JP7449865B2 - 優れた電解槽性能のためのプロセスストリーム組成の調整 - Google Patents
優れた電解槽性能のためのプロセスストリーム組成の調整 Download PDFInfo
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Images
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-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/02—Reverse osmosis; Hyperfiltration ; Nanofiltration
- B01D61/027—Nanofiltration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/461—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis
- C02F1/467—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction
- C02F1/4672—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation
- C02F1/4674—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrolysis by electrochemical disinfection; by electrooxydation or by electroreduction by electrooxydation with halogen or compound of halogens, e.g. chlorine, bromine
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/42—Electrodialysis; Electro-osmosis ; Electro-ultrafiltration; Membrane capacitive deionization
- B01D61/44—Ion-selective electrodialysis
- B01D61/445—Ion-selective electrodialysis with bipolar membranes; Water splitting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D61/00—Processes of separation using semi-permeable membranes, e.g. dialysis, osmosis or ultrafiltration; Apparatus, accessories or auxiliary operations specially adapted therefor
- B01D61/58—Multistep processes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B1/00—Electrolytic production of inorganic compounds or non-metals
- C25B1/01—Products
- C25B1/24—Halogens or compounds thereof
- C25B1/26—Chlorine; Compounds thereof
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B15/00—Operating or servicing cells
- C25B15/08—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolytes; Regeneration of electrolytes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B9/00—Cells or assemblies of cells; Constructional parts of cells; Assemblies of constructional parts, e.g. electrode-diaphragm assemblies; Process-related cell features
- C25B9/17—Cells comprising dimensionally-stable non-movable electrodes; Assemblies of constructional parts thereof
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/04—Specific process operations in the feed stream; Feed pretreatment
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
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- B01D2311/00—Details relating to membrane separation process operations and control
- B01D2311/26—Further operations combined with membrane separation processes
- B01D2311/2684—Electrochemical processes
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/44—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis
- C02F1/442—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by dialysis, osmosis or reverse osmosis by nanofiltration
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/469—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis
- C02F1/4693—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods by electrochemical separation, e.g. by electro-osmosis, electrodialysis, electrophoresis electrodialysis
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/66—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by neutralisation; pH adjustment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2201/00—Apparatus for treatment of water, waste water or sewage
- C02F2201/46—Apparatus for electrochemical processes
- C02F2201/461—Electrolysis apparatus
- C02F2201/46105—Details relating to the electrolytic devices
- C02F2201/4618—Supplying or removing reactants or electrolyte
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F2209/00—Controlling or monitoring parameters in water treatment
