (en) * | 2006-09-18 | 2015-04-14 | Deere & Company | Bucket teeth having a metallurgically bonded coating and methods of making bucket teeth |
| DE102008044763A1 (de) * | 2008-08-28 | 2010-03-04 | Hochschule Für Angewandte Wissenschaften - Fachhochschule Kempten | Beschichtungsverfahren |
| DE102010054453A1 (de) * | 2010-12-14 | 2012-06-14 | Hochschule Für Angewandte Wissenschaften - Fachhochschule Kempten | Verfahren zum Fügen von Werkstücken |
| EP2790865B1 (de) | 2011-12-16 | 2017-01-11 | Hochschule Für Angewandte Wissenschaften - Fachhochschule Kempten | Verfahren zum fügen zweier im wesentlichen blechartiger werkstücke mittels reibquetschschweissen |
| CN103805929B (zh) * | 2013-12-16 | 2016-06-08 | 湖北工业大学 | 一种工件涂层的表面处理方法和装置 |
| WO2019089764A1 (en) | 2017-10-31 | 2019-05-09 | Aeroprobe Corporation | Solid-state additive manufacturing system and material compositions and structures |
| JP6960329B2 (ja) * | 2017-12-26 | 2021-11-05 | 日立Ｇｅニュークリア・エナジー株式会社 | 耐食耐摩耗盛金の形成方法および耐食耐摩耗弁の製造方法 |
| US12291784B2 (en) * | 2022-10-07 | 2025-05-06 | Goodrich Corporation | Corrosion protection using metallic coating |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3537172A (en) * | 1967-08-21 | 1970-11-03 | Valentin Dmitrievich Voznesens | Method of friction welding |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| GB1018412A (en) * | 1963-05-31 | 1966-01-26 | Valentin Dmitrievich Voznesens | Welding |
| GB1102601A (en) * | 1964-04-07 | 1968-02-07 | Hopkinsons Ltd | Improvements relating to formation of non-corrodible and/or resistant seating surfaces on metal valve components |
| DE2219406A1 (de) * | 1971-04-22 | 1972-11-09 | The British Oxygen Co. Ltd., London | Metallhärtungsverfahren und nach diesem Verfahren hergestelltes Hartmetall |
| AU516925B2 (en) * | 1977-03-08 | 1981-07-02 | The Commonwealth Industrial Gases Limited | Subzero heat (cold) treatment of tool tips |
| DE3219260A1 (de) * | 1982-05-21 | 1983-11-24 | Lawton GmbH & Co KG, 7200 Tuttlingen | Verfahren zum einbringen eines harten materials in den ausgesparten beanspruchungsbereich des grundkoerpers eines chirurgischen instruments und chirurgisches instrument |
| US4625401A (en) * | 1984-06-25 | 1986-12-02 | Amp Incorporated | Method of gold coating an article |
-
1986
- 1986-02-17 GB GB868603832A patent/GB8603832D0/en active Pending
-
1987
- 1987-02-13 JP JP62501302A patent/JPH01502097A/ja active Granted
- 1987-02-13 DE DE8787901529T patent/DE3781145T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-02-13 WO PCT/GB1987/000107 patent/WO1987004957A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-02-13 EP EP87901529A patent/EP0293387B1/en not_active Expired
- 1987-02-16 CA CA000529813A patent/CA1263573A/en not_active Expired
-
1988
- 1988-02-13 GB GB8817851A patent/GB2210572B/en not_active Expired
-
1989
- 1989-09-26 US US07/412,418 patent/US4930675A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3537172A (en) * | 1967-08-21 | 1970-11-03 | Valentin Dmitrievich Voznesens | Method of friction welding |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2010172995A (ja) * | 2009-01-28 | 2010-08-12 | Masayuki Shima | 丸軸表面の改質方法及びこれに用いる改質装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| WO1987004957A1 (en) | 1987-08-27 |
| DE3781145T2 (de) | 1993-01-21 |
| EP0293387B1 (en) | 1992-08-12 |
| GB8817851D0 (en) | 1988-09-28 |
| DE3781145D1 (de) | 1992-09-17 |
| JPH0478415B2 (enExample) | 1992-12-11 |
| GB2210572B (en) | 1990-10-17 |
| CA1263573A (en) | 1989-12-05 |
| EP0293387A1 (en) | 1988-12-07 |
| US4930675A (en) | 1990-06-05 |
| GB2210572A (en) | 1989-06-14 |
| GB8603832D0 (en) | 1986-03-26 |
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