- C02F2209/005—Processes using a programmable logic controller [PLC]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Water Supply & Treatment (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Hydrology & Water Resources (AREA)
- Nanotechnology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
- Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
- Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
Description
1.発明の分野
ここに開示する態様および実施形態は概して、電気化学デバイスに、およびより一層具体的には、電気塩素化セルおよびデバイスならびにそれを利用するシステムおよび方法に指向する。
2.関連技術の考察
アノードでの反応:2Cl-→C12+2e-
カソードでの反応:2Na++2H2O+2e-→2NaOH+H2
溶液において:C12+2OH-→ClO-+Cl-+H2O
全体的な反応:NaCl+H2O→NaOCl+H2
E0 ox=-1.36 V(塩素生成)
E0 red=-0.83 V(水素生成)
E0 cell=-2.19 V
水酸化マグネシウム:Mg2++2OH-→Mg(OH)2
炭酸カルシウム:Ca2++CO3 2-→CaCO3
アノードでの反応:2Cl-→C12+2e-
カソードでの反応:2H2O+2e-→2OH-+H2
全体的な反応:2NaC1+2H2O→2NaOH+C12+H2
充電中:
第1電極での反応:V3++e-→V2+
第2電極での反応:V4+→V5++e-
放電中:
第1電極での反応:V2+→V3++e-
第2電極での反応:V5++e-→V4+
概略
・沈殿を軽減する(pH調整またはMg2+/Ca2+除去を介する);および/または
・供給ストリームにおいてNaClの濃度を上げる
であり得る。
・アンチスケーラント(Anti-scalant)の投与:処理する質量についての試薬コストが高すぎる
・キレート化:処理する質量についての試薬コストが高すぎる
・蒸留:必要な容量を処理するためのエネルギーコストが高すぎる
・電気脱イオン(Electrodeionization)(EDI):低硬度供給が必要、プロセス範囲外である
・イオン交換:有人操作が必要;再生させる化学物質のコストおよび危険な性質は禁止されている
・ライムの軟化/ Clark´s(クラークの)プロセス:有人操作が必要;処置のための質量およびスラッジ処理コストが高すぎる
・磁気水処理(AMT):証明されていないプロセス、裏付けのあるデータがほとんどない。
・酸の投与:酸の注入はpHを低下させることができ、それはスケールの形成を軽減し得る
・容量性の脱イオン化(CAPDI):二価を低減し、および一価イオン濃度を高めることができ;比較的低エネルギー(循環吸着/脱着)
・ナノろ過/逆浸透:二価イオン濃度を低減することができ、一価イオン濃度での同時低減を伴う;比較的低エネルギー
・電気透析(ED):一価イオンを選択式に(selectively)輸送し、および/または酸を生成することができる。
このセットアップでは、3.5%のInstant Ocean(R)(商標)(インスタント・オーシャン)合成海水溶液(図15B)を生産物タンク内で調製した。次に、その溶液は様々な長さの時間(図15C、7-120分)の間、電解槽を通して再循環させ、その間セルにわたって入力電圧をかけた。H2ガスはそれが生成する時に排出され、およびNaOCl生産物が蓄積された。
Claims (12)
- 供給流体の供給源および生産物流体出口間に流体的に接続可能な電解槽と、
電気透析ユニット及びナノろ過ユニットを含むサブシステムであって、前記電気透析ユニットが、前記供給流体の供給源に流動的に接続可能な入口、一以上の双極性膜、および前記供給流体に比して増加した酸性度を有する流体ストリームを前記電解槽の上流に配置されるナノろ過ユニットの入口に提供するために構成される出口を有する、サブシステムと、
を含む、電気塩素化システムであって、
前記電気透析ユニットが、一以上の一価イオン選択性膜をさらに有し;かつ
前記ナノろ過ユニットは、前記流体ストリームを残余分およびろ過生成物に分離するために構成され、前記残余分は、前記ろ過生成物よりも高い二価イオン対一価イオンの比率を有し、かつ
前記ナノろ過ユニットは、前記ろ過生成物を前記電解槽の入口に提供するために構成されるろ過生成物出口を含む、
電気塩素化システム。 - 前記ナノろ過ユニットは、前記供給流体における一価イオン濃度よりも2%から10%まで低い一価イオン濃度を有する前記ろ過生成物を生産するために構成される、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記ナノろ過ユニットは、前記供給流体における二価イオン濃度よりも50%から90%まで低い二価イオン濃度を有する前記ろ過生成物を生産するために構成される、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記電気透析ユニットは、前記供給流体を希薄物ストリームおよび濃縮物ストリームに分離し、および希薄物ストリームから濃縮物ストリームに一価イオンを選択的に輸送するために構成される、請求項1のシステム。
- 前記電気透析ユニットは、前記供給流体に比して3%から400%までで濃縮物ストリームにおける一価イオンの濃度を増加させるために構成される、請求項4のシステム。
- 前記サブシステムには、前記供給流体の供給源に流動的に接続可能な入口、一以上の一価選択性膜、ナノろ過ユニットの入口と流体連結する希薄物ストリーム出口、前記ナノろ過ユニットのろ過生成物出口と流体連結する濃縮物ストリーム入口、および前記電解槽の入口と流体連結する濃縮物ストリーム出口を有する電気透析ユニットが含まれる、請求項1のシステム。
- 電気塩素化システムを操作する方法であって、
供給流体の供給源と電解槽との間で流体連結するサブシステムを操作することであって、前記サブシステムが、電気透析ユニット及びナノろ過ユニットを含み、前記サブシステムが、以下:
一以上の双極性膜を有する電気透析ユニットにおいて前記供給流体を処理すること、および前記供給流体に比して増加した酸性度を有する流体ストリームを前記電気透析ユニットの出口から前記電解槽の上流に配置されるナノろ過ユニットの入口に提供すること、
一以上の一価選択性膜を有する電気透析ユニットにおいて前記供給流体を処理すること、
前記流体ストリームを前記ナノろ過ユニットにより残余分およびろ過生成物に分離することであり、前記残余分は、前記ろ過生成物よりも高い二価イオン対一価イオンの比率を有すること、および前記ろ過生成物を前記電解槽の入口に提供して、修飾された供給流体を形成すること
を含む、サブシステムを操作すること;および
前記修飾された供給流体を前記電解槽中に導入すること
を含む、電気塩素化システムを操作する方法。 - 前記供給流体における一価イオン濃度よりも2%から10%まで低い一価イオン濃度を有する前記ろ過生成物を生産することを含む、請求項7の方法。
- 前記供給流体における二価イオン濃度よりも50%から90%まで低い二価イオン濃度を有する前記ろ過生成物を生産することを含む、請求項7の方法。
- 前記供給流体を希薄物ストリームおよび濃縮物ストリームに分離し、および一価イオンを前記希薄物ストリームから電気透析ユニットにおける前記濃縮物ストリームに選択的に輸送することを含む、請求項7の方法。
- 前記濃縮物ストリームにおける一価イオンの濃度を供給流体に比して3%から400%までで増加させることを含む、請求項10の方法。
- 前記サブシステムを操作することには、一以上の一価選択性膜を有する電気透析ユニットにおいて前記供給流体を処理すること、希薄物ストリームを前記電気透析ユニットからナノろ過ユニットの入口に送ること、ろ過生成物を前記ナノろ過ユニットから前記電気透析ユニットの濃縮物ストリーム入口に送ること、および前記濃縮物ストリームを前記電気透析ユニットから前記電解槽の入口に送ることが含まれる、請求項7の方法。
